658:
1458:
1021:
protected unless they have been fixed in some material form." Some countries do not require that a work be produced in a particular form to obtain copyright protection. For instance, Spain, France, and
Australia do not require fixation for copyright protection. The United States and Canada, on the other hand, require that most works must be "fixed in a tangible medium of expression" to obtain copyright protection. US law requires that the fixation be stable and permanent enough to be "perceived, reproduced or communicated for a period of more than transitory duration". Similarly, Canadian courts consider fixation to require that the work be "expressed to some extent at least in some material form, capable of identification and having a more or less permanent endurance".
1324:
transferred their economic rights. In some EU countries, such as France, moral rights last indefinitely. In the UK, however, moral rights are finite. That is, the right of attribution and the right of integrity last only as long as the work is in copyright. When the copyright term comes to an end, so too do the moral rights in that work. This is just one reason why the moral rights regime within the UK is often regarded as weaker or inferior to the protection of moral rights in continental Europe and elsewhere in the world. The Berne
Convention, in Article 6bis, requires its members to grant authors the following rights:
588:
which they alone could profit from their works, they would be enabled and encouraged to invest the time required to create them, and this would be good for society as a whole. A right to profit from the work has been the philosophical underpinning for much legislation extending the duration of copyright, to the life of the creator and beyond, to their heirs. Yet scholars like
Lawrence Lessig have argued that copyright terms have been extended beyond the scope imagined by the Framers. Lessig refers to the Copyright Clause as the "Progress Clause" to emphasize the social dimension of intellectual property rights.
624:. In many modern day publications the terms copyright and authors' rights are being mixed, or used as translations, but in a juridical sense the legal concepts do essentially differ. Authors' rights are, generally speaking, from the start absolute property rights of an author of original work that one does not have to apply for. The law is automatically connecting an original work as intellectual property to its creator. Although the concepts throughout the years have been mingled globally, due to international treaties and contracts, distinct differences between jurisdictions continue to exist.
407:
501:, extended federal copyright to works as soon as they are created and "fixed", without requiring publication or registration. State law continues to apply to unpublished works that are not otherwise copyrighted by federal law. This act also changed the calculation of copyright term from a fixed term (then a maximum of fifty-six years) to "life of the author plus 50 years". These changes brought the US closer to conformity with the Berne Convention, and in 1989 the United States further revised its copyright law and joined the Berne Convention officially.
57:
1386:
right" means that only the copyright holder is free to exercise those rights, and others are prohibited from using the work without the holder's permission. Copyright is sometimes called a "negative right", as it serves to prohibit certain people (e.g., readers, viewers, or listeners, and primarily publishers and would be publishers) from doing something they would otherwise be able to do, rather than permitting people (e.g., authors) to do something they would otherwise be unable to do. In this way it is similar to the
1712:, although it is still a breach of copyright to copy, reproduce or adapt copyright material for personal or private use without permission from the copyright owner, owners of a legitimate copy are permitted to "format shift" that work from one medium to another for personal, private use, or to "time shift" a broadcast work for later, once and only once, viewing or listening. Other technical exemptions from infringement may also apply, such as the temporary reproduction of a work in machine readable form for a computer.
1345:, the Copyright Office concluded that many diverse aspects of the current moral rights patchwork – including copyright law's derivative work right, state moral rights statutes, and contract law – are generally working well and should not be changed. Further, the Office concludes that there is no need for the creation of a blanket moral rights statute at this time. However, there are aspects of the US moral rights patchwork that could be improved to the benefit of individual authors and the copyright system as a whole.
1122:, amending the 1976 Copyright Act to conform to most of the provisions of the Berne Convention. As a result, the use of copyright notices has become optional to claim copyright, because the Berne Convention makes copyright automatic. However, the lack of notice of copyright using these marks may have consequences in terms of reduced damages in an infringement lawsuit – using notices of this form may reduce the likelihood of a defense of "innocent infringement" being successful.
1289:
the owner of a copyright-protected work may decide how to use the work, and may prevent others from using it without permission. National laws usually grant copyright owners exclusive rights to allow third parties to use their works, subject to the legally recognised rights and interests of others. Most copyright laws state that authors or other right owners have the right to authorise or prevent certain acts in relation to a work. Right owners can authorise or prohibit:
1470:, and whether the work was created by an individual or a corporation. In most of the world, the default length of copyright is the life of the author plus either 50 or 70 years. In the United States, the term for most existing works is a fixed number of years after the date of creation or publication. Under most countries' laws (for example, the United States and the United Kingdom), copyrights expire at the end of the calendar year in which they would otherwise expire.
2147:
695:. Specially, for educational and scientific research purposes, the Berne Convention provides the developing countries issue compulsory licenses for the translation or reproduction of copyrighted works within the limits prescribed by the convention. This was a special provision that had been added at the time of 1971 revision of the convention, because of the strong demands of the developing countries. The United States did not sign the Berne Convention until 1989.
691:
automatically entitled to all intellectual property rights in the work, and to any derivative works unless and until the author explicitly disclaims them, or until the rights expires. The Berne
Convention also resulted in foreign authors being treated equivalently to domestic authors, in any country signed onto the convention. The UK signed the Berne Convention in 1887 but did not implement large parts of it until 100 years later with the passage of the
1850:
2019:
licenses are available (although some of them are not properly free per the above definitions and per
Creative Commons' own advice). These are based upon copyright-holder stipulations such as whether they are willing to allow modifications to the work, whether they permit the creation of derivative works and whether they are willing to permit commercial use of the work. As of 2009 approximately 130 million individuals had received such licenses.
1280:, copyright protects two types of rights. Economic rights allow right owners to derive financial reward from the use of their works by others. Moral rights allow authors and creators to take certain actions to preserve and protect their link with their work. The author or creator may be the owner of the economic rights or those rights may be transferred to one or more copyright owners. Many countries do not allow the transfer of moral rights.
1903:, because under this scheme, anyone who wishes to copy a covered work does not need the permission of the copyright holder, but instead merely files the proper notice and pays a set fee established by statute (or by an agency decision under statutory guidance) for every copy made. Failure to follow the proper procedures would place the copier at risk of an infringement suit. Because of the difficulty of following every individual work,
510:
period, to view knowledge as the product and expression of the collective, rather than to see it as individual property. However, with copyright laws, intellectual production comes to be seen as a product of an individual, with attendant rights. The most significant point is that patent and copyright laws support the expansion of the range of creative human activities that can be commodified. This parallels the ways in which
560:
1051:
5412:
1884:. They can be oral or even implied by the behavior of the parties. Transfers of copyright ownership, including exclusive licenses, may and should be recorded in the U.S. Copyright Office. (Information on recording transfers is available on the Office's web site.) While recording is not required to make the grant effective, it offers important benefits, much like those obtained by recording a deed in a
1043:
1483:
copyrights renewed 28 years after first publication year also are in the public domain. Hirtle points out that the great majority of these works (including 93% of the books) were not renewed after 28 years and are in the public domain. Books originally published outside the US by non-Americans are exempt from this renewal requirement, if they are still under copyright in their home country.
576:
of such Copies, during the Times therein mentioned." The act also alluded to individual rights of the artist. It began, "Whereas
Printers, Booksellers, and other Persons, have of late frequently taken the Liberty of Printing ... Books, and other Writings, without the Consent of the Authors ... to their very great Detriment, and too often to the Ruin of them and their Families:".
3676:, 102 Stat. 2853, 2857. One of the changes introduced by the BCIA was to section 401, which governs copyright notices on published copies, specifying that notices "may be placed on" such copies; prior to the BCIA, the statute read that notices "shall be placed on all" such copies. An analogous change was made in section 402, dealing with copyright notices on phonorecords.
1927:) have been formed to collect royalties for hundreds (thousands and more) works at once. Though this market solution bypasses the statutory license, the availability of the statutory fee still helps dictate the price per work collective rights organizations charge, driving it down to what avoidance of procedural hassle would justify.
1079:), the abbreviation "Copr.", or the word "Copyright", followed by the year of the first publication of the work and the name of the copyright holder. Several years may be noted if the work has gone through substantial revisions. The proper copyright notice for sound recordings of musical or other audio works is a
1880:
effective, must be granted in a written instrument signed by the grantor. No special form of transfer or grant is required. A simple document that identifies the work involved and the rights being granted is sufficient. Non-exclusive grants (often called non-exclusive licenses) need not be in writing under
1337:
authors even after the authors have transferred their economic rights. This means that even where, for example, a film producer or publisher owns the economic rights in a work, in many jurisdictions the individual author continues to have moral rights. Recently, as a part of the debates being held at the
3621:
L.J. 991, 999–1002 (2003) ("Thus, both the text of the Act and its legislative history demonstrate that
Congress intended that a derivative work does not need to be fixed in order to infringe."). The legislative history of the 1976 Copyright Act says this difference was intended to address transitory
3173:
Sigismund
Hermbstädt, for example, a chemistry and pharmacy professor in Berlin, who has long since disappeared into the oblivion of history, earned more royalties for his "Principles of Leather Tanning" published in 1806 than British author Mary Shelley did for her horror novel "Frankenstein," which
1871:
attempts to provide promotion and marketing for the artist and their work so it can reach a much larger audience. A copyright holder need not transfer all rights completely, though many publishers will insist. Some of the rights may be transferred, or else the copyright holder may grant another party
1727:
Section 1008. Prohibition on certain infringement actions No action may be brought under this title alleging infringement of copyright based on the manufacture, importation, or distribution of a digital audio recording device, a digital audio recording medium, an analog recording device, or an analog
1026:
c) Effect of Berne
Convention.—No right or interest in a work eligible for protection under this title may be claimed by virtue of, or in reliance upon, the provisions of the Berne Convention, or the adherence of the United States thereto. Any rights in a work eligible for protection under this title
690:
do not have to be asserted or declared, as they are automatically in force at creation: an author need not "register" or "apply for" these protective rights in countries adhering to the Berne
Convention. As soon as a work is "fixed", that is, written or recorded on some physical medium, its author is
1791:
It is legal in several countries including the United Kingdom and the United States to produce alternative versions (for example, in large print or braille) of a copyrighted work to provide improved access to a work for blind and visually impaired people without permission from the copyright holder.
1486:
But if the intended exploitation of the work includes publication (or distribution of derivative work, such as a film based on a book protected by copyright) outside the US, the terms of copyright around the world must be considered. If the author has been dead more than 70 years, the work is in the
1473:
The length and requirements for copyright duration are subject to change by legislation, and since the early 20th century there have been a number of adjustments made in various countries, which can make determining the duration of a given copyright somewhat difficult. For example, the United States
1385:
The basic right when a work is protected by copyright is that the holder may determine and decide how and under what conditions the protected work may be used by others. This includes the right to decide to distribute the work for free. This part of copyright is often overseen. The phrase "exclusive
1243:
Statistics regarding the effects of copyright infringement are difficult to determine. Studies have attempted to determine whether there is a monetary loss for industries affected by copyright infringement by predicting what portion of pirated works would have been formally purchased if they had not
803:
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 provides that if a copyrighted work is made by an employee in the course of that employment, the copyright is automatically owned by the employer which would be a "Work for Hire". Typically, the first owner of a copyright is the person who created the work
587:
of the United States, Constitution (1787) authorized copyright legislation: "To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries." That is, by guaranteeing them a period of time in
504:
Copyright laws allow products of creative human activities, such as literary and artistic production, to be preferentially exploited and thus incentivized. Different cultural attitudes, social organizations, economic models and legal frameworks are seen to account for why copyright emerged in Europe
1863:
recordings in exchange for royalties and other considerations. The creator (and original copyright holder) benefits, or expects to, from production and marketing capabilities far beyond those of the author. In the digital age of music, music may be copied and distributed at minimal cost through the
1114:
which indicates that the copyright holder reserves, or holds for their own use was once required to assert copyright, but that phrase is now legally obsolete. Almost everything on the Internet has some sort of copyright attached to it. Whether these things are watermarked, signed, or have any other
978:
standards apply, copyright is automatic, and need not be obtained through official registration with any government office. Once an idea has been reduced to tangible form, for example by securing it in a fixed medium (such as a drawing, sheet music, photograph, a videotape, or a computer file), the
575:
gave authors and the publishers to whom they did chose to license their works, the right to publish the author's creations for a fixed period, after which the copyright expired. It was "An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by Vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or the Purchasers
1879:
the copyright itself must be expressly transferred in writing. Under the US Copyright Act, a transfer of ownership in copyright must be memorialized in a writing signed by the transferor. For that purpose, ownership in copyright includes exclusive licenses of rights. Thus exclusive licenses, to be
1800:
In the US there is a Religious Service Exemption (1976 law, section 110), namely "performance of a non-dramatic literary or musical work or of a dramatico-musical work of a religious nature or display of a work, in the course of services at a place of worship or other religious assembly" shall not
1508:
In many jurisdictions, copyright law makes exceptions to these restrictions when the work is copied for the purpose of commentary or other related uses. United States copyright law does not cover names, titles, short phrases or listings (such as ingredients, recipes, labels, or formulas). However,
1288:
With any kind of property, its owner may decide how it is to be used, and others can use it lawfully only if they have the owner's permission, often through a license. The owner's use of the property must, however, respect the legally recognised rights and interests of other members of society. So
1020:
allows member countries to decide whether creative works must be "fixed" to enjoy copyright. Article 2, Section 2 of the Berne Convention states: "It shall be a matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to prescribe that works in general or any specified categories of works shall not be
579:
A right to benefit financially from the work is articulated, and court rulings and legislation have recognized a right to control the work, such as ensuring that the integrity of it is preserved. An irrevocable right to be recognized as the work's creator appears in some countries' copyright laws.
2018:
Terms of use have traditionally been negotiated on an individual basis between copyright holder and potential licensee. Therefore, a general CC license outlining which rights the copyright holder is willing to waive enables the general public to use such works more freely. Six general types of CC
1336:
These and other similar rights granted in national laws are generally known as the moral rights of authors. The Berne Convention requires these rights to be independent of authors' economic rights. Moral rights are only accorded to individual authors and in many national laws they remain with the
372:
Copyrights can be granted by public law and are in that case considered "territorial rights". This means that copyrights granted by the law of a certain state do not extend beyond the territory of that specific jurisdiction. Copyrights of this type vary by country; many countries, and sometimes a
1482:
In the United States, all books and other works, except for sound recordings, published before 1929 have expired copyrights and are in the public domain. The applicable date for sound recordings in the United States is before 1923. In addition, works published before 1964 that did not have their
1478:
after 28 years to stay in force, and formerly required a copyright notice upon first publication to gain coverage. In Italy and France, there were post-wartime extensions that could increase the term by approximately 6 years in Italy and up to about 14 in France. Many countries have extended the
1416:
gives creators both economic rights and moral rights. While 'copying' someone else's work without permission may constitute an infringement of their economic rights, that is, the reproduction right or the right of communication to the public, whereas, 'mutilating' it might infringe the creator's
3292:
as of 1 January 2000: the dates given in the document are dates of ratification, not dates of coming into force. The Geneva Act came into force on 16 September 1955, for the first twelve to have ratified (which included four non-members of the Berne Union as required by Art. 9.1), or three
1613:
held in a 6–3 decision that the first-sale doctrine applies to goods manufactured abroad with the copyright owner's permission and then imported into the US without such permission. The case involved a plaintiff who imported Asian editions of textbooks that had been manufactured abroad with the
1160:
In most jurisdictions the copyright holder must bear the cost of enforcing copyright. This will usually involve engaging legal representation, administrative or court costs. In light of this, many copyright disputes are settled by a direct approach to the infringing party in order to settle the
1862:
A copyright, or aspects of it (e.g. reproduction alone, all but moral rights), may be assigned or transferred from one party to another. For example, a musician who records an album will often sign an agreement with a record company in which the musician agrees to transfer all copyright in the
1732:
Later acts amended US Copyright law so that for certain purposes making 10 copies or more is construed to be commercial, but there is no general rule permitting such copying. Indeed, making one complete copy of a work, or in many cases using a portion of it, for commercial purposes will not be
509:
in Europe, there was generally a lack of any concept of literary property due to the general relations of production, the specific organization of literary production and the role of culture in society. The latter refers to the tendency of oral societies, such as that of Europe in the medieval
1323:
Moral rights are concerned with the non-economic rights of a creator. They protect the creator's connection with a work as well as the integrity of the work. Moral rights are only accorded to individual authors and in many national laws they remain with the authors even after the authors have
1267:
states that "online criminals who offer stolen movies, TV shows, games, and live events through websites and apps are reaping $ 1.34 billion in annual advertising revenues." This comes as a result of users visiting pirate websites who are then subjected to pirated content, malware, and fraud.
631:
and the economic historian Eckhard Höffner argues that the absence of possibilities to maintain copyright laws in all these states in the early 19th century, encouraged the publishing of low-priced paperbacks for the masses. This was profitable for authors and led to a proliferation of books,
1737:
prohibits the manufacture, importation, or distribution of devices whose intended use, or only significant commercial use, is to bypass an access or copy control put in place by a copyright owner. An appellate court has held that fair use is not a defense to engaging in such distribution. In
454:
for reading matter. Prices of reprints were low, so publications could be bought by poorer people, creating a mass audience. In German-language markets before the advent of copyright, technical materials, like popular fiction, were inexpensive and widely available; it has been suggested this
1560:
Copyright law does not restrict the owner of a copy from reselling legitimately obtained copies of copyrighted works, provided that those copies were originally produced by or with the permission of the copyright holder. It is therefore legal, for example, to resell a copyrighted book or
356:
Some jurisdictions require "fixing" copyrighted works in a tangible form. It is often shared among multiple authors, each of whom holds a set of rights to use or license the work, and who are commonly referred to as rights holders. These rights normally include reproduction, control over
1172:
With older technology like paintings, books, phonographs, and film, it is generally not feasible for consumers to make copies on their own, so producers can simply require payment when transferring physical possession of the storage medium. The equivalent for digital online content is a
427:
came into use in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was associated with a common law and rooted in the civil law system. The printing press made it much cheaper to produce works, but as there was initially no copyright law, anyone could buy or rent a press and print any text.
632:
enhanced knowledge, and was ultimately an important factor in the ascendency of Germany as a power during that century. After the introduction of creator's rights, German publishers started to follow English customs, in issuing only expensive book editions for wealthy customers.
3189:
for example, asked his publisher in 1854: "Due to the tremendously high prices you have established, I will hardly see a second edition of the book anytime soon. But you must set lower prices, dear Campe, for otherwise I really don't see why I was so lenient with my material
1652:
as 17 U.S.C. Section 107, permits some copying and distribution without permission of the copyright holder or payment to same. The statute does not clearly define fair use, but instead gives four non-exclusive factors to consider in a fair use analysis. Those factors are:
1704:(Cth) are a limited set of circumstances under which copyrighted material can be legally copied or adapted without the copyright holder's consent. Fair dealing uses are research and study; review and critique; news reportage and the giving of professional advice (i.e.
1417:
moral rights. In the UK, moral rights include the right to be identified as the author of the work, which is generally identified as the right of attribution, and the right not to have your work subjected to 'derogatory treatment', that is the right of integrity.
341:, usually for a limited time. The creative work may be in a literary, artistic, educational, or musical form. Copyright is intended to protect the original expression of an idea in the form of a creative work, but not the idea itself. A copyright is subject to
743:
2122:, is subject to a statutorily determined term. Once the term of a copyright has expired, the formerly copyrighted work enters the public domain and may be used or exploited by anyone without obtaining permission, and normally without payment. However, in
1244:
been freely available. Other reports indicate that copyright infringement does not have an adverse effect on the entertainment industry, and can have a positive effect. In particular, a 2014 university study concluded that free music content, accessed on
1621:
In addition, copyright, in most cases, does not prohibit one from acts such as modifying, defacing, or destroying one's own legitimately obtained copy of a copyrighted work, so long as duplication is not involved. However, in countries that implement
769:
Copyright laws and authors' right laws are standardized somewhat through these international conventions such as the Berne Convention and Universal Copyright Convention. These multilateral treaties have been ratified by nearly all countries, and
5699:
486:, enacted in 1710 in England and Scotland, provided the first legislation to protect copyrights (but not authors' rights). The Copyright Act of 1814 extended more rights for authors but did not protect British from reprinting in the US. The
5869:
936:
in order to qualify for copyright, and the copyright expires after a set period of time (some jurisdictions may allow this to be extended). Different countries impose different tests, although generally the requirements are low; in the
1027:
that derive from this title, other Federal or State statutes, or the common law, shall not be expanded or reduced by virtue of, or in reliance upon, the provisions of the Berne Convention, or the adherence of the United States thereto.
763:
497:, modeling it after the Statute of Anne. While the national law protected authors' published works, authority was granted to the states to protect authors' unpublished works. The most recent major overhaul of copyright in the US, the
1749:
affirmed the lower court decision, holding that "fair use is 'authorized by the law' and a copyright holder must consider the existence of fair use before sending a takedown notification" under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
1588:. This may mean for example that a copy of a book that does not infringe copyright in the country where it was printed does infringe copyright in a country into which it is imported for retailing. The first-sale doctrine is known as
5382:
1531:
The idea–expression divide differentiates between ideas and expression, and states that copyright protects only the original expression of ideas, and not the ideas themselves. This principle, first clarified in the 1879 case of
591:
The original length of copyright in the United States was 14 years, and it had to be explicitly applied for. If the author wished, they could apply for a second 14‑year monopoly grant, but after that the work entered the
5891:
5625:
1427:. The Indian Copyright Act, 1957, pursuant to the amendments in 1999, 2002 and 2012, fully reflects the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyrights Convention, to which India is a party. India is also a party to the
5857:
5571:
1192:
made it easier for consumers to copy materials like books and music, but each time a copy was made, it lost some fidelity. Digital media like text, audio, video, and software (even when stored on physical media like
1465:
Copyright subsists for a variety of lengths in different jurisdictions. The length of the term can depend on several factors, including the type of work (e.g. musical composition, novel), whether the work has been
1231:
For a work to be considered to infringe upon copyright, its use must have occurred in a nation that has domestic copyright laws or adheres to a bilateral treaty or established international convention such as the
3961:
5286:
5780:
5608:
1331:
the right to object to any distortion or modification of a work, or other derogatory action in relation to a work, which would be prejudicial to the author's honour or reputation (sometimes called the right of
1164:"... by 1978, the scope was expanded to apply to any 'expression' that has been 'fixed' in any medium, this protection granted automatically whether the maker wants it or not, no registration required."
2126:
regimes the user may still have to pay royalties to the state or to an authors' association. Courts in common law countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, have rejected the doctrine of a
1692:
5792:
2225:
1955:
in this context is not as much of a reference to price as it is to freedom. What constitutes free licensing has been characterised in a number of similar definitions, including by order of longevity the
1398:. The rights of the copyright holder also permit them to not use or exploit their copyright, for some or all of the term. There is, however, a critique which rejects this assertion as being based on a
1494:. This legislation was the subject of substantial criticism following allegations that the bill was strongly promoted by corporations which had valuable copyrights which otherwise would have expired.
979:
copyright holder is entitled to enforce their exclusive rights. However, while registration is not needed to exercise copyright, in jurisdictions where the laws provide for registration, it serves as
2011:(CC) is a non-profit organization which aims to facilitate the legal sharing of creative works. To this end, the organization provides a number of generic copyright license options to the public,
739:
435:
and re-published by competitors, so printers needed a constant stream of new material. Fees paid to authors for new works were high, and significantly supplemented the incomes of many academics.
5682:
1255:
to the US economy "continues to exceed $ 225 billion in counterfeit goods, pirated software, and theft of trade secrets and could be as high as $ 600 billion." A 2019 study sponsored by the
1008:
discusses the technique and notes that the technique (as well as commercial registries) does not constitute dispositive proof that the work is original or establish who created the work.
604:
In many jurisdictions of the European continent, comparable legal concepts to copyright did exist from the 16th century on but did change under Napoleonic rule into another legal concept:
945:
and the United Kingdom it has been held that a single word is insufficient to comprise a copyright work. However, single words or a short string of words can sometimes be registered as a
1138:
are kept in some countries which aid in proving claims of ownership, registering does not necessarily prove ownership, nor does the fact of copying (even without permission) necessarily
1479:
length of their copyright terms (sometimes retroactively). International treaties establish minimum terms for copyrights, but individual countries may enforce longer terms than those.
1233:
975:
732:
724:
674:, 1886, satirizes the then-existing situation where a publisher could profit by simply copying newly published works from one country, and publishing them in another, and vice versa.
1142:
that copyright was infringed. Criminal sanctions are generally aimed at serious counterfeiting activity, but are now becoming more commonplace as copyright collectives such as the
5021:
521:
Copyright has developed into a concept that has a significant effect on nearly every modern industry, including not just literary work, but also forms of creative work such as
4443:
4396:
918:
mouse, but does not prohibit the creation of other works about anthropomorphic mice in general, so long as they are different enough not to be judged copies of Disney's.
5121:
960:; two authors may own copyright on two substantially identical works, if it is determined that the duplication was coincidental, and neither was copied from the other.
5726:
5341:
3026:
1700:
concluded that limited copying for educational purposes could also be justified under the fair dealing exemption. In Australia, the fair dealing exceptions under the
373:
large group of countries, have made agreements with other countries on procedures applicable when works "cross" national borders or national rights are inconsistent.
5886:
5799:
5694:
5377:
5353:
3900:
1237:
755:
6011:
5787:
5309:
2805:
3936:
5620:
3832:
1728:
recording medium, or based on the noncommercial use by a consumer of such a device or medium for making digital musical recordings or analog musical recordings.
388:
to establishing copyright, others recognize copyright in any completed work, without a formal registration. When the copyright of a work expires, it enters the
5864:
5852:
5738:
5603:
5498:
5461:
5365:
5158:
493:
In the US, the Constitution grants Congress the right to establish copyright and patent laws. Shortly after the Constitution was passed, Congress enacted the
5775:
5566:
5281:
652:
476:
5135:
490:
of 1886 finally provided protection for authors among the countries who signed the agreement, although the US did not join the Berne Convention until 1989.
1746:
121:
1600:
rights. While this doctrine permits the transfer of the particular legitimate copy involved, it does not permit making or distributing additional copies.
2240:
4022:
5243:
639:) in Napoleonic Italy shows that "basic copyrights increased both the number and the quality of operas, measured by their popularity and durability".
6217:
2037:. Particularly to the background of uploading content to internet platforms and the digital exchange of original work, there is discussion about the
1760:
photographic reproductions on paper or any similar medium of works (excluding sheet music) provided that the rightholders receives fair compensation;
782:
are obliged to establish minimum levels of copyright protection. Nevertheless, important differences between the national regimes continue to exist.
3232:
2135:, for example, are publicly available, but are not generally in the public domain. Copying such works may therefore violate the author's copyright.
5370:
4735:
Copyrighting Couture: An Examination of Fashion Design Protection and Why the DPPA and IDPPPA are a Step Towards the Solution to Counterfeit Chic
4728:
Copyrighting Couture: An Examination of Fashion Design Protection and Why the DPPA and IDPPPA are a Step Towards the Solution to Counterfeit Chic
3257:
Garfinkle, Ann M; Fries, Janet; Lopez, Daniel; Possessky, Laura (1997). "Art conservation and the legal obligation to preserve artistic intent".
2015:. These licenses allow copyright holders to define conditions under which others may use a work and to specify what types of use are acceptable.
316:
902:
Copyright does not cover ideas and information themselves, only the form or manner in which they are expressed. For example, the copyright to a
657:
5687:
2220:
2038:
3099:
2282:
2042:
1263:"estimates that global online piracy costs the U.S. economy at least $ 29.2 billion in lost revenue each year." An August 2021 report by the
833:
554:
6004:
986:
3285:
4237:
4050:
3357:
3000:
2669:
1005:
106:
5346:
1439:(UNESCO). The Indian system provides both the economic and moral rights under different provisions of its Indian Copyright Act of 1957.
2867:
5184:
5128:
5010:
4916:
4184:
4602:
Rubin, R. E. (2010) 'Foundations of Library and Information Science: Third Edition', Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc., New York, p. 341
3606:
2389:
6182:
1432:
1359:
to determine and decide how, and under what conditions, the work may be marketed, publicly displayed, reproduced, distributed, etc.
1277:
747:
4612:
5997:
5913:
5271:
4081:
3082:
1875:
A transfer or licence may have to meet particular formal requirements in order to be effective, for example under the Australian
1605:
1503:
1457:
989:
and attorney's fees. (In the US, registering after an infringement only enables one to receive actual damages and lost profits.)
751:
692:
381:
342:
224:
4435:
2584:
5236:
4400:
4374:
3574:
1475:
1452:
4768:
3012:
The Italian state of Venetia, adopting Napoleon's law, calls it "diritto d’autore" as part of the "proprietà intellettuale": "
1756:
recognise the right of EU member states to implement some national exceptions to copyright. Examples of those exceptions are:
1626:, a copyright holder can in some cases successfully prevent the mutilation or destruction of a work that is publicly visible.
6371:
5051:
4971:
4958:
4889:
4787:
4556:
4530:
4504:
4138:
3766:
3695:
3486:
3410:
3333:
2948:
1614:
publisher-plaintiff's permission. The defendant, without permission from the publisher, imported the textbooks and resold on
182:
4287:
3044:
3018:
3889:
239:
141:
5358:
4869:(Southern Illinois University Press; 2013) 222 pages; Examines legal, pedagogical, and other aspects of online authorship.
3614:
Copyright, Derivative Works and Fixation: Is Galoob a Mirage, or Does the Form(GEN) of the Alleged Derivative Work Matter?
1876:
1000:
to establish the date. This technique has not been recognized in any published opinions of the United States courts. The
6259:
5940:
5718:
5456:
5394:
4319:
3858:
Tobias Kretschmer; Christian Peukert (2014). "Video Killed the Radio Star? Online Music Videos and Digital Music Sales".
1753:
1719:
Codified in Section 10, 1992) prohibits action against consumers making noncommercial recordings of music, in return for
1649:
1119:
795:
The original holder of the copyright may be the employer of the author rather than the author themself if the work is a "
309:
3925:
6538:
5493:
4220:
4098:
2718:
2251:
1349:
1342:
1252:
716:
was drafted in 1952 as another less demanding alternative to the Berne Convention, and ratified by nations such as the
648:
3836:
3718:
5978:
5908:
5229:
4999:
4947:
4856:
4837:
4717:
3525:
3449:
2924:
2652:
2625:
1969:
4659:
3962:"Advertising Fuels $ 1.34 Billion Illegal Piracy Market, Report by Digital Citizens Alliance and White Bullet Finds"
6192:
5811:
5743:
5652:
5526:
5276:
4466:
1734:
1080:
522:
271:
96:
5314:
5161:
Free self-study course with video lectures as offered during the January 2006, Independent Activities Period (IAP)
1362:
to produce copies or reproductions of the work and to sell those copies; (including, typically, electronic copies)
1328:
the right to claim authorship of a work (sometimes called the right of paternity or the right of attribution); and
6075:
5068:
4634:
2089:
1961:
1912:
1872:
a non-exclusive license to copy or distribute the work in a particular region or for a specified period of time.
1256:
1240:. Improper use of materials outside of legislation is deemed "unauthorized edition", not copyright infringement.
758:, which enacted greater restrictions on the use of technology to copy works in the nations that ratified it. The
472:
219:
5731:
2773:
Joanna Kostylo, "From Gunpowder to Print: The Common Origins of Copyright and Patent", in Ronan Deazley et al.,
1895:. Some jurisdictions may provide that certain classes of copyrighted works be made available under a prescribed
820:
Copyright may apply to a wide range of creative, intellectual, or artistic forms, or "works". Specifics vary by
410:
European output of books before the advent of copyright, 6th century to 18th century. Blue shows printed books.
6356:
5503:
5466:
5179:
4750:
3227:
3225:
1001:
713:
302:
4011:
6543:
6197:
6065:
5657:
5401:
2393:
1836:
1740:
1153:
1150:
home Internet user. Thus far, however, most such cases against file sharers have been settled out of court. (
3417:
Praeger is part of the Greenwood Publishing Group. Hardcover. Possible alternative ISBN 978-0-275-98883-8.
3222:
1618:. The Supreme Court's holding severely limits the ability of copyright holders to prevent such importation.
996:. It proposes that the creator send the work to themself in a sealed envelope by registered mail, using the
6292:
5965:
5925:
5598:
5593:
5473:
5153:
4067:
2119:
1920:
1844:
1832:
1623:
1491:
1428:
1407:
712:), and permitted signatory nations to limit the duration of copyrights to shorter and renewable terms. The
1763:
reproduction made by libraries, educational establishments, museums or archives, which are non-commercial;
6548:
5881:
5804:
5672:
5588:
5536:
5531:
4779:
3236:
2561:
2131:. Public domain works should not be confused with works that are publicly available. Works posted in the
1899:(e.g. musical works in the United States used for radio broadcast or performance). This is also called a
1610:
771:
2235:
2092:. In Europe consumers are acting up against the raising costs of music, film and books, and as a result
2033:
Some sources are critical of particular aspects of the copyright system. This is known as a debate over
744:
Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations
6558:
5960:
5662:
5556:
5546:
5510:
5426:
5266:
4960:
The Copy/South Dossier: Issues in the Economics, Politics and Ideology of Copyright in the Global South
4816:
International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law (IIC) 4 (2012) 401–426, available at
3664:
3643:
3622:
works such as ballets, pantomimes, improvised performances, dumb shows, mime performances, and dancing.
2292:
1981:
1526:
1213:
can be used to trace copies, deterring infringement with a more credible threat of legal consequences.
3155:
1823:
brands may reproduce clothing designs from smaller companies without violating copyright protections.
6506:
6406:
6302:
6124:
6055:
5677:
5647:
5615:
5478:
5326:
5087:
2257:
1989:
1585:
1387:
1264:
1206:
759:
126:
5213:
3305:
899:
and industrial designs may have separate or overlapping laws applied to them in some jurisdictions.
635:
Empirical evidence derived from the exogenous differential introduction of author's right (Italian:
6533:
6361:
6264:
5898:
5876:
5847:
5821:
5765:
5755:
5632:
5436:
5389:
5321:
5293:
2215:
2179:
1957:
1881:
1716:
1260:
933:
927:
779:
728:
628:
620:
3370:
337:
that gives its owner the exclusive legal right to copy, distribute, adapt, display, and perform a
6553:
6492:
6202:
6097:
6040:
5930:
5920:
5903:
5831:
5816:
5760:
5750:
5583:
5483:
5446:
5441:
5124:
List of the 164 members of the Berne Convention for the protection of literary and artistic works
4924:
2363:
2317:
2312:
2085:
1697:
1675:
1402:
that is not universally shared. There is also debate on whether copyright should be considered a
1399:
1131:
993:
911:
703:
131:
101:
91:
4180:
See Peter B. Hirtle, "Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States 1 January 2015"
6528:
6312:
6297:
6172:
6139:
6045:
5826:
5770:
5667:
5637:
5578:
5551:
5541:
5451:
5336:
5331:
5261:
4039:
3282:
3042:
2501:
2287:
2277:
2246:
2230:
2210:
2028:
1996:
1965:
1815:
1420:
1226:
992:
A widely circulated strategy to avoid the cost of copyright registration is referred to as the
969:
202:
5099:
4539:
4513:
4489:
4487:
4248:
3991:
3875:
3550:
2685:
2681:
2471:
6307:
6212:
6177:
6020:
5642:
5488:
4422:"General Guide to the Copyright Act of 1976", US Copyright Office, ch.8, p.11, September 1977
2824:
1539:
494:
468:
385:
334:
48:
1490:
In 1998, the length of a copyright in the United States was increased by 20 years under the
1293:
reproduction of the work in various forms, such as printed publications or sound recordings;
406:
6252:
6247:
6227:
5935:
5431:
5207:
4911:
4740:
4484:
4467:"Dupes offer cheap fashion to Canadians, but small businesses say they're paying the price"
4421:
4349:
4181:
2333:
2262:
2128:
2123:
1908:
1904:
1589:
1581:
1555:
518:
of many aspects of social life that earlier had no monetary or economic value per se.
401:
35:
4162:
4114:
3428:
3303:
165 Parties to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
1690:, private copying for personal use has been expressly permitted by statute since 1999. In
1592:
in other countries and is a principle which also applies, though somewhat differently, to
1352:, several exclusive rights are granted to the holder of a copyright, as are listed below:
8:
6167:
6035:
4827:
2528:
2397:
2272:
2200:
2166:
2097:
2066:
2012:
1942:
1855:
1566:
1551:
1338:
1110:
1058:
Before 1989, United States law required the use of a copyright notice, consisting of the
952:
Copyright law recognizes the right of an author based on whether the work actually is an
708:
663:
475:, which required all intended publications to be registered with the government-approved
192:
2543:
735:
agreement (1995), thus giving the Berne Convention effectively near-global application.
6485:
6431:
6335:
4167:
3805:
3612:
2898:
2859:
2419:
2358:
2205:
2171:
2080:
2075:
1977:
1900:
1840:
1701:
1135:
957:
606:
498:
276:
86:
66:
3590:
3071:
1461:
Expansion of US copyright law (currently based on the date of creation or publication)
1134:
court, but there are also criminal infringement statutes in some jurisdictions. While
6366:
6129:
5561:
5136:
The Multi-Billion-Dollar Piracy Industry with Tom Galvin of Digital Citizens Alliance
5047:
4995:
4967:
4943:
4885:
4852:
4833:
4783:
4713:
4552:
4526:
4500:
4382:
4144:
4134:
3871:
3863:
3809:
3762:
3691:
3482:
3445:
3406:
3348:
17 U.S.C. § 201(b); Cmty. for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730 (1989)
3329:
2944:
2920:
2863:
2851:
2677:
2648:
2621:
2592:
2348:
2297:
2267:
1951:
or free licenses seek to grant several rights to licensees, either for a fee or not.
1896:
1666:
the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.
1210:
892:
877:
362:
56:
3745:
3673:
3571:
2917:
Copyrighting Culture: The Political Economy of Intellectual Property. Westview Press
686:, rather than merely bilaterally. Under the Berne Convention, protective rights for
6446:
6391:
6351:
6232:
6070:
4660:"Revealed: How copyright law is being misused to remove material from the internet"
3795:
3652:
3437:
3209:
2843:
2338:
2185:
2101:
2100:
stance. The perceived inability to enforce copyright online leads some to advocate
2008:
1709:
1413:
1059:
1037:
1017:
809:
679:
584:
487:
187:
31:
27:
4977:
4040:"authors, attribution, and integrity: examining moral rights in the united states"
3315:
3043:
Philipp Otto Aktualisierung; Valie Djordjevic Sebastian Deterding (15 July 2013).
1644:
Copyright does not prohibit all copying or replication. In the United States, the
1509:
there are protections available for those areas copyright does not cover, such as
6478:
6441:
6276:
6134:
6050:
5989:
5041:
4989:
4920:
4900:
Thin But Not Anorexic: Copyright Protection for Compilations and Other Fact Works
4823:
4546:
4520:
4494:
4294:
4265:
4188:
4128:
4102:
3632:
3578:
3476:
3323:
3321:
3309:
3289:
3202:"Copyright and Creativity. Evidence from Italian Opera During the Napoleonic Age"
2938:
2642:
2615:
2424:
2327:
2161:
2071:
2000:
1868:
1534:
1424:
1369:
1214:
915:
907:
857:
670:
572:
564:
550:
515:
483:
358:
197:
5193:
5082:
4942:(4th ed.). London and New Castle: The British Library and Oak Knoll Press.
3833:"Urheberrechtsverletzungen im Internet: Der bestehende rechtliche Rahmen genügt"
1248:, does not necessarily hurt sales, instead has the potential to increase sales.
6436:
6401:
6376:
6117:
6090:
6080:
3186:
2930:
2743:
2368:
2175:
2053:
2049:
1972:. Further refinements to these definitions have resulted in categories such as
1723:
on both media and devices plus mandatory copy-control mechanisms on recorders.
1671:
1448:
1403:
1341:
on the question of inclusion of Moral Rights as a part of the framework of the
1209:
technology to restrict non-playback access through encryption and other means.
938:
775:
687:
424:
377:
244:
207:
136:
81:
4814:
Is Creative use of Musical Works without a licence acceptable under Copyright?
4327:
4288:"The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 - U.S. Copyright Office Summary"
3800:
3783:
3270:
3233:"Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works Article 5"
479:, giving the Stationers the right to regulate what material could be printed.
6522:
6426:
6151:
4213:
3867:
3711:
3128:
2855:
2777:(Cambridge: Open Book, 2010), 21-50; online at books.openedition.org/obp/1062
2707:
2307:
2302:
2113:
1693:
Alberta (Education) v. Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright)
1185:
953:
941:
there has to be some "skill, labour, and judgment" that has gone into it. In
796:
699:
593:
439:
389:
350:
338:
266:
161:
6381:
5118:; global database of treaties and statutes relating to intellectual property
4148:
3514:
2964:
2226:
Copyright on the content of patents and in the context of patent prosecution
6461:
6386:
6222:
6207:
6144:
6102:
6085:
5221:
5009:
Abbott, Alden; Madigan, Kevin; Mossoff, Adam; Osenga, Kristen; Rosen, Zvi.
4763:
4745:
2889:
Day O'Connor, Sandra (2002). "Copyright Law from an American Perspective".
2343:
2322:
2093:
1936:
1820:
1705:
1639:
1562:
1395:
1318:
1194:
1147:
903:
888:
849:
821:
717:
538:
411:
366:
292:
261:
256:
229:
151:
111:
4399:. Royal National Institute of Blind People. 1 January 2011. Archived from
3403:
Intellectual property and information wealth: copyright and related rights
1813:
such as clothing designs are exempted from copyright protection under the
778:
require their member states to comply with them. All member states of the
6456:
6451:
6271:
6242:
6107:
5216:(Issued April 2000, amended 25 November 2020) at the UK Copyright Service
3160:
2004:
1985:
1885:
1683:
1467:
1429:
Geneva Convention for the Protection of Rights of Producers of Phonograms
1391:
1181:
1139:
1105:
981:
873:
800:
683:
506:
432:
251:
177:
146:
20:
3441:
3426:
2902:
740:
United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property
6237:
6060:
4956:
4113:
The Duration of Copyright and Rights in Performances Regulations 1995,
3759:
The People's Platform: Taking Back Power and Culture in the Digital Age
3156:"No Copyright Law: The Real Reason for Germany's Industrial Expansion?"
2806:"No Copyright Law: The Real Reason for Germany's Industrial Expansion?"
2152:
2061:
985:
evidence of a valid copyright and enables the copyright holder to seek
906:
cartoon restricts others from making copies of the cartoon or creating
885:
530:
511:
467:. In reaction to the printing of "scandalous books and pamphlets", the
3688:
The People's Platform:Taking Back Power and Culture in the Digital Age
2096:
have been created. Some groups reject copyright altogether, taking an
1849:
6112:
5198:
Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
5175:
4802:
4700:'Alexander the Great': Dumas's Conquest of Early-Victorian England".
4436:"More Than Just a Trend: The Copyright Protection of Fashion Designs"
3742:
3201:
3079:
University of Amsterdam, Institute for Information Law / Publications
2190:
2057:
2034:
1720:
1597:
1574:
1510:
1189:
1100:), which indicates a sound recording copyright, with the letter
946:
942:
869:
212:
156:
4899:
4817:
4734:
2146:
1520:
1205:, creating a much bigger threat to producer revenue. Some have used
1004:
says the technique is not a substitute for actual registration. The
6187:
5197:
5111:
4930:
Sorce Keller, Marcello. "Originality, Authenticity and Copyright",
4807:
4772:(Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights, 1995)
3674:
100–568: The Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 (BCIA)
3214:
2847:
2353:
2195:
2132:
1973:
1864:
1678:
countries, a similar notion of fair dealing was established by the
1645:
1635:
1545:
1202:
997:
861:
534:
443:
346:
288:
234:
71:
3857:
2736:
1308:
adaptation of the work, such as turning a novel into a screenplay.
1115:
sort of indication of the copyright is a different story however.
746:. In 1996, this organization was succeeded by the founding of the
559:
6499:
6396:
5169:
4769:
Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure
4613:"MEPs ignore expert advice and vote for mass internet censorship"
1892:
1245:
1174:
1050:
896:
865:
808:. But when more than one person creates the work, then a case of
464:
4266:"17 U.S. Code § 107 - Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use"
3273:, U.S. Copyright Office Circular No. 38a, August 2003.
2780:
2617:
Sports Marketing Agreements: Legal, Fiscal and Practical Aspects
1437:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
706:
in 1910, which required a copyright notice on the work (such as
5148:
4575:
3283:
Parties to the Geneva Act of the Universal Copyright Convention
1779:
1687:
1593:
1514:
1436:
829:
805:
451:
447:
116:
4758:
Piracy: the intellectual property wars from Gutenberg to Gates
4551:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2004. p. 16.
4499:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2004. p. 15.
4117:, Amendments of the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
3322:
MacQueen, Hector L; Charlotte Waelde; Graeme T Laurie (2007).
1423:
is at parity with the international standards as contained in
1302:
broadcasting or other communication of the work to the public;
5154:
A Bibliography on the Origins of Copyright and Droit d'Auteur
4691:
Before copyright: the French book-privilege system, 1498-1526
4525:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2004. p. 8.
3302:
1924:
1916:
1679:
1570:
881:
853:
837:
571:
Often seen as the first real copyright law, the 1709 British
1584:
restrictions that allow the copyright holder to control the
1217:
is used for both digital and pre-Internet electronic media.
1042:
5115:
4548:
WIPO Guide on the Licensing of Copyright and Related Rights
4522:
WIPO Guide on the Licensing of Copyright and Related Rights
4496:
WIPO Guide on the Licensing of Copyright and Related Rights
3258:
1615:
1143:
845:
841:
825:
526:
26:
This article is about the legal right. For the symbol, see
4957:
Story, Alan; Darch, Colin; Halbert, Deborah, eds. (2006).
4795:
The author's due: printing and the prehistory of copyright
3690:. New York City, New York, US: Picador. pp. 144–145.
3235:. World Intellectual Property Organization. Archived from
2775:
Privilege and Property: Essays on the History of Copyright
1573:
to clarify the legality of reselling books in second-hand
455:
contributed to Germany's industrial and economic success.
414:; a straight line therefore shows an exponential increase.
4163:
Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States
3206:
National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series
1251:
According to the IP Commission Report the annual cost of
1198:
5040:
Goldstein, Paul; Hugenholtz, P. Bernt (30 August 2019).
4635:"Copyright Week 2019: Copyright as a tool of censorship"
3601:
3599:
3271:"International Copyright Relations of the United States"
3019:"Governare istruzione e stampa. Le riforme Napoleoniche"
2589:
Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law
1686:. The concept is sometimes not well defined; however in
1663:
what amount and proportion of the whole work was taken;
682:
first established recognition of authors' rights among
5159:
MIT OpenCourseWare 6.912 Introduction to Copyright Law
5043:
International Copyright: Principles, Law, and Practice
5008:
1257:
US Chamber of Commerce Global Innovation Policy Center
3596:
2985:
Lawrence Lessig, Free Culture (Penguin, 2004), 131ff.
2764:, p. 136-137, Patterson, 1968, Vanderbilt Univ. Press
1826:
1130:
Copyrights are generally enforced by the holder in a
653:
List of parties to international copyright agreements
345:
based on public interest considerations, such as the
3470:
3468:
3375:
The Center for Internet and Society Fair Use Project
3362:
2506:
The Center for Internet and Society Fair Use Project
2142:
1747:
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
5039:
2786:
2241:
Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market
1381:
to transmit or display by radio, video or internet.
642:
6019:
4937:
4822:
3665:
3644:
3325:Contemporary Intellectual Property: Law and Policy
16:Legal concept regulating rights of a creative work
5011:"Holding States Accountable for Copyright Piracy"
4293:. Copyright Office. December 1998. Archived from
3992:"World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)"
3465:
3427:World Intellectual Property Organization (2016).
3072:"Lessen uit de geschiedenis van het auteursrecht"
1769:uses for the benefit of people with a disability;
1521:Idea–expression dichotomy and the merger doctrine
1305:translation of the work into other languages; and
567:(the Copyright Act 1709) came into force in 1710.
6520:
4702:Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America
4397:"Copyright (Visually Impaired Persons) Act 2002"
4238:"11-697 Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc"
4130:Copyright: Sacred Text, Technology, and the DMCA
3655:, 90 Stat. 2541, § 401(a) (19 October 1976)
2888:
1546:The first-sale doctrine and exhaustion of rights
596:, so it could be used and built upon by others.
380:expires 50 to 100 years after the creator dies,
4902:" UGA Legal Studies Research Paper No. 08-001;
4884:. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press.
4851:. Online Version. Vanderbilt University Press.
4068:"Are Patents and Copyrights Morally Justified?"
3926:"Impacts of Digital Piracy on the U.S. Economy"
3200:Giorcelli, Michela; Moser, Petra (March 2020).
3129:"Copyright | Definition, Examples, & Facts"
2940:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language
1487:public domain in most, but not all, countries.
1054:A copyright symbol embossed on a piece of paper
4874:Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright
4746:Advanced Peer-Based Technology Business Models
4707:
4350:"Lenz v. Universal Music Corp., 815 F.3d 1145"
3712:"U.S. Copyright Office – Information Circular"
3293:months after ratification for other countries.
3199:
3153:
3014:la più preziosa e la più sacra delle proprietà
2221:Copyright in architecture in the United States
2048:Concerns are often couched in the language of
2039:copyright aspects of downloading and streaming
1795:
1201:) can be copied losslessly, and shared on the
6005:
5237:
5100:"Copyright Law In 2020 Explained In One Page"
3593:, United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office
3581:, United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office
2283:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
2043:copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing
1775:for non-commercial research or private study;
1497:
1400:philosophical interpretation of copyright law
555:History of copyright law of the United States
423:The concept of copyright developed after the
310:
5251:
5170:Copyright Law of the United States Documents
4320:"DMCA: The Digital Millennium Copyright Act"
3822:Butler, S. Piracy Losses "Billboard" 199(36)
3761:. New York, New York: Picador. p. 148.
2757:
2755:
2753:
2526:
2472:"Understanding Copyright and Related Rights"
1629:
1565:. In the United States this is known as the
1167:
812:can be made provided some criteria are met.
463:The concept of copyright first developed in
3358:Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid
2670:"Significance of Fixation in Copyright Law"
2667:
1980:. Common examples of free licences are the
1046:A copyright symbol used in copyright notice
1006:United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office
107:Integrated circuit layout design protection
6012:
5998:
5244:
5230:
4867:Convention, Copyright, and Digital Writing
3430:Understanding Copyright and Related Rights
3396:
3394:
3392:
2541:
317:
303:
4846:
4433:
3799:
3213:
3069:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2750:
2620:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2613:
2544:"Legal Protection of Digital Information"
2445:Nimmer on Copyright, vol. 2, § 8.01.
1772:for demonstration or repair of equipment;
1220:
627:Creator's law was enacted rather late in
6183:Business models for open-source software
5122:Copyright Berne Convention: Country List
4598:
4596:
4133:. Kluwer Law International. p. 63.
3862:. Social Science Electronic Publishing.
2803:
2550:, Section II.E. Ideas Versus Expression.
2479:World Intellectual Property Organization
1848:
1606:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1456:
1433:World Intellectual Property Organization
1375:to perform or display the work publicly;
1278:World Intellectual Property Organisation
1049:
1041:
748:World Intellectual Property Organization
656:
558:
488:Berne International Copyright Convention
405:
4938:Steinberg, S.H.; Trevitt, John (1996).
4912:Music Downloads: Pirates- or Customers?
4615:. European Digital Rights. 20 June 2018
3515:"Subject Matter and Scope of Copyright"
3389:
3328:. Oxford University Press. p. 39.
2943:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 13.
2640:
2102:ignoring legal statutes when on the web
1657:the purpose and character of one's use;
1504:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
1378:to sell or cede these rights to others;
785:
752:WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
693:Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
225:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
6521:
5210:at the UK Intellectual Property Office
5129:Copyright and State Sovereign Immunity
5097:
4987:
4434:Monastero, Alessia (5 December 2019).
4126:
4080:Dalmia, Vijay Pal (14 December 2017).
4079:
3756:
3685:
3405:. Westport, Connecticut, US: Praeger.
3029:from the original on 14 December 2023.
2792:
2668:Ahmad, Tabrez; Snehil, Soumya (2011).
1801:constitute infringement of copyright.
1372:; (works that adapt the original work)
1118:In 1989 the United States enacted the
662:The Pirate Publisher—An International
544:
505:and not, for example, in Asia. In the
431:Popular new works were immediately re-
6372:Organization for Transformative Works
5993:
5225:
5131:", August 2021, U.S. Copyright Office
4879:
4593:
4570:
4568:
4464:
4006:
4004:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3502:Express Newspaper Plc v News (UK) Plc
3474:
3401:Yu, Peter K, ed. (30 December 2006).
3371:"Copyright Ownership: Who Owns What?"
3123:
3121:
3038:
3036:
2936:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2829:: Licensing of the Press Act of 1662"
2822:
2614:Blackshaw, Ian S. (20 October 2011).
2088:, discuss copyright. Some suggest an
1766:archival reproductions of broadcasts;
183:Artificial intelligence and copyright
5138:", 27 August 2021 by David Newhoff,
4904:Journal of Intellectual Property Law
4226:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4056:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4028:from the original on 9 October 2022.
3781:
3608:Module 3: The Scope of Copyright Law
3368:
3147:
2873:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2744:"International Copyright Law Survey"
2529:"Works Unprotected by Copyright Law"
2499:
2466:
2464:
1786:
142:Supplementary protection certificate
5027:from the original on 9 October 2022
4934:, VII(2007), no. 2, pp. 77–85.
4849:Copyright in Historical Perspective
4446:from the original on 31 August 2023
4203:, 48 UCLA L. Rev. 1057, 1065 (2001)
3942:from the original on 9 October 2022
3906:from the original on 9 October 2022
3724:from the original on 9 October 2022
3531:from the original on 9 October 2022
3481:. Hart Publishing. pp. 48–49.
3088:from the original on 3 August 2023.
3001:Code de la propriété intellectuelle
2762:Copyright in Historical Perspective
2724:from the original on 9 October 2022
2548:Chapter 1: An Overview of Copyright
1660:the nature of the copyrighted work;
1453:List of countries' copyright length
1296:distribution of copies of the work;
1120:Berne Convention Implementation Act
1031:
702:countries instead entered into the
13:
4797:. The University of Chicago Press.
4682:
4565:
4245:Supreme Court of the United States
4214:"Works Not Protected by Copyright"
4001:
3979:
3670:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
3649:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
3400:
3118:
3033:
2877:
2804:Thadeusz, Frank (18 August 2010).
2252:Copyright Remedy Clarification Act
2236:Criticism of intellectual property
1827:Transfer, assignment and licensing
1819:if reproduced more than 50 times.
1804:
1350:Copyright Law in the United States
1283:
1253:intellectual property infringement
666:that has the Longest Run on Record
649:International copyright agreements
599:
450:led to a dramatic increase in the
349:doctrine in the United States and
14:
6570:
5979:Category:Copyright law by country
5214:Fact sheet P-01: UK copyright law
5176:Compendium of Copyright Practices
5062:
3653:94–553: Copyright Act of 1976
3154:Frank Thadeusz (18 August 2010).
2461:
2178:, roughly equivalent concepts in
2078:to describe a worst-case system.
1970:Definition of Free Cultural Works
1538:, has since been codified by the
1474:used to require copyrights to be
1271:
815:
384:. Some countries require certain
6193:Commercial use of copyleft works
5410:
5277:International copyright treaties
5098:Moraes, Frank (2 October 2020).
3933:GlobalInnovationPolicyCenter.com
2566:, University of California, 2014
2145:
2107:
1930:
1735:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
1081:sound recording copyright symbol
934:minimal standards of originality
764:intellectual property provisions
643:International copyright treaties
353:doctrine in the United Kingdom.
272:Outline of intellectual property
97:Indigenous intellectual property
55:
34:. For the Knowledge policy, see
6173:Alternative compensation system
5208:Copyright: Detailed information
5018:Regulatory Transparency Project
4994:. Austin: University of Texas.
4730:, 78 Tenn. L. Rev. 163 (2010),
4652:
4627:
4605:
4465:Moran, Padraig (17 July 2023).
4458:
4427:
4415:
4389:
4367:
4342:
4312:
4280:
4258:
4230:
4219:. U.S. Copyright Office. 2021.
4206:
4193:
4174:
4155:
4120:
4107:
4092:
4073:
4060:
4032:
3954:
3918:
3882:
3851:
3835:. Ejpd.admin.ch. Archived from
3825:
3816:
3775:
3750:
3736:
3704:
3679:
3658:
3637:
3625:
3584:
3565:
3543:
3507:
3495:
3420:
3351:
3342:
3296:
3276:
3264:
3251:
3193:
3179:
3092:
3063:
3006:
2988:
2979:
2957:
2909:
2816:
2787:Goldstein & Hugenholtz 2019
2767:
2700:
2661:
2634:
2607:
2577:
2090:alternative compensation system
1962:Debian Free Software Guidelines
1913:performing rights organizations
1715:In the United States the AHRA (
1431:and is an active member of the
1312:
1299:public performance of the work;
1146:are increasingly targeting the
1024:Note this provision of US law:
963:
473:Licensing of the Press Act 1662
6357:Electronic Frontier Foundation
5180:United States Copyright Office
4940:Five Hundred Years of Printing
4760:. University of Chicago Press.
4751:MIT Sloan School of Management
4712:(1st ed.). Thomson West.
4639:European Digital Rights (EDRi)
2644:Publishing Forms and Contracts
2554:
2535:
2520:
2493:
2448:
2439:
2412:
2382:
1343:Copyright Law in United States
1125:
1002:United States Copyright Office
921:
714:Universal Copyright Convention
1:
6198:Commons-based peer production
6066:Legal aspects of file sharing
5267:Copyright case law by country
4966:. Copy/South Research Group.
4847:Patterson, Lyman Ray (1968).
4710:Copyright Litigation Handbook
4693:. Cambridge University Press.
4268:. Legal Information Institute
2641:Kaufman, Roy (16 July 2008).
2375:
1837:Extended collective licensing
1741:Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.
1569:, and was established by the
1365:to import or export the work;
1154:Legal aspects of file sharing
458:
418:
382:depending on the jurisdiction
6293:Access to Knowledge movement
5272:Copyright lengths by country
5088:Resources in other libraries
4988:Ransom, Harry Huntt (1956).
4324:American Library Association
3551:"Copyright in General (FAQ)"
3369:Stim, Rich (27 March 2013).
3045:"Urheberrecht und Copyright"
2500:Stim, Rich (27 March 2013).
2369:World Book and Copyright Day
2120:intellectual property rights
2022:
1947:Copyright licenses known as
1845:Copyright transfer agreement
1833:Collective rights management
1542:at 17 U.S.C. § 102(b).
1492:Copyright Term Extension Act
1259:(GIPC), in partnership with
932:Typically, a work must meet
790:
7:
5046:. Oxford University Press.
4991:The First Copyright Statute
4876:. Harvard University Press.
4780:Washington State University
4696:Atkinson, Juliette.(2012).
4201:Copyright's First Amendment
3611:. See also Tyler T. Ochoa,
2647:. Oxford University Press.
2138:
1796:Religious Service Exemption
1611:United States Supreme Court
1442:
1108:". In addition, the phrase
974:In all countries where the
772:international organizations
698:The United States and most
220:Idea–expression distinction
10:
6575:
4865:Rife, by Martine Courant.
4576:"Creative Commons Website"
3070:Dommerink, Egbert (2004).
2915:Bettig, Ronald V. (1996).
2330:, a precursor to copyright
2293:List of copyright case law
2111:
2026:
1982:GNU General Public License
1940:
1934:
1830:
1648:doctrine, codified by the
1633:
1549:
1524:
1501:
1498:Limitations and exceptions
1446:
1316:
1224:
1035:
967:
925:
750:, which launched the 1996
727:are incorporated into the
646:
548:
399:
395:
376:Typically, the public law
25:
18:
6539:Intellectual property law
6470:
6419:
6407:Students for Free Culture
6344:
6328:
6321:
6303:Cultural environmentalism
6285:
6260:Prizes instead of patents
6160:
6056:Digital rights management
6028:
5974:
5953:
5840:
5717:
5710:
5519:
5419:
5408:
5302:
5262:Copyright acts by country
5257:
5083:Resources in your library
4708:Dowd, Raymond J. (2006).
4375:"Chapter 1 – Circular 92"
4354:Casetext Search + Citator
4151:– via Google Books.
4070:Accessed 5 February 2013.
3966:Digital Citizens Alliance
3801:10.1087/09531510125100313
3491:– via Google Books.
3338:– via Google Books.
3106:(in French). 28 July 2015
2953:– via Google Books.
2746:. Mincov Law Corporation.
2717:. U.S. Copyright Office.
2657:– via Google Books.
2630:– via Google Books.
2454:"Intellectual property",
2420:"Definition of Copyright"
2390:"Definition of copyright"
2258:Digital rights management
2074:. Lessig coined the term
1990:Creative Commons licenses
1733:considered fair use. The
1630:Fair use and fair dealing
1388:unregistered design right
1265:Digital Citizens Alliance
1207:digital rights management
1168:Self-enforcement measures
1098:SOUND RECORDING COPYRIGHT
1087:inside a circle, Unicode
1066:inside a circle; Unicode
1011:
760:Trans-Pacific Partnership
6362:Free Software Foundation
5294:Rule of the shorter term
5252:Copyright law by country
4927:Working Knowledge, 2004.
4793:Loewenstein, J. (2002).
4777:Copyright Law on Campus.
4187:26 February 2015 at the
4082:"Copyright Law In India"
3605:See Harvard Law School,
2994:In French civic law the
2216:Copyright for Creativity
1958:Free Software Definition
1809:In Canada, items deemed
1717:Audio Home Recording Act
1580:Some countries may have
1261:NERA Economic Consulting
1180:The introduction of the
928:Threshold of originality
824:, but these can include
780:World Trade Organization
729:World Trade Organization
720:and developing nations.
19:Not to be confused with
6493:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
6203:Electronic sell-through
6098:Monopolies of knowledge
6041:Censorship by copyright
5194:Early Copyright Records
4925:Harvard Business School
4906:, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2007.
4826:; David Nimmer (1997).
4440:Ontario Bar Association
3619:Santa Clara High Tech.
3553:. U.S. Copyright Office
2937:Ronan, Deazley (2006).
2364:Threshold pledge system
2318:Photography and the law
2313:Philosophy of copyright
2086:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
2064:. Discussions include
1698:Supreme Court of Canada
1356:protection of the work;
956:, rather than based on
766:relating to copyright.
723:The regulations of the
704:Buenos Aires Convention
440:profound social changes
378:duration of a copyright
132:Plant genetic resources
102:Industrial design right
92:Geographical indication
6507:The Internet's Own Boy
6313:Free software movement
6140:software patent debate
6046:Copyright infringement
4880:Rosen, Ronald (2008).
4689:Armstrong, E. (1990).
4127:Nimmer, David (2003).
3890:"IP Commission Report"
3757:Taylor, Astra (2014).
3686:Taylor, Astra (2014).
3577:5 October 2013 at the
3475:Simon, Stokes (2001).
3174:is still famous today.
2967:. Copyrighthistory.com
2502:"Copyright Basics FAQ"
2456:Black's Law Dictionary
2288:List of Copyright Acts
2278:Information literacies
2247:Copyright infringement
2231:Criticism of copyright
2211:Copyright alternatives
2118:Copyright, like other
2029:Criticism of copyright
1966:Open Source Definition
1891:Copyright may also be
1859:
1730:
1527:Idea–expression divide
1462:
1227:Copyright infringement
1221:Copyright infringement
1161:dispute out of court.
1055:
1047:
970:Copyright registration
675:
629:German speaking states
568:
415:
203:Criticism of copyright
127:Plant breeders' rights
6308:Free-culture movement
6218:Libertarian positions
6213:Free-software license
6178:Anti-copyright notice
6021:Intellectual property
5189:UCB Libraries GovPubs
4741:Ghosemajumder, Shuman
4379:U.S. Copyright Office
4047:U.S. Copyright Office
3572:"Copyright Registers"
3377:. Stanford University
2836:The Library Quarterly
2823:Nipps, Karen (2014).
2585:"Journal Conventions"
2508:. Stanford University
1905:copyright collectives
1852:
1725:
1650:Copyright Act of 1976
1540:Copyright Act of 1976
1460:
1238:WIPO Copyright Treaty
1053:
1045:
756:WIPO Copyright Treaty
660:
562:
495:Copyright Act of 1790
409:
386:copyright formalities
369:such as attribution.
335:intellectual property
49:Intellectual property
6544:Monopoly (economics)
6228:Open-design movement
5683:United Arab Emirates
5140:The Illusion of More
5104:WhoIsHostingThis.com
4919:30 June 2006 at the
4909:Silverthorne, Sean.
4182:online at footnote 8
4012:"The Mutilated Work"
3860:Cep Discussion Paper
3308:6 March 2016 at the
3288:25 June 2008 at the
3239:on 11 September 2012
2400:on 29 September 2016
2334:Private copying levy
2263:Digital watermarking
2129:common law copyright
2124:paying public domain
1909:collecting societies
1590:exhaustion of rights
1582:parallel importation
1556:Exhaustion of rights
1421:Indian copyright law
1083:(℗, the letter
994:poor man's copyright
958:whether it is unique
834:fictional characters
786:Obtaining protection
402:History of copyright
36:Knowledge:Copyrights
30:. For the band, see
6168:All rights reversed
6036:Artificial scarcity
5108:A simplified guide.
4898:Shipley, David E. "
4882:Music and Copyright
4829:Nimmer on Copyright
4580:creativecommons.org
4403:on 7 September 2009
3442:10.34667/tind.36289
3436:. WIPO. p. 8.
3100:"Le droit d'auteur"
2394:Oxford Dictionaries
2273:Freedom of panorama
2201:Copyright abolition
2167:Artificial scarcity
2052:, digital freedom,
1995:Founded in 2001 by
1943:Open-source license
1856:All rights reserved
1696:, 2012 SCC 37, the
1567:first-sale doctrine
1552:First-sale doctrine
1339:US Copyright Office
1111:All rights reserved
799:". For example, in
709:all rights reserved
614:laws, from French:
545:National copyrights
477:Stationers' Company
193:Copyright abolition
6549:Product management
6486:Good Copy Bad Copy
6432:Alexandra Elbakyan
6336:Copyright Alliance
5914:Russian Federation
5457:Dominican Republic
4983:on 16 August 2013.
4832:. Matthew Bender.
4756:Johns, A. (2009).
4385:on 26 August 2024.
4168:Cornell University
3788:Learned Publishing
3504:, F.S.R. 36 (1991)
3135:. 18 November 2023
2708:"Copyright Basics"
2527:Daniel A. Tysver.
2458:, 10th ed. (2014).
2359:Software copyright
2206:Copyright Alliance
2084:(documentary) and
2081:Good Copy Bad Copy
2076:permission culture
1901:compulsory license
1877:Copyright Act 1968
1860:
1841:Compulsory license
1702:Copyright Act 1968
1463:
1211:Digital watermarks
1136:central registries
1056:
1048:
893:industrial designs
676:
569:
499:1976 Copyright Act
469:English Parliament
416:
363:public performance
285:Higher categories:
277:Outline of patents
6559:Intangible assets
6516:
6515:
6415:
6414:
6367:Open Rights Group
5987:
5986:
5949:
5948:
5069:Library resources
5053:978-0-19-006063-3
4973:978-0-9553140-1-8
4891:978-0-19-533836-2
4872:Rose, M. (1995).
4788:978-0-87422-264-7
4558:978-92-805-1271-7
4532:978-92-805-1271-7
4506:978-92-805-1271-7
4300:on 8 October 2003
4199:Lawrence Lessig,
4140:978-90-411-8876-2
3839:on 19 August 2014
3782:Owen, L. (2001).
3768:978-1-250-06259-8
3697:978-1-250-06259-8
3591:"Automatic right"
3488:978-1-84113-225-9
3478:Art and copyright
3412:978-0-275-98882-1
3335:978-0-19-926339-4
2965:"Statute of Anne"
2950:978-1-84542-282-0
2715:www.copyright.gov
2349:Reproduction fees
2298:Literary property
2268:Entertainment law
2070:, a 2004 book by
1897:statutory license
1787:Accessible copies
1754:EU copyright laws
1708:). Under current
987:statutory damages
954:original creation
878:computer software
684:sovereign nations
438:Printing brought
327:
326:
6566:
6447:Richard Stallman
6392:Public Knowledge
6352:Creative Commons
6326:
6325:
6233:Open music model
6014:
6007:
6000:
5991:
5990:
5895:
5873:
5861:
5808:
5796:
5784:
5747:
5735:
5715:
5714:
5703:
5691:
5629:
5612:
5575:
5507:
5470:
5414:
5413:
5398:
5386:
5374:
5362:
5350:
5318:
5246:
5239:
5232:
5223:
5222:
5149:Copyright Cortex
5107:
5057:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5026:
5015:
5005:
4984:
4982:
4976:. Archived from
4965:
4953:
4895:
4862:
4843:
4824:Nimmer, Melville
4812:McDonagh, Luke.
4800:Mazzone, Jason.
4723:
4704:106 (4): 417–47.
4699:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4572:
4563:
4562:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4491:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4381:. Archived from
4371:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4330:on 19 March 2012
4326:. Archived from
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4292:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4247:. Archived from
4242:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4218:
4210:
4204:
4197:
4191:
4178:
4172:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4124:
4118:
4111:
4105:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4077:
4071:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4044:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4016:
4008:
3999:
3998:
3997:. 20 April 2019.
3996:
3988:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3941:
3930:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3905:
3894:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3803:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3754:
3748:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3723:
3716:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:US copyright law
3629:
3623:
3620:
3603:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3530:
3519:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3435:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3398:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3366:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3319:
3313:
3300:
3294:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3261:36 (2): 165–179.
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3197:
3191:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3125:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3076:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3010:
3004:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2934:
2928:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2886:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2833:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2801:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2712:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2684:. Archived from
2665:
2659:
2658:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2595:on 13 March 2014
2591:. Archived from
2581:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2542:Lee A. Hollaar.
2539:
2533:
2532:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2476:
2468:
2459:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2396:. Archived from
2386:
2339:Production music
2243:(European Union)
2186:Conflict of laws
2155:
2150:
2149:
2009:Creative Commons
1414:UK copyright law
1370:derivative works
1234:Berne Convention
1099:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1060:copyright symbol
1038:Copyright notice
1032:Copyright notice
1018:Berne Convention
976:Berne Convention
908:derivative works
858:sound recordings
810:joint authorship
725:Berne Convention
680:Berne Convention
637:diritto d’autore
585:Copyright Clause
523:sound recordings
361:, distribution,
359:derivative works
319:
312:
305:
188:Brand protection
122:Peasants' rights
59:
45:
44:
32:Copyright (band)
28:Copyright symbol
6574:
6573:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6534:Data management
6519:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6479:Steal This Film
6466:
6442:Lawrence Lessig
6411:
6340:
6317:
6281:
6277:Video on demand
6156:
6051:Copyright troll
6024:
6018:
5988:
5983:
5970:
5945:
5889:
5867:
5855:
5841:Other countries
5836:
5802:
5790:
5778:
5741:
5729:
5706:
5697:
5685:
5623:
5606:
5569:
5515:
5501:
5464:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5392:
5380:
5368:
5356:
5344:
5312:
5298:
5253:
5250:
5172:, US Government
5094:
5093:
5092:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5065:
5060:
5054:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5013:
5002:
4980:
4974:
4963:
4950:
4921:Wayback Machine
4892:
4859:
4840:
4775:Lindsey, Marc:
4726:Ellis, Sara R.
4720:
4697:
4685:
4683:Further reading
4680:
4679:
4669:
4667:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4643:
4641:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4616:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4594:
4584:
4582:
4574:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4493:
4492:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4463:
4459:
4449:
4447:
4432:
4428:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4358:
4356:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4333:
4331:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4269:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4254:on 2 July 2017.
4251:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4223:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4198:
4194:
4189:Wayback Machine
4179:
4175:
4160:
4156:
4141:
4125:
4121:
4112:
4108:
4099:17 U.S.C.
4097:
4093:
4078:
4074:
4066:Tom G. Palmer,
4065:
4061:
4053:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4025:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3980:
3970:
3968:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3755:
3751:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3684:
3680:
3669:
3663:
3659:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3604:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3579:Wayback Machine
3570:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3473:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3399:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3320:
3316:
3312:as of May 2012.
3310:Wayback Machine
3301:
3297:
3290:Wayback Machine
3281:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3180:
3166:
3164:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3041:
3034:
3017:
3011:
3007:
2998:is part of the
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2935:
2931:
2914:
2910:
2887:
2878:
2870:
2831:
2821:
2817:
2802:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2569:
2567:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2540:
2536:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2425:Merriam-Webster
2418:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2328:Printing patent
2172:Authors' rights
2162:Adelphi Charter
2151:
2144:
2141:
2116:
2110:
2072:Lawrence Lessig
2054:database rights
2031:
2025:
2001:Lawrence Lessig
1945:
1939:
1933:
1869:record industry
1867:; however, the
1847:
1829:
1811:useful articles
1807:
1805:Useful articles
1798:
1789:
1674:and many other
1642:
1634:Main articles:
1632:
1609:, in 2013, the
1558:
1550:Main articles:
1548:
1535:Baker v. Selden
1529:
1523:
1506:
1500:
1455:
1447:Main articles:
1445:
1321:
1315:
1286:
1284:Economic rights
1274:
1229:
1223:
1215:Copy protection
1170:
1128:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1062:(©, the letter
1040:
1034:
1014:
972:
966:
930:
924:
916:anthropomorphic
846:motion pictures
818:
793:
788:
655:
645:
616:droits d'auteur
612:creator's right
607:authors' rights
602:
600:Continental law
573:Statute of Anne
565:Statute of Anne
557:
551:Statute of Anne
547:
516:commodification
484:Statute of Anne
461:
421:
404:
398:
323:
287:
283:
198:Copyright troll
87:Farmers' rights
67:Authors' rights
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6572:
6562:
6561:
6556:
6554:Public records
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6503:
6496:
6489:
6482:
6474:
6472:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6437:Rick Falkvinge
6434:
6429:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6402:Shadow library
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6377:The Pirate Bay
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6348:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6332:
6330:
6323:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6298:Anti-copyright
6295:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6164:
6162:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6118:Bioprospecting
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6025:
6017:
6016:
6009:
6002:
5994:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5941:United Kingdom
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5901:
5896:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5862:
5850:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5797:
5785:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5736:
5723:
5721:
5719:European Union
5712:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5692:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5618:
5613:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5387:
5375:
5363:
5351:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5287:related rights
5284:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5211:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5191:
5182:
5173:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5156:
5151:
5143:
5132:
5125:
5119:
5109:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:External links
5061:
5059:
5058:
5052:
5037:
5006:
5000:
4985:
4972:
4954:
4948:
4935:
4928:
4907:
4896:
4890:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4857:
4844:
4838:
4820:
4810:
4798:
4791:
4773:
4761:
4754:
4738:
4724:
4718:
4705:
4694:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4651:
4626:
4604:
4592:
4564:
4557:
4538:
4531:
4512:
4505:
4483:
4457:
4426:
4414:
4388:
4366:
4341:
4311:
4279:
4257:
4229:
4205:
4192:
4173:
4154:
4139:
4119:
4106:
4091:
4072:
4059:
4049:. April 2019.
4031:
4019:Copyright User
4000:
3978:
3953:
3917:
3881:
3850:
3824:
3815:
3774:
3767:
3749:
3735:
3703:
3696:
3678:
3657:
3636:
3624:
3595:
3583:
3564:
3542:
3506:
3494:
3487:
3464:
3450:
3419:
3411:
3388:
3361:
3350:
3341:
3334:
3314:
3295:
3275:
3263:
3250:
3221:
3215:10.3386/w26885
3192:
3187:Heinrich Heine
3185:Famous writer
3178:
3146:
3117:
3091:
3062:
3032:
3005:
2996:droit d'auteur
2987:
2978:
2956:
2949:
2929:
2908:
2876:
2848:10.1086/677787
2842:(4): 494–500.
2827:Cum privilegio
2815:
2810:Spiegel Online
2791:
2779:
2766:
2749:
2735:
2699:
2688:on 3 June 2018
2660:
2653:
2633:
2626:
2606:
2576:
2553:
2534:
2519:
2492:
2460:
2447:
2438:
2411:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2176:related rights
2169:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2140:
2137:
2112:Main article:
2109:
2106:
2098:anti-copyright
2094:Pirate Parties
2050:digital rights
2027:Main article:
2024:
2021:
1935:Main article:
1932:
1929:
1828:
1825:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1710:Australian law
1672:United Kingdom
1668:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1631:
1628:
1547:
1544:
1525:Main article:
1522:
1519:
1502:Main article:
1499:
1496:
1449:Copyright term
1444:
1441:
1404:property right
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1317:Main article:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1285:
1282:
1273:
1272:Rights granted
1270:
1225:Main article:
1222:
1219:
1169:
1166:
1127:
1124:
1104:indicating a "
1077:COPYRIGHT SIGN
1036:Main article:
1033:
1030:
1013:
1010:
968:Main article:
965:
962:
939:United Kingdom
926:Main article:
923:
920:
856:compositions,
842:literary works
817:
816:Eligible works
814:
792:
789:
787:
784:
776:European Union
700:Latin American
688:creative works
644:
641:
601:
598:
546:
543:
460:
457:
442:. The rise in
425:printing press
420:
417:
400:Main article:
397:
394:
325:
324:
322:
321:
314:
307:
299:
296:
295:
282:
281:
280:
279:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
248:
247:
245:Right to quote
242:
237:
232:
222:
217:
216:
215:
208:Bioprospecting
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
172:
171:
170:Related topics
167:
166:
165:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
137:Related rights
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
82:Database right
79:
74:
69:
61:
60:
52:
51:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6571:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6529:Copyright law
6527:
6526:
6524:
6509:
6508:
6504:
6502:
6501:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:Documentaries
6469:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6427:Cory Doctorow
6425:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6329:Pro-copyright
6327:
6324:
6322:Organizations
6320:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6284:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6152:Public domain
6150:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6022:
6015:
6010:
6008:
6003:
6001:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5973:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5871:
5866:
5863:
5859:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5801:
5798:
5794:
5789:
5786:
5782:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5740:
5737:
5733:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5713:
5709:
5701:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5494:United States
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5379:
5376:
5372:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5247:
5242:
5240:
5235:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5096:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5055:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5038:
5023:
5019:
5012:
5007:
5003:
5001:9780292732353
4997:
4993:
4992:
4986:
4979:
4975:
4969:
4962:
4961:
4955:
4951:
4949:1-884718-19-1
4945:
4941:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4883:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4858:0-8265-1373-5
4854:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4839:0-8205-1465-9
4835:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4782:Press, 2003.
4781:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4764:Lehman, Bruce
4762:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4719:0-314-96279-4
4715:
4711:
4706:
4703:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4666:. 23 May 2016
4665:
4661:
4655:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4614:
4608:
4599:
4597:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4560:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4542:
4534:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4516:
4508:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4490:
4488:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4418:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4296:
4289:
4283:
4267:
4261:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4233:
4222:
4215:
4209:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4177:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4123:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4063:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4035:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4007:
4005:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3921:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3885:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3819:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3770:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3747:
3746:§ 401(d)
3744:
3739:
3720:
3713:
3707:
3699:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3600:
3592:
3587:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3552:
3546:
3527:
3523:
3522:copyright.gov
3516:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3490:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3471:
3469:
3453:
3451:9789280528046
3447:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3431:
3423:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3359:
3354:
3345:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3279:
3272:
3267:
3260:
3254:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3182:
3175:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3150:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2982:
2966:
2960:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2926:
2925:0-8133-1385-6
2922:
2918:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2828:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2788:
2783:
2776:
2770:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2745:
2739:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2703:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2654:9780190451264
2650:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2627:9789067047937
2623:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2523:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2457:
2451:
2442:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:Paracopyright
2306:
2304:
2303:Model release
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2114:Public domain
2108:Public domain
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1931:Free licenses
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1888:transaction.
1887:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1853:Generic DVD:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1816:Copyright Act
1812:
1802:
1793:
1781:
1778:when used in
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1276:According to
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:compact discs
1191:
1187:
1186:cassette tape
1183:
1178:
1176:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1086:
1082:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1044:
1039:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
983:
977:
971:
961:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
935:
929:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
813:
811:
807:
802:
798:
797:work for hire
783:
781:
777:
773:
767:
765:
761:
757:
754:and the 2002
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:In 1961, the
736:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
710:
705:
701:
696:
694:
689:
685:
681:
673:
672:
667:
665:
659:
654:
650:
640:
638:
633:
630:
625:
623:
622:
617:
613:
609:
608:
597:
595:
594:public domain
589:
586:
581:
577:
574:
566:
561:
556:
552:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
508:
502:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
456:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
429:
426:
413:
408:
403:
393:
391:
390:public domain
387:
383:
379:
374:
370:
368:
364:
360:
354:
352:
351:fair dealings
348:
344:
340:
339:creative work
336:
333:is a type of
332:
320:
315:
313:
308:
306:
301:
300:
298:
297:
294:
290:
286:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
268:
267:Public domain
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
226:
223:
221:
218:
214:
211:
210:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
174:
173:
169:
168:
163:
162:Utility model
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
50:
47:
46:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
6505:
6498:
6491:
6484:
6477:
6462:Aaron Swartz
6387:Pirate Party
6345:Pro-copyleft
6223:Open content
6208:Free content
6108:Orphan works
6103:Music piracy
5658:Saudi Arabia
5402:South Africa
5188:
5139:
5103:
5073:
5042:
5029:. Retrieved
5017:
4990:
4978:the original
4959:
4939:
4931:
4910:
4903:
4881:
4873:
4866:
4848:
4828:
4813:
4801:
4794:
4776:
4767:
4757:
4744:
4732:available at
4731:
4727:
4709:
4701:
4690:
4668:. Retrieved
4664:The Guardian
4663:
4654:
4642:. Retrieved
4638:
4629:
4617:. Retrieved
4607:
4583:. Retrieved
4579:
4547:
4541:
4521:
4515:
4495:
4474:. Retrieved
4470:
4460:
4448:. Retrieved
4439:
4429:
4417:
4405:. Retrieved
4401:the original
4391:
4383:the original
4378:
4369:
4357:. Retrieved
4353:
4344:
4332:. Retrieved
4328:the original
4323:
4314:
4302:. Retrieved
4295:the original
4282:
4270:. Retrieved
4260:
4249:the original
4244:
4232:
4208:
4200:
4195:
4176:
4166:
4157:
4129:
4122:
4109:
4094:
4085:
4075:
4062:
4046:
4034:
4018:
3969:. Retrieved
3965:
3956:
3944:. Retrieved
3932:
3920:
3908:. Retrieved
3896:
3884:
3859:
3853:
3841:. Retrieved
3837:the original
3827:
3818:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3758:
3752:
3738:
3726:. Retrieved
3706:
3687:
3681:
3660:
3639:
3627:
3613:
3607:
3586:
3567:
3555:. Retrieved
3545:
3533:. Retrieved
3521:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3477:
3455:. Retrieved
3429:
3422:
3402:
3379:. Retrieved
3374:
3364:
3353:
3344:
3324:
3317:
3298:
3278:
3266:
3253:
3241:. Retrieved
3237:the original
3205:
3195:
3181:
3172:
3165:. Retrieved
3159:
3149:
3137:. Retrieved
3132:
3108:. Retrieved
3103:
3094:
3078:
3065:
3053:. Retrieved
3048:
3022:
3013:
3008:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2981:
2969:. Retrieved
2959:
2939:
2932:
2916:
2911:
2894:
2891:Irish Jurist
2890:
2839:
2835:
2826:
2818:
2809:
2789:, p. 3.
2782:
2774:
2769:
2761:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2714:
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2686:the original
2673:
2663:
2643:
2636:
2616:
2609:
2597:. Retrieved
2593:the original
2588:
2579:
2568:, retrieved
2562:
2556:
2547:
2537:
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2505:
2495:
2483:. Retrieved
2478:
2455:
2450:
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2423:
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2398:the original
2384:
2344:Rent-seeking
2323:Pirate Party
2117:
2079:
2067:Free Culture
2065:
2047:
2032:
2017:
1994:
1986:BSD licenses
1952:
1948:
1946:
1937:Free license
1890:
1874:
1861:
1854:
1821:Fast fashion
1814:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1752:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1714:
1706:legal advice
1691:
1676:Commonwealth
1669:
1643:
1640:Fair dealing
1624:moral rights
1620:
1604:
1602:
1579:
1559:
1533:
1530:
1507:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1464:
1419:
1412:
1396:European law
1384:
1347:
1335:
1322:
1319:Moral rights
1313:Moral rights
1287:
1275:
1250:
1242:
1230:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1148:file sharing
1129:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1084:
1063:
1057:
1025:
1023:
1015:
991:
980:
973:
964:Registration
951:
931:
904:Mickey Mouse
901:
850:choreography
822:jurisdiction
819:
794:
774:such as the
768:
737:
722:
718:Soviet Union
707:
697:
677:
669:
661:
636:
634:
626:
621:Urheberrecht
619:
615:
611:
605:
603:
590:
582:
578:
570:
539:architecture
520:
503:
492:
481:
462:
437:
430:
422:
412:Log-lin plot
375:
371:
367:moral rights
355:
330:
328:
293:Property law
284:
262:Pirate Party
257:Patent troll
240:Paraphrasing
230:Fair dealing
152:Trade secret
112:Moral rights
76:
42:
40:
6457:Peter Sunde
6452:Peter Suber
6272:Share-alike
6243:Open source
6238:Open patent
5966:New Zealand
5926:Switzerland
5890: [
5868: [
5856: [
5812:Netherlands
5803: [
5791: [
5779: [
5742: [
5730: [
5698: [
5686: [
5653:Philippines
5624: [
5607: [
5599:South Korea
5594:North Korea
5570: [
5527:Afghanistan
5502: [
5474:El Salvador
5465: [
5393: [
5381: [
5369: [
5357: [
5345: [
5342:Ivory Coast
5313: [
4670:27 February
4644:27 February
3971:2 September
3946:2 September
3910:1 September
3243:18 November
3190:interests."
3161:Der Spiegel
3139:11 December
3110:11 December
3055:11 December
3051:(in German)
2919:. p. 9–17.
2728:20 February
2570:15 December
2481:. p. 4
2431:20 December
2404:20 December
2005:Hal Abelson
1997:James Boyle
1886:real estate
1684:legislation
1682:or through
1586:aftermarket
1435:(WIPO) and
1408:moral right
1392:English law
1332:integrity).
1182:photocopier
1126:Enforcement
1106:phonorecord
982:prima facie
922:Originality
914:particular
874:photographs
801:English law
742:signed the
618:and German
531:photographs
514:led to the
507:Middle Ages
471:passed the
343:limitations
252:Orphan work
178:Abandonware
147:Trade dress
21:Copywriting
6523:Categories
6382:Piratbyrån
6130:biological
6061:Gripe site
5887:Kyrgyzstan
5882:Kazakhstan
5800:Luxembourg
5695:Uzbekistan
5673:Tajikistan
5589:Kazakhstan
5537:Bangladesh
5532:Azerbaijan
5378:Mozambique
5354:Madagascar
5282:by country
5178:(3rd ed.)
5145:Education
4585:24 October
4334:7 November
4304:7 November
4103:§ 305
3457:1 December
3133:Britannica
2692:7 November
2599:7 November
2546:. p.
2485:6 December
2376:References
2153:Law portal
2062:censorship
1978:permissive
1941:See also:
1831:See also:
1575:bookstores
1511:trademarks
1368:to create
895:. Graphic
889:broadcasts
886:television
870:sculptures
840:and other
647:See also:
549:See also:
512:capitalism
459:Conception
419:Background
6286:Movements
6113:Biopiracy
5961:Australia
5788:Lithuania
5663:Sri Lanka
5557:Indonesia
5547:Hong Kong
5511:Venezuela
5427:Argentina
5196:From the
5185:Copyright
5074:Copyright
4803:Copyfraud
4476:31 August
4471:CBC Radio
4450:31 August
4407:11 August
4359:24 August
3868:2042-2695
3810:221957508
3794:: 67–70.
3743:17 U.S.C.
3557:11 August
3016:" - see:
2897:: 16–22.
2864:144070638
2856:0024-2519
2563:Copyright
2531:. Bitlaw.
2191:Copyfraud
2182:countries
2180:civil law
2058:open data
2035:copynorms
2023:Criticism
1988:and some
1915:(such as
1721:royalties
1598:trademark
1468:published
1190:videotape
1132:civil law
949:instead.
947:trademark
943:Australia
910:based on
862:paintings
804:i.e. the
791:Ownership
762:includes
678:The 1886
664:Burlesque
331:copyright
213:Biopiracy
157:Trademark
77:Copyright
6265:contests
6253:software
6248:hardware
6188:Copyleft
6161:Concepts
6145:trolling
6135:software
6023:activism
5678:Thailand
5648:Pakistan
5621:Mongolia
5616:Malaysia
5479:Honduras
5420:Americas
5327:Cameroon
5022:Archived
4917:Archived
4444:Archived
4221:Archived
4185:Archived
4149:50606064
4051:Archived
4023:Archived
3937:Archived
3901:Archived
3784:"Piracy"
3719:Archived
3575:Archived
3526:Archived
3306:Archived
3286:Archived
3167:11 April
3083:Archived
3027:Archived
2903:44027015
2868:Archived
2719:Archived
2354:Samizdat
2196:Copyleft
2139:See also
2133:internet
1974:copyleft
1968:and the
1893:licensed
1865:Internet
1646:fair use
1636:Fair use
1443:Duration
1203:Internet
1095:℗
998:postmark
912:Disney's
866:drawings
535:software
444:literacy
347:fair use
289:Property
235:Fair use
72:Copyleft
6500:TPB AFK
6397:Sci-Hub
6125:Patents
6076:digital
5954:Oceania
5936:Ukraine
5899:Moldova
5877:Georgia
5865:Belarus
5853:Armenia
5848:Albania
5822:Romania
5766:Ireland
5756:Germany
5739:Belgium
5727:Austria
5633:Myanmar
5604:Lebanon
5499:Uruguay
5462:Ecuador
5437:Bolivia
5432:Bermuda
5390:Senegal
5366:Morocco
5322:Burundi
5142:podcast
5112:WIPOLex
4753:, 2002.
4619:24 June
4272:16 June
4115:part II
3897:NBR.org
3876:2425386
3843:28 July
3666:Pub. L.
3645:Pub. L.
3381:21 July
3104:INPI.fr
2682:1839527
2512:21 July
1670:In the
1515:patents
1476:renewed
1246:YouTube
1175:paywall
897:designs
854:musical
668:, from
465:England
446:across
396:History
6420:People
6091:videos
6071:Mashup
6029:Issues
5931:Turkey
5921:Serbia
5904:Russia
5832:Sweden
5817:Poland
5776:Latvia
5761:Greece
5751:France
5711:Europe
5584:Jordan
5567:Israel
5484:Panama
5447:Canada
5442:Brazil
5303:Africa
5071:about
5050:
5031:15 May
4998:
4970:
4946:
4888:
4855:
4836:
4786:
4716:
4555:
4529:
4503:
4147:
4137:
4101:
4086:Mondaq
3874:
3866:
3808:
3765:
3728:7 July
3694:
3672:
3651:
3535:4 June
3485:
3448:
3409:
3332:
3049:bpb.de
3023:123dok
2971:8 June
2947:
2923:
2901:
2862:
2854:
2680:
2651:
2624:
2254:(CRCA)
2041:, the
2013:gratis
2007:, the
2003:, and
1964:, the
1960:, the
1923:, and
1882:US law
1843:, and
1780:parody
1688:Canada
1680:courts
1594:patent
1571:courts
1188:, and
1092:
1090:U+2117
1074:©
1071:
1069:U+00A9
1012:Fixing
891:, and
830:theses
806:author
537:, and
452:demand
448:Europe
365:, and
117:Patent
6086:novel
6081:music
5894:]
5872:]
5860:]
5827:Spain
5807:]
5795:]
5783:]
5771:Italy
5746:]
5734:]
5702:]
5690:]
5668:Syria
5638:Nepal
5628:]
5611:]
5579:Japan
5574:]
5552:India
5542:China
5506:]
5469:]
5452:Chile
5397:]
5385:]
5373:]
5361:]
5349:]
5337:Egypt
5332:Ghana
5317:]
5310:Benin
5187:from
5114:from
5025:(PDF)
5014:(PDF)
4981:(PDF)
4964:(PDF)
4932:Sonus
4298:(PDF)
4291:(PDF)
4252:(PDF)
4241:(PDF)
4224:(PDF)
4217:(PDF)
4054:(PDF)
4043:(PDF)
4026:(PDF)
4015:(PDF)
3995:(PDF)
3940:(PDF)
3929:(PDF)
3904:(PDF)
3893:(PDF)
3806:S2CID
3722:(PDF)
3715:(PDF)
3617:, 20
3529:(PDF)
3518:(PDF)
3434:(PDF)
3086:(PDF)
3075:(PDF)
2899:JSTOR
2871:(PDF)
2860:S2CID
2832:(PDF)
2722:(PDF)
2711:(PDF)
2475:(PDF)
1925:SESAC
1917:ASCAP
1425:TRIPS
1406:or a
1140:prove
882:radio
838:plays
826:poems
733:TRIPS
527:films
5909:USSR
5643:Oman
5562:Iran
5520:Asia
5489:Peru
5116:WIPO
5048:ISBN
5033:2021
4996:ISBN
4968:ISBN
4944:ISBN
4886:ISBN
4853:ISBN
4834:ISBN
4818:SSRN
4808:SSRN
4784:ISBN
4714:ISBN
4672:2021
4646:2021
4621:2018
4587:2011
4553:ISBN
4527:ISBN
4501:ISBN
4478:2023
4452:2023
4409:2016
4361:2024
4336:2022
4306:2022
4274:2009
4165:".,
4145:OCLC
4135:ISBN
3973:2021
3948:2021
3912:2021
3872:SSRN
3864:ISSN
3845:2020
3763:ISBN
3730:2012
3692:ISBN
3631:See
3559:2016
3537:2015
3483:ISBN
3459:2017
3446:ISBN
3407:ISBN
3383:2019
3330:ISBN
3259:JAIC
3245:2011
3169:2015
3141:2023
3112:2023
3057:2023
2973:2012
2945:ISBN
2921:ISBN
2852:ISSN
2730:2019
2694:2022
2678:SSRN
2674:SSRN
2649:ISBN
2622:ISBN
2601:2022
2572:2014
2514:2019
2487:2018
2433:2018
2406:2018
2174:and
1976:and
1953:Free
1949:open
1911:and
1745:the
1638:and
1616:eBay
1596:and
1554:and
1513:and
1451:and
1394:and
1348:The
1199:DVDs
1197:and
1152:See
1144:RIAA
1016:The
884:and
671:Puck
651:and
583:The
563:The
553:and
482:The
291:and
5204:UK
5166:US
3796:doi
3438:doi
3210:doi
2844:doi
2060:or
1921:BMI
1907:or
1603:In
1390:in
1236:or
731:'s
610:or
433:set
6525::
5892:ru
5870:ru
5858:ru
5805:de
5793:ru
5781:ru
5744:fr
5732:de
5700:ru
5688:de
5626:ru
5609:ru
5572:ru
5504:es
5467:es
5395:fr
5383:ru
5371:fr
5359:fr
5347:fr
5315:fr
5102:.
5020:.
5016:.
4923:.
4915:.
4806:.
4766::
4749:.
4743:.
4662:.
4637:.
4595:^
4578:.
4567:^
4486:^
4469:.
4442:.
4438:.
4377:.
4352:.
4322:.
4243:.
4143:.
4084:.
4045:.
4021:.
4017:.
4003:^
3981:^
3964:.
3935:.
3931:.
3899:.
3895:.
3870:.
3804:.
3792:14
3790:.
3786:.
3717:.
3598:^
3524:.
3520:.
3467:^
3444:.
3391:^
3373:.
3224:^
3208:.
3204:.
3171:.
3158:.
3131:.
3120:^
3102:.
3081:.
3077:.
3047:.
3035:^
3025:.
3021:.
2895:37
2893:.
2879:^
2866:.
2858:.
2850:.
2840:84
2838:.
2834:.
2808:.
2794:^
2752:^
2713:.
2676:.
2672:.
2587:.
2504:.
2477:.
2463:^
2422:.
2392:.
2104:.
2056:,
2045:.
1999:,
1992:.
1984:,
1919:,
1839:,
1835:,
1577:.
1563:CD
1517:.
1410:.
1184:,
1177:.
1157:)
880:,
876:,
872:,
868:,
864:,
860:,
852:,
848:,
844:,
836:,
832:,
828:,
541:.
533:,
529:,
525:,
392:.
329:A
6013:e
6006:t
5999:v
5245:e
5238:t
5231:v
5134:"
5127:"
5106:.
5056:.
5035:.
5004:.
4952:.
4894:.
4861:.
4842:.
4790:.
4737:.
4722:.
4698:"
4674:.
4648:.
4623:.
4589:.
4561:.
4535:.
4509:.
4480:.
4454:.
4424:.
4411:.
4363:.
4338:.
4308:.
4276:.
4171:.
4161:"
4088:.
3975:.
3950:.
3914:.
3878:.
3847:.
3812:.
3798::
3771:.
3732:.
3700:.
3561:.
3539:.
3461:.
3440::
3415:.
3385:.
3247:.
3218:.
3212::
3143:.
3114:.
3059:.
2975:.
2927:.
2905:.
2846::
2825:"
2812:.
2732:.
2696:.
2603:.
2516:.
2489:.
2435:.
2408:.
1782:.
1743:,
1102:P
1085:P
1064:C
318:e
311:t
304:v
38:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.