181:). In contrast, in contemporary psychosomatic medicine, the term is normally restricted to those illnesses that do have a clear physical basis, but where it is believed that psychological and mental factors also play a role. Some researchers within the field believe that this overly broad interpretation of the term may have caused the discipline to fall into disrepute clinically. For this reason, among others, the field of behavioral medicine has taken over much of the remit of psychosomatic medicine in practice and there exist large areas of overlap in the scientific research.
302:, one of the founders of modern neuropsychopharmacology, carried out experiments in the 1970s that showed that illness quickly occurred when there was inhibition of action in rats. Rats in exactly the same stressful situations but whom were not inhibited in their behavior (those who could flee or fight—even if fighting is completely ineffective) had no negative health consequences. He proposed that psychosomatic illnesses in humans largely have their source in the constraints that society puts on individuals in order to maintain hierarchical structures of dominance. The film
190:
in 2007, which evaluated the evidence for these benefits, concluded that no studies meeting the minimum quality standards required in this field have demonstrated such a benefit. The review further argues that unsubstantiated claims that "positive outlook" or "fighting spirit" can help slow cancer may be harmful to the patients themselves if they come to believe that their poor progress results from "not having the right attitude".
326:
Robert Adler is credited with coining the term
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) to categorize a new field of study also known as mind-body medicine. The principles of mind-body medicine suggest that our mind and the emotional thoughts we produce have an incredible impact on our physiology, either positive
203:
and contemporary physicians following his thoughts regard the psychosomatic approach as a core attitude of medical doctors, thereby declaring it not as a subspecialty, but rather an integrated part of every specialty. Medical treatments and psychotherapy are used to treat illnesses believed to have a
189:
Studies have yielded mixed evidence regarding the impact of psychosomatic factors in illnesses. Early evidence suggested that patients with advanced-stage cancer may be able to survive longer if provided with psychotherapy to improve their social support and outlook. However, a major review published
176:
was most likely first used by Paul D. MacLean in his 1949 seminal paper ‘Psychosomatic disease and the “visceral brain”; recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotions.’ In the field of psychosomatic medicine, the phrase "psychosomatic illness" is used more narrowly than it is within the
334:
Dr. Candace Pert, a professor and neuroscientist who discovered the opiate receptor, called this communication between our cells the ‘Molecules of
Emotion' because they produce the feelings of bliss, hunger, anger, relaxation, or satiety. Dr. Pert maintains that our body is our subconscious mind, so
118:
in everyday life. The psychosomatic framework additionally sees mental and emotional states as capable of significantly influencing the course of any physical illness. Psychiatry traditionally distinguishes between psychosomatic disorders, disorders in which mental factors play a significant role in
330:
PNI integrates the mental/psychological, nervous, and immune system, and these systems are further linked together by ligands, which are hormones, neurotransmitters and peptides. PNI studies how every single cell in our body is in constant communication—how they are literally having a conversation
126:
It is difficult to establish for certain whether an illness has a psychosomatic component. A psychosomatic component is often inferred when there are some aspects of the patient's presentation that are unaccounted for by biological factors, or some cases where there is no biological explanation at
152:
The strongest perspective on psychosomatic disorders is that attempting to distinguish between purely physical and mixed psychosomatic disorders is obsolete as almost all physical illness have mental factors that determine their onset, presentation, maintenance, susceptibility to treatment, and
296:(2016), how signs in the form of matter (e.g., atoms, molecules, cells), energy (e.g., electrical signals in nervous system), symbols (e.g., words, images, machine codes), and reflections (e.g., mindful moments, metacognition) can be interpreted and translated into each other.
784:
Fawzy FI, Fawzy NW, Hyun CS, Elashoff R, Guthrie D, Fahey JL, Morton DL (September 1993). "Malignant melanoma. Effects of an early structured psychiatric intervention, coping, and affective state on recurrence and survival 6 years later".
198:
While in the U.S., psychosomatic medicine is considered a subspecialty of the fields of psychiatry and neurology, in
Germany and other European countries it is considered a subspecialty of internal medicine.
292:
concept) that was widely influential as a theoretical framework for conceptualizing mind-body relations. This model shows that life is a meaning or functional system. Farzad Goli further explains in
582:
153:
resolution. According to this view, even the course of serious illnesses, such as cancer, can potentially be influenced by a person's thoughts, feelings and general state of mental health.
323:, a local sports figure, was hospitalized for a stroke. Presumably they began misinterpreting their own harmless symptoms, a group phenomenon now known as Tedy Bruschi syndrome.
149:(IBS), there are abnormalities in the behavior of the gut. However, there are no actual structural changes in the gut, so stress and emotions might still play a role.
250:
did not believe that mere regulation and modulation of the body tempers and medication would remedy mental disorders because words play a vital and necessary role in
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general population. For example, in lay language, the term often encompasses illnesses with no physical basis at all, and even illnesses that are faked (
602:
820:
Spiegel D, Bloom JR, Kraemer HC, Gottheil E (October 1989). "Effect of psychosocial treatment on survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer".
88:. Clinical situations where mental processes act as a major factor affecting medical outcomes are areas where psychosomatic medicine has competence.
1415:
254:. To change such behaviors, he used techniques, such as belief altering, regular musing, rehearsals of experiences, and imagination.
227:(d. 994) developed an early model of illness that emphasized the interaction of the mind and the body. He proposed that a patient's
513:
Fink G (February 2011). "Stress controversies: post-traumatic stress disorder, hippocampal volume, gastroduodenal ulceration*".
683:
Maclean PD (1949). "Psychosomatic disease and the visceral brain; recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion".
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making the remediation of stress one important factor in the development, treatment, and prevention of psychosomatic illness.
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Coyne JC, Stefanek M, Palmer SC (May 2007). "Psychotherapy and survival in cancer: the conflict between hope and evidence".
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315:
In
February 2005, the Boston Syndromic Surveillance System detected an increase in young men seeking medical treatment for
312:
and influenced by
Laborit, explores the relationship between self and society and the effects of the inhibition of action.
1204:
Fritzsche K, Goli F, Dobos CM (2020). "What Is
Psychosomatic Medicine?". In Fritzsche K, McDaniel SH, Wirsching M (eds.).
1420:
48:, psychosomatic medicine integrates interdisciplinary evaluation and management involving diverse specialties including
767:
345:
626:"[Nonpsychotic mental disorders in patients with acquired heart defects before and after surgery (review)]"
631:[Nonpsychotic mental disorders in patients with acquired heart defects before and after surgery (review)].
407:
20:
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who was, at the time, researching the possibility of treating physical disorders through psychological processes.
33:
medical field exploring the relationships among social, psychological, behavioral factors on bodily processes and
1155:
Biosemiotic
Medicine: Healing in the World of Meaning (Studies in Neuroscience, Consciousness and Spirituality)
583:"[Borderline mental disorders in chronic diseases of the digestive system in children and adolescents]"
257:
In the beginnings of the 20th century, there was a renewed interest in psychosomatic concepts. Psychoanalyst
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628:Непсихотические нарушения психики у больных с приобретёнными пороками сердца до и после операции (обзор)
145:
infection. Therefore, in these cases, psychological factors could still play some role. Similarly, in
273:
applied psychosomatic medicine to the field of gynecology and sexual problems experienced by women.
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319:. Most of them did not actually experience a stroke, but the largest number presented a day after
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220:
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97:
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371: – Harmless substance that creates negative psychologically induced response in a patient
395:
85:
923:
Wise TN (March 2008). "Update on consultation-liaison psychiatry (psychosomatic medicine)".
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had a deep interest in understanding the dynamic interrelation between mind and body.
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pursued a deep interest in psychosomatic illnesses following his correspondence with
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and are responsible for 98% of all data transferred between the body and the brain.
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Interdisciplinary medical field exploring various influences on bodily processes
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160:. In modern society, psychosomatic aspects of illness are often attributed to
123:, disorders in which mental factors are the sole cause of a physical illness.
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Some physical diseases are believed to have a mental component derived from
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Psychosomatic
Medicine: An International Guide for the Primary Care Setting
1190:
1086:
966:
Nurdeen D, Mansor AT (2005). "Mental health in
Islamic medical tradition".
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what is going on in the subconscious mind is being played out by our body.
320:
285:
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Goli F, Zanjani HA (2020), Fritzsche K, McDaniel SH, Wirsching M (eds.),
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and strains of everyday living. This has been suggested, for example, of
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Illness as a Work of
Thought: Foucauldian Perspective on Psychosomatics
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53:
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the development, expression, or resolution of a physical illness, and
1288:"Why is it so hard to track the source of a food poisoning outbreak?"
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404: – Clinically applied psychology for desired behavior change
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do not develop ulcers, and 20% of patients with ulcers have no
993:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 315–322,
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Addressing such factors is the remit of the applied field of
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1331:
1208:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 3–16.
114:, which some researchers have suggested may be related to
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Psychosomatic Disorders: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects
750:
633:
Zhurnal Nevropatologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova
587:
Zhurnal Nevropatologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova
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560:. Oxford University Press Inc, USA. pp. 191–192.
389: – Substance or treatment of no therapeutic value
380: – Substance or treatment of no therapeutic value
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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The Freud Encyclopedia: Theory, Therapy and Culture
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398: – Area of study within psychosomatic medicine
1377:, journal of the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine
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168:Connotations of the term "psychosomatic illness"
1390:, journal of the American Psychosomatic Society
1084:
987:"Development of Psychosomatic Medicine in Iran"
40:The academic forebearer of the modern field of
1332:"Explorer of the Brain, Bodymind & Beyond"
762:(3rd ed.). Heidelberg: Carl-Auer-Verlag.
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558:Mind, Body and Medicine: An Integrative Text
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1307:"When your biography becomes your biology"
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658:Treasaden IH, Puri BK, Laking PJ (2002).
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362: – Treatment for some kinds of pain
1161:The British Journal of General Practice
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1091:(in French). Paris VI: Masson et Cie.
1039:. Brunner-Mazel. pp. X, 129–130.
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448:. München: Urban & Schwarzenberg.
422:, also known as "somatoform disorder"
356: – Condition in medical students
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799:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820210015002
730:. Routledge. pp. 1–3, 112–116.
662:. Churchill Livingstone. p. 7.
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461:Essentials of Psychosomatic Medicine
418: – category of mental disorder
137:. However, most people living with
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1243:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
1110:Kull K, Hoffmeyer J (2005-12-31).
463:. American Psychiatric Press Inc.
347:Healing Words: Poetry and Medicine
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1370:Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine
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968:The International Medical Journal
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697:10.1097/00006842-194911000-00003
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1359:Mind-Body Medicine: An Overview
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46:consultation-liaison psychiatry
1383:American Psychosomatic Society
1157:: A Paradigm Shift in Biology"
902:. Elsevier. pp. 245–246.
787:Archives of General Psychiatry
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44:and a part of the practice of
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1112:"Thure von Uexküll 1908–2004"
925:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
834:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91551-1
581:Skumin VA (24 January 1991).
515:Journal of Neuroendocrinology
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19:For the medical journal, see
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937:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f393ae
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7:
1286:Jangi S (11 October 2017).
1214:10.1007/978-3-030-27080-3_1
1151:Partridge GW (March 2017).
1088:Gynecologie psychosomatique
877:10.1037/0033-2909.133.3.367
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235:can influence one another.
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1421:Anxiety disorder treatment
1085:Michel-Wolfromm H (1964).
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354:Medical students' disease
284:and elsewhere proposed a
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900:Psychosomatische Medizin
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416:Somatic symptom disorder
350: – 2008 documentary
248:Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi
221:Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi
147:irritable bowel syndrome
98:Somatic symptom disorder
1411:Mind–body interventions
412: – Medical journal
92:Psychosomatic disorders
37:in humans and animals.
1388:Psychosomatic Medicine
1305:Hrsto V (2014-09-16).
991:Psychosomatic Medicine
898:von Uexküll T (2017).
865:Psychological Bulletin
685:Psychosomatic Medicine
660:Textbook of Psychiatry
446:Psychosomatic Medicine
409:Psychosomatic Medicine
280:and his colleagues in
271:Hélène Michel-Wolfromm
214:medieval Islamic world
27:Psychosomatic medicine
1237:Kunz E (March 2014).
1173:10.3399/bjgp17X689761
396:Psychoneuroimmunology
174:psychosomatic disease
86:psychoneuroimmunology
1116:Sign Systems Studies
459:Levenson JL (2006).
294:Biosemiotic Medicine
252:emotional regulation
121:somatoform disorders
1406:Medical specialties
756:Grossarth-Maticek R
158:behavioral medicine
139:Helicobacter pylori
130:Helicobacter pylori
127:all. For instance,
112:high blood pressure
42:behavioral medicine
1431:Somatic psychology
624:Skumin VA (1982).
556:Melmed RN (2001).
1336:Candace Pert, PhD
1223:978-3-030-27080-3
1071:978-0-415-93677-4
1046:978-0-87630-803-5
1008:978-3-030-27079-7
909:978-3-437-21833-0
828:(8668): 888–891.
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669:978-0-443-07016-7
567:978-0-19-513164-2
499:978-0-06-085178-1
470:978-1-58562-246-7
305:My American Uncle
278:Thure von Uexküll
201:Thure von Uexküll
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