1768:"The origin of SPICE traces back to another circuit simulation program called CANCER. Developed by professor Ronald Rohrer of U.C. Berkeley along with some of his students in the late 1960s, CANCER continued to be improved through the early 1970s. When Rohrer left Berkeley, CANCER was re-written and re-named to SPICE, released as version 1 to the public domain in May of 1972. Version 2 of SPICE was released in 1975 (version 2g6—the version used in this book—is a minor revision of this 1975 release). Instrumental in the decision to release SPICE as a public-domain computer program was professor Donald Pederson of Berkeley, who believed that all significant technical progress happens when information is freely shared. I for one thank him for his vision."
1448:
license to do so. :-) For the record, I have already voted +1 to approve the CC0 public domain dedication and fallback license as OSD compliant. I admit that I have argued for years against the "public domain" as an open source license, but in retrospect, considering the minimal risk to developers and users relying on such software and the evident popularity of that "license", I changed my mind. One can't stand in the way of a fire hose of free public domain software, even if it doesn't come with a better FOSS license that I trust more.
20:
76:, which most countries have signed, an author automatically obtains the exclusive copyright to anything they have written, and local law may similarly grant copyright, patent, or trademark rights by default. The Convention also covers programs, and they are therefore automatically subject to copyright. If a program is to be placed in the public domain, the author must explicitly disclaim the copyright and other rights on it in some way, e.g. by a
462:
473:
325:) or to software distributed and usable free of charge (freeware) as "public-domain" is therefore incorrect. While public domain gives up the author's exclusive rights (e.g. copyright), in free software the author's copyright is still retained and used, for instance, to enforce copyleft or to hand out permissive-licensed software. Licensed software is in general
1807:: "though our disk labels show a copyright notice, up until this issue we stated right on our policies page (page 2) that our programs are 'public domain; free to copy, not to sell'. This notice goes back about 4 years – a popular phrase originally designed to prevent one's program from being 'acquired' by someone in the software business".
1783:"Space War (Asteroids) - Steve Russell – MIT - Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) - PDP-1 In 1961, the game that would eventually become Asteroids started life, humbly, at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). It was also open source, so the code was public domain, available for anybody to utilize and improve upon."
443:. Due to the decades-long copyright protection granted by the Berne Convention, no software has ever passed into the public domain by leaving copyright terms. The question of how quickly works should pass into the public domain has been a matter of scientific and public debates, as well as for software like
1416:
on cr.yp.to: "Most rights can be voluntarily abandoned ('waived') by the owner of the rights. Legislators can go to extra effort to create rights that can't be abandoned, but usually they don't do this. In particular, you can voluntarily abandon your United States copyrights: 'It is well settled that
223:
In the 1980s, a common way to share public-domain software was by receiving them through a local user group or a company like PC-SIG of
Sunnyvale, California, which maintained a mail-order catalog of more than 300 disks with an average price of US$ 6. Public-domain software with source code was also
1843:
and its different versions, BSD, LGPL (i.e. GNU Lesser
General Public License) and its different versions, ASL (i.e Apache Software License) family, MPL (i.e. Mozilla Public License). Apart from these licenses there are projects who has submitted themselves into Public Domain and that number is 137.
998:
While IBM's policy of withholding source code for selected software products has already marked its second anniversary, users are only now beginning to cope with the impact of that decision. But whether or not the advent of object-code-only products has affected their day-to-day DP operations, some
235:
The public-domain "free sharing" and donationware commercialization models evolved in the following years to the (non-voluntary) shareware model, and software free of charge, called freeware. Additionally, due to other changes in the computer industry, the sharing of source code became less common.
1842:
In the above bar-chart I have counted GPL and its different versions as one family, and I did the same with LGPL too. From this diagram it is very much clear that the MIT License is the most used license, with a total number of use case of 2706. Therefore comes GPL (i.e GNU General Public
License)
1447:
The case you referenced in your email, Hampton v. Paramount
Pictures, 279 F.2d 100 (9th Cir. Cal. 1960), stands for the proposition that, at least in the Ninth Circuit, a person can indeed abandon his copyrights (counter to what I wrote in my article) – but it takes the equivalent of a manifest
317:
approach relies on the enforceability of the copyright to be effective. Copyleft free software, therefore, shares many properties with public-domain software, but does not allow relicensing or sublicensing. Unlike real public-domain software or permissive-licensed software, Stallman's copyleft
677:
Many PD software authors kept the practices of public-domain release without having a waiver text, not knowing or caring for the changed copyright law, thus creating a legal problem. On the other hand, magazines started in the mid-1980s to claim copyright even for type-in programs that were
908:
In contrast to commercial software is a large and growing body of free software that exists in the public domain. Public-domain software is written by microcomputer hobbyists (also known as "hackers") many of whom are professional programmers in their work
1417:
rights gained under the
Copyright Act may be abandoned. But abandonment of a right must be manifested by some overt act indicating an intention to abandon that right. See Hampton v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 279 F.2d 100, 104 (9th Cir. 1960).' " (2004).
1992:
The entire library of art assets from the game, has been made freely available, dedicated to the public domain. Code from the game client is included to help developers work with the assets. All of it can be downloaded and used by anyone, for any
1053:
on eckhardkruse.net: "Ich habe das
Programm als Public Domain veröffentlicht (die Unterscheidung in Freeware, Shareware usw. gab es damals nicht), mit der Bitte um eine 20 DM Spende. Dafür gab es dann die erweitere Version und den Quellcode." (in
400:
and others. In 2012, the status was finally resolved when Rosen changed his mind and accepted the CC0 as an open-source license, while admitting that, contrary to previous claims, copyright could be waived, as backed by a
132:
From the software culture of the 1950s to 1990s, public-domain (or PD) software were popular as original academic phenomena. This kind of freely distributed and shared "free software" combined the present-day classes of
690:), under a proper public domain like license (for instance CC0), or accompanied by a clear waiver statement from the author. Whilst not as widespread as in the pre-2000s, PD software still exists nowadays. For example,
422:
Implementation Act of 1988 (and the earlier
Copyright Act of 1976, which went into effect in 1978) works could be easily given into the public domain by releasing them without an explicit copyright notice and no
297:
and its derivatives. Permissive-licensed software, which is a kind of free and open-source software, shares most characteristics of earlier public-domain software but stands on the legal basis of copyright law.
1344:
games more than a couple of decades old aren't entering the public domain. Twenty years was a fairly arbitrary number, one that seems to make sense in the context of games' lives, but it could be twenty-five,
1312:
As someone who desperately pines for the PD model that drove creativity before the copyright industry malevolently took over the planet, it saddens my heart that a game two decades old isn't released into the
1694:
1 MIT 44.69%, 2 Other 15.68%, 3 GPLv2 12.96%, 4 Apache 11.19%, 5 GPLv3 8.88%, 6 BSD 3-clause 4.53%, 7 Unlicense 1.87%, 8 BSD 2-clause 1.70%, 9 LGPLv3 1.30%, 10 AGPLv3 1.05% (30 mill * 2% * 17% = 102k)
2035:
by the designers, hereby denoted as 'the implementer'. To the extent possible under law, the implementer has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to the source code in this file.
491:"), there are licenses that grant public-domain-like rights. There is no universally agreed-upon license, but there are multiple licenses that aim to release source code into the public domain.
568:. Explicit PD waiver statements or license files were at that time unusual. Publicly available software without a copyright notice was assumed to be, and shared as, public-domain software.
419:
73:
2031:"The Keccak sponge function, designed by Guido Bertoni, Joan Daemen, Michaël Peeters and Gilles Van Assche. For more information, feedback or questions, please refer to our website:
333:
may be in the public domain even if its source code is not made available (making the program not feasibly modifiable), while free software always has the source code available.
999:
users remain angry about IBM's decision. Announced in
February 1983, IBM's object-code-only policy has been applied to a growing list of Big Blue system software products
1894:"Serpent is now completely in the public domain, and we impose no restrictions on its use. This was announced on the 21st August at the First AES Candidate Conference."
1594:
541:
but is not hampered by the complexities of attribution (restriction of permissive licensed software) or license compatibility (issue with copyleft licensed software).
1621:
Validity of the
Creative Commons Zero 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication and its usability for bibliographic metadata from the perspective of German Copyright Law
2062:
1265:"The CAMiLEON Project: Legal issues arising from the work aiming to preserve elements of the interactive multimedia work entitled "The BBC Domesday Project""
1431:
526:
offers a public domain waiver text with a fallback public-domain-like license inspired by permissive licenses but without attribution clause. In 2015,
1497:
1192:
There's no doubt that open-source software and that in the public domain are similar. But even experts differ about just how closely linked they are.
518:
is problematic. This is achieved by a public domain waiver statement and a fallback all-permissive license, in case the waiver is not possible. The
550:
2168:
1536:
687:
1361:
1639:
2006:
941:
2071:"you're paying for an account on the server that I'm running. , and it's actually in the public domain — the source code's all available."
960:
427:. After 1988, all works were by default copyright protected and needed to be actively given into the public domain by a waiver statement.
686:
These examples of modern PD software (after the Berne
Convention Implementation Act of 1988) are either under proper public domain (e.g.
240:
891:
530:
reported that of the approximately 5.1 million licensed projects it hosted, almost 2% used the Unlicense. Another popular option is the
1264:
1235:
251:
was enough to dedicate it to the public domain. With the new act, software was by default copyright-protected and needed an explicit
1154:
564:
Public domain software in the early computer age was, for instance, shared as type-in programs in computer magazines and books like
392:
Around 2004, there was debate on whether public-domain software could be considered part of the FOSS ecosystem, as argued by lawyer
309:
and the decline of the public-domain software ecosystem. In an effort to preserve this ecosystem he created a software license, the
1297:
122:
1329:
877:
678:
previously seen as PD. Only slowly did PD software authors start to include explicit relinquishment or license statement texts.
161:
was needed and therefore distributed to run the software. PD software was also shared and distributed as printed source code (
2128:
2051:
981:
210:, software was not copyrightable and therefore always in the public domain. This legislation, plus court decisions such as
1461:
531:
373:" (2010), and there was a noticeable rise in the popularity of permissive software licenses. Also, the growing problem of
2161:
1010:
694:
listed 334 hosted PD projects in 2016, and GitHub 102,000 under the Unlicense alone in 2015. In 2016, an analysis of the
208:"computer programs, to the extent that they embody an author's original creation, are proper subject matter of copyright"
1011:
Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corporation Puts the Byte Back into Copyright Protection for Computer Programs
1471:
1793:
305:, who for long worked in an academic environment of "public-domain"-like software sharing, noticed the emergence of
1064:
587:
487:
While real public domain makes software licenses unnecessary, as no owner/author is required to grant permission ("
456:
361:") as stabilizing part of the copyright system. New non-FOSS licenses and waiver texts were developed, notably the
1917:
1804:
2575:
2220:
554:
318:
license tries to enforce the free shareability of software also for the future by not allowing license changes.
247:), the legal basis for public-domain software changed drastically. Before the act, releasing software without a
2154:
1435:
1763:
2203:
853:
538:
171:
142:
85:
2109:
381:
of software raised awareness of the relevance of again passing software into the public domain for better
289:
As a response of the academic software ecosystem to the change in the copyright system in the late 1980s,
2451:
2087:
206:
Before 1974, when the US Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works (CONTU) decided that
2519:
2399:
1620:
1166:
313:, which encodes the public-domain rights and enforces them irrevocably on software. Paradoxically, his
1547:
1508:
1219:
2514:
2240:
1427:
1385:
393:
386:
1727:
1432:"(License-review) (License-discuss) CC0 incompliant with OSD on patents, (was: MXM compared to CC0)"
1107:
1036:
Kristina B. Sullivan (1986-01-14). "Hackers Create Public-Domain Software for the Sheer Joy of It".
1013:
in Golden Gate University Law Review Volume 14, Issue 2, Article 3 by Jan L. Nussbaum (January 1984)
2424:
2095:
1955:
1658:
1180:
843:
779:
507:
258:
89:
600:
Video games are among the earliest examples of shared PD software, which are still notable today:
220:, clarified that the Copyright Act gave computer programs the copyright status of literary works.
2544:
1866:
1636:
1543:
1504:
786:
645:
262:
58:
2026:
2363:
1830:
424:
200:
1981:"Glitch is Dead, Long Live Glitch! - Art & Code from the Game Released into Public Domain"
2383:
2225:
2177:
1778:
1267:. Kingston upon Hull: Information Law and Technology Unit, University of Hull. Archived from
1094:
848:
724:
621:
613:
503:
499:
350:
322:
244:
225:
1816:
2474:
2358:
2348:
2230:
2213:
1679:
1333:
1301:
702:
382:
378:
342:
306:
195:
2053:. PC Gamer. Future plc. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
1562:
The optimal term of copyright has been a matter for extensive debate over the last decade.
1268:
1122:
396:
in the essay "Why the public domain isn't a license", a position that faced opposition by
8:
2479:
2464:
2261:
1413:
802:
794:
397:
374:
81:
1930:
1250:
2539:
2529:
2484:
2198:
1980:
661:
511:
488:
330:
290:
118:
57:. Software in the public domain can be modified, distributed, or sold even without any
27:
1607:
2554:
2494:
2469:
2293:
2036:
1706:
1467:
824:
717:
435:
Copyrighted works, like software, are meant to pass into the public domain after the
212:
166:
103:
2368:
2185:
1050:
754:
742:
362:
358:
302:
281:
maintains a list of several algorithms and their source code in the public domain.
278:
274:
248:
66:
24:
2549:
2524:
2506:
2373:
2310:
2266:
2132:
1662:
1643:
1624:
629:
440:
266:
189:
162:
98:
62:
713:
695:
436:
346:
150:
1890:
1574:
945:
IBM's OCO policy protects its own assets but may threaten customers investment
45:, in other words, software for which there is absolutely no ownership such as
19:
2569:
2429:
2208:
2063:
Skipping Steam: Why Jason Rohrer independently distributes One Hour, One Life
1878:
1532:
1493:
1365:
1204:
The Surprising History of Copyright and The Promise of a Post-Copyright World
1141:
1051:
April 1987: Ballerburg - Zwei Spieler, zwei Burgen und ein Berg dazwischen...
986:
964:
948:
922:
838:
709:
402:
42:
2353:
2315:
2303:
2278:
2032:
705:
229:
1498:"OPTIMAL COPYRIGHT OVER TIME: TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND THE STOCK OF WORKS"
2534:
2459:
2409:
2273:
1463:
Handbook on the Economics of Copyright: A Guide for Students and Teachers
1126:
858:
691:
653:
294:
217:
158:
2146:
1362:"U.S. Copyright Office to Explore Making Some Video Games Public Domain"
2441:
2414:
2378:
1905:
1891:
SERPENT - A Candidate Block Cipher for the Advanced Encryption Standard
1683:
1238:
1223:
1207:
1203:
766:
730:
669:
522:, published around 2010, has a focus on an anti-copyright message. The
502:. In 2009 the Creative Commons released the CC0, which was created for
444:
270:
106:
93:
1854:
1089:
2489:
2436:
2332:
2320:
2066:
1409:
896:
892:"Free software - Free software is a junkyard of software spare parts"
880:
by Fadi P. Deek, James A. M. McHugh "Public domain", page 227 (2008).
605:
370:
232:
model, asking the users for a financial donation to be sent by mail.
138:
50:
46:
228:
networks. Public-domain software was commercialized sometimes by a
2298:
2288:
2283:
2193:
1389:
982:"IBM policy draws fire – Users say source code rules hamper change"
637:
353:" public-domain software model visible again, also criticizing the
314:
183:
177:
153:. As software was often written in an interpreted language such as
146:
134:
38:
269:
are still often released into the public domain; examples include
127:
2419:
2404:
2325:
1751:
816:
593:
2007:"Afterlife of an MMO: Glitch's offbeat art enters public domain"
698:'s packages revealed PD was the seventh most popular "license".
2256:
1167:
Source code snippets and frameworks placed in the public domain
1068:
748:
736:
527:
480:
252:
77:
54:
720:, with reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms.
809:
772:
681:
581:
575:
495:
465:
461:
408:
329:
in the public domain. Another distinct difference is that an
284:
154:
1959:
537:
As result, such licensed public-domain software has all the
61:
by anyone; this is unlike the common case of software under
2113:
1220:
Younger developers reject licensing, risk chance for reform
776:
354:
472:
450:
1537:"FOREVER MINUS A DAY? CALCULATING OPTIMAL COPYRIGHT TERM"
1236:
Pushing back against licensing and the permission culture
760:
476:
366:
310:
1707:"BSD 0-Clause License (0BSD) Explained in Plain English"
1655:
385:
of the digital heritage, unrestricted by copyright and
2110:"Cod5.org: public domain software source code archive"
1298:"GOG's Time Machine Sale Lets You CONTROL TIME ITSELF"
1253:
on opensource.com by Richard Fontana (on 13 Aug 2013).
1330:"Editorial: Why Games Should Enter The Public Domain"
1035:
961:
Firm sidestep IBM policy by banning software changes
571:
Notable general PD software from that time include:
498:
was released as a public-domain-like license/waiver/
559:
413:
2037:https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
1673:
1671:
923:"David H. Ahl biography from Who's Who in America"
2567:
975:
973:
551:Category:Public-domain software with source code
1668:
1355:
1353:
1251:Post open source software, licensing and GitHub
1136:
1134:
345:networks and sharing in web development, a new
336:
128:Early academic public-domain software ecosystem
1426:
1384:
708:releases his works into the PD, as do several
2162:
1118:
1116:
970:
430:
30:indicates works that are in the public domain
1972:
1350:
1262:
1131:
1040:. Vol. 3, no. 2. pp. 121–122.
883:
321:To refer to free software (which is under a
1954:
1828:
1608:"11/17: Lulan Artisans Textile Competition"
241:Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988
203:was uncommon until the mid-1970s to 1980s.
2169:
2155:
1323:
1321:
1291:
1289:
1113:
682:Examples of modern PD software (post 1988)
534:, released in 2006 and aimed at software.
468:license logo, a public-domain-like license
409:Passing of software into the public domain
285:Free and open-source software as successor
2176:
2004:
1978:
1680:"Open source license usage on GitHub.com"
1178:
1145:, U.S. Copyright Office Circular 3, 2008.
688:created by a US governmental organization
544:
2033:http://keccak.noekeon.org/Implementation
1948:
1410:Placing documents into the public domain
1263:Charlesworth, Andrew (5 November 2002).
1181:"Is public domain software open-source?"
1179:Shankland, Stephen (February 28, 2008).
1016:
471:
460:
123:History of free and open-source software
18:
2092:Categories of free and nonfree software
1998:
1831:"Software Licenses in Fedora Ecosystem"
1646:on ostatic.com by Joe Brockmeier (2010)
1531:
1492:
1390:"Why the public domain isn't a license"
1318:
1286:
979:
451:Public-domain-like licenses and waivers
193:, etc.) and books, like the bestseller
2568:
1720:
1677:
1637:The unlicense a license for no license
1359:
1327:
1295:
1155:The birth of the web Licensing the web
1022:Lemley, Menell, Merges and Samuelson.
942:Object code only: is IBM playing fair?
255:statement or license from the author.
88:) cannot be disclaimed: for instance,
2150:
1960:"LZMA SDK (Software Development Kit)"
1623:by Till Kreutzer, attorney-at-law in
1453:
1460:Watt, Richard (September 26, 2014).
1459:
889:
341:With the 2000s and the emergence of
2027:KeccakReferenceAndOptimized-3.2.zip
1614:
349:generation of developers made the "
13:
1819:on sourceforge.net (February 2016)
878:Open Source: Technology and Policy
145:, and was created in academia, by
14:
2587:
2080:
109:tradition's "copyright" concept.
1434:. opensource.org. Archived from
1090:Article about Jim "Button" Knopf
560:Classical PD software (pre-1988)
483:, and public-domain-like license
457:Public domain equivalent license
414:Release without copyright notice
2056:
2050:Chalk, Andy (10 January 2023).
2044:
2020:
2005:Blackwell, Laura (2013-11-18).
1923:
1911:
1899:
1884:
1872:
1867:PUBLIC DOMAIN CERN WWW SOFTWARE
1860:
1848:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1794:Compute-Gazette-Issue-11-01.pdf
1787:
1772:
1757:
1745:
1699:
1649:
1630:
1600:
1588:
1567:
1525:
1486:
1420:
1403:
1378:
1256:
1244:
1229:
1213:
1197:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1101:
1083:
1057:
1044:
920:
712:, such as Daniel J. Bernstein,
555:Category:Public-domain software
506:with various law domains (e.g.
293:texts were developed, like the
1577:. Creative Commons. 2015-12-16
1360:Rouner, Jef (April 28, 2015).
1029:
1004:
954:
935:
914:
871:
1:
864:
854:Free and open-source software
143:free and open-source software
84:, some rights (in particular
16:Software in the public domain
1829:Anwesha Das (22 June 2016).
1108:the-history-of-shareware-psl
980:Gallant, John (1985-03-18).
337:Post-copyright public domain
69:grant limited usage rights.
41:that has been placed in the
7:
2452:Software release life cycle
2131:. Unlicense. Archived from
1920:on docutils.sourceforge.net
1466:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
1328:Walker, John (2014-02-03).
1296:Walker, John (2014-01-29).
832:
516:dedicating to public domain
10:
2592:
2520:Software protection dongle
2400:Unwanted software bundling
2129:"Unlicensed Free Software"
1678:Balter, Ben (2015-03-09).
479:license logo, a copyright
454:
431:Leaving the copyright term
116:
112:
2515:Digital rights management
2505:
2450:
2392:
2341:
2249:
2184:
1024:Software and Internet Law
439:, losing their copyright
387:digital rights management
259:Reference implementations
2393:Deceptive and/or illicit
2096:Free Software Foundation
2088:"Public domain software"
1979:tinyspeck (2013-11-18).
1931:"youtube-dl GitHub page"
1918:copyrights-and-licensing
1766:on allaboutcircuits.com
890:Shea, Tom (1983-06-23).
844:Public copyright license
2545:Software license server
1544:University of Cambridge
1505:University of Cambridge
787:Diamond Trust of London
646:Colossal Cave Adventure
532:Zero Clause BSD license
2576:Public-domain software
2221:Freely redistributable
2112:. Cod5. Archived from
1752:The Genealogy of Eliza
1597:on anonscm.debian.org.
1065:"Bob Wallace Timeline"
545:Public-domain software
484:
469:
425:copyright registration
201:closed-source software
35:Public-domain software
31:
2384:Software as a service
2178:Software distribution
1222:on opensource.com by
849:License-free software
500:anti-copyright notice
475:
464:
323:free software license
265:meant or applied for
261:of algorithms, often
245:Copyright Act of 1976
22:
2475:Software maintenance
2349:Digital distribution
2204:Free and open-source
2073:(on August 30, 2018)
2029:in mainReference.c:
1728:"Alan Turing at 100"
1334:Rock, Paper, Shotgun
1302:Rock, Paper, Shotgun
1110:on asp-software.org.
703:video game developer
566:BASIC Computer Games
379:digital obsolescence
357:license ecosystem ("
343:peer-to-peer sharing
307:proprietary software
277:cipher in 1999. The
196:BASIC Computer Games
2480:Software maintainer
2262:Commercial software
2250:Compensation models
1983:. glitchthegame.com
1881:on rsb.info.nih.gov
1805:Transactor_v8i3.pdf
1734:. 13 September 2012
1595:Version 1.0 license
1414:Daniel J. Bernstein
1241:(January 28, 2013).
803:The Castle Doctrine
398:Daniel J. Bernstein
80:statement. In some
63:exclusive copyright
2540:Software copyright
2530:Product activation
2485:Software publisher
2199:Floating licensing
1661:2018-07-08 at the
1642:2017-01-22 at the
1274:on 6 February 2011
1157:on cern.ch (2014).
1095:Dr. Dobb's Journal
701:The award-winning
512:continental Europe
489:Permission culture
485:
470:
369:" (2009) and the "
347:copyright-critical
331:executable program
291:permissive license
172:Creative Computing
167:computer magazines
119:Software copyright
32:
28:Public Domain Mark
2563:
2562:
2555:Torrent poisoning
2470:Long-term support
2294:Pay what you want
1665:on unlicense.org.
1226:(on 12 Feb 2013).
1169:on openwall.info.
825:One Hour One Life
718:Douglas Crockford
375:orphaned software
243:(and the earlier
213:Apple v. Franklin
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2369:Product bundling
2342:Delivery methods
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743:Serpent (cipher)
420:Berne Convention
363:Creative Commons
359:Post Open Source
303:Richard Stallman
279:Openwall Project
249:copyright notice
163:type-in programs
92:tradition-based
74:Berne Convention
25:Creative Commons
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2550:Software patent
2525:License manager
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1533:Pollock, Rufus
1524:
1496:(2007-10-01).
1494:Pollock, Rufus
1485:
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1430:(2012-03-08).
1428:Lawrence Rosen
1419:
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1392:. rosenlaw.com
1388:(2004-05-25).
1386:Lawrence Rosen
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2152:
2149:
2135:on 2018-07-08
2134:
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2116:on 2015-03-19
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2009:. pcworld.com
2008:
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1656:The Unlicense
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1514:on 2013-02-21
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1438:on 2016-03-12
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21:
2425:Trojan horse
2354:File sharing
2316:Postcardware
2304:Donationware
2279:Crowdfunding
2235:
2226:License-free
2137:. Retrieved
2133:the original
2118:. Retrieved
2114:the original
2099:. Retrieved
2091:
2070:
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2011:. Retrieved
2000:
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1985:. Retrieved
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1835:. Retrieved
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1736:. Retrieved
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1602:
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1579:. Retrieved
1569:
1561:
1555:. Retrieved
1548:the original
1527:
1516:. Retrieved
1509:the original
1488:
1477:. Retrieved
1462:
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1440:. Retrieved
1436:the original
1422:
1405:
1394:. Retrieved
1380:
1369:. Retrieved
1343:
1337:. Retrieved
1311:
1305:. Retrieved
1276:. Retrieved
1269:the original
1258:
1246:
1231:
1215:
1199:
1191:
1185:. Retrieved
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1123:publicdomain
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1073:. Retrieved
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1006:
997:
991:. Retrieved
985:
956:
944:
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926:. Retrieved
921:Ahl, David.
916:
907:
901:. Retrieved
895:
885:
873:
823:
815:
801:
793:
785:
731:CERN's httpd
706:Jason Rohrer
700:
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494:In 2000 the
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383:preservation
351:license-free
340:
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273:in 1993 and
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230:donationware
222:
216:in 1983 for
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131:
99:Urheberrecht
97:
86:moral rights
71:
34:
33:
2535:Product key
2465:End-of-life
2460:Abandonware
2410:Infostealer
2359:On-premises
2274:Crippleware
2231:Proprietary
2214:Open source
1956:Igor Pavlov
1712:25 February
1575:"Downloads"
1127:cornell.edu
859:Abandonware
692:SourceForge
654:Android Nim
445:video games
418:Before the
295:BSD license
218:object code
159:source code
104:Anglo-Saxon
59:attribution
2442:Shovelware
2415:Ransomware
2379:Sneakernet
2139:2015-03-12
2120:2015-03-12
2101:2013-07-31
2013:2013-12-11
1987:2013-12-11
1965:2013-06-16
1879:disclaimer
1837:2016-06-27
1738:2016-02-22
1689:2015-11-21
1684:github.com
1581:2015-12-24
1557:2015-01-11
1518:2015-01-11
1479:2015-01-11
1442:2016-02-22
1396:2016-02-22
1371:2016-02-03
1339:2016-01-30
1307:2016-01-30
1239:Luis Villa
1224:Luis Villa
1208:Karl Fogel
1187:2016-02-03
1183:. cnet.com
993:2015-12-27
928:2009-11-23
903:2016-02-10
865:References
767:youtube-dl
670:Ballerburg
405:decision.
271:CERN httpd
224:shared on
117:See also:
107:common law
94:German law
72:Under the
2490:Vaporware
2437:Scareware
2333:Trialware
2321:Shareware
2067:Gamasutra
1940:2 October
1906:copyright
1857:on GitHub
897:InfoWorld
622:Star Trek
606:Spacewar!
549:See also
524:Unlicense
520:Unlicense
508:civil law
441:privilege
371:Unlicense
239:With the
147:hobbyists
139:shareware
51:trademark
47:copyright
2570:Category
2299:Careware
2289:Freeware
2284:Freemium
2194:Beerware
2186:Licenses
1993:purpose.
1958:(2008).
1659:Archived
1640:Archived
1278:23 March
1075:March 7,
1054:German).
1026:, p. 34.
833:See also
638:Maze War
614:Hamurabi
514:) where
315:copyleft
184:Compute!
178:SoftSide
135:freeware
67:licenses
65:, where
39:software
2420:Spyware
2405:Malware
2326:Nagware
1345:thirty.
1210:(2006).
1092:, from
1038:PC Week
817:Duelyst
594:FFTPACK
275:Serpent
151:hackers
113:History
2257:Adware
1935:GitHub
1896:(1999)
1869:(1993)
1470:
1313:world.
1069:Erowid
828:(2018)
820:(2016)
812:(2015)
806:(2014)
798:(2013)
795:Glitch
790:(2012)
782:(2008)
769:(2006)
763:(2003)
757:(2002)
751:(2000)
749:SQLite
745:(1999)
739:(1997)
737:ImageJ
733:(1993)
727:(1990)
673:(1987)
665:(1980)
657:(1978)
649:(1976)
641:(1974)
633:(1972)
625:(1971)
617:(1969)
609:(1962)
596:(1985)
590:(1979)
584:(1973)
578:(1966)
528:GitHub
481:waiver
253:waiver
169:(like
157:, the
149:, and
141:, and
78:waiver
55:patent
1551:(PDF)
1540:(PDF)
1512:(PDF)
1501:(PDF)
909:life.
810:SHA-3
773:7-Zip
725:BLAST
662:Rogue
582:SPICE
576:ELIZA
496:WTFPL
466:WTFPL
165:) in
155:BASIC
90:civil
53:, or
2495:list
2430:Worm
2209:Free
1942:2016
1714:2020
1468:ISBN
1280:2011
1077:2013
777:LZMA
716:and
588:BLAS
377:and
355:FOSS
190:Byte
121:and
96:'s "
23:The
2065:on
1412:by
1206:by
1125:on
963:on
947:on
780:SDK
775:'s
761:I2P
510:of
477:CC0
367:CC0
327:not
311:GPL
226:BBS
37:is
2572::
2094:.
2090:.
1990:.
1933:.
1840:.
1730:.
1692:.
1682:.
1670:^
1560:.
1542:.
1503:.
1445:.
1364:.
1352:^
1342:.
1332:.
1320:^
1310:.
1300:.
1288:^
1190:.
1133:^
1115:^
1067:.
996:.
984:.
972:^
906:.
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553:,
447:.
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187:,
181:,
175:,
137:,
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2170:e
2163:t
2156:v
2142:.
2123:.
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2041:.
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1968:.
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931:.
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