690:
The basic difference between the two terms is that the link with the place of origin must be stronger in the case of an appellation of origin. The quality or characteristics of a product protected as an appellation of origin must result exclusively or essentially from its geographical origin. This generally means that the raw materials should be sourced in the place of origin and that the processing of the product should also happen there. In the case of geographical indications, a single criterion attributable to geographical origin is sufficient, be it a quality or other characteristic of the product, or only its reputation. Moreover, the production of the raw materials and the development or processing of a GI product do not necessarily take place entirely in the defined geographical area.The term appellation of origin is often used in laws that establish a specific right and system of protection for geographical indications, in so-called sui generis systems of protection (see the section on how to obtain protection for geographical indications). Geographical indication is a more general concept that does not determine a specific mode of protection.
802:
has pursued efforts to improve the protection of GI internationally. Inter alia, the
European Union has established distinct legislation to protect geographical names in the fields of wines, spirits, agricultural products including beer. A register for protected geographical indications and denominations of origin relating to products in the field of agriculture including beer, but excluding mineral water, was established (DOOR). Another register was set up for wine region names, namely the E-Bacchus register. In November 2020, the European Union Intellectual Property Office launched the comprehensive database GI View covering food, wine, and spirit GIs. A private database project (GEOPRODUCT directory) intends to provide worldwide coverage. Accusations of 'unfair' competition should although be levelled with caution since the use of GIs sometimes comes from European immigrants who brought their traditional methods and skills with them.
825:
657:
authorized to do so. A trademark can be assigned or licensed to anyone, anywhere in the world, because it is linked to a specific company and not to a particular place. In contrast, the sign used to denote a geographical indication usually corresponds to the name of the place of origin of the good, or to the name by which the good is known in that place. A geographical indication may be used by all persons who, in the area of origin, produce the good according to specified standards. However, because of its link with the place of origin, a geographical indication cannot be assigned or licensed to someone outside that place or not belonging to the group of authorized producers.
1106:
191:
721:'s "Guide to Geographical Indications: Linking Products and their Origins", authors Daniele Giovannucci, Professor Tim Josling, William Kerr, Bernard O'Connor and May T. Yeung clearly assert that geographical indications are by no means a panacea for the difficulties of rural development. They can however offer a comprehensive framework for rural development, since they can positively encompass issues of economic competitiveness, stakeholder equity, environmental stewardship, and socio-cultural value. The application of
1440:
786:
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difference causes most of the conflict between the United States and Europe in their attitudes toward geographical names. The US generally opposes EU-style geographical indication regulation because place names have either already been registered as trademarks or lost their distinctiveness through generic use. Disagreements on geographical indications is one of the few areas in global intellectual property governance where the EU and the US oppose each other.
25:
907:
December 2001, WTO member governments are negotiating on the creation of a 'multilateral register' of geographical indications. Some countries, including the EU, are pushing for a register with legal effect, while other countries, including the United States, are pushing for a non-binding system under which the WTO would simply be notified of the members' respective geographical indications.
127:
911:
marks in international trade. This is a controversial proposal, however, that is opposed by other governments including the United States who question the need to extend the stronger protection of
Article 23 to other products. They are concerned that Article 23 protection is greater than required, in most cases, to deliver the consumer benefit that is the fundamental objective of GIs laws.
471:) is a name or sign used on products which corresponds to a specific geographical location or origin (e.g., a town or region). The use of a geographical indication, as an indication of the product's source, is intended as a certification that the product possesses certain qualities, is made according to traditional methods, or enjoys a good reputation due to its geographical origin.
977:, Florida, and Idaho registered trademarks, and then allowed their growers—or in the case of the Vidalia onion, only those in a certain, well-defined geographical area within the state—to use the term, while denying its use to others. The European conception is increasingly gaining acceptance in American viticulture; also, vintners in the various
898:
describing the product in question. Measures to implement these provisions should not prejudice prior trademark rights that have been acquired in good faith; and, under certain circumstances — including long-established use — continued use of a geographical indication for wines or spirits may be allowed on a scale and nature as before.
837:
economies (10.6%). In terms of regional distribution, Europe had the most GIs in force, amounting to 53.1%, followed by Asia (36.3%), Latin
America and the Caribbean (4.3%), Oceania (3.6%), North America (2.6%) and Africa 0.1%. Figures should nevertheless be interpreted with caution as GIs can be protected through many different means,
897:
provides a number of exceptions to the protection of geographical indications that are particularly relevant for geographical indications for wines and spirits (Article 23). For example, Members are not obliged to bring a geographical indication under protection where it has become a generic term for
874:
says that all governments must provide legal opportunities in their own laws for the owner of a GI registered in that country to prevent the use of marks that mislead the public as to the geographical origin of the good. This includes prevention of use of a geographical name which although literally
793:
Like trademarks, geographical indications are regulated locally by each country because conditions of registration such as differences in the generic use of terms vary from country to country. This is especially true of food and beverage names which frequently use geographical terms, but it may also
689:
Nevertheless, appellations of origin and geographical indications both require a qualitative link between the product to which they refer and its place of origin. Both inform consumers about a product's geographical origin and a quality or characteristic of the product linked to its place of origin.
677:
This definition suggests that appellations of origin consist of the name of the product's place of origin. However, a number of traditional indications that are not place names, but refer to a product in connection with a place, are protected as appellations of origin under the Lisbon
Agreement (for
801:
When products with GIs acquire a reputation of international magnitude, some other products may try to pass themselves off as the authentic GI products. This kind of competition is often seen as unfair, as it may discourage traditional producers as well as mislead consumers. Thus the
European Union
716:
The recognition and protection on the markets of the names of these products allows the community of producers to invest in maintaining the specific qualities of the product on which the reputation is built. Most importantly, as the reputation spreads beyond borders and demand grows, investment may
627:
industrial products. It showcased its continuous adaptation to new challenges and responsibilities in the IP realm. Leveraging its extensive experience in administering agricultural GIs, the EUIPO is well-prepared to assume competency over geographical indications for craft and industrial products.
910:
Some governments participating in the negotiations (especially the
European Communities) wish to go further and negotiate the inclusion of GIs on products other than wines and spirits under Article 23 of TRIPS. These governments argue that extending Article 23 will increase the protection of these
1543:
Baeumer, Ludwig, "Protection of
Geographical Indications under WIPO Treaties and Questions Concerning the Relationship Between Those Treaties and the TRIPS Agreement", in Symposium on the Protection of Geographical Indications in the Worldwide Context (held in Eger, Hungary, October 24/25, 1997),
630:
From 1 December 2025, the EUIPO will be responsible for the registration of
Geographical Indications (GIs) for craft and industrial products. It will be possible to file applications for the registration of names of craft and industrial products meeting the necessary requirements in the EU. The
866:
were concluded, governments of all WTO member countries (164 countries, as of August 2016) had agreed to set certain basic standards for the protection of GIs in all member countries. There are, in effect, two basic obligations on WTO member governments relating to GIs in the TRIPS agreement:
856:("TRIPS") defines "geographical indications" as indications that identify a good as "originating in the territory of a Member, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographic origin."
836:
2023, with data received from 91 national and regional authorities, there were an estimated 58400 protected GI in existence in 2022. Of the 58,400 GIs in force in 2022, upper middle-income economies accounted for 46.3% of the world total, followed by high-income (43.1%) and lower middle-income
773:
None of these impacts are guaranteed and they depend on numerous factors, including the process of developing the geographical indications, the type and effects of the association of stakeholders, the rules for using the GI (or Code of
Practice), the inclusiveness and quality of the collective
656:
Geographical indications identify a good as originating from a particular place. Based on its place of origin, consumers may associate a good with a particular quality, characteristic or reputation. A trademark often consists of an arbitrary sign that may be used by its owner or another person
951:
Historically, European immigrants to countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and New
Zealand brought production of place-name related items to their new homes. In these countries, the place named products became generic product names that were not restricted in their use. This
906:
Creation of a geographical indicator register for wines and spirits, as well as a geographical indication extension to products other than wine and spirits, have been important issues on the WTO's agenda since the TRIPS Agreement. In the Doha Development Round of WTO negotiations, launched in
890:
Article 22 of TRIPS also says that governments may refuse to register a trademark or may invalidate an existing trademark (if their legislation permits or at the request of another government) if it misleads the public as to the true origin of a good. Article 23 says governments may refuse to
652:
are distinctive signs used to distinguish goods or services in the marketplace. Both convey information about the origin of a good or service, and enable consumers to associate a particular quality with a good or service. Trademarks inform consumers about the source of a good or service. They
626:
An EU Regulation on geographical indication (GI) protection for craft and industrial products entered into force on 16 November 2023, introducing a new EU-wide GI protection scheme for these products. Following its entry into force, the EUIPO gained the authority to handle GIs for craft and
886:, where there is no unfair competition and where the true origin of the good is indicated or the geographical indication is accompanied by expressions such as "kind", "type", "style", "imitation" or the like. Similar protection must be given to geographical indications identifying spirits.
622:
The use of geographical indications is not limited to agricultural products. A geographical indication may also highlight specific qualities of a product that are due to human factors found in the product's place of origin, such as specific manufacturing skills and traditions. For example
939:
has been successful internally in promoting geographical indications as intellectual property. Producers from a designated place can exclude those who produce elsewhere from using the geographical name for similar products. Thus, anyone with sheep of the right breeds can make
675:(1)... the geographical denomination of a country, region, or locality, which serves to designate a product originating therein, the quality or characteristics of which are due exclusively or essentially to the geographical environment, including natural and human factors."
725:
will ensure socio-economic returns in the long-run to avoid growth at an environmental cost. This approach for GI development may also allow for investment together with promoting the reputation of the product along the lines of sustainability when and where possible.
526:(AOC). Items that meet geographical origin and quality standards may be endorsed with a government-issued stamp which acts as official certification of the origins and standards of the product. Examples of products that have such "appellations of origin" include
698:
Geographical indications are generally applied to traditional products, produced by rural, marginal or indigenous communities over generations, that have gained a reputation on the local, national or international markets due to their specific unique qualities.
554:, Germany was forbidden from using allied geographical indications on products, which in particular affected the German "cognac" and "champagne" industries, as the French considered the terms misleading references to places in France. Since then, the terms "
1092:
686:(green wine)).It is sometimes argued that products with a certain reputation, but no other quality due to their place of origin are not considered appellations of origin under the Lisbon Agreement. However, this interpretation is not universally accepted.
480:"...indications which identify a good as originating in the territory of a Member , or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin."
1988:
1088:
670:
746:
economic resilience in terms of increased and stabilised prices for the GI product to avoid the commodity trap through de-commodisation, or to prevent/minimise external shocks affecting the premium price percentage gains (usually varying from
653:
identify a good or service as originating from a particular company. Trademarks help consumers associate a good or service with a specific quality or reputation, based on information about the company responsible for producing or offering it.
1547:
Bramley, Cerkia, Estelle Biénabe, and Johann Kirsten, "The Economics of Geographical Indications: Towards a Conceptual Framework for Geographical Indication Research in Developing Countries", in The Economics of Intellectual Property, WIPO,
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says that all governments must provide the owners of GI the right, under their laws, to prevent the use of a geographical indication identifying wines not originating in the place indicated by the geographical indication. This applies
742:
capacity of producers to invest economic gains into higher quality to access niche markets, improving circular economy means throughout the value chain, protection against infringements such as free-riding from illegitimate producers,
587:
framework which came into effect in 1992 regulates the following systems of geographical indications: "Protected designation of origin" (PDO), "protected geographical indication" (PGI), and Traditional Specialities Guaranteed" (TSG).
919:
In 2015, The Geneva Act was adopted. It entered into force early-2020 with the accession of the European Union. The Geneva Act bridges the Lisbon system of Appellations of Origin, and the TRIPS system of Geographical Indications.
818:
489:('Appellation of origin') is a sub-type of geographical indication where quality, method, and reputation of a product originate from a strictly defined area specified in its intellectual property right registration.
928:
One reason for the conflicts that occur between European and United States governments is a difference in philosophy as to what constitutes a "genuine" product. In Europe, the prevailing theory is that of
1678:
1563:
World Trade Organization (WTO), "Review under Article 24.2 of the Application of the Provisions of the Section of the TRIPS Agreement on Geographical Indications", WTO document IP/C/W/253/Rev.1, 2003.
1939:
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Rangnekar, Dwijen, The Socio-Economics of Geographical Indications: A Review of Empirical Evidence from Europe, UNCTAD-ICTSD Project on IPTs and Sustainable Development Series, Issue Paper 8, 2004.
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1629:
997:" (which requires the whiskey to be produced in the United States in accordance with certain standards) and the requirement, enforced by federal law and several international agreements, (
1967:
1932:
1795:
863:
853:
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Vandecandelaere, Emilie et al., Linking People, Places and Products, jointly published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and SINER-GI, FAO, 2009.
1960:
1946:
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United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Adding Value to Traditional Products of Regional Origin: A Guide to Creating a Quality Consortium, Vienna, 2010.
1889:
1080:
814:
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1711:
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made it important to try to harmonize the different approaches and standards that governments used to register GIs. The first attempts to do so were found in the
137:
1899:
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WIPO: GIs.SCT/8/4: Geographical Indications, Historic Background, Nature of the Right, Existing Systems of Protection, Obtaining Protection in Other Countries.
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communicating to consumers the product's characteristics, which derive from the climate, soil and other natural conditions in its particular geographical area;
1834:
539:
531:
1784:
255:
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However, there is some overlap, particularly with American products adopting a European way of viewing the matter. The most notable of these are crops:
1636:
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Rural development impacts from geographical indications, referring to environmental protection, economic development and social well-being, can be:
1551:
Giovannucci, Daniele et al., Guide to Geographical Indications, Linking Products and their Origins, International Trade Centre (ITC), Geneva, 2009.
450:
148:
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greater bargaining power to raw material producers for better distribution so as for them to receive a higher retail price benefit percentage;
1262:
1705:
824:
1690:
632:
240:
985:
gains acceptance in the wine community. Finally, the United States has a long tradition of placing relatively strict limitations on its
841:
systems, trademark systems, other national legal means, regional systems and international agreements (eg, Lisbon and Madrid systems).
89:
1742:
623:
handicrafts, which are generally handmade using local natural resources and usually embedded in the traditions of local communities.
61:
1045:
948:
sheep's milk cheese and call it Roquefort, even if they completely duplicate the process described in the definition of Roquefort.
42:
1701:
522:
485:
358:
1514:
Le Goffic, Caroline; Zappalaglio, Andrea (2017). "The Role Played by the US Government in Protecting Geographical Indications".
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935:: that there is a specific property of a geographical area, and that dictates a strict usage of geographical designations. The
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68:
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cheese if they are located in the part of France where that cheese is made, but nobody outside that part of France can make a
1767:
1757:
1747:
1173:
316:
1604:
1732:
1724:
1673:
373:
275:
1865:
1789:
1736:
998:
443:
75:
733:
the strengthening of sustainable local food production and supply (except for non-agricultural GIs such as handicrafts);
2014:
1844:
891:
register or may invalidate a trademark that conflicts with a wine or spirits GI whether the trademark misleads or not.
2019:
1686:
1622:
166:
108:
1762:
57:
2024:
1660:
1020:, which received an EU protected geographical status in 2000. When the brewery moved from Tyneside to Tadcaster in
405:
230:
1925:
1921:
1682:
1232:
584:
353:
1953:
1827:
1752:
436:
46:
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The primary examples of geographical indications include agricultural products and wines and spirits, such as
1728:
1288:
Tosato, Andrea (2013). "The Protection of Traditional Foods in the EU: Traditional Specialities Guaranteed".
1055:
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be directed to the sustainability of the environment where these products originate and are produced. In the
608:
579:
as an entity, where there is a tradition of associating certain food products with particular regions. Under
817:
on trademarks (1883, still in force, 176 members), followed by a much more elaborate provision in the 1958
774:
dimension decision making of the GI producers association and quality of the marketing efforts undertaken.
756:
preservation of the natural resources on which the product is based and therefore protect the environment;
1904:
1872:
1850:
1802:
1717:
978:
718:
505:
of food products identified with a particular region since at least the end of the 19th century, using
1773:
1858:
1854:
1667:
260:
82:
1779:
1323:
Giovannucci, Daniele; Josling, Timothy E.; Kerr, William; O'Connor, Bernard; Young, May T. (2009).
860:
850:
828:
Estimated geographical Indications in force for selected national and regional authorities in 2022.
141:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
1162:
China in Global Governance of Intellectual Property: Implications for Global Distributive Justice
513:, which generally protects against suggestions that a product has a certain protection benefits.
265:
235:
144:
35:
1105:
1894:
1465:
544:
336:
1422:
665:
Appellations of origin are a special kind of geographical indication. The term is used in the
760:
182:
1352:"Exporting protection: EU trade agreements, geographical indications, and gastronationalism"
1198:
1118:
1114:
1016:
Conversely, some European products have adopted a more American system: a prime example is
974:
592:
551:
1444:
1439:
777:
In China, the use of GIs have increased farmers' incomes and helped reduce rural poverty.
8:
1017:
810:
326:
1398:"Geographical Indications and the challenges for ACP countries, by O'Connor and Company"
527:
1838:
1305:
1165:
580:
410:
220:
200:
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736:
a structuring of the supply chain around a common product reputation linked to origin;
1484:
1401:
1309:
1169:
1040:
1024:(about 150 km away) in 2007 for economic reasons, the status had to be revoked.
1002:
844:
638:
190:
1585:
1527:
1523:
1363:
1297:
1206:
994:
986:
821:. About 9000 geographical indications were registered by Lisbon Agreement members.
819:
Lisbon Agreement on the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their Registration
722:
321:
1368:
1351:
591:
Since 2006, European Union has required provisions in geographical indications in
1993:
1569:
WIPO: SCT/5/3: Conflicts between Trademarks and GIs, Conflicts between Homonymous
1021:
1006:
475:
331:
1485:"The Protection of Geographical Indications: Ambitions and Concrete Limitations"
982:
963:
936:
702:
Producers can add value to their products through Geographical Indications by:
378:
341:
270:
215:
2008:
1084:
956:
400:
295:
1614:
1599:
1110:
616:
426:
395:
390:
363:
285:
245:
785:
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protecting and adding value to the cultural identity of local communities.
1600:
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO): Geographical Indications
1051:
Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999
1034:
945:
709:
promoting the conservation of local traditional production processes; and
683:
635:(EUIPO) is the body responsible for the management of this EU GI scheme.
510:
385:
311:
280:
1383:
1211:
753:
spill-over effects such as new business and even other GI registrations;
1325:"Guide to Geographical Indications: Linking Products and their Origins"
1301:
569:
Geographical indications have long been associated with the concept of
502:
498:
1240:
673:. Article 2 of the Lisbon Agreement defines appellations of origin as"
1010:
941:
875:
true "falsely represents" that the product comes from somewhere else.
679:
649:
604:
346:
290:
210:
993:; particularly notable are the requirements for labeling a product "
24:
1609:
422:
368:
205:
1595:
Organization for an International Geographical Indications Network
1466:"WTO - intellectual property (TRIPS) - agreement text - standards"
1322:
854:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
845:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
639:
Differences between geographical indications and other protections
1061:
960:
931:
571:
990:
981:
are attempting to form well-developed and unique identities as
970:
795:
576:
556:
517:
250:
1120:
Geographical indications An introduction, 2nd edition
967:
1594:
1265:[Why German Sparkling Wines have an Image Problem].
612:
562:
138:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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WIPO: SCT/9/4: The Definition of Geographical Indications.
1443: This article incorporates text available under the
506:
805:
1199:"Geographical indications An introduction, 2nd edition"
1423:"World Intellectual Property Indicators (WIPI) - 2023"
914:
1513:
1263:"Warum deutsche Schaumweine ein Image-Problem haben"
973:. In each of these cases, the state governments of
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1329:Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies
1233:"Geographical Indications â a Virtual Experience"
794:be true of other products such as carpets (e.g. '
520:from the early part of the 20th century known as
2006:
1476:
516:One of the first GI systems is the one used in
1610:A research project on geographical indications
1630:
444:
1644:
1113:work. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 IGO (
1109: This article incorporates text from a
923:
693:
1482:
633:European Union Intellectual Property Office
241:Integrated circuit layout design protection
1637:
1623:
1544:WIPO publication No. 760(E), Geneva, 1999.
1489:University of Edinburgh Student Law Review
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
451:
437:
1367:
1356:Review of International Political Economy
1260:
1210:
884:even where the public is not being misled
167:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1566:WIPO: SCT/3/6: Geographical Indications.
1427:World Intellectual Property Organization
1349:
1203:World Intellectual Property Organization
1046:Geographical Indication Registry (India)
823:
784:
750:added value throughout the supply chain;
660:
1451:
1164:. Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies series.
901:
798:'), handicrafts, flowers and perfumes.
780:
359:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
2007:
1376:
1287:
834:World Intellectual Property Indicators
1618:
1159:
1155:
1001:, among them) that a product labeled
806:Paris convention and Lisbon agreement
317:Artificial intelligence and copyright
1331:. Geneva: International Trade Center
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1153:
1151:
1149:
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1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
509:against false trade descriptions or
478:defines geographical indications as
276:Supplementary protection certificate
120:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1588:Linking people, places and products
13:
1537:
915:Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement
859:In 1994, when negotiations on the
14:
2036:
1579:
1182:
1132:
879:Article 23 of the TRIPS Agreement
872:Article 22 of the TRIPS Agreement
1438:
1261:von Galen, Maike (29 May 2019).
1104:
598:
406:Outline of intellectual property
231:Indigenous intellectual property
189:
125:
23:
16:Indication of a product's source
1507:
1415:
759:preservation of traditions and
585:protected designation of origin
523:appellation d'origine contrÎlée
486:Appellation d'origine contrÎlée
34:needs additional citations for
1528:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.017
1390:
1343:
1316:
1281:
1254:
1225:
1075:
1:
1605:Caslon Analytics Appellations
1369:10.1080/09692290.2020.1844272
1126:
1056:Protected Geographical Status
648:Geographical indications and
643:
1483:Zappalaglio, Andrea (2015).
1115:license statement/permission
530:(from Switzerland) and many
7:
1027:
979:American Viticultural Areas
497:Governments have protected
354:Ideaâexpression distinction
10:
2041:
1350:Huysmans, Martijn (2020).
1099:
719:International Trade Centre
566:" have been used instead.
492:
2015:Intellectual property law
1981:
1913:
1882:
1819:
1813:Lists by product category
1812:
1652:
1009:produced in the state of
924:Differences in philosophy
694:Rural development effects
58:"Geographical indication"
2020:Geographical indications
1933:AOC liqueurs and spirits
1646:Geographical indications
1123:, WIPO, WIPO.
1068:
766:identity based prestige;
2025:European Union food law
1895:France (PDO/PGI/AOC/LR)
1237:wkcexhibitions.wipo.int
1160:Cheng, Wenting (2023).
1117:). Text taken from
789:GI Collective Dimension
465:geographical indication
266:Plant genetic resources
236:Industrial design right
226:Geographical indication
829:
790:
337:Criticism of copyright
261:Plant breeders' rights
147:by rewriting it in an
1653:Certification systems
827:
788:
761:traditional knowledge
661:Appellation of origin
593:free trade agreements
183:Intellectual property
1290:European Law Journal
902:Post-TRIPS Agreement
781:International issues
769:linkages to tourism.
552:Treaty of Versailles
474:Article 22.1 of the
43:improve this article
1212:10.34667/tind.44179
1018:Newcastle Brown Ale
895:Article 24 of TRIPS
811:International trade
669:and defined in the
540:Champagnerparagraph
327:Copyright abolition
1302:10.1111/eulj.12040
1166:Palgrave Macmillan
832:According to WIPO
830:
791:
581:European Union Law
419:Higher categories:
411:Outline of patents
149:encyclopedic style
136:is written like a
2002:
2001:
1977:
1976:
1516:World Development
1267:Neue WestfÀlische
1175:978-3-031-24369-1
1041:Country of origin
1003:Tennessee whiskey
461:
460:
177:
176:
169:
119:
118:
111:
93:
2032:
1989:Lisbon Agreement
1966:United Kingdom (
1920:European Union (
1817:
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1400:. Archived from
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1239:. Archived from
1229:
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1214:
1195:
1180:
1179:
1157:
1108:
1089:Lisbon Agreement
1085:Madrid Agreement
1081:Paris Convention
1078:
1058:(European Union)
995:straight whiskey
815:Paris Convention
723:circular economy
671:Lisbon Agreement
667:Paris Convention
609:Colombian coffee
548:
453:
446:
439:
322:Brand protection
256:Peasants' rights
193:
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2005:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1973:
1909:
1878:
1864:United States (
1808:
1801:United States (
1798:(PDO, PGI, TSG)
1648:
1643:
1582:
1540:
1538:Further reading
1535:
1512:
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1362:(3): 979â1005.
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1183:
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1071:
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1030:
1022:North Yorkshire
1007:Bourbon whiskey
926:
917:
904:
847:
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783:
696:
663:
646:
641:
601:
542:
495:
476:TRIPS Agreement
457:
421:
417:
332:Copyright troll
221:Farmers' rights
201:Authors' rights
173:
162:
156:
153:
145:help improve it
142:
130:
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52:
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40:
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17:
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1890:European Union
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1796:United Kingdom
1793:
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1772:South Africa (
1770:
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1679:European Union
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1580:External links
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1296:(4): 545â576.
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1005:be a straight
983:New World wine
957:Vidalia onions
937:European Union
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550:" of the 1919
528:GruyĂšre cheese
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379:Right to quote
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342:Bioprospecting
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304:Related topics
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271:Related rights
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1404:on 2011-07-21
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1079:See also the
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682:(cheese) and
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599:Areas covered
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401:Public domain
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296:Utility model
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171:
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157:November 2019
150:
146:
140:
139:
134:This article
132:
123:
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113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: â
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1645:
1587:
1522:(C): 35â44.
1519:
1515:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1492:
1488:
1478:
1469:
1437:
1430:. Retrieved
1426:
1417:
1406:. Retrieved
1402:the original
1392:
1378:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1328:
1318:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1266:
1256:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:the original
1236:
1227:
1216:. Retrieved
1202:
1161:
1119:
1111:free content
1103:
1076:
1015:
987:native forms
954:
950:
930:
927:
918:
909:
905:
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893:
889:
883:
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871:
858:
848:
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688:
674:
664:
655:
647:
629:
625:
621:
617:Longjing tea
602:
590:
570:
568:
561:
555:
538:
536:
532:French wines
521:
515:
496:
484:
483:
479:
473:
468:
464:
462:
427:Property law
418:
396:Pirate Party
391:Patent troll
374:Paraphrasing
364:Fair dealing
286:Trade secret
246:Moral rights
225:
163:
154:
135:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1968:PDO/PGI/TSG
1914:Other foods
1785:Switzerland
1586:FAO guide:
1470:www.wto.org
1269:(in German)
1035:Appellation
839:sui generis
684:Vinho Verde
613:Feta cheese
543: [
511:passing off
499:trade names
386:Orphan work
312:Abandonware
281:Trade dress
2009:Categories
1959:Portugal (
1826:Bulgaria (
1432:2023-12-11
1408:2011-06-14
1273:7 December
1247:2021-09-15
1218:2021-09-17
1127:References
1093:Geneva Act
650:trademarks
644:Trademarks
503:trademarks
69:newspapers
1938:Ireland (
1871:Uruguay (
1792:(AOC, IP)
1768:Singapore
1748:Indonesia
1716:Germany (
1659:Austria (
1445:CC BY 4.0
1384:"GI View"
1310:154449313
1011:Tennessee
942:Roquefort
680:Reblochon
678:example,
605:Champagne
575:and with
557:Weinbrand
347:Biopiracy
291:Trademark
211:Copyright
99:July 2019
1982:Treaties
1952:Mexico (
1931:France (
1833:France (
1758:Portugal
1700:France (
1674:Cambodia
1666:Canada (
1447:license.
1205:. 2021.
1028:See also
971:potatoes
747:20-25%);
423:Property
369:Fair use
206:Copyleft
1961:PDO/PGI
1945:Italy (
1940:PDO/PGI
1849:Italy (
1845:Georgia
1790:Tunisia
1763:Romania
1723:Italy (
1712:Georgia
1685:, PGI,
1499:24 June
1335:1 April
1100:Sources
1062:Terroir
991:whiskey
975:Georgia
964:oranges
961:Florida
932:terroir
572:terroir
560:" and "
537:Under "
493:History
143:Please
83:scholar
1900:Greece
1883:Cheese
1753:Mexico
1590:(2009)
1308:
1172:
1091:, the
1087:, the
1083:, the
1037:(wine)
966:, and
796:Shiraz
583:, the
577:Europe
518:France
251:Patent
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1994:TRIPS
1905:Italy
1780:Spain
1743:India
1737:De.CO
1691:QWpsr
1548:2009.
1306:S2CID
1069:Notes
999:NAFTA
968:Idaho
864:TRIPS
743:etc.;
615:, or
547:]
90:JSTOR
76:books
1851:DOCG
1839:VDQS
1828:GCAO
1820:Wine
1706:VDQS
1501:2020
1495:: 88
1337:2020
1275:2022
1170:ISBN
946:blue
849:The
563:Sekt
507:laws
501:and
425:and
62:news
1947:PDO
1926:TSG
1922:PDO
1873:VCP
1866:AVA
1859:IGT
1855:DOC
1835:AOC
1803:AVA
1733:PAT
1729:IGT
1725:DOC
1718:QBA
1702:AOC
1687:TSG
1683:PDO
1668:VQA
1661:DAC
1524:doi
1364:doi
1298:doi
1207:doi
989:of
861:WTO
851:WTO
45:by
2011::
1954:DO
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1774:WO
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
