Pterygotus - Knowledge

2395: 2972:, or "head"), would have been capable of turning the entire appendage in a twisting way, which has led researchers to conclude that the function of the chelicerae would not have been only, or even primarily, for defense but rather to capture and convey food to the mouth. When captured, prey would need to be broken into smaller pieces to be able to fit into the mouth; eurypterid mouths were even less adapted to devour large pieces than mouths of modern crabs are. The eurypterid walking appendages could not cut, transport or grasp anything, so these tasks would also likely fall to the chelicerae. In crabs, the claws tear food apart and then transport the smaller pieces to the mouth. Based on the feeding process seen in modern arthropods with chelicerae, one of the claws would hold the prey while the other would cut off pieces and transport it to the mouth with continuous and simple movements. 2981: 1429: 1899: 2090: 1599: 1266: 1137:("baseless name") as the species is impossible to define. The fossil material with which it was described is undiagnostic and insufficient to establish any meaningful characteristics and as such many fragmentary pterygotid fossils have been referred to it throughout its long history, rendering it effectively synonymous with the family Pterygotidae. More often than not, these fragments consist of patches of pterygotid integument preserving the scale-like ornamentation characteristic of the group which researchers have wrongfully believed was characteristic of only 2414: 3701: 779: 136: 6057: 1015: 6360: 3715: 893: 115: 2898: 1705: 1513:) includes the well-preserved anterior half of a chelicera and ramus. The tooth of the ramus are short, wide and conical, all being slightly curved backwards. The terminal tooth is larger, but only slightly, than the tooth succeeding it and the inwards bend of the claw suggests that another tooth might be present, creating a kind of "double tooth combination" that is also present in some other species, such as 5616: 856:, with well developed teeth on the claws, than to the chelicerae of other eurypterid groups. Unlike most of the rest of the body, which was covered in a scale-like ornamentation like other pterygotid eurypterids, the claws lacked any type of ornamentation. Additionally, the end points of the claws were round and curved unlike the sharp points present at the ends of the claws of the related 1870:, such as upright teeth following the thick and long teeth of the terminal part of the claw. Particularly of diagnostic value is that there are teeth present at the point where the terminal teeth first begin. The central tooth of the free ramus is unusually large in this species. The terminal tooth measures 2.3 cm (1 in) in length. The rami of 2241:, recovered from deposits of Lochkovian age in Florida, extended the known range of eurypterids on the continent over 800 km (500 miles) south. Prior to its discovery, eurypterids in North America were only known from the northern parts of the continent, with New York State representing the most fossil-rich state. The remains of 1196:

is not designated) of fossil remains by John William Salter, containing five separate fossil specimens. In 1961, 102 years after its description, Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering noted that only one of these specimens (Number 89587 of the Geological Survey and Museum of London, a free ramus of a chelicera)

2054:

is treated as a dubious species for the reason that it is effectively a composite composed of fossils of three different eurypterids. These fossils consist of a type specimen of chelicerae (which is now lost, complicating any potential comparisons), a large carapace and chelicerae (likely actually

957:

at some point between 1866 and 1878. Measuring just over 40 centimetres (16 in) in length and 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in) in width, the tergite suggests a eurypterid with a full length of 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) from the beginning of the carapace to the end of the telson, if the extended

2295:

is primarily known from incomplete chelicerae and gnathobases of coxae. Alongside the two coxae and three chelicerae part of its original description, known fossil remains also include a metastoma and a pretelson. All of these original fossil specimens were designated by Kjellesvig-Waering as

2018:

can easily be distinguished from other species not only be its unusual terminal tooth, but also by the disoriented teeth along the claw, being bent in a variety of different directions. The terminal part of the ramus ends in an arrangement of multiple teeth otherwise only noted in the species

1937:

is known from a single specimen (No. 48393 of the British Museum of Natural History) includes about half of the anterior end of what is presumed to be a fixed ramus of a chelicera. The claw is stout, with unusually short teeth that are faintly ribbed. This partial ramus measures 1.4 cm

2923:

and the interommatidial angle (shortened as IOA and referring to the angle between the optical axes of the adjacent lenses). The IOA is especially important as it can be used to distinguish different ecological roles in arthropods, being low in modern active arthropod predators.

2339:) is very wide, 0.75 cm, and has a nearly straight base with the margins converging anteriorly. Unlike some species, there are no serrations on the telson and the spine is blunt. The species is very distinct, being distinguishable from all other Silurian species of 2300:

specimens upon the original description of the species. The designated type specimen is an incomplete chelicerae, PE5105, that remains housed at the Chicago Natural History Museum alongside the paratype specimens. The species can be differentiated from other species of

1528:. The total length of the fossilized ramus is 2.35 cm (1 in), but it likely only represents around half of the full ramus. As in other species (and the Pterygotidae in general), the teeth are finely ribbed. It can be distinguished from all other species of 2468:). Some differences between them have also been noted in the chelicerae, though chelicerae have been questioned as the basis of eurypterid generic distinction since their morphology depends on the lifestyles and has been observed to vary throughout 1972:, including the discovery of important Silurian fossils (such as eurypterids), in the 1800s. This species was one of the most common eurypterid in England during the Ludlow epoch and was quite large and clearly distinct (though it resembles 4114:

The Silurian System, Founded on Geological Researches in the Counties of Salop, Hereford, Radnor, Montgomery, Caermarthen, Brecon, Pembroke, Monmouth, Gloucester, Worcester, and Stafford: With Descriptions of the Coalfields and Overlying

5322: 4556:

Olive, Sébastien; Pradel, Alan; Martinez-Pérez, Carlos; Janvier, Philippe; Lamsdell, James C.; Gueriau, Pierre; Rabet, Nicolas; Duranleau-Gagnon, Philippe; Cardenas-Rozo, Andres L.; Zapata Ramirez, Paula A.; Botella, Héctor (2019).

5587: 1654:. Known fossils include some incomplete chelicerae and a metastoma. Some additional fossil remains have been assigned to the species, consisting of coxae and a genital appendage, but their assignment to the species is doubtful. 1741:

due to the "peculiar hook-like termination of the ramus", a feature now known to be present due to a remnant of the free ramus being present in the fossil. The tooth pattern and shape of the claw suggests that an assignment to

1634:, and a close relation between the two species is assumed. Despite many similarities, the two species do have some differences, most prominently in the cheliceral teeth of the free rami. The largest tooth of the free ramus of 4363: 2394: 1832:. The terminal tooth (broken in this specimen) is 0.9 cm in length and the central tooth is unusually short. The combination of an unusually long terminal tooth and an underdeveloped central tooth differentiates 5487: 5462: 2995:

lived in both fully marine environments as well as lacustrine and fluvial systems, and its fossils are today recovered and associated with common and diverse fossils indicative of such environments. Notably,

1244:

is based on poor fossil material, only known from a free ramus, it remains recognized as a distinct species on the account of being more similar to certain species discovered in the Czech Republic (such as

1197:

might truly be referrable to this distinct species as the other fossils (tergites, coxae and indeterminable fragments) might actually represent fossils of other species due to not being diagnostic enough.

862:. The pterygotid telsons were flattened and expanded, likely used as rudders when swimming. Their walking legs were small and slender, without spines, and they were likely not capable of walking on land. 1811:

had been known since 1868 (first collected by Robert Slimon in 1855–1860), but were first recognized as such by Kjellesvig-Waering in 1964. Represented by a large chelicera (specimen number 53890 in the

1665:. The arrangement of teeth seen in this claw, though most teeth are not preserved, was noted by researcher Max Semper in 1897 as sharing little to no resemblance with what is seen in the type species of 1573:

species due to its supposedly segmented genital appendage (a feature later realized to be wrong), its narrow and long chelicerae, and its primary teeth being angled slightly anteriorly. Another species,

1866:). Alongside this specimen, important specimens referred to the species include the paratype (No. 7059/3, a fragmentary chelicera). This specimen includes several of the features that are diagnostic of 2190:

actually were fragmentary remains of a eurypterid, as confirmed by further findings. Dawson reclassified it as a eurypterid in 1871. Kjellesvig-Waering in 1964 assigned it as a questionable species of

2231:, Samuel J. Ciurca, Jr. and O. Erik Tetlie concluded in 2007 that the holotype does not really have eyes and is nothing more than an incomplete body segment. Therefore, they regarded the species as a 1201:, described by Salter in 1859, can be distinguished from other species by the more developed and prolonged keel (or ridge) running along the center of the telson from its beginning to the tail spike. 1862:, Estonia, is represented by a holotype specimen consisting of a fragmentary free ramus of a chelicera that preserves some diagnostic and well-preserved details (specimen number 7059/7 housed in the 1996:, and as with the other teeth slightly curved backwards. Among the more important diagnostic features of the species is the combination of a large terminal tooth and a large upright tooth near it. 1584:

in 2007 by O. Erik Tetlie and Derek E. G. Briggs, distinguished primarily by sharing several features with more basal pterygotioid eurypterids, such as its appendages being similar to those of

2919:

of the pterygotid eurypterids separates them into distinct ecological groups. The primary method for determining visual acuity in arthropods is by determining the number of lenses in their

1060:, which translates to "winged one". Agassiz believed that they were the fossil remains of a large fish. The specimens described by Agassiz from England were referred to a species he dubbed 2945:

were enlarged, robust and possessed a curved free ramus and denticles of different lengths and sizes, all adaptations that correspond to strong puncturing and grasping abilities in extant

2287:. Described by Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering in 1961 and named in honor of Dr. J. Ernest Carman of the Ohio State University, the first to discover eurypterids at the locality where the 2168:

material being so fragmentary that it was impossible to tell whether or not they represented the same species. They were described by Loris S. Russell as belonging to the new species

2144:

Fossil remains of pterygotid eurypterids, bearing the distinct scale-like ornamentation known from the group, had been reported from eastern Canada as early as 1846, when researcher

1505:(Early to Middle Devonian) age in Bolivia. This species was the first pterygotid to be discovered in South America, the first Devonian pterygotid to be recovered in deposits in the 3338: 1532:

by the wide but short and evenly sized teeth as well as the terminal tooth not having any particular development. In 2019, a new fragmentary ramus of a chelicera was found in the

2362:

by Samuel J. Ciurca, Jr. and O. Erik Tetlie in 2007, based upon the similar shape of the eyes and the carapace. Such a reassignment would have implications for other species of

1236:

tooth of the free ramus (the part of the claw that moves) was less prominent than in other species, which has been noted as similar to the distal tooth in the free ramus of

1212:

to be described from outside of Scotland and expanded the known range of the genus considerably. Hall described this new species alongside two other North American species;

2505:). The cladogram also contains the maximum sizes reached by the species in question, which have been suggested to possibly have been an evolutionary trait of the group per 2406: 2253:, and the fossils consist of a fixed ramus of the chelicera as well as fragments of the abdominal plates and tergites and were concluded to represent a new species of 3452:. The Welsh Borderland preserves one of the more extensive eurypterid faunas known, with the exact genera and species depending on the precise time. The Wenlock-aged 1064:. Agassiz first recognized the true nature of the fossils as arthropod remains five years later in 1844 after having examined more complete fossils recovered in the 2351:

from the Early Devonian, is similar in the wide and truncated telson shape, but is easily distinguished by possessing serrations and a much larger terminal spine.

1121:, distinguished from subsequently discovered species by possessing curved terminal teeth and the primary and intermediate teeth being inclined slightly backwards. 3387:

demonstrate that pterygotids would have been capable of preying on armored fish such as pteraspidomorphs and placoderms. The deposits that yielded the fossils of

2472:. Telson morphology is sometimes used as a distinguishing feature, though the telsons of the three derived pterygotid genera are all paddle-shaped (the telson of 1803:

in Lanarkshire, Scotland. As pterygotids commonly occur in association with multiple related genera, it was considered unusual that there was only one species,

2464:

Similarities in the genital appendage could mean that the three genera are all synonyms of each other, as they had been classified in the past (as species of

5082:

Lamsdell, James C.; Legg, David A. (2010). "An isolated pterygotid ramus (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from the Devonian Beartooth Butte Formation, Wyoming".

3908: 1724: 1992:

are all equipped with vertically placed and very long teeth, most of which curve slightly backwards. The terminal tooth is unusually slender and long in

1457: 5125:

Gould, Gina C.; MacFadden, Bruce J. (2004). "Chapter 17: Gigantism, Dwarfism, and Cope's Rule: "Nothing in Evolution Makes Sense without a Phylogeny"".

2081:). Most of these specimens have been lost since the 1870s, the last record being that they were all in the cabinet of a Dr. McCullough of Abergavenny. 884:

located near the edge of the front corners. The telson has a pronounced dorsal carina (or keel) running down its center, terminating in a short spine.

2014:). It is notable for the stout stem and the unusually long length (1.75 cm, 0.7 in) of the terminal tooth and the unusual thickness of its base. 3916: 3056: 709:, meaning "winged one". Agassiz mistakenly believed the remains were of a giant fish; he would only realize the mistake five years later in 1844. 3663: 3365: 2937:

had a very high visual acuity, which researchers could determine by observing a low IOA and a large number of lenses in their compound eyes. The

1325:) for species with a bilobed telson. Further subgenera would be named as more differences were noted between the species, such subgenera include 5283:"Nineteenth century collections of Pterygotus anglicus Agassiz (Chelicerata; Eurypterida) from the Campbellton Formation, New Brunswick, Canada" 3685: 3050: 766:

was a large and active predator noted for its robust and enlarged cheliceral claws that would have allowed it to puncture and grasp prey and a

3669: 3651: 3645: 3625: 3399: 2476:

is triangular, but might fall into the morphological range of the other genera). An inclusive phylogenetic analysis with multiple species of

1157:, based on a number of diagnostic features and properly illustrated in its description by Agassiz in 1844, is considered the type species of 5215: 1544:

due to similarities with its holotype, represents the first eurypterid of Colombia and the fourth of South America. The fossil was dated as

3405: 1315:

recognized that it was possible to divide these species into subgenera based on the morphology of the telsons. Salter erected the subgenus

814:) surpassed it in length. Though there were a few gigantic species, many species were considerably smaller in size. The smallest species, 3411: 3066: 912:

The Pterygotidae includes the largest known arthropods to have ever lived, with several species surpassing two metres in length (such as

3657: 4247:"Pterygotus anglicus Agassiz (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from Atholville, Lower Devonian Campbelltown Formation, New Brunswick, Canada" 4853:"Pterygotus anglicus Agassiz (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from Atholville, Lower Devonian Campbellton Formation, New Brunswick, Canada" 5562: 5537: 5437: 5412: 5387: 1145:. As such ornamentation is known from every pterygotid genus it can not be used as a diagnostic feature of a single species. Though 6516: 6438: 5167:"All the better to see you with: eyes and claws reveal the evolution of divergent ecological roles in giant pterygotid eurypterids" 3262: 4216:"XLI.—On the classification of some British fossil Crustacea, with notices of new forms in the University Collection at Cambridge" 2225:, but he did not assigned it due to the lack of more material indicative of the latter. Although it was later placed on the genus 1984:

in its cheliceral morphology) from other species of the genus, being known from multiple specimens. The most important fossils of

1942:

in Shropshire, England associated with fossils of brachiopods and cephalopods. Though it is sometimes considered synonymous with

2961:

match those of high level and active modern predatory arthropods, indicating that they represented visual and active predators.

1878:

from other pterygotids in the fossil sites where its remains are found. In 2007, O. Erik Tetlie cast doubt on the assignment of

1464:, consisting of four fragments making up about half of a segment that were discovered during the process of excavations beneath 6556: 1618:

in several European countries where it had previously been unknown and established it as a highly taxonomically diverse genus.

1723:, also named in 1872, is known from a single and incomplete fixed cheliceral ramus (specimen number L1396) recovered from the 6536: 6526: 6136: 6126: 5648: 4053: 3677:

from Canada has been recovered from an environment home to a diverse set of bivalves and gastropods as well as the trilobite

5512: 1988:

include the holotype (consisting of most of a chelicera) and two paratypes (including most of the free ramus). The claws of

2968:) possessed cheliceral claws. The first joint of the chelicerae, where it connects to the epistoma (a plate located on the 1164:

Two further species that remain assigned to the genus to this day would be described from England during the 19th century;

5347: 6496: 2209:

was erected based on two small short carapaces. The outline and position of the eyes suggest an assignation to the genus

1874:

are ornamented with large and pointed pustules (elevations in the skin), and this feature helps distinguish specimens of

1968:, a British amateur geologist who made valuable contributions to paleontological research on the early Paleozoic of the 1917:, has provided fossils for several additional species. Kjellesvig-Waering named three new species from England in 1961; 1468:

during the construction of new drainage works for the city in 1899. The fragmentary fossils closely resemble fossils of

6511: 6501: 6088: 4913: 4563: 4559:"New insights into Late Devonian vertebrates and associated fauna from the Cuche Formation (Floresta Massif, Colombia)" 941:

is the second largest known species, the largest fragmentary remains suggesting a length of 1.65 metres (5.4 ft).

4798:"Coastal-fluvial palaeoenvironments and plant palaeoecology of the Lower Devonian (Emsian), Gaspé Bay, Québec, Canada" 4141:

Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1964). "A Synopsis of the Family Pterygotidae Clarke and Ruedemann, 1912 (Eurypterida)".

4084:

Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1964). "A Synopsis of the Family Pterygotidae Clarke and Ruedemann, 1912 (Eurypterida)".

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and also represents one of the last known living member of the pterygotid family. The specimen (PE6173, housed at the

1127:

was also used as the designation for an incomplete chelicera discovered in the Welsh Borderland of western England by

937:, with the largest known isolated chelicerae fragments suggesting a length of 1.75 metres (5.7 ft). The Estonian 6546: 6521: 6103: 2089: 2011: 1813: 1428: 4379: 2980: 2358:, known from deposits of late Wenlock to Ludlow age in New York State, USA, was suggested to represent a synonym of 1898: 6551: 6347: 6131: 6073: 3733: 3941: 1048:(Early Devonian) age by quarrymen in Scotland and western England, who referred to the large fossil remains as " 930:

was not the largest of the pterygotids, several species were large, surpassing 1 metre (3.3 ft) in length.

6506: 6121: 6111: 6065: 3846:"Cope's rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates" 1510: 1444:

were confined to England and North America, fossil finds throughout the 20th century would help establish that

747:

could reach 2.6 metres (8.5 ft). Many species were considerably smaller than the largest species, such as

3760:] (1st ed.). Rehburg-Loccum, Münchehagen: Nationaler Geotop, National Geographic Society. p. 15. 2156:. The fossils, eventually identified as being exclusively of Devonian age, were first tentatively referred to 6491: 6486: 6083: 6078: 3429: 2336: 1969: 1863: 1555:

Following close examination and the discovery of new fossil evidence, further genera would be split off from

5374:

R. E. Plotnick. 1999. Habitat of Llandoverian-Lochkovian eurypterids. In A. J. Boucot, J. D. Lawson (eds.),

3040:, also marine, was in particularly deep water. The only known fossil organisms of the same age and place as 2461:, from which it is virtually only distinct in features of the genital appendage and potentially the telson. 6541: 6116: 6093: 5323:"Fossilworks: Eurypterids of the Melbourne Group, ?Dargile Formation, at Melbourne (Silurian of Australia)" 5257:"The Old Red Sandstone of Great Britain (Geological Conservation Review Series No. 31) | JNCC Resource Hub" 5138: 3751: 1233: 5165:

McCoy, Victoria E.; Lamsdell, James C.; Poschmann, Markus; Anderson, Ross P.; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2015).

4508: 2441:, lending its name to both its family and its superfamily. The three most derived pterygotid eurypterids, 1760:, is based on highly fragmentary material with little diagnostic value. The single specimen designated as 5620: 5438:"Platy limestone-shale facies, Upper Pridolian, Barrandian S-D boundary section: Pridoli, Czech Republic" 2186:, based on alleged remains of stems and branches found at Gaspé. Salter convinced Dawson that fossils of 1697:

makes further studies of its precise identity difficult, Semper suggested that it may be synonymous with

685:, and have been referred to several different species. Fossils have been recovered from four continents; 1208:, described by James Hall in 1859 based on fossils recovered in New York, USA, was the first species of 2164:), which had been discovered in relatively close proximity to the Gaspé fossils, on the account of the 954: 135: 5538:"Eurypterid-Associated Biota of the Ledbury Formation, Ewyas Harold, England: Pridoli, United Kingdom" 5256: 6531: 5749: 5641: 3893: 3728: 1449: 958:

chelicerae are counted (normally they are not) the total length would exceed 2 metres (6.6 ft).

694: 2002:

is known from a single specimen, the anterior half of a free ramus of a chelicera discovered in the

2269:

in its more developed central tooth and the arrangement of the smaller teeth of the claws and from

2250: 1598: 4893: 6481: 5226: 3962: 2933: 1712: 1950:

can be distinguished by the small, thick and curved teeth of its claws, differing not only from

828:

family of eurypterids, to which it lends its name, a group of highly derived eurypterids of the

6456: 6378: 6056: 5463:"Eurypterus remipes tetragonopthalmus Community, Ustje subsuite, Podolia (Silurian of Ukraine)" 5388:"Eurypterid-Associated Biota of the Rootsikula Horizon, Saaremaa, Estonia: Rootsikula, Estonia" 4010:

Plotnick, Roy E.; Baumiller, Tomasz K. (1988). "The pterygotid telson as a biological rudder".

3988: 844:(the posteriormost division of the body). The chelicerae of the Pterygotidae were enlarged and 836:

periods that differ from other groups by a number of features, perhaps most prominently in the

2491:

The cladogram below is based on the nine best-known pterygotid species and two outgroup taxa (

1661:, described in 1872, is based on a small and fragmentary chelicera found in what today is the 1569:, by Charles D. Waterston in 1964. He considered the species sufficiently distinct from other 6451: 5282: 3017: 2331:, Maryland first described by Kjellesvig-Waering in 1964, who recognized it as a telson of a 1735:. The specimen measures 4.3 cm (1.7 in) in length and was at one point assigned to 686: 5513:"Eurypterids of the Keefer Sst. Mbr, Mifflintown Fmn., Hancock, Maryland: Wenlock, Maryland" 5032:"Do giant claws mean giant bodies? An alternative view on exaggerated scaling relationships" 6425: 6416: 6363: 5634: 5413:"Eurypterid-Associated Biota of the Pittsford Shale, Pittsford, New York: Ludlow, New York" 5091: 4942: 4864: 4809: 4671: 4572: 4522: 4465: 4418: 4409:

Tetlie, O. Erik (2007). "Distribution and dispersal history of Eurypterida (Chelicerata)".

4334: 4258: 4019: 3925: 2145: 1939: 5216:"Pterygotid eurypterids (Arthropoda, Chelicerata) in the Silurian and Devonian of Bohemia" 4714:"Pterygotid eurypterids (Arthropoda, Chelicerata) in the Silurian and Devonian of Bohemia" 1265: 8: 3706: 2413: 2202: 2175: 1701:, but noted that the "questions can not be answered from the material available to me". 1506: 1312: 1128: 1019: 5095: 4946: 4868: 4813: 4675: 4576: 4526: 4469: 4422: 4262: 4187:

Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1961). "The Silurian Eurypterida of the Welsh Borderland".

4023: 3929: 1886:

as the shape of the eyes and carapace was similar to how these body parts are shaped in

1764:, a telson, has unusual and pronounced ridges that are not seen in any known species of 1650:

are rare, with fossil finds being confined to a handful of formations of Pridoli age in

5191: 5166: 5142: 5107: 5056: 5031: 5012: 4958: 4833: 4637: 4598: 4538: 4489: 4391: 4364:"Pterygotids (Chelicerata; Eurypterida) from the Silurian Vernon Formation of New York" 4311: 4196: 4150: 4093: 4031: 3880: 3806: 3779: 3584: 3498:, Downtonian in age, occurred together with a diverse array of eurypterids composed of 3258: 3126: 2328: 2284: 2003: 1930: 1225: 1056:, a Swiss-American biologist and geologist, described the fossils in 1839 and named it 573: 130: 5488:"Eurypterid-Associated Biota of the Chortkov Horizon in Podolia (Devonian of Ukraine)" 4782: 4744: 1072:

as arthropod was closer to its modern phylogenetical position, Agassiz would consider

5952: 5885: 5877: 5304: 5196: 5111: 5061: 4966: 4909: 4877: 4852: 4837: 4825: 4766: 4725: 4689: 4684: 4659: 4641: 4617: 4602: 4558: 4542: 4513: 4493: 4481: 4434: 4395: 4383: 4276: 4271: 4246: 3885: 3867: 3811: 3720: 3270: 3013: 1383: 1270: 1065: 723:, reached a body length of 1.75 metres (5.7 ft). Several other species, notably 5146: 4315: 3845: 3752:

Dinosaurier-Freilichtmuseum und Naturdenkmal Dinosaurierfährten Münchehagen (2012).

1728: 981:(1.2 metres (3.9 ft)) also exceeded 1 metre in length. Smaller species include 6292: 6006: 5998: 5988: 5980: 5960: 5931: 5847: 5796: 5294: 5186: 5178: 5134: 5099: 5051: 5043: 4950: 4901: 4872: 4817: 4778: 4679: 4629: 4588: 4580: 4530: 4473: 4426: 4375: 4303: 4266: 4227: 4112: 4027: 3933: 3875: 3859: 3801: 3793: 3580: 3518: 3360: 3143: 2246: 2218: 2198: 2064: 1965: 1799:

was the second pterygotid to be discovered from the well known eurypterid fauna of

1387: 4821: 4584: 2153: 1775:

In 1964, two species described by Kjellesvig-Waering increased the known range of

1768:, nor in any other genus of pterygotid eurypterids, which makes its assignment to 1486:(a dubious species) due to the lack of sufficient diagnostic material to separate 6321: 6167: 6024: 5965: 5921: 5824: 5811: 4797: 4430: 3937: 3850: 3784: 3594: 1533: 1413: 1343:), named in 1935 based upon features of the denticles (teeth) of the chelicerae. 1153:, it is not considered the type species as the name is no longer in use. Instead 1085: 4985: 2148:

reported the occurrence of an animal "bearing strong resemblance to Murchison's

6237: 6195: 6153: 6016: 5943: 5903: 5895: 5819: 4954: 3351: 3149: 2516: 2506: 2438: 2227: 2179: 1662: 1623: 1622:

was named in 1898 and has fossil representation in Pridoli age deposits of the

778: 203: 5003:

Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1950). "A New Silurian Eurypterid from Florida".

4633: 4477: 4231: 3571:

from England has been found in deposits that have also yielded the remains of

6475: 6401: 6244: 6216: 6209: 6181: 6160: 5913: 5852: 5842: 5834: 5788: 5778: 5770: 5726: 5690: 5308: 4829: 4729: 4693: 4534: 4485: 4438: 4387: 4280: 3871: 3611: 3588: 3532: 3466: 3307: 3291: 3197: 3191: 2920: 2916: 2758: 2488:

is required to resolve whether or not the genera are synonyms of each other.

2418: 2403: 2374:. Subsequent studies and lists of eurypterid species have continued to treat 1753: 1565: 1275: 1169: 1053: 914: 881: 848:, clearly adapted to be used for active prey capture and more similar to the 810: 767: 743: 702: 257: 72: 4905: 1273:

depicting various eurypterids discovered in New York. The painting includes

6202: 6034: 5970: 5926: 5801: 5200: 5182: 5065: 5047: 4970: 3889: 3863: 3815: 3797: 3639: 3576: 3512: 3380: 3246: 3155: 3089: 2689: 2670: 2644: 2625: 2592: 2578: 2530: 2500: 2434: 2327:(Late Silurian) age, is known from a fragmentary and small telson from the 2102: 2023:. As this specific part of the ramus is poorly known from other species of 1844:

that it was found associated with, including the more robust chelicerae of

1737: 1580: 1523: 1482: 1402: 1379: 1321: 1299: 1177: 1081: 1014: 946: 858: 825: 242: 216: 4752:

Beiträge zur Paläontologie und Geologie Österreich-Ungarns und des Orients

3077:

was found preserves fossils of many other animals as well. Among them are

2317:

as well as the teeth having a markedly different arrangement on the claw.

6410: 6299: 6276: 6174: 5868: 5761: 5699: 5681: 4898:

The Fossil Plants of the Devonian and Upper Silurian Formations of Canada

4713: 3634: 3329: 3324: 3313: 3279: 3175: 3161: 3113: 3108: 2069: 1552:

did not become extinct during the Middle Devonian as previously thought.

1133: 1028: 177: 47: 2283:

is the most commonly found eurypterid in the Lower Devonian deposits of

6443: 6265: 6230: 6223: 6188: 6029: 5717: 5708: 5657: 5016: 4962: 4593: 4200: 4154: 4097: 3630: 3620: 3619:

has been found in an environment otherwise only known to have included

3417: 3393: 3370: 3345:

also preserve a diverse Devonian fauna of various eurypterids, such as

3302: 3297: 3185: 3061: 2950: 2938: 2803: 2784: 2324: 1800: 1339: 1293: 1287: 1098: 1077: 1041: 921: 853: 837: 804: 799: 770:(clarity of vision) comparable to that of modern predatory arthropods. 737: 716: 666: 190: 92: 57: 4507:

Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Smith, Patrick M.; Poschmann, Markus (2020).

3714: 715:

was among the largest eurypterids. Isolated fossil remains of a large

114: 6342: 6326: 6316: 5675: 5103: 3375: 3319: 3277:

occur together with a wide array of different eurypterids, including

3250: 3137: 3094: 3083: 3078: 3028:

and as such many species occur without associated representatives of

2050:, from deposits of Pridoli or Devonian age. Named by Salter in 1868, 1465: 1408: 1281: 1093: 670: 167: 147: 97: 41: 6372: 5376:

Paleocommunities – a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian

4930: 4453: 4215: 3121:

most typically occurs in ecosystems with diverse eurypterid faunas,

2897: 2109:

The 20th century would see the description of additional species of

1704: 1456:, whose fossils were found in the Ludlow age Melbourne Group of the 892: 6395: 6285: 6258: 5348:"Dargile Formation, Winneke Reservoir Site (Silurian of Australia)" 4307: 3254: 3242: 3238: 3131: 3103: 3098: 3020:, both of which are examples of freshwater lake and river systems. 2946: 2907: 2556: 2493: 2469: 2297: 2118: 1859: 1855: 1780: 1689:, which has been reclassified as part of the closely related genus 1586: 1545: 1537: 1502: 1396: 1193: 833: 829: 682: 678: 87: 82: 67: 62: 52: 34: 30: 3129:

of Scotland occurs together with several other eurypterid genera;

2426:. Some researchers suspect that they may represent the same genus. 1540:. The specimen (SGC-MGJRG.2018.I.5), assigned with uncertainty to 1412:. The three latter genera would be reclassified as members of the 880:(head) is subtrapezoidal (a trapezoid with rounded corners), with 5563:"Sun Oil Co. well, Core 44 (3552–3568 feet): Lochkovian, Florida" 5299: 4660:"The origin of pterygotid eurypterids (Chelicerata: Eurypterida)" 3909:"Distribution and dispersal history of Eurypterida (Chelicerata)" 3679: 3555:

Sometimes the only known other fossil eurypterids occurring with

3045: 2969: 2257:

by Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering in 1950. It most closely resembles

2094: 1788: 1757: 1651: 1189: 1045: 950: 877: 102: 77: 6430: 4555: 3605:

represents the only known eurypterid in its living environment.

966:, likely reached lengths in excess of 1.5 metres (4.9 ft). 689:, Europe, North America and South America, which indicates that 5669: 5615: 4380:

10.1666/pleo0022-3360(2007)081[0725:PEFTSV]2.0.CO;2

2138: 2007: 1902: 1732: 1498: 1049: 997:

at 55 centimetres (22 in) and the smallest known species,

949:, grew to 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) in length, based on a large 873: 869: 845: 841: 157: 5626: 5164: 4796:

Griffing, David H.; Bridge, John S.; Hotton, Carol L. (2000).

3486:

were contemporaries with each other and species of the genera

2988:, including a nearly complete specimen and a thoracic segment. 2305:

primarily by features of its cheliceral teeth, differing from

1673:, and was noted to in fact be more similar to what is seen in 1646:

are directed forwards more prominently in general. Fossils of

1367:

would be recognized as separate, but closely related, genera (

4124:

as "winged fish", but there is no "fish" element in the name.

3778:

Braddy, Simon J.; Poschmann, Markus; Tetlie, O. Erik (2007).

3285: 1420:

and its former subgenera as the sole pterygotid eurypterids.

1260: 1117:

in 1849, which remains the most extensively known species of

802:

to have existed, though some of its close relatives (such as

719:(frontal appendage) suggests that the largest known species, 2101:, preserving the scale-like ornamentation characteristic of 677:

have been discovered in deposits ranging in age from Middle

3342: 2010:

in Worcestershire, England (specimen number I. 3163 in the

1249:) than it is to other pterygotid species discovered in the 963: 849: 4771:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte

3963:"Eurypterids of the Devonian Holland Quarry shale of Ohio" 2197:

In 1921, Ruedemann described an eurypterid fauna from the

1180:(Late Silurian) age, along with a North American species, 2964:

All known pterygotids (though they are so far unknown in

2217:

in being nearly rectangular in shape and with a straight

1452:. The first eurypterid to be discovered in Australia was 4745:"Die Gigantostraken des Älteren Böhmischen Palaeozoicum" 3428:

have been discovered in deposits of Silurian age in the

3004:

occur in marine environments associated with fossils of

1638:

is significantly longer than the corresponding tooth in

1311:

By 1859, 10 species had been assigned to the genus, and

1192:

series (a series of specimens out of which a particular

868:

is distinguishable from other pterygotids by the curved

5588:"Gaspe community, Gaspe Sandstone (Devonian of Canada)" 3609:

was found only associated with trilobites of the genus

818:, measured just 50 centimetres (20 in) in length. 794:, reaching a body length of 1.75 metres (5.7 ft), 5139:

10.1206/0003-0090(2004)285<0219:c>2.0.co;2

4506: 4337:. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern 3777: 731:

at 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) were similarly gigantic.

4795: 4335:

A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives

3696: 1954:

in this respect, but virtually all other species of

1497:

in 1964 based on fossils recovered from deposits of

1184:, from the Pridoli of the United States and Canada. 2313:in these teeth being less-developed and thicker in 1480:questionable. In 2020, the species was marked as a 1476:at the time), which might make their assignment to 1113:The new Scottish fossils were named as the species 5127:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 5002: 4509:"Re-evaluating evidence of Australian eurypterids" 4186: 4140: 4083: 3993:Memoir (New York State Museum and Science Service) 3960: 735:was surpassed in size by other giant eurypterids. 4764: 4411:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 4009: 3917:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2221:frontal margin. He suggested a relationship with 2113:in North America as well, including the Silurian 1068:of Scotland. Although recognizing the fossils of 6473: 4802:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 4333:Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2018. 741:was able to surpass 2 metres (6.6 ft), and 3780:"Giant claw reveals the largest ever arthropod" 2084: 1614:New fossil finds also revealed the presence of 1416:by Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering in 1951, leaving 5124: 4622:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 3843: 1938:(0.5 in) in length and was discovered at 1913:England, the site of the initial discovery of 1756:in 1926 based on fossil material from western 5642: 4658:Tetlie, O. Erik; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2009). 3844:Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009). 3643:) and a diverse fauna of bivalves (including 2133:(1950, Florida, USA) and the Middle Devonian 2073:) and a telson (which is far more similar to 5081: 4657: 4618:"II.—Observations on Pterygotid Eurypterids" 4615: 4361: 3464:of Middle Ludlow age occurred together with 3397:and several genera of pteraspidomorph fish; 3073:The deposits where the holotype specimen of 2046:England would also yield a dubious species, 1131:in 1852 but is in modern times considered a 1026:" in 1852. This species is now considered a 1001:, at 50 centimetres (20 in) in length. 697:(worldwide) distribution. The type species, 4900:. Geological Survey of Canada. p. 65. 4362:Ciurca, Samuel J.; Tetlie, O. Erik (2007). 4294:Lockwood, S (1870). "The Horse Foot Crab". 4120:Note that this work incorrectly translates 2370:potentially also representing a synonym of 1840:. Several features distinguish it from the 1807:, present in Lesmahagow. Fossil remains of 1371:by Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering in 1961, and 1149:is the earliest name used for a species of 5649: 5635: 5029: 4043: 4041: 3383:fish attributed to the related pterygotid 2125:(1902, New York, USA), the Early Devonian 1351:) was later recognized as synonymous with 1261:Creation of subgenera and the Pterygotidae 113: 5298: 5190: 5055: 4983: 4928: 4876: 4850: 4683: 4592: 4270: 4213: 4110: 3900: 3879: 3805: 3169:from Estonia occurs together with genera 2343:by the shape of its telson. A species of 1854:recovered from deposits of Ludlow age at 1563:was classified as part of its own genus, 1390:in 1912 to include the eurypterid genera 1096:and the previously discovered eurypterid 4454:"I.—Note on a New Australian Pterygotus" 4293: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 2979: 2896: 2412: 2393: 2088: 1897: 1703: 1597: 1593: 1427: 1264: 1013: 891: 777: 5223:Journal of the Czech Geological Society 5213: 4718:Journal of the Czech Geological Society 4711: 4047: 4038: 1578:, was classified as the separate genus 755:may have weighed around 30 kilogramms. 6474: 5280: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5077: 5075: 5030:Kaiser, Alexander; Klok, Jaco (2008). 4986:"A recurrent Pittsford (Salina) fauna" 4891: 4765:Dunlop, Jason; Erik Tetlie, O (2006). 4742: 4653: 4651: 4408: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4244: 4220:Annals and Magazine of Natural History 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 3986: 3906: 3575:as well as a variety of fish, such as 1423: 1004: 6377: 6376: 5630: 5370: 5368: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4451: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4054:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology 4048:Størmer, Leif (1955). "Merostomata". 3982: 3980: 3956: 3954: 3764: 3201:as well as cephalaspidomorph fishes. 2063:), a leg (undoubtedly representing a 1493:Kjellesvig-Waering named the species 1359:) by Leif Størmer the same year, and 926:at 2.1 metres (6.9 ft)). Though 5207: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 3961:Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1961). 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 2205:, New York. Among them, the species 1816:) originally doubtfully referred to 701:, was described by Swiss naturalist 5244: 5153: 5072: 4648: 4609: 4322: 4161: 4127: 3237:as well as with a diverse fauna of 3225:lived alongside representatives of 2152:" in Silurian-Devonian deposits of 1642:and the teeth of the free ramus of 1436:, including three cheliceral claws. 13: 5365: 4996: 4700: 4564:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4445: 4402: 4340: 4111:Murchison, Roderick Impey (1839). 4104: 4032:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1988.tb01746.x 3977: 3951: 3689:, but no other known eurypterids. 3273:formation of Scotland, fossils of 2453:, are very similar to each other. 2335:. The specimen (No. 140901 at the 1685:is considered a junior synonym of 1490:from the rest of the pterygotids. 840:(the first pair of limbs) and the 14: 6568: 5608: 5225:. 39/2-3: 147–162. Archived from 4060: 4003: 3822: 2389: 2031:was reclassified as a species of 2012:British Museum of Natural History 1814:British Museum of Natural History 727:at 1.65 metres (5.4 ft) and 6359: 6358: 6055: 5614: 4878:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00683.x 4685:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00907.x 4272:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00683.x 4118:. Albemarle Street. p. 606. 4050:Part P Arthropoda 2, Chelicerata 3713: 3699: 2433:is classified within the family 1188:was originally described from a 1009: 993:at 60 centimetres (24 in), 989:at 75 centimetres (30 in), 985:at 90 centimetres (35 in), 977:(1.26 metres (4.1 ft)) and 919:at 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) and 751:at 50 centimetres (20 in). 134: 45: 6517:Paleozoic life of New Brunswick 6348:Timeline of eurypterid research 5656: 5580: 5555: 5530: 5505: 5480: 5455: 5430: 5405: 5380: 5340: 5315: 5274: 5118: 5023: 4977: 4931:"The Devonian System in Canada" 4922: 4885: 4844: 4789: 4758: 4736: 4549: 4500: 4287: 4238: 4207: 3734:Timeline of eurypterid research 2975: 2892: 2178:in 1861 named a new species of 1630:is noted to be very similar to 1307:can be seen in the center-left. 4990:New York State Museum Bulletin 4616:D. Waterston, Charles (1964). 3745: 3339:Holland Quarry Shale Formation 3097:trilobite. Also preserved are 2915:The cheliceral morphology and 1925:(both Late Ludlow in age) and 1548:(Late Devonian), showing that 1511:Chicago Natural History Museum 933:The largest known species was 773: 705:in 1839, who gave it the name 665:is a genus of giant predatory 1: 6557:Fossil taxa described in 1839 4822:10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.180.01.05 4767:"Embrik Strand's eurypterids" 4585:10.1080/02724634.2019.1620247 3989:"The Eurypterida of New York" 3739: 3391:have also yielded fossils of 3032:as well, such as the British 2337:United States National Museum 1864:Museum of Comparative Zoology 1693:. The fragmentary remains of 1448:as a genus achieved a nearly 824:is classified as part of the 669:, a group of extinct aquatic 6537:Eurypterids of South America 6527:Eurypterids of North America 4431:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.05.011 3938:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.05.011 3379:. Puncture wounds on fossil 3337:of similar age found in the 3036:. The living environment of 2085:Discoveries in North America 1472:(classified as a species of 1440:Though early discoveries of 1269:Painting painted in 1912 by 1102:in 1849, he classified both 973:(1.4 metres (4.6 ft)), 798:was among the largest known 618:Clarke & Ruedemann, 1912 7: 5281:Miller, Randall F. (2007). 4851:F. Miller, Randall (2007). 4783:10.1127/njgpm/2006/2006/696 4245:Miller, Randall F. (2007). 3987:Clarke, John Mason (1912). 3692: 3241:, gastropods, cephalopods, 2984:Illustration of fossils of 2457:is particularly similar to 2409:of New York, United States. 1432:Illustration of fossils of 16:Extinct genus of eurypterid 10: 6573: 6497:Silurian first appearances 4984:Ruedemann, Rudolf (1921). 4955:10.1126/science.10.247.402 4894:"Pre-Carboniferous Plants" 3563:occurs together only with 2953:. The IOA values for both 2277:has a more slender ramus. 2035:in 2007 the assignment of 1933:, Late Silurian, in age). 1893: 1460:. The fossils referred to 1040:were found in deposits of 790:With the largest species, 6512:Paleozoic life of Ontario 6502:Late Devonian extinctions 6385: 6356: 6335: 6309: 6275: 6145: 6102: 6064: 6053: 6015: 5997: 5979: 5951: 5940: 5912: 5894: 5876: 5865: 5833: 5810: 5787: 5769: 5758: 5750:List of eurypterid genera 5742: 5735: 5664: 4929:Whiteaves, J. F. (1899). 4634:10.1017/S0080456800023309 4478:10.1017/S0016756800143249 4452:McCoy, Frederick (1899). 4232:10.1080/03745486009494858 4214:M'Coy, Frederick (2009). 3729:List of eurypterid genera 3024:was more widespread than 2800: 2781: 2774: 2755: 2748: 2730: 2723: 2686: 2667: 2660: 2641: 2622: 2615: 2608: 2589: 2582: 2572: 2553: 2546: 2527: 2520: 1450:cosmopolitan distribution 1255:Acutiramus macrophthalmus 896:The size of the largest ( 579: 572: 270: 265: 248: 241: 131:Scientific classification 129: 121: 112: 23: 6547:Altiplano Cundiboyacense 6522:Paleozoic life of Quebec 4892:Dawson, John W. (1871). 4535:10.1016/j.gr.2020.06.002 3907:Tetlie, O. Erik (2007). 2407:Fiddlers Green Formation 2398:Fossilized specimens of 2251:Suwannee County, Florida 2245:were first uncovered by 2150:Pterygotus problematicus 2067:eurypterid, potentially 2059:due to being similar to 1828:than it does species of 1172:(Late Silurian) age and 1062:Pterygotus problematicus 1024:Pterygotus problematicus 758:Like its close relative 693:might have had a nearly 469:Kjellesvig-Waering, 1964 445:Kjellesvig-Waering, 1961 433:Kjellesvig-Waering, 1964 409:Kjellesvig-Waering, 1964 397:Kjellesvig-Waering, 1961 373:Kjellesvig-Waering, 1950 361:Kjellesvig-Waering, 1961 337:Kjellesvig-Waering, 1961 325:Kjellesvig-Waering, 1964 5084:Journal of Paleontology 5005:Journal of Paleontology 4906:10.5962/bhl.title.38239 4368:Journal of Paleontology 4296:The American Naturalist 4189:Journal of Paleontology 4143:Journal of Paleontology 4086:Journal of Paleontology 3456:occurred together with 3012:is known both from the 2934:Jaekelopterus rhenaniae 2509:("phyletic gigantism"). 2422:was closely related to 2382:as distinct species of 2360:Erettopterus osiliensis 1824:more closely resembles 1795:), both Ludlow in age. 1713:National Museum, Prague 962:, from the Devonian of 887: 29:Temporal range: Middle 6552:Eurypterids of Oceania 5183:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0564 5048:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0015 3864:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700 3798:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0491 3615:in its type locality. 3559:are also pterygotids. 3018:Campbellton formations 2989: 2912: 2901:Restoration depicting 2427: 2410: 2160:(now synonymized with 2106: 1910: 1836:from other species of 1727:around the village of 1716: 1611: 1437: 1308: 1033: 909: 787: 6507:Eurypterids of Europe 6452:Paleobiology Database 5214:Chlupáč, Ivo (1994). 4712:Chlupac, Ivo (1994). 3894:Supplemental material 2983: 2900: 2416: 2397: 2092: 1964:is named in honor of 1901: 1707: 1601: 1594:Discoveries in Europe 1431: 1375:by Størmer in 1974). 1268: 1036:The first fossils of 1018:Fossils described by 1017: 895: 781: 6492:Devonian eurypterids 6487:Silurian eurypterids 5623:at Wikimedia Commons 4743:Semper, Max (1897). 2291:remains were found, 2184:Selaginites formosus 2146:William Edmond Logan 1818:Erettopterus bilobus 1805:Erettopterus bilobus 1699:Acutiramus bohemicus 1470:Erettopterus bilobus 1454:Pterygotus australis 1378:In 1912, the family 1238:Acutiramus cummingsi 908:compared to a human. 782:Life restoration of 6542:Fossils of Colombia 5287:Atlantic Geoscience 5232:on 27 February 2018 5096:2010JPal...84.1206L 4947:1899Sci....10..402W 4869:2007Palgy..50..981M 4814:2000GSLSP.180...61G 4676:2009Palgy..52.1141T 4577:2019JVPal..39E0247O 4527:2020GondR..86..164B 4470:1899GeoM....6..193M 4458:Geological Magazine 4423:2007PPP...252..557T 4263:2007Palgy..50..981M 4024:1988Letha..21...13P 3930:2007PPP...252..557T 3707:Paleontology portal 2929:Pterygotus anglicus 2734:Pterygotus anglicus 2437:in the superfamily 2323:, from deposits of 2176:John William Dawson 1711:model in the Czech 1602:Cheliceral claw of 1507:Southern Hemisphere 1424:Further discoveries 1313:John William Salter 1129:John William Salter 1084:subclass. Although 1020:John William Salter 1005:History of research 252:Pterygotus anglicus 5878:Onychopterelloidea 3683:and malacostracan 3585:cephalaspidomorphs 3259:cartilaginous fish 3127:Kip Burn Formation 3093:and a fragmentary 2990: 2913: 2428: 2411: 2402:discovered in the 2329:McKenzie Formation 2285:Lucas County, Ohio 2107: 1911: 1725:Kopanina Formation 1717: 1612: 1438: 1309: 1253:locality (such as 1034: 910: 788: 6467: 6466: 6379:Taxon identifiers 6370: 6369: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6043: 6042: 5999:Adelophthalmoidea 5981:Waeringopteroidea 5953:Carcinosomatoidea 5886:Onychopterellidae 5861: 5860: 5619:Media related to 4514:Gondwana Research 4056:. pp. 30–31. 3967:Fieldiana Geology 3721:Arthropods portal 3454:P. grandidentatus 3442:P. grandidentatus 3271:Old Red Sandstone 3014:Old Red Sandstone 2889: 2888: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2870: 2862: 2861: 2853: 2852: 2844: 2843: 2835: 2834: 2826: 2825: 2817: 2816: 2712: 2711: 2703: 2702: 2265:, differing from 2213:, differing from 2043:is questionable. 2037:P. grandidentatus 2016:P. grandidentatus 2000:P. grandidentatus 1927:P. grandidentatus 1719:Another species, 1458:Dargile Formation 1384:John Mason Clarke 1271:Charles R. Knight 1230:P. macrophthalmus 1216:(now referred to 1214:P. macrophthalmus 1204:The rare species 1066:Old Red Sandstone 1022:as belonging to " 935:P. grandidentatus 898:P. grandidentatus 792:P. grandidentatus 721:P. grandidentatus 658: 657: 651: 640: 628: 619: 608: 596: 585: 565: 553: 541: 529: 517: 505: 491: 490:6 dubious species 482: 470: 458: 446: 434: 422: 410: 398: 392:P. grandidentatus 386: 374: 362: 350: 338: 326: 314: 302: 290: 276: 237: 6564: 6532:Bertie Formation 6460: 6459: 6447: 6446: 6434: 6433: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6374: 6373: 6362: 6361: 6336:Related articles 6293:Merostomichnites 6059: 6007:Adelophthalmidae 5989:Waeringopteridae 5961:Carcinosomatidae 5949: 5948: 5932:Strobilopteridae 5874: 5873: 5848:Hibbertopteridae 5797:Parastylonuridae 5767: 5766: 5740: 5739: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5628: 5627: 5618: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5302: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5253: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5231: 5220: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5194: 5162: 5151: 5150: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5104:10.1666/10-040.1 5090:(6): 1206–1208. 5079: 5070: 5069: 5059: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4941:(247): 402–412. 4926: 4920: 4919: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4749: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4709: 4698: 4697: 4687: 4670:(5): 1141–1148. 4655: 4646: 4645: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4596: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4417:(3–4): 557–574. 4406: 4400: 4399: 4359: 4338: 4331: 4320: 4319: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4274: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4184: 4159: 4158: 4138: 4125: 4119: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4081: 4058: 4057: 4045: 4036: 4035: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3984: 3975: 3974: 3958: 3949: 3948: 3947:on 18 July 2011. 3946: 3940:. Archived from 3924:(3–4): 557–574. 3913: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3883: 3841: 3820: 3819: 3809: 3775: 3762: 3761: 3749: 3723: 3718: 3717: 3709: 3704: 3703: 3702: 3528:Nanahughmilleria 3519:Parahughmilleria 3430:Welsh Borderland 3424:Five species of 3269:In the Devonian 3205:lived alongside 3144:Nanahughmilleria 2777: 2776: 2751: 2750: 2726: 2725: 2663: 2662: 2618: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2585: 2584: 2575: 2574: 2549: 2548: 2523: 2522: 2513: 2512: 2247:G. Arthur Cooper 2199:Vernon Formation 2129:(1961, USA) and 2029:P. waylandsmithi 2021:P. waylandsmithi 1970:Welsh Borderland 1966:Robert Lightbody 1915:P. problematicus 1746:is more likely. 1388:Rudolf Ruedemann 1147:P. problematicus 1143:P. problematicus 1125:P. problematicus 1110:as crustaceans. 900:) and smallest ( 649: 635: 626: 617: 603: 594: 583: 563: 551: 539: 527: 515: 503: 489: 480: 468: 456: 444: 432: 420: 408: 396: 384: 372: 360: 348: 336: 324: 312: 300: 288: 275:17 valid species 274: 235: 228: 215: 202: 189: 139: 138: 117: 107: 44: 21: 20: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6463: 6455: 6450: 6442: 6437: 6429: 6424: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6381: 6371: 6366: 6352: 6331: 6322:Chasmataspidida 6305: 6271: 6168:Campylocephalus 6141: 6098: 6060: 6039: 6025:Hughmilleriidae 6011: 5993: 5975: 5966:Megalograptidae 5942: 5936: 5922:Dolichopteridae 5908: 5896:Moselopteroidea 5890: 5867: 5857: 5843:Drepanopteridae 5829: 5825:Hardieopteridae 5812:Kokomopteroidea 5806: 5783: 5760: 5754: 5731: 5660: 5655: 5611: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5546: 5544: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5471: 5469: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5352:fossilworks.org 5346: 5345: 5341: 5331: 5329: 5327:fossilworks.org 5321: 5320: 5316: 5279: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5261:hub.jncc.gov.uk 5255: 5254: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5218: 5212: 5208: 5177:(8): 20150564. 5171:Biology Letters 5163: 5154: 5123: 5119: 5080: 5073: 5036:Biology Letters 5028: 5024: 5001: 4997: 4982: 4978: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4890: 4886: 4849: 4845: 4794: 4790: 4777:(11): 696–704. 4763: 4759: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4710: 4701: 4656: 4649: 4614: 4610: 4571:(3): e1620247. 4554: 4550: 4505: 4501: 4450: 4446: 4407: 4403: 4360: 4341: 4332: 4323: 4292: 4288: 4243: 4239: 4226:(24): 392–414. 4212: 4208: 4185: 4162: 4139: 4128: 4109: 4105: 4082: 4061: 4046: 4039: 4008: 4004: 3985: 3978: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3911: 3905: 3901: 3851:Biology Letters 3842: 3823: 3785:Biology Letters 3776: 3765: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3675:P. gaspesiensis 3601:In some cases, 3581:thelodontiforms 3561:P. marylandicus 3484:P. denticulatus 3450:P. denticulatus 3389:P. siemiradzkii 3361:pteraspidomorph 3075:P. kopaninensis 3057:Kooptoonocrinus 2978: 2895: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2827: 2818: 2713: 2704: 2392: 2321:P. marylandicus 2170:P. gaspesiensis 2135:P. gaspesiensis 2115:P. marylandicus 2087: 1948:P. denticulatus 1935:P. denticulatus 1919:P. denticulatus 1896: 1762:P. siemiradzkii 1752:, described by 1750:P. siemiradzkii 1721:P. kopaninensis 1683:P. buffaloensis 1675:P. buffaloensis 1596: 1534:Cuche Formation 1426: 1414:Hughmilleriidae 1382:was erected by 1263: 1086:Frederick M'Coy 1076:to represent a 1012: 1007: 999:P. kopaninensis 979:P. denticulatus 902:P. kopaninensis 890: 852:of some modern 816:P. kopaninensis 776: 749:P. kopaninensis 654: 648: 642: 641: 631: 625: 616: 610: 609: 599: 595:Ruedemann, 1935 593: 587: 586: 568: 564:Ruedemann, 1921 562: 550: 538: 535:P. siemiradzkii 526: 514: 502: 493: 492: 485: 479: 467: 464:P. marylandicus 455: 443: 431: 419: 416:P. kopaninensis 407: 395: 383: 380:P. gaspesiensis 371: 359: 356:P. denticulatus 347: 335: 323: 311: 299: 287: 278: 277: 261: 255: 234: 226: 213: 200: 187: 133: 108: 106: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 40:428–372.2 39: 38: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6570: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6482:Pterygotioidea 6465: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6448: 6435: 6422: 6407: 6391: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6368: 6367: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6313: 6311: 6310:Related groups 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6281: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6238:Onychopterella 6234: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6196:Hibbertopterus 6192: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6154:Adelophthalmus 6149: 6147: 6146:Notable genera 6143: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6108: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6070: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6017:Pterygotioidea 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6003: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5957: 5955: 5946: 5944:Diploperculata 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5918: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5904:Moselopteridae 5900: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5882: 5880: 5871: 5863: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5839: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5820:Kokomopteridae 5816: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5793: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5775: 5773: 5771:Rhenopteroidea 5764: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5746: 5744: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5720: 5711: 5702: 5693: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5654: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5610: 5609:External links 5607: 5605: 5604: 5592:paleobiodb.org 5579: 5567:paleobiodb.org 5554: 5542:paleobiodb.org 5529: 5517:paleobiodb.org 5504: 5492:paleobiodb.org 5479: 5467:paleobiodb.org 5454: 5442:paleobiodb.org 5429: 5417:paleobiodb.org 5404: 5392:paleobiodb.org 5379: 5364: 5339: 5314: 5273: 5243: 5206: 5152: 5117: 5071: 5042:(3): 279–280. 5022: 5011:(2): 229–231. 4995: 4976: 4937:. New Series. 4921: 4915:978-0665059063 4914: 4884: 4863:(4): 981–999. 4843: 4788: 4757: 4735: 4699: 4647: 4608: 4548: 4499: 4464:(5): 193–194. 4444: 4401: 4374:(4): 725–736. 4339: 4321: 4308:10.1086/270576 4302:(5): 257–274. 4286: 4257:(4): 981–999. 4237: 4206: 4195:(4): 789–835. 4160: 4149:(2): 331–361. 4126: 4103: 4092:(2): 331–361. 4059: 4037: 4002: 3976: 3950: 3899: 3858:(2): 265–269. 3821: 3792:(1): 106–109. 3763: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3710: 3694: 3691: 3635:tentaculitides 3629:), ostracods, 3567:. The dubious 3352:Strobilopterus 3247:malacostracans 3150:Parastylonurus 3123:P. lanarkensis 2977: 2974: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2787:macrophthalmus 2780: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2517:Pterygotioidea 2511: 2439:Pterygotioidea 2391: 2390:Classification 2388: 2366:as well, with 2228:Waeringopterus 2207:P. vernonensis 2086: 2083: 2065:carcinosomatid 2055:referrable to 2006:-aged beds at 1895: 1892: 1846:P. lanarkensis 1834:P. lanarkensis 1822:P. lanarkensis 1809:P. lanarkensis 1797:P. lanarkensis 1785:P. lanarkensis 1772:questionable. 1729:Zadní Kopanina 1663:Czech Republic 1624:Czech Republic 1595: 1592: 1576:P. ventricosus 1425: 1422: 1262: 1259: 1092:resembled the 1088:did note that 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 955:Henry Woodward 953:discovered by 889: 886: 872:margin of the 775: 772: 656: 655: 653: 652: 646:P. beraunensis 634: 633: 632: 630: 629: 627:Woodward, 1864 620: 602: 601: 600: 598: 597: 584:Genus synonymy 582: 581: 580: 577: 576: 570: 569: 567: 566: 559:P. vernonensis 554: 542: 530: 528:Barrande, 1872 518: 516:(Dawson, 1861) 506: 488: 487: 486: 484: 483: 471: 459: 447: 435: 428:P. lanarkensis 423: 421:Barrande, 1872 411: 399: 387: 375: 363: 351: 339: 327: 315: 303: 291: 273: 272: 271: 268: 267: 263: 262: 256: 246: 245: 239: 238: 224: 220: 219: 211: 207: 206: 204:Pterygotioidea 198: 194: 193: 185: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 127: 126: 119: 118: 110: 109: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 28: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6569: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6470: 6458: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6412: 6408: 6403: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6375: 6365: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6245:Pentecopterus 6242: 6240: 6239: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6217:Megalograptus 6214: 6212: 6211: 6210:Jaekelopterus 6207: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6182:Drepanopterus 6179: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6161:Brachyopterus 6158: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6137:South America 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6127:North America 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6089:Carboniferous 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6066:Geochronology 6063: 6058: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5914:Eurypteroidea 5911: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5864: 5854: 5853:Mycteroptidae 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5835:Mycteropoidea 5832: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5789:Stylonuroidea 5786: 5780: 5779:Rhenopteridae 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5727:Sclerophorata 5724: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5691:Euchelicerata 5688: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5645: 5640: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5622: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5369: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5076: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4925: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4857:Palaeontology 4854: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4753: 4746: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4664:Palaeontology 4661: 4654: 4652: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4251:Palaeontology 4248: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4042: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3981: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3955: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3910: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3847: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3759: 3755: 3754:Museumsführer 3748: 3744: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3711: 3708: 3697: 3690: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3665: 3664:Pterinopecten 3660: 3659: 3654: 3653: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3617:P. floridanus 3614: 3613: 3612:Metacryphaeus 3608: 3607:P. bolivianus 3604: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3590: 3589:Hemicyclaspis 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3550:Salteropterus 3547: 3543: 3542:Tarsopterella 3539: 3535: 3534: 3533:Marsupipterus 3529: 3525: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3504:Dolichopterus 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3480:P. lightbodyi 3477: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3467:Salteropterus 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3446:P. lightbodyi 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3385:Jaekelopterus 3382: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3366:Allocrytaspis 3362: 3359:, as well as 3358: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3347:Dolichopterus 3344: 3340: 3336: 3333:. Fossils of 3332: 3331: 3326: 3325:osteostracian 3322: 3321: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3309: 3308:Ischnacanthus 3304: 3301:, as well as 3300: 3299: 3294: 3293: 3292:Tarsopterella 3288: 3287: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3203:P. monroensis 3200: 3199: 3198:Eysyslopterus 3194: 3193: 3192:Dolichopterus 3188: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3064:of the genus 3063: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3052: 3048:of the genus 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3034:P. lightbodyi 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2959:Jaekelopterus 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2922: 2921:compound eyes 2918: 2917:visual acuity 2910: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2885: 2884: 2876: 2875: 2867: 2866: 2858: 2857: 2849: 2848: 2840: 2839: 2831: 2830: 2822: 2821: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2779: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2759:Jaekelopterus 2753: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2728: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2708: 2707: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2673:serricaudatus 2672: 2665: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2628:waylandsmithi 2627: 2620: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2587: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2551: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2525: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2486:Jaekelopterus 2483: 2479: 2475: 2474:Jaekelopterus 2471: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2459:Jaekelopterus 2456: 2452: 2448: 2447:Jaekelopterus 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2419:Jaekelopterus 2415: 2408: 2405: 2404:Late Silurian 2401: 2400:P. monroensis 2396: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376:P. monroensis 2373: 2372:E. osiliensis 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2356:P. monroensis 2352: 2350: 2346: 2345:Jaekelopterus 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2276: 2275:P. floridanus 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243:P. floridanus 2240: 2239:P. floridanus 2236: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2215:P. monroensis 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2166:P. atlanticus 2163: 2159: 2158:P. atlanticus 2155: 2154:Gaspé, Quebec 2151: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2131:P. floridanus 2128: 2124: 2123:P. monroensis 2120: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1994:P. lightbodyi 1991: 1990:P. lightbodyi 1987: 1986:P. lightbodyi 1983: 1979: 1978:P. floridanus 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1962:P. lightbodyi 1959: 1957: 1953: 1952:P. lightbodyi 1949: 1945: 1944:P. lightbodyi 1941: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1923:P. lightbodyi 1920: 1916: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852:P. impacatus, 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1754:Embrik Strand 1751: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1731:, located in 1730: 1726: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1591: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1566:Jaekelopterus 1562: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542:P. bolivianus 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1515:P. lightbodyi 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1495:P. bolivianus 1491: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1435: 1430: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1276:Dolichopterus 1272: 1267: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1054:Louis Agassiz 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1010:Initial finds 1002: 1000: 996: 995:P. bolivianus 992: 988: 987:P. lightbodyi 984: 983:P. floridanus 980: 976: 972: 967: 965: 961: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 931: 929: 925: 923: 918: 916: 915:Jaekelopterus 907: 904:) species of 903: 899: 894: 885: 883: 882:compound eyes 879: 876:(claws). The 875: 871: 867: 863: 861: 860: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 817: 813: 812: 811:Jaekelopterus 807: 806: 801: 797: 793: 785: 780: 771: 769: 768:visual acuity 765: 761: 760:Jaekelopterus 756: 754: 750: 746: 745: 744:Jaekelopterus 740: 739: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 708: 704: 703:Louis Agassiz 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 673:. Fossils of 672: 668: 664: 663: 647: 644: 643: 639: 624: 621: 615: 614:P. atlanticus 612: 611: 607: 592: 589: 588: 578: 575: 571: 561: 560: 555: 549: 548: 543: 537: 536: 531: 525: 524: 519: 513: 512: 507: 501: 500: 495: 494: 478: 477: 476:P. monroensis 472: 466: 465: 460: 454: 453: 448: 442: 441: 440:P. lightbodyi 436: 430: 429: 424: 418: 417: 412: 406: 405: 400: 394: 393: 388: 385:Russell, 1953 382: 381: 376: 370: 369: 368:P. floridanus 364: 358: 357: 352: 346: 345: 340: 334: 333: 328: 322: 321: 320:P. bolivianus 316: 310: 309: 304: 298: 297: 292: 289:Agassiz, 1849 286: 285: 280: 279: 269: 264: 259: 254: 253: 247: 244: 240: 236:Agassiz, 1839 233: 232: 225: 222: 221: 218: 212: 209: 208: 205: 199: 197:Superfamily: 196: 195: 192: 186: 183: 182: 179: 176: 173: 172: 169: 166: 163: 162: 159: 156: 153: 152: 149: 146: 143: 142: 137: 132: 128: 125: 120: 116: 111: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 43: 36: 32: 26: 22: 19: 6469: 6386: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6264: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6203:Hughmilleria 6201: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6035:Pterygotidae 5971:Mixopteridae 5927:Eurypteridae 5802:Stylonuridae 5722: 5713: 5704: 5695: 5686: 5595:. Retrieved 5591: 5582: 5570:. Retrieved 5566: 5557: 5545:. Retrieved 5541: 5532: 5520:. Retrieved 5516: 5507: 5495:. Retrieved 5491: 5482: 5470:. Retrieved 5466: 5457: 5445:. Retrieved 5441: 5432: 5420:. Retrieved 5416: 5407: 5395:. Retrieved 5391: 5382: 5375: 5355:. Retrieved 5351: 5342: 5330:. Retrieved 5326: 5317: 5300:10.4138/5649 5290: 5286: 5276: 5264:. Retrieved 5260: 5234:. Retrieved 5227:the original 5222: 5209: 5174: 5170: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5087: 5083: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4989: 4979: 4938: 4934: 4924: 4897: 4887: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4808:(1): 61–84. 4805: 4801: 4791: 4774: 4770: 4760: 4751: 4738: 4721: 4717: 4667: 4663: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4568: 4562: 4551: 4518: 4512: 4502: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4371: 4367: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4192: 4188: 4146: 4142: 4121: 4113: 4106: 4089: 4085: 4049: 4018:(1): 13–27. 4015: 4011: 4005: 3996: 3992: 3970: 3966: 3942:the original 3921: 3915: 3902: 3855: 3849: 3789: 3783: 3758:Museum guide 3757: 3753: 3747: 3686:Tropidocaris 3684: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3640:Tentaculites 3638: 3624: 3616: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3600: 3593: 3587: 3577:acanthodians 3573:Erettopterus 3572: 3568: 3565:Erettopterus 3564: 3560: 3556: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3513:Hughmilleria 3511: 3508:Erettopterus 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3488:Erettopterus 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3472:Erettopterus 3471: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3423: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3364: 3357:Erettopterus 3356: 3350: 3346: 3334: 3328: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3261: 3234: 3231:Erettopterus 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3211:Hughmilleria 3210: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3171:Erettopterus 3170: 3167:P. impacatus 3166: 3160: 3156:Erettopterus 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3102: 3090:Raphiophorus 3088: 3082: 3074: 3072: 3065: 3055: 3051:Dendrocrinus 3049: 3042:P. australis 3041: 3038:P. australis 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2998:P. barrandei 2997: 2992: 2991: 2985: 2976:Paleoecology 2966:Ciurcopterus 2965: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2942: 2932: 2928: 2926: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2893:Paleobiology 2802: 2801: 2783: 2782: 2757: 2756: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2690:Erettopterus 2688: 2687: 2671:Erettopterus 2669: 2668: 2645:Erettopterus 2643: 2642: 2626:Erettopterus 2624: 2623: 2593:Ciurcopterus 2591: 2590: 2579:Pterygotidae 2555: 2554: 2531:Hughmilleria 2529: 2528: 2501:Hughmilleria 2499: 2492: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2435:Pterygotidae 2430: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2399: 2383: 2380:P. impacatus 2379: 2375: 2371: 2368:P. impacatus 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354:The species 2353: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2332: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2307:P. barrandei 2306: 2302: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2271:P. barrandei 2270: 2266: 2263:P. barrandei 2262: 2258: 2254: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2233:nomen dubium 2232: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2143: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2105:eurypterids. 2098: 2078: 2075:Erettopterus 2074: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2033:Erettopterus 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1974:P. barrandei 1973: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1906: 1888:Erettopterus 1887: 1883: 1880:P. impacatus 1879: 1876:P. impacatus 1875: 1872:P. impacatus 1871: 1868:P. impacatus 1867: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1842:Erettopterus 1841: 1837: 1833: 1830:Erettopterus 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1793:P. impacatus 1792: 1784: 1776: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1738:Erettopterus 1736: 1720: 1718: 1708: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1687:P. bohemicus 1686: 1682: 1679:P. bohemicus 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1658: 1657:The species 1656: 1648:P. barrandei 1647: 1644:P. barrandei 1643: 1639: 1636:P. barrandei 1635: 1631: 1628:P. barrandei 1627: 1620:P. barrandei 1619: 1615: 1613: 1607: 1603: 1585: 1581:Ciurcopterus 1579: 1575: 1570: 1564: 1561:P. rhenaniae 1560: 1556: 1554: 1549: 1541: 1529: 1524:Erettopterus 1522: 1519:P. impacatus 1518: 1514: 1494: 1492: 1488:P. australis 1487: 1483:nomen dubium 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1462:P. australis 1461: 1453: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1433: 1417: 1407: 1403:Hughmilleria 1401: 1395: 1391: 1380:Pterygotidae 1377: 1372: 1369:Erettopterus 1368: 1364: 1361:Erettopterus 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322:Erettopterus 1320: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1300:Hughmilleria 1298: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1274: 1254: 1250: 1247:P. barrandei 1246: 1241: 1237: 1229: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1185: 1181: 1173: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1132: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1089: 1082:Entomostraca 1073: 1069: 1061: 1057: 1037: 1035: 1027: 1023: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 975:P. barrandei 974: 970: 969:The species 968: 959: 947:type species 942: 939:P. impacatus 938: 934: 932: 927: 920: 913: 911: 905: 901: 897: 865: 864: 859:Erettopterus 857: 821: 820: 815: 809: 803: 795: 791: 789: 783: 763: 759: 757: 752: 748: 742: 736: 732: 728: 725:P. impacatus 724: 720: 712: 711: 706: 698: 695:cosmopolitan 690: 674: 661: 660: 659: 650:Semper, 1898 645: 638:P. barrandei 637: 636:Synonyms of 622: 613: 605: 604:Synonyms of 590: 558: 557: 552:Salter, 1868 546: 545: 540:Strand, 1926 534: 533: 522: 521: 510: 509: 499:P. australis 498: 497: 475: 474: 463: 462: 457:Salter, 1859 451: 450: 439: 438: 427: 426: 415: 414: 404:P. impacatus 403: 402: 391: 390: 379: 378: 367: 366: 355: 354: 343: 342: 331: 330: 319: 318: 313:Semper, 1898 308:P. barrandei 307: 306: 301:Salter, 1859 295: 294: 283: 282: 251: 250: 243:Type species 230: 229: 217:Pterygotidae 123: 24: 18: 6411:Wikispecies 6300:Palmichnium 6277:Ichnogenera 6175:Carcinosoma 5869:Eurypterina 5762:Stylonurina 5700:Prosomapoda 5682:Chelicerata 5680:Subphylum: 5658:Eurypterids 5332:27 February 5293:: 197–209. 5133:: 219–237. 4628:(2): 9–33. 4594:10784/26939 4521:: 164–181. 3670:Modiomorpha 3652:Pleurodapis 3646:Eoschizodus 3626:Plectonotus 3583:as well as 3569:P. taurinus 3500:Carcinosoma 3496:P. ludensis 3492:Carcinosoma 3476:Carcinosoma 3462:P. arcuatus 3438:P. arcuatus 3434:P. ludensis 3400:Larnovaspis 3330:Cephalaspis 3314:Mesacanthus 3303:acanthodian 3280:Erieopterus 3275:P. anglicus 3219:Carcinosoma 3181:Carcinosoma 3176:Erieopterus 3162:Carcinosoma 3114:Monograptus 3109:graptolites 3062:ophiouroids 3010:P. anglicus 2986:P. anglicus 2951:crustaceans 2595:ventricosus 2507:Cope's rule 2188:S. formosus 2162:P. anglicus 2141:, Canada). 2121:, USA) and 2070:Carcinosoma 2061:P. anglicus 2052:P. taurinus 2048:P. taurinus 1907:P. anglicus 1826:P. anglicus 1671:P. anglicus 1434:P. anglicus 1240:. Although 1226:synonymized 1199:P. ludensis 1186:P. arcuatus 1174:P. arcuatus 1166:P. ludensis 1155:P. anglicus 1134:nomen vanum 1115:P. anglicus 1029:nomen vanum 991:P. arcuatus 943:P. anglicus 854:crustaceans 800:eurypterids 784:P. anglicus 774:Description 729:P. anglicus 699:P. anglicus 606:P. anglicus 547:P. taurinus 511:P. formosus 504:McCoy, 1899 481:Sarle, 1902 452:P. ludensis 296:P. arcuatus 284:P. anglicus 191:Eurypterida 178:Chelicerata 174:Subphylum: 124:P. anglicus 122:Fossils of 6476:Categories 6417:Pterygotus 6387:Pterygotus 6266:Stylonurus 6252:Pterygotus 6231:Mixopterus 6224:Megarachne 6189:Eurypterus 6074:Ordovician 6030:Slimonidae 5941:Infraorder 5718:Dekatriata 5709:Planaterga 5676:Arthropoda 5621:Pterygotus 4992:: 205–222. 4122:Pterygotus 4115:Formations 3740:References 3631:pelecypods 3621:gastropods 3603:Pterygotus 3557:Pterygotus 3538:Stylonurus 3524:Eurypterus 3458:Mixopterus 3426:Pterygotus 3418:Podolaspis 3406:Phialaspis 3394:Eurypterus 3335:P. carmani 3298:Stylonurus 3251:trilobites 3227:Acutiramus 3223:P. nobilis 3215:Eurypterus 3207:Mixopterus 3186:Mixopterus 3119:Pterygotus 3111:, such as 3101:, such as 3079:trilobites 3030:Acutiramus 3026:Acutiramus 3022:Pterygotus 3006:Acutiramus 2993:Pterygotus 2955:Pterygotus 2943:Pterygotus 2939:chelicerae 2903:Pterygotus 2804:Acutiramus 2785:Acutiramus 2647:osiliensis 2482:Pterygotus 2478:Acutiramus 2466:Pterygotus 2455:Pterygotus 2451:Pterygotus 2443:Acutiramus 2431:Pterygotus 2424:Pterygotus 2384:Pterygotus 2364:Pterygotus 2349:J. howelli 2341:Pterygotus 2333:Pterygotus 2325:Ludfordian 2315:P. carmani 2303:Pterygotus 2293:P. carmani 2289:P. carmani 2281:P. carmani 2255:Pterygotus 2219:transverse 2211:Pterygotus 2192:Pterygotus 2127:P. carmani 2111:Pterygotus 2103:pterygotid 2099:P. carmani 2079:Pterygotus 2057:Pterygotus 2041:Pterygotus 2025:Pterygotus 1956:Pterygotus 1940:Whitcliffe 1884:Pterygotus 1838:Pterygotus 1801:Lesmahagow 1777:Pterygotus 1770:Pterygotus 1766:Pterygotus 1744:Pterygotus 1709:Pterygotus 1695:P. nobilis 1691:Acutiramus 1667:Pterygotus 1659:P. nobilis 1616:Pterygotus 1571:Pterygotus 1557:Pterygotus 1550:Pterygotus 1530:Pterygotus 1478:Pterygotus 1474:Pterygotus 1446:Pterygotus 1442:Pterygotus 1418:Pterygotus 1392:Pterygotus 1373:Acutiramus 1365:Acutiramus 1357:Pterygotus 1353:Pterygotus 1349:Curviramus 1345:Pterygotus 1340:Acutiramus 1335:Pterygotus 1331:Curviramus 1327:Pterygotus 1317:Pterygotus 1305:Pterygotus 1294:Eurypterus 1288:Stylonurus 1222:P. osborni 1218:Acutiramus 1210:Pterygotus 1159:Pterygotus 1151:Pterygotus 1139:Pterygotus 1119:Pterygotus 1108:Pterygotus 1104:Eurypterus 1099:Eurypterus 1090:Pterygotus 1078:crustacean 1074:Pterygotus 1070:Pterygotus 1058:Pterygotus 1042:Lochkovian 1038:Pterygotus 960:P. carmani 928:Pterygotus 922:Acutiramus 906:Pterygotus 866:Pterygotus 838:chelicerae 826:pterygotid 822:Pterygotus 805:Acutiramus 796:Pterygotus 764:Pterygotus 753:Pterygotus 738:Acutiramus 733:Pterygotus 713:Pterygotus 707:Pterygotus 691:Pterygotus 675:Pterygotus 671:arthropods 667:eurypterid 662:Pterygotus 591:Curviramus 523:P. nobilis 349:Hall, 1859 332:P. carmani 231:Pterygotus 168:Arthropoda 25:Pterygotus 6343:Metastoma 6327:Xiphosura 6317:Arachnida 6104:Geography 5668:Kingdom: 5309:2564-2987 5266:20 August 5112:129807060 4838:129630806 4830:0305-8719 4730:1802-6222 4694:1475-4983 4642:130261793 4603:198237241 4543:225748023 4494:129564855 4486:1469-5081 4439:0031-0182 4396:140668235 4388:0022-3360 4281:1475-4983 3872:1744-9561 3637:(such as 3623:(such as 3412:Corvaspis 3376:Aethapsis 3371:placoderm 3320:Climatius 3243:ostracods 3239:conodonts 3235:Eusarcana 3138:Eusarcana 3084:Leonaspis 3067:Protaster 2947:scorpions 2808:(210 cm) 2806:bohemicus 2789:(200 cm) 2763:(250 cm) 2761:rhenaniae 2737:(160 cm) 2561:(100 cm) 2559:acuminata 2496:acuminata 2203:Pittsford 2172:in 1953. 1958:as well. 1608:barrandei 1466:Melbourne 1409:Hastimima 1282:Eusarcana 1094:Limulidae 1050:Seraphims 924:bohemicus 917:rhenaniae 717:chelicera 687:Australia 154:Kingdom: 148:Eukaryota 6396:Wikidata 6364:Category 6286:Arcuites 6259:Slimonia 6084:Devonian 6079:Silurian 5866:Suborder 5759:Suborder 5736:Taxonomy 5674:Phylum: 5670:Animalia 5201:26289442 5147:73556985 5066:18353748 4971:17751574 4316:83630563 3973:: 79–98. 3890:19828493 3816:18029297 3693:See also 3658:Arisaiga 3595:Thyestes 3546:Slimonia 3381:poraspid 3317:, shark 3255:bivalves 3132:Slimonia 3104:Cardiola 3099:bivalves 3095:harpetid 3081:such as 3046:crinoids 3016:and the 3002:P. cobbi 2908:Birkenia 2905:hunting 2694:(70 cm) 2675:(60 cm) 2649:(90 cm) 2630:(60 cm) 2597:(70 cm) 2557:Slimonia 2535:(20 cm) 2533:socialis 2503:socialis 2494:Slimonia 2470:ontogeny 2311:P. cobbi 2298:paratype 2273:in that 2267:P. cobbi 2259:P. cobbi 2223:Slimonia 2119:Maryland 2077:than to 1982:P. cobbi 1860:Saaremaa 1856:Kielkond 1781:Scotland 1681:. Today 1640:P. cobbi 1632:P. cobbi 1587:Slimonia 1546:Frasnian 1538:Colombia 1503:Eifelian 1397:Slimonia 1251:P. cobbi 1242:P. cobbi 1206:P. cobbi 1194:holotype 1190:syntypic 1182:P. cobbi 971:P. cobbi 834:Devonian 830:Silurian 683:Devonian 681:to Late 679:Silurian 623:P. minor 574:Synonyms 344:P. cobbi 266:Species 210:Family: 164:Phylum: 158:Animalia 144:Domain: 35:Devonian 31:Silurian 6444:3255182 6431:4305746 6402:Q137150 6132:Oceania 6094:Permian 5597:27 July 5572:27 July 5547:27 July 5522:27 July 5497:27 July 5472:27 July 5447:27 July 5422:27 July 5397:27 July 5357:27 July 5192:4571687 5092:Bibcode 5057:2610042 5017:1299504 4963:1625781 4943:Bibcode 4935:Science 4865:Bibcode 4810:Bibcode 4724:(2–3). 4672:Bibcode 4573:Bibcode 4523:Bibcode 4466:Bibcode 4419:Bibcode 4259:Bibcode 4201:1301214 4155:1301554 4098:1301554 4020:Bibcode 4012:Lethaia 3926:Bibcode 3881:2865068 3807:2412931 3680:Phacops 3478:whilst 3125:of the 2970:prosoma 2692:bilobus 2182:plant, 2180:lycopod 2137:(1953, 2117:(1964, 2095:tergite 2093:Fossil 2004:Wenlock 1931:Wenlock 1894:England 1789:Estonia 1758:Ukraine 1652:Bohemia 1526:brodiei 1232:). The 1224:(later 1170:Pridoli 1080:of the 1046:Pragian 951:tergite 878:prosoma 258:Agassiz 223:Genus: 184:Order: 33:- Late 6122:Europe 6112:Africa 5743:Genera 5307: 5236:12 May 5199: 5189: 5145: 5110: 5064: 5054: 5015: 4969: 4961: 4912: 4836: 4828: 4728: 4692: 4640: 4601: 4541: 4492: 4484: 4437: 4394: 4386: 4314: 4279: 4199: 4153: 4096: 3888: 3878: 3870: 3814: 3804: 3263:Onchus 3107:, and 2139:Quebec 2008:Dudley 1903:Telson 1787:) and 1733:Prague 1499:Emsian 1386:& 1333:) and 1234:distal 1220:) and 1178:Ludlow 945:, the 874:chelae 870:distal 846:robust 842:telson 260:, 1849 6457:18992 5723:Clade 5714:Clade 5705:Clade 5696:Clade 5687:Clade 5230:(PDF) 5219:(PDF) 5143:S2CID 5108:S2CID 5013:JSTOR 4959:JSTOR 4834:S2CID 4748:(PDF) 4638:S2CID 4599:S2CID 4539:S2CID 4490:S2CID 4392:S2CID 4312:S2CID 4197:JSTOR 4151:JSTOR 4094:JSTOR 3945:(PDF) 3912:(PDF) 3756:[ 3373:fish 3363:fish 3327:fish 3305:fish 3286:Pagea 2927:Both 1228:with 850:claws 6439:GBIF 6117:Asia 5599:2018 5574:2018 5549:2018 5524:2018 5499:2018 5474:2018 5449:2018 5424:2018 5399:2018 5359:2018 5334:2018 5305:ISSN 5268:2023 5238:2018 5197:PMID 5062:PMID 4967:PMID 4910:ISBN 4826:ISSN 4775:2006 4726:ISSN 4690:ISSN 4482:ISSN 4435:ISSN 4384:ISSN 4277:ISSN 3886:PMID 3868:ISSN 3812:PMID 3667:and 3592:and 3548:and 3490:and 3482:and 3474:and 3448:and 3415:and 3369:and 3355:and 3343:Ohio 3323:and 3311:and 3295:and 3257:and 3253:and 3233:and 3217:and 3195:and 3159:and 3060:and 3054:and 3044:are 3000:and 2957:and 2949:and 2931:and 2498:and 2484:and 2449:and 2378:and 2309:and 2261:and 2027:and 1980:and 1677:and 1521:and 1406:and 1363:and 1297:and 1106:and 964:Ohio 888:Size 808:and 48:PreꞒ 6426:EoL 5295:doi 5187:PMC 5179:doi 5135:doi 5131:285 5100:doi 5052:PMC 5044:doi 4951:doi 4902:doi 4873:doi 4818:doi 4806:180 4779:doi 4680:doi 4630:doi 4589:hdl 4581:doi 4531:doi 4474:doi 4427:doi 4415:252 4376:doi 4304:doi 4267:doi 4228:doi 4028:doi 3934:doi 3922:252 3876:PMC 3860:doi 3802:PMC 3794:doi 3673:). 3341:of 2941:of 2249:in 2201:of 2097:of 2039:to 1905:of 1882:to 1858:in 1779:to 1536:of 1257:). 1176:of 1168:of 1141:or 1052:". 832:to 6478:: 6454:: 6441:: 6428:: 6413:: 6398:: 5725:: 5716:: 5707:: 5698:: 5689:: 5590:. 5565:. 5540:. 5515:. 5490:. 5465:. 5440:. 5415:. 5390:. 5367:^ 5350:. 5325:. 5303:. 5291:43 5289:. 5285:. 5259:. 5246:^ 5221:. 5195:. 5185:. 5175:11 5173:. 5169:. 5155:^ 5141:. 5129:. 5106:. 5098:. 5088:84 5086:. 5074:^ 5060:. 5050:. 5038:. 5034:. 5009:24 5007:. 4988:. 4965:. 4957:. 4949:. 4939:10 4933:. 4908:. 4896:. 4871:. 4861:50 4859:. 4855:. 4832:. 4824:. 4816:. 4804:. 4800:. 4773:. 4769:. 4750:. 4722:39 4720:. 4716:. 4702:^ 4688:. 4678:. 4668:52 4666:. 4662:. 4650:^ 4636:. 4626:66 4624:. 4620:. 4597:. 4587:. 4579:. 4569:39 4567:. 4561:. 4537:. 4529:. 4519:86 4517:. 4511:. 4488:. 4480:. 4472:. 4460:. 4456:. 4433:. 4425:. 4413:. 4390:. 4382:. 4372:81 4370:. 4366:. 4342:^ 4324:^ 4310:. 4298:. 4275:. 4265:. 4255:50 4253:. 4249:. 4222:. 4218:. 4193:35 4191:. 4163:^ 4147:38 4145:. 4129:^ 4090:38 4088:. 4062:^ 4052:. 4040:^ 4026:. 4016:21 4014:. 3997:14 3995:. 3991:. 3979:^ 3971:14 3969:. 3965:. 3953:^ 3932:. 3920:. 3914:. 3892:. 3884:. 3874:. 3866:. 3854:. 3848:. 3824:^ 3810:. 3800:. 3788:. 3782:. 3766:^ 3661:, 3655:, 3649:, 3633:, 3598:. 3579:, 3552:. 3544:, 3540:, 3536:, 3530:, 3526:, 3522:, 3516:, 3510:, 3506:, 3502:, 3494:. 3470:, 3460:, 3444:, 3440:, 3436:, 3432:, 3421:. 3409:, 3403:, 3349:, 3289:, 3283:, 3266:. 3249:, 3245:, 3229:, 3221:. 3213:, 3209:, 3189:, 3183:, 3179:, 3173:, 3165:. 3153:, 3147:, 3141:, 3135:, 3117:. 3087:, 3070:. 3008:. 2480:, 2445:, 2386:. 2347:, 2235:. 2194:. 1976:, 1946:, 1921:, 1890:. 1848:. 1820:, 1669:, 1626:. 1606:. 1590:. 1559:. 1517:, 1400:, 1394:, 1303:. 1291:, 1285:, 1279:, 1161:. 762:, 556:†? 508:†? 496:†? 401:†? 389:†? 98:Pg 42:Ma 37:, 5650:e 5643:t 5636:v 5601:. 5576:. 5551:. 5526:. 5501:. 5476:. 5451:. 5426:. 5401:. 5361:. 5336:. 5311:. 5297:: 5270:. 5240:. 5203:. 5181:: 5149:. 5137:: 5114:. 5102:: 5094:: 5068:. 5046:: 5040:4 5019:. 4973:. 4953:: 4945:: 4918:. 4904:: 4881:. 4875:: 4867:: 4840:. 4820:: 4812:: 4785:. 4781:: 4754:. 4732:. 4696:. 4682:: 4674:: 4644:. 4632:: 4605:. 4591:: 4583:: 4575:: 4545:. 4533:: 4525:: 4496:. 4476:: 4468:: 4462:6 4441:. 4429:: 4421:: 4398:. 4378:: 4318:. 4306:: 4300:4 4283:. 4269:: 4261:: 4234:. 4230:: 4224:4 4203:. 4157:. 4100:. 4034:. 4030:: 4022:: 3999:. 3936:: 3928:: 3896:. 3862:: 3856:6 3818:. 3796:: 3790:4 2911:. 1929:( 1909:. 1791:( 1783:( 1715:. 1610:. 1604:P 1501:- 1355:( 1347:( 1337:( 1329:( 1319:( 1044:- 1032:. 786:. 544:† 532:† 520:† 473:† 461:† 449:† 437:† 425:† 413:† 377:† 365:† 353:† 341:† 329:† 317:† 305:† 293:† 281:† 249:† 227:† 214:† 201:† 188:† 103:N 93:K 88:J 83:T 78:P 73:C 68:D 63:S 58:O 53:Ꞓ

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