Geography - Knowledge

1201:. Geography is subject to the laws of physics, and in studying things that occur in space, time must be considered. Time in geography is more than just the historical record of events that occurred at various discrete coordinates; but also includes modeling the dynamic movement of people, organisms, and things through space. Time facilitates movement through space, ultimately allowing things to flow through a system. The amount of time an individual, or group of people, spends in a place will often shape their attachment and perspective to that place. Time constrains the possible paths that can be taken through space, given a starting point, possible routes, and rate of travel. Visualizing time over space is challenging in terms of cartography, and includes Space-Prism, advanced 3D geovisualizations, and 1390:. Some publications limit the number of branches to physical and human, describing them as the principal branches. Geographers rarely focus on just one of these topics, often using one as their primary focus and then incorporating data and methods from the other branches. Often, geographers are asked to describe what they do by individuals outside the discipline and are likely to identify closely with a specific branch, or sub-branch when describing themselves to lay people. Human geography studies people and their communities, cultures, economies, and environmental interactions by studying their relations with and across space and place. Physical geography is concerned with the study of processes and patterns in the natural environment like the 1121: 1182: 1495: 1994:

serving as a set of unique methods for managing the interdisciplinary nature of the phenomena under investigation. While human and physical geographers use the techniques employed by technical geographers, technical geography is more concerned with the fundamental spatial concepts and technologies than the nature of the data. It is therefore closely associated with the spatial tradition of geography while being applied to the other two major branches. A technical geographer might work as a GIS analyst, a GIS developer working to make new software tools, or create general reference maps incorporating human and natural features.

1798: 2020: 2132: 1702: 2988: 1267:. However, this is an ongoing source of debate in geography and is unlikely to be resolved anytime soon. Several laws have been proposed, and Tobler's first law of geography is the most generally accepted in geography. Some have argued that geographic laws do not need to be numbered. The existence of a first invites a second, and many have proposed themselves as that. It has also been proposed that Tobler's first law of geography should be moved to the second and replaced with another. A few of the proposed laws of geography are below: 1042: 2100: 1631: 1663: 932: 1814: 2480: 2261: 1547: 1479: 1563: 1782: 10087: 2068: 1599: 1834: 1531: 1081: 1870: 2004: 10051: 9356: 1854: 924: 1918: 9368: 1734: 10076: 3181: 1766: 1159:. Places do not exist in a vacuum and instead have complex spatial relationships with each other, and place is concerned how a location is situated in relation to all other locations. As a discipline then, the term place in geography includes all spatial phenomena occurring at a location, the diverse uses and meanings humans ascribe to that location, and how that location impacts and is impacted by all other locations on Earth. In one of 1579: 1515: 67: 1750: 3848: 3787: 3113: 2157: 3709: 2358: 2570:

online platforms, or written exchanges. Geographers typically adopt a structured or semi-structured approach during interviews involving specific questions or discussion points when utilized for research purposes. These questions are designed to extract focused information about the research topic while being flexible enough to allow participants to express their experiences and viewpoints, such as through open-ended questions.

2796: 1902: 9392: 2052: 2084: 2036: 10063: 9380: 2116: 2403:, and (e) facilitates studies of how features/areas change over time. Remotely sensed data may be analyzed independently or in conjunction with other digital data layers (e.g., in a geographic information system). Remote sensing aids in land use, land cover (LULC) mapping, by helping to determine both what is naturally occurring on a piece of land and what human activities are taking place on it. 1647: 3191: 1886: 1718: 1228: 980:

compare, to generalize, to ascend from effects to causes, and, in doing so, to trace out the laws of nature and to mark their influences upon man. This is 'a description of the world'—that is Geography. In a word, Geography is a Science—a thing not of mere names but of argument and reason, of cause and effect.

2499:, or maps that combine geography and storytelling to produce a product with greater information than a two-dimensional image of places, names, and topography. This approach offers more inclusive strategies than more traditional cartographic approaches for connecting the complex layers that makeup places. 3762:

The discipline of History has significant overlap with geography, especially human geography. Like geology, history and geography have shared university departments. Geography provides the spatial context within which historical events unfold. The physical geographic features of a region, such as its

2569:

Geographers employ interviews to gather data and acquire valuable understandings from individuals or groups regarding their encounters, outlooks, and opinions concerning spatial phenomena. Interviews can be carried out through various mediums, including face-to-face interactions, phone conversations,

2286:

Cartography is the art, science, and technology of making maps. Cartographers study the Earth's surface representation with abstract symbols (map making). Although other subdisciplines of geography rely on maps for presenting their analyses, the actual making of maps is abstract enough to be regarded

1968:

Technical geography concerns studying and developing tools, techniques, and statistical methods employed to collect, analyze, use, and understand spatial data. Technical geography is the most recently recognized, and controversial, of the branches. Its use dates back to 1749, when a book published by

7983:

It was Biruni, not Avicenna, who found a way for a single man, at a single moment, to measure the earth's circumference, by trigonometric calculations based on angles measured from a mountaintop and the plain beneath it – thus improving on Eratosthenes' method of sighting the sun simultaneously from

3037:

contained both theoretical background and practical applications related to ship navigation. The remaining problem facing both explorers and geographers was finding the latitude and longitude of a geographic location. While the problem of latitude was solved long ago, but that of longitude remained;

1993:

to divide geography into themes. As academic fields increasingly specialize in their nature, technical geography has emerged as a branch of geography specializing in geographic methods and thought. The emergence of technical geography has brought new relevance to the broad discipline of geography by

2470:

Qualitative methods in geography are descriptive rather than numerical or statistical in nature. They add context to concepts, and explore human concepts like beliefs and perspective that are difficult or impossible to quantify. Human geography is much more likely to employ qualitative methods than

1295:

The uncertainty principle: "That the geographic world is infinitely complex and that any representation must therefore contain elements of uncertainty, that many definitions used in acquiring geographic data contain elements of vagueness, and that it is impossible to measure location on the Earth's

1111:

is the exact site, or spatial coordinates, of objects, persons, places, or phenomena under investigation. We exist in space. Absolute space leads to the view of the world as a photograph, with everything frozen in place when the coordinates were recorded. Today, geographers are trained to recognize

979:

Names of places...are not geography...To know by heart a whole gazetteer full of them would not, in itself, constitute anyone a geographer. Geography has higher aims than this: it seeks to classify phenomena (alike of the natural and of the political world, in so far as it treats of the latter), to

1973:

organized the discipline into a section containing content such as cartographic techniques and globes. There are several other terms, often used interchangeably with technical geography to subdivide the discipline, including "techniques of geographic analysis," "Geographic Information Technology,"

1235:

Scale in the context of a map is the ratio between a distance measured on the map and the corresponding distance as measured on the ground. This concept is fundamental to the discipline of geography, not just cartography, in that phenomena being investigated appear different depending on the scale

1142:

Place is one of the most complex and important terms in geography. In human geography, place is the synthesis of the coordinates on the Earth's surface, the activity and use that occurs, has occurred, and will occur at the coordinates, and the meaning ascribed to the space by human individuals and

1033:

Narrowing down geography to a few key concepts is extremely challenging, and subject to tremendous debate within the discipline. In one attempt, the 1st edition of the book "Key Concepts in Geography" broke down this into chapters focusing on "Space," "Place," "Time," "Scale," and "Landscape." The

2399:, ocean, and atmosphere, because it: (a) supplies objective information at a variety of spatial scales (local to global), (b) provides a synoptic view of the area of interest, (c) allows access to distant and inaccessible sites, (d) provides spectral information outside the visible portion of the 2271:

Quantitative methods in geography became particularly influential in the discipline during the quantitative revolution of the 1950s and 60s. These methods revitalized the discipline in many ways, allowing scientific testing of hypotheses and proposing scientific geographic theories and laws. The

1317:

Geography is a branch of inquiry that focuses on spatial information on Earth. It is an extremely broad topic and can be broken down multiple ways. There have been several approaches to doing this spanning at least several centuries, including "four traditions of geography" and into distinct

1410:

is interested in studying and applying techniques and methods to store, process, analyze, visualize, and use spatial data. It is the newest of the branches, the most controversial, and often other terms are used in the literature to describe the emerging category. These branches use similar

2490:

Qualitative cartography employs many of the same software and techniques as quantitative cartography. It may be employed to inform on map practices, or to visualize perspectives and ideas that are not strictly quantitative in nature. An example of a form of qualitative cartography is a

3763:

landforms, climate, and resources, shape human settlements, trade routes, and economic activities, which in turn influence the course of historical events. Thus, a historian must have a strong foundation in geography. Historians employ the techniques of technical geographers to create

1025:, which combines physical and human geography and concerns the interactions between the environment and humans. Technical geography involves studying and developing the tools and techniques used by geographers, such as remote sensing, cartography, and geographic information system. 2324:

Geographic information systems (GIS) deal with storing information about the Earth for automatic retrieval by a computer in an accurate manner appropriate to the information's purpose. In addition to all of the other subdisciplines of geography, GIS specialists must understand

886:

Today, geography is an extremely broad discipline with multiple approaches and modalities. There have been multiple attempts to organize the discipline, including the four traditions of geography, and into branches. Techniques employed can generally be broken down into

3735:

The discipline of geography, especially physical geography, and geology have significant overlap. In the past, the two have often shared academic departments at universities, a point that has led to conflict over resources. Both disciplines do seek to understand the

1986:," and "information geography". There are subtle differences to each concept and term; however, technical geography is one of the broadest, is consistent with the naming convention of the other two branches, has been in use since the 1700s, and has been used by the 1106:

For something to exist in the realm of geography, it must be able to be described spatially. Thus, space is the most fundamental concept at the foundation of geography. The concept is so basic, that geographers often have difficulty defining exactly what it is.

1143:

groups. This can be extraordinarily complex, as different spaces may have different uses at different times and mean different things to different people. In physical geography, a place includes all of the physical phenomena that occur in space, including the

882:

as a discipline spans cultures and millennia, being independently developed by multiple groups, and cross-pollinated by trade between these groups. The core concepts of geography consistent between all approaches are a focus on space, place, time, and scale.

3030:. This textbook sought to integrate new scientific discoveries and principles into classical geography and approach the discipline like the other sciences emerging, and is seen by some as the division between ancient and modern geography in the West. 1065:

in 1984. These themes are Location, place, relationships within places (often summarized as Human-Environment Interaction), movement, and regions. The five themes of geography have shaped how American education approaches the topic in the years since.

1318:

branches. The Four traditions of geography are often used to divide the different historical approach theories geographers have taken to the discipline. In contrast, geography's branches describe contemporary applied geographical approaches.

1300:

Additionally, several variations or amendments to these laws exist within the literature, although not as well supported. For example, one paper proposed an amended version of Tobler's first law of geography, referred to in the text as the

975:, plants, and animals, geography is highly interdisciplinary. The interdisciplinary nature of the geographical approach depends on an attentiveness to the relationship between physical and human phenomena and their spatial patterns. 2627:), with seven islands arranged around it so as to form a seven-pointed star. The accompanying text mentions seven outer regions beyond the encircling ocean. The descriptions of five of them have survived. In contrast to the 3124:

and new practices such as participant observation and geostatistics being incorporated into geography's portfolio of tools. In the West during the 20th century, the discipline of geography went through four major phases:

1262:

and can be viewed as a product of the quantitative revolution. In general, some dispute the entire concept of laws in geography and the social sciences. These criticisms have been addressed by Tobler and others, such as

1356:

Tradition. These concepts are broad sets of geography philosophies bound together within the discipline. They are one of many ways geographers organize the major sets of thoughts and philosophies within the discipline.

2584:

The concept of geography is present in all cultures, and therefore the history of the discipline is a series of competing narratives, with concepts emerging at various points across space and time. The oldest known

2971:

was only 16.8 km less than the modern value of 6,356.7 km. In contrast to his predecessors, who measured the Earth's circumference by sighting the Sun simultaneously from two different locations,

1231:

A graphical or bar scale. A map would also usually give its scale numerically ("1:50,000", for instance, means that one cm on the map represents 50,000 cm of real space, which is 500 meters).

3153:

that seeks to understand the world in a holistic view. New concepts and philosophies have emerged from the rapid advancement of computers, quantitative methods, and interdisciplinary approaches. In 1970,

7878: 2375:

Remote sensing is the art, science, and technology of obtaining information about Earth's features from measurements made at a distance. Remotely sensed data can be either passive, such as traditional

2213:, that "everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things." As spatial interrelationships are key to this synoptic science, maps are a key tool. Classical 2310:

affects the distortion of map symbols projected onto a flat surface for viewing. It can be said, without much controversy, that cartography is the seed from which the larger field of geography grew.

943:

in the case of Mars), its features, and phenomena that take place on it. For something to fall into the domain of geography, it generally needs some sort of spatial component that can be placed on a

2764:

methods of geographical study and writing of geographical literature became much more comprehensive than what was found in Europe at the time (until the 13th century). Chinese geographers such as

1163:'s papers, he explains that in his view, geography is the study of Earth as a home for humanity, and thus place and the complex meaning behind the term is central to the discipline of geography. 2658:(c. 610–545 BC): considered by later Greek writers to be the true founder of geography, come to us through fragments quoted by his successors. Anaximander is credited with the invention of the 1615: 2639: 3740:

on the Earth's surface and the processes that change them over time. Geology employs many of the tools and techniques of technical geographers, such as GIS and remote sensing to aid in

6738:

Krige, Danie G. (1951). "A statistical approach to some basic mine valuation problems on the Witwatersrand". J. of the Chem., Metal. and Mining Soc. of South Africa 52 (6): 119–139

2424:

analysis, specifically the application of a statistical methodology to the exploration of geographic phenomena. Geostatistics is used extensively in a variety of fields, including

3109:

have regarded both Humboldt and Ritter as the founders of modern geography, as Humboldt and Ritter were the first to establish geography as an independent scientific discipline.

10125: 7715: 7011: 870:(100 – 170 AD). This work created the so-called "Ptolemaic tradition" of geography, which included "Ptolemaic cartographic theory." However, the concepts of geography (such as 4735: 3162:, "everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things." This law summarizes the first assumption geographers make about the world. 2984:

and mountain top, which yielded more accurate measurements of the Earth's circumference, and made it possible for it to be measured by a single person from a single location.

1688:

Human geography (or anthropogeography) is a branch of geography that focuses on studying patterns and processes that shape human society. It encompasses the human, political,

7758: 2635:

dating back to the 9th century BC depicted Babylon as being further north from the center of the world, though it is not certain what that center was supposed to represent.

2923:. He was regarded as the most skilled when it came to mapping cities and measuring the distances between them, which he did for many cities in the Middle East and the 3622: 3273: 2209:

All geographic research and analysis start with asking the question "where," followed by "why there." Geographers start with the fundamental assumption set forth in

874:) date back to the earliest attempts to understand the world spatially, with the earliest example of an attempted world map dating to the 9th century BCE in ancient 2741:). To measure the longitude at different locations on Earth, he suggested using eclipses to determine the relative difference in time. The extensive mapping by the 2643: 2714:. However, he still believed that the Earth was a flat disk, as did many of his contemporaries. One of the first estimates of the radius of the Earth was made by 2670:

is also credited with the prediction of eclipses. The foundations of geography can be traced to ancient cultures, such as the ancient, medieval, and early modern

1332:

Geography is an extremely broad field. Because of this, many view the various definitions of geography proposed over the decades as inadequate. To address this,

111: 3871:

While the discipline of geography is normally concerned with the Earth, the term can also be informally used to describe the study of other worlds, such as the

9283: 7859: 1333: 1286:: "Everything is related to everything else, but things observed at a coarse spatial resolution are more related than things observed at a finer resolution." 10283: 10278: 5931:

Otto, Philipp; Dogan, Osman; Taspınar, Suleyman (2023). "A Dynamic Spatiotemporal Stochastic Volatility Model with an Application to Environmental Risks".

5238: 2905:. Suhrāb, a late tenth century Muslim geographer accompanied a book of geographical coordinates, with instructions for making a rectangular world map with 1197:, however, it is of significant concern in the discipline of geography. In physics, space and time are not separated, and are combined into the concept of 6245: 10118: 2551:

tool to explain the implications of geographic research. It is often employed to address and communicate the implications of complex topics, such as the

10240: 6077:

Geography reformed: a new system of general geography, according to an accurate analysis of the science in four parts. The whole illustrated with notes

3895:

have been employed to describe the study of other celestial objects. Ultimately, geography may be considered a subdiscipline within planetary science.

2272:

quantitative revolution heavily influenced and revitalized technical geography, and lead to the development of the subfield of quantitative geography.

3552: 5890:

Hecht, Brent; Moxley, Emily (2009). "Terabytes of Tobler: Evaluating the First Law in a Massive, Domain-Neutral Representation of World Knowledge".

5336: 7673: 939:

Geography is a systematic study of the Earth (other celestial bodies are specified, such as "geography of Mars", or given another name, such as

10111: 7836: 3629: 10270: 7931: 4692: 3490: 7474: 2927:. He often combined astronomical readings and mathematical equations to develop methods of pin-pointing locations by recording degrees of 3573: 3016:

revived a desire for both accurate geographic detail and more solid theoretical foundations in Europe. In 1650, the first edition of the

967:

study the Earth's spatial and temporal distribution of phenomena, processes, and features as well as the interaction of humans and their

774: 5094: 8695: 8387: 8222: 7380: 4871: 9430: 9334: 3502: 1494: 1058: 1469:, streams, landforms, and oceans. Physical geographers will often work in identifying and monitoring the use of natural resources. 5646: 1692:, social, and economic aspects. In industry, human geographers often work in city planning, public health, or business analysis. 1098: 2792:

wrote important treatises, yet by the 17th century advanced ideas and methods of Western-style geography were adopted in China.

10375: 8094: 6858:

Brewer, Cynthia (1994). "Color use guidelines for mapping and visualization". In MacEachren, A.M.; Taylor, D.R. Fraser (eds.).

2333:

systems. GIS has revolutionized the field of cartography: nearly all mapmaking is now done with the assistance of some form of

2337:. The science of using GIS software and GIS techniques to represent, analyse, and predict the spatial relationships is called 10298: 10293: 8502: 7964: 7872: 7709: 7615: 7570: 7540: 7450: 7418: 6690: 6635: 6445: 6296: 5915: 5568: 5420: 5395: 5134: 5088: 4910: 4791: 4763: 4729: 4660: 4496: 4466: 4379: 4347: 4220: 4192: 4160: 4124: 4061: 4019: 8658: 7970: 7638: 7576: 5719:

Walker, Robert Toovey (28 April 2021). "Geography, Von Thünen, and Tobler's first law: Tracing the evolution of a concept".

6288: 6217: 4053: 1990: 1375: 4808: 10215: 10170: 7350: 3514: 3466: 3421: 3283: 1277: 1062: 824:—not merely where objects are, but also how they have changed and come to be. While geography is specific to Earth, many 9109: 3744:. However, geology includes research that goes beyond the spatial component, such as the chemical analysis of rocks and 3004:

during the 16th and the 17th centuries, where many new lands were discovered and accounts by European explorers such as

2456:(estimate) of unmeasured points. Geographers are making notable contributions to the method of quantitative techniques. 10400: 10340: 10313: 8622: 8116: 6660: 6591:

Jenks, George (December 1953). "An Improved Curriculum for Cartographic Training at the College and University Level".

6356: 5495: 4942: 3991: 3478: 3417: 3159: 2210: 1797: 1271: 1034:

2nd edition of the book expanded on these key concepts by adding "Environmental systems," "Social Systems," "Nature," "

2471:

physical geography. Increasingly, technical geographers are attempting to employ GIS methods to qualitative datasets.

2395:

and cartographic base maps. Geographers increasingly use remotely sensed data to obtain information about the Earth's

1009:

and how humans create, view, manage, and influence space. Physical geography examines the natural environment and how

10265: 10225: 10150: 8282: 7830: 7393: 7363: 7029: 6519: 6494: 6469: 5656: 4966: 4254: 4088: 3834: 3520: 3047: 2238:

Regional – Examines systematic relationships between categories for a specific region or location on the planet.

2196: 3816: 1885: 10335: 10253: 10248: 10067: 9329: 9293: 5370: 4078: 3496: 3460: 3175: 3065:). The development of many geographic societies also occurred during the 19th century, with the foundations of the 2916: 5820:

Goodchild, Michael (2004). "The Validity and Usefulness of Laws in Geographic Information Science and Geography".

1813: 10003: 9396: 8353: 7750: 6421:

Johnston, Ron (2000). "Human Geography". In Johnston, Ron; Gregory, Derek; Pratt, Geraldine; et al. (eds.).

6346: 3331:(born 1943) – cartographic theorist who wrote numerous books contributing to Geographic Information Systems. 2547:

to explore the interconnectedness between humans, space, place, and the environment. Geopoetics is employed as a

2131: 1701: 1305:, which states: "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things, 1245: 1057:

established by "Guidelines for Geographic Education: Elementary and Secondary Schools," published jointly by the

767: 10091: 5277: 1120: 9960: 9614: 9455: 9288: 9042: 8688: 6869: 3892: 3812: 3650: 3545: 3382: 2861:

provided detailed accounts of their journeys and the geography of the regions they visited. Turkish geographer

2339: 2178: 2058: 1975: 1366: 1112:

the world as a dynamic space where all processes interact and take place, rather than a static image on a map.

738: 425: 3101:

can be seen as a major turning point in geography from philosophy to an academic subject. Geographers such as

1833: 1289: 10395: 10385: 10210: 10205: 9567: 9423: 9148: 8184: 7816: 7321: 4112: 3472: 3243: 3078: 2449: 2319: 2218: 1371:

In another approach to the abovementioned four traditions, geography is organized into applied branches. The

536: 101: 3066: 2391:(including consumer drones), and data obtained from hand-held sensors. Products from remote sensing include 2019: 10443: 10260: 10220: 9908: 9818: 9314: 9075: 8158: 4688: 3587: 3580: 3532: 3074: 3058: 2722: 2441: 1340:

or Locational Tradition, the Man-Land or Human-Environment Interaction Tradition (sometimes referred to as

1327: 1093:

Just as all phenomena exist in time and thus have a history, they also exist in space and have a geography.

948: 463: 17: 5308: 5154: 3120:

Over the past two centuries, the advancements in technology with computers have led to the development of

2099: 10308: 10303: 10200: 10185: 9460: 8733: 8718: 5764: 4523:"Towards Qualitative Geovisual Analytics: A Case Study Involving Places, People, and Mediated Experience" 3685: 3671: 3508: 3356: 3082: 2967:, which was close to modern values of the Earth's circumference. His estimate of 6,339.9 km for the 2935:. He also developed similar techniques when it came to measuring the heights of mountains, depths of the 2834: 2826: 2599: 1283: 1085: 985: 743: 691: 7661: 4900: 3450:(1930–2022) – Chinese-American scholar credited with starting Humanistic Geography as a discipline. 3365:(1845–1918) – founder of the French school of geopolitics, wrote the principles of human geography. 1662: 10360: 10330: 9384: 8124: 7607: 6148:"Geography's Crosscutting Themes: Golden Anniversary Reflections on "The Four Traditions of Geography"" 4721: 3808: 3526: 3393: 3265: 3070: 2906: 2174: 760: 31: 6859: 1236:

used. Scale is the frame that geographers use to measure space, and ultimately to understand a place.

9722: 9450: 9190: 8681: 3126: 2445: 1530: 578: 131: 7901: 7820: 7735: 4567: 10438: 10195: 10165: 10055: 9903: 9893: 9690: 9416: 8646: 7927: 5436:

Galison, Peter Louis (1979). "Minkowski's space–time: From visual thinking to the absolute world".

3797: 3678: 3643: 3397: 2964: 2894: 2687: 2400: 2361: 2287:

separately. Cartography has grown from a collection of drafting techniques into an actual science.

1892: 1781: 1537: 1054: 8417: 7919: 5044: 4680: 3349:(Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي; Latin: Dreses) (1100–1165) – author of Nuzhatul Mushtaq. 10433: 10350: 10325: 10160: 10155: 10086: 9865: 9753: 9648: 9298: 9263: 9205: 8728: 7467: 7248: 4522: 3935: 3801: 3664: 3362: 3340: 3134: 3098: 2526: 2392: 2251: 2167: 2051: 1749: 1717: 1264: 1108: 664: 651: 593: 141: 8441:""Academic War Over the Field of Geography": The Elimination of Geography at Harvard, 1947-1951" 8248: 6096: 4988: 2495:

of nominal data, such as land cover or dominant language group in an area. Another example is a

1630: 1598: 10380: 10365: 9975: 9695: 9523: 9118: 9085: 8833: 8763: 3337:(born 1962) – contributed significantly to the use of GPS and real-time mapping within GIS 3279: 3199: 3090: 2948: 2734: 2691: 2679: 2255: 1733: 1578: 896: 888: 505: 473: 239: 169: 121: 8150: 5645:

DeLyser, Dydia; Herbert, Steve; Aitken, Stuart; Crang, Mike; McDowell, Linda (November 2009).

5587:

Arbia, Giuseppe; Benedetti, R.; Espa, G. (1996). ""Effects of MAUP on image classification"".

2241:

Systematic – Groups geographical knowledge into categories that can be explored globally.

1932:

Various approaches to the study of human geography have also arisen through time and include:

1546: 10235: 10175: 9898: 9888: 9850: 9823: 9785: 9758: 9668: 9577: 9496: 9486: 9240: 9080: 9052: 8933: 8783: 8668: 5070: 3608: 3303: 2465: 2106: 1869: 1740: 1478: 1438: 1336:

proposed the concept of the "Four traditions of Geography" in 1964. These traditions are the

892: 627: 468: 435: 382: 189: 8379: 8214: 7115: 6535:

Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine; Watts, Michael J.; Whatmore, Sarah (2009).

5855:

Tobler, Waldo (1999). "Linear pycnophylactic reallocation comment on a paper by D. Martin".

5519: 1853: 1274:: "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant." 10405: 10390: 10355: 10345: 10190: 9845: 9685: 9658: 9653: 9550: 9258: 9230: 9131: 9067: 8967: 8838: 8828: 8798: 8768: 8738: 8723: 8707: 8311: 7442: 7073: 6817: 6385: 6159: 6108: 6026: 5985: 5895: 5864: 5166: 5006: 4997: 4899:

Clifford, Nicholas J.; Holloway, Sarah L.; Rice, Stephen P.; Valentine, Gill, eds. (2014).

4568:

Qualitative Developmental Research Methods in Their Historical and Epistemological Contexts

4419: 4290: 4152: 4012:

Key Concepts in Geography: Scale, Resolution, Analysis, and Synthesis in Physical Geography

3860: 3437: 3431: 3227: 3150: 3043: 3018: 3005: 2993: 2579: 2564: 2518: 2484: 2334: 2291: 1936: 1917: 1840: 1788: 1341: 1176: 1022: 879: 671: 646: 618: 519: 453: 244: 234: 204: 174: 126: 94: 83: 35: 5199:

Tuan, Yi-Fu (1991). "Language and the Making of Place: A Narrative-Descriptive Approach".

4782:

Hough, Carole; Izdebska, Daria (2016). "Names and Geography". In Gammeltoft, Peder (ed.).

3057:

The 18th and 19th centuries were the times when geography became recognized as a discrete

1514: 1181: 1124:

Yi-Fu Tuan, geographer who foregrounded the importance of language in the making of place.

8: 10370: 10320: 10230: 10180: 10025: 10019: 9945: 9860: 9805: 9680: 9545: 9491: 9339: 9324: 9019: 8924: 8865: 8848: 8823: 8773: 8615:

The Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France, and the United States

7984:

two different sites, applied in the ninth century by astronomers of the Khalif al-Ma'mun.

7781: 6464:. New Delhi: National Council of Educational Research and Training. 2006. pp. 1–12. 6279: 4848: 3911: 3879:

and even beyond. The study of systems larger than the Earth itself usually forms part of

3657: 3601: 3594: 3484: 3323: 3222: 3171: 3023: 2924: 2678:, who were the first to explore geography as both art and science, achieved this through 2307: 2067: 1963: 1820: 1708: 1562: 1407: 1387: 1280:: "The phenomenon external to a geographic area of interest affects what goes on inside." 1002: 968: 863: 829: 748: 400: 271: 254: 229: 179: 106: 10103: 8315: 7077: 6821: 6389: 6312: 6163: 6112: 6030: 5989: 5899: 5868: 5833: 5780: 5324: 5170: 5010: 4580: 4527:

Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization

4423: 4294: 2737:. The meridians were subdivided into 360°, with each degree further subdivided into 60 ( 2115: 1765: 1021:

produce and interact. The difference between these approaches led to the development of

10428: 9970: 9535: 9360: 9220: 9170: 9009: 8880: 8843: 8818: 8808: 8803: 8788: 8778: 8589: 8547: 8468: 8460: 8456: 8335: 8244: 8060: 8016: 7889: 7793: 7723: 7669: 7513: 7326: 7268: 7222: 7183: 7135: 7089: 7035: 6985: 6931: 6833: 6776: 6749: 6608: 6573: 6175: 6047: 6014: 5954: 5936: 5837: 5784: 5736: 5696: 5622: 5453: 5328: 5269: 5261: 5212: 4618: 4542: 4340:

Key Concepts in Geography: Place, Connections and Boundaries in an Interdependent World

4306: 3929: 3741: 3558: 3427: 3346: 3216: 3141:. The strong interdisciplinary links between geography and the sciences of geology and 3138: 3130: 3102: 3051: 3038:

agreeing on what zero meridians should be was only part of the problem. It was left to

2862: 2838: 2514: 2492: 2388: 2003: 1946: 1901: 1860: 1804: 1756: 1724: 1669: 1420: 1383: 1349: 1038:," "Development," and "Risk," demonstrating how challenging narrowing the field can be. 998: 820:. Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of Earth and 718: 681: 676: 608: 558: 387: 289: 249: 224: 214: 209: 194: 184: 146: 136: 7496:

Delano Smith, Catherine (1996). "Imago Mundi's Logo the Babylonian Map of the World".

7062:"An art–science approach to bycatch in the Gulf of California shrimp trawling fishery" 6510:

Kretzschmar Jr., William A. (24 October 2013). Schlüter, Julia; Krug, Manfred (eds.).

6208: 5480:

International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology

2987: 9940: 9935: 9923: 9918: 9790: 9780: 9700: 9643: 9587: 9367: 9090: 8910: 8870: 8618: 8551: 8539: 8498: 8472: 8327: 8278: 7960: 7868: 7826: 7812: 7705: 7611: 7600: 7566: 7536: 7446: 7414: 7389: 7359: 7330: 7272: 7226: 7187: 7139: 7093: 7039: 7025: 6989: 6935: 6865: 6837: 6781: 6686: 6656: 6631: 6577: 6515: 6490: 6465: 6441: 6403: 6352: 6292: 6179: 6052: 6013:

Zhang, Yu; Sheng, Wu; Zhao, Zhiyuan; Yang, Xiping; Fang, Zhixiang (30 January 2023).

5958: 5911: 5740: 5700: 5652: 5564: 5491: 5416: 5391: 5366: 5130: 5084: 5022: 4962: 4938: 4906: 4787: 4759: 4725: 4656: 4492: 4462: 4375: 4372:

Key Concepts in Geography: Place, The Management of Sustainable Physical Environments

4343: 4250: 4216: 4188: 4156: 4120: 4084: 4057: 4015: 3987: 3888: 3776: 3566: 3389: 3315: 3204: 3184: 3061:, and became part of a typical university curriculum in Europe (especially Paris and 2912: 2850: 2800: 2667: 2384: 2083: 1908: 1605: 1521: 1214: 1006: 940: 833: 686: 478: 372: 334: 276: 6512:

Research Methods in Language Variation and Change: Computer mapping of language data

5841: 5788: 5487: 5332: 5273: 2757:, using a grid system on his maps and adopting a length of 56.5 miles for a degree. 2298:

to understand which symbols convey information about the Earth most effectively and

1041: 9955: 9800: 9775: 9582: 9572: 9562: 9372: 9185: 9057: 8942: 8860: 8793: 8581: 8531: 8452: 8319: 8086: 8052: 8008: 7505: 7316: 7306: 7260: 7214: 7173: 7127: 7081: 7017: 6977: 6923: 6825: 6771: 6761: 6719: 6600: 6563: 6393: 6167: 6116: 6042: 6034: 5993: 5946: 5903: 5872: 5829: 5776: 5728: 5688: 5531: 5483: 5445: 5320: 5253: 5208: 5174: 5076: 5014: 4863: 4648: 4546: 4534: 4427: 4298: 3923: 3764: 3441: 3343:(born 1944) – GIScience scholar and winner of the RGS founder's medal in 2003. 3219:(Born 1957) – influential in the use of GIS and geographic methods in History. 3001: 2920: 2842: 2761: 2683: 2671: 2662:, the simple, yet efficient Greek instrument that allowed the early measurement of 2437: 2326: 2217:

has been joined by a more modern approach to geographical analysis, computer-based

2122: 2090: 2035: 1876: 1772: 1337: 1202: 867: 573: 440: 325: 266: 199: 116: 78: 6981: 6568: 6551: 5732: 5475: 1250:

During the quantitative revolution, geography shifted to an empirical law-making (

9965: 9732: 9727: 9540: 9153: 8946: 8853: 8755: 8300:"The Association of American Geographers: The First Seventy-Five Years 1904–1979" 7954: 7699: 7632: 7560: 6171: 5974:"Mining Type-β Co-Location Patterns on Closeness Centrality in Spatial Data Sets" 5950: 5178: 4715: 3745: 3636: 3378: 3309: 2944: 2886: 2846: 2710:

was able to demonstrate that the profile of the Earth was circular by explaining

2695: 2590: 2448:, and a variety of other subjects. Applications of geostatistics rely heavily on 1924: 1683: 1637: 1379: 1186: 994: 971:. Because space and place affect a variety of topics, such as economics, health, 837: 541: 329: 259: 159: 7249:"Gesturing toward the common and the desperation: Climate geopoetics' potential" 6965: 5907: 5535: 4752:. Lecture delivered at King's College, London, by Sir Marc Alexander. Quoted in 4652: 1646: 10080: 9928: 9840: 9835: 9592: 9513: 9508: 9439: 9215: 9210: 9175: 9095: 9037: 8898: 8641: 8610: 6147: 6038: 4816: 3728: 3328: 3299: 3249: 2882: 2745:

as they explored new lands would later provide a high level of information for

2675: 2429: 2421: 2352: 2302:

to induce the readers of their maps to act on the information. They must learn

2138: 2042: 1979: 1941: 1614: 1172: 1137: 1133: 904: 841: 723: 603: 598: 563: 483: 420: 309: 8653: 7509: 6281:

Geography – Vol. II: Technical Geography Core concepts in the mapping sciences

6120: 5692: 5388:

Key Concepts in Geography: Time, Change and Stability in Environmental Systems

5018: 4431: 2235:

Descriptive – Simply specifies the locations of features and populations.

1411:

geographic philosophies, concepts, and tools and often overlap significantly.

10422: 10031: 9987: 9950: 9880: 9855: 9765: 9663: 9609: 9604: 9180: 9143: 8972: 8919: 8543: 8331: 8270: 7811:

Tibbetts, Gerald R. (1997). "The Beginnings of a Cartographic Tradition". In

7311: 7294: 7264: 7218: 7178: 7161: 7131: 7085: 6766: 6407: 5155:"Interactive three-dimensional geovisualization of space-time access to food" 5026: 4213:

Key Concepts in Geography: Space, Making Room for Space in Physical Geography

3615: 3269: 3233: 3106: 3086: 3039: 2870: 2738: 2604: 2548: 2453: 2417: 2412: 1553: 1426: 1353: 1218: 1046: 1035: 791: 713: 701: 568: 531: 353: 343: 8663: 6927: 6893: 6829: 6246:"The Process of Geomorphology Related to Sub Branches of Physical Geography" 5876: 4867: 4538: 4407: 4146: 2260: 1189:

of time geography: space-time cube, path, prism, bundle, and other concepts.

816:'write') is the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of 9830: 9770: 9518: 9476: 9319: 9158: 8995: 8914: 8903: 8888: 8813: 7439:

Geography and Ethnography: Perceptions of the World in Pre-Modern Societies

7202: 7061: 6785: 6056: 5894:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5756. Springer. p. 88. 4647:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 409. pp. 435–441. 4149:

Geography and Ethnography: Perceptions of the World in Pre-Modern Societies

3905: 3876: 3413: 3352: 3289: 3210: 3155: 3146: 3027: 2977: 2968: 2878: 2874: 2830: 2742: 2715: 2552: 2522: 2433: 2396: 2365: 1621: 1485: 1345: 1259: 848: 546: 338: 314: 299: 219: 7021: 7010:

Magrane, Eric; Russo, Linda; de Leeuw, Sarah; Santos Perez, Craig (2019).

6911: 6805: 4643:

Sheehan, William (19 September 2014). "Geography of Mars, or Areography".

2479: 10139: 9982: 9870: 9795: 9712: 9631: 9624: 9481: 9248: 9200: 9195: 9136: 9126: 8938: 8928: 6724: 6707: 5998: 5973: 3926: – Development of planet Earth from its formation to the present day 3725: 3721: 3407: 3334: 3319: 3259: 3253: 3239: 3094: 2858: 2854: 2822: 2785: 2781: 2730: 2694:. There is some debate about who was the first person to assert that the 2655: 2529:

and in-depth interviews provide human geographers with qualitative data.

2508: 2376: 2369: 2299: 2281: 2214: 1970: 1824: 1589: 1505: 1501: 1434: 1430: 1395: 1222: 1152: 1144: 993:

Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into three main branches:

964: 956: 900: 871: 636: 588: 583: 524: 514: 367: 321: 7797: 5626: 5610: 5457: 3371:(c. 100–c. 170) – compiled Greek and Roman knowledge into the book 2543:

Geopoetics is an interdisciplinary approach that combines geography and

1473:

Physical geography can be divided into many broad categories, including:

931: 10036: 9875: 9717: 9675: 9619: 9253: 9003: 8981: 8956: 8951: 8593: 8535: 8464: 8440: 8040: 7749:

Nawwab, Ismail I.; Hoye, Paul F.; Speers, Peter C. (5 September 2018).

7517: 6612: 5413:

Key Concepts in Geography: Time, From Hegemonic Change to Everyday life

3917: 3713: 3447: 3372: 3013: 3009: 2754: 2726: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2638: 2538: 2295: 2264: 2181: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1998:

Technical geography can be divided into many broad categories, such as:

1844: 1569: 1462: 1442: 1391: 1251: 1227: 1160: 1148: 1080: 641: 358: 8357: 8339: 8064: 8020: 5265: 4622: 4606: 4310: 4278: 3312:(1916–1996) – influential in computer cartography and thematic mapping 9810: 9707: 9636: 9503: 9225: 9047: 9027: 8990: 8986: 8519: 8275:

Interpreting Our World: 100 Discoveries That Revolutionized Geography

6398: 6373: 5449: 4959:

Guidelines for Geographic Education: Elementary and Secondary Schools

4813:

AAG Career Guide: Jobs in Geography and related Geographical Sciences

3932: – Planet that is composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals 3884: 3880: 3852: 3440:(1850–1934) – father of American geography and developer of the 3180: 3121: 3116:

Waldo Tobler in front of the Newberry Library. Chicago, November 2007

2973: 2932: 2866: 2632: 2612: 2594: 2586: 2513:

Ethnographical research techniques are used by human geographers. In

2425: 2074: 2010: 1983: 1585: 1454: 1403: 1399: 1198: 1156: 923: 912: 908: 811: 805: 799: 706: 696: 613: 430: 410: 377: 363: 8585: 8299: 8298:

Freeman, T. W.; James, Preston E.; Martin, Geoffrey J. (July 1980).

6604: 6552:"Cartography and the others – aspects of a complicated relationship" 4933:

Holloway, Sarah L.; Rice, Stephen P.; Valentine, Gill, eds. (2003).

4487:

Fotheringham, A. Stewart; Brunsdon, Chris; Charlton, Martin (2000).

4185:

Key Concepts in Geography: Space, The Fundamental Stuff of Geography

3847: 3786: 3246:, and established geography as an independent scientific discipline. 3213:, and established geography as an independent scientific discipline. 3112: 2156: 847:

Origins of many of the concepts in geography can be traced to Greek

66: 8999: 8673: 8323: 8056: 8012: 6683:

Introductory digital image processing: a remote sensing perspective

6331: 5941: 5257: 4302: 3708: 2956: 2952: 2928: 2789: 2777: 2663: 2496: 2383:. A variety of platforms can be used for remote sensing, including 2357: 2330: 1951: 1696:

Human geography can be divided into many broad categories, such as:

1653: 1129: 1018: 1010: 960: 10075: 9408: 8192: 7634:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology: Earinus-Nyx

6015:"An urban crowd flow model integrating geographic characteristics" 5080: 5075:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 1997. p. 28. 2795: 10135: 9557: 9163: 9032: 8976: 8960: 8893: 8572:

Bryce, James (1902). "The Importance of Geography in Education".

5972:

Zou, Muquan; Wang, Lizhen; Wu, Ping; Tran, Vanha (23 July 2022).

5520:"Strategies For The Visualization Of Geographic Time-Series Data" 3757: 3717: 3703: 3368: 3242:(1779–1859) – occupied the first chair of geography, at the 2960: 2940: 2902: 2890: 2804: 2773: 2769: 2746: 2711: 2624: 2616: 2608: 2303: 2026: 1689: 1458: 1194: 972: 952: 875: 825: 551: 415: 348: 304: 42: 7009: 6485:

Lake, Ron; Burggraf, David; Trninic, Milan; Rae, Laurie (2004).

5239:"A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region" 2829:

led to a shift in the evolution of geography from Europe to the

1429:. It aims to understand the physical problems and the issues of 1425:

Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography as an

1053:

Another approach used extensively in teaching geography are the

6539:(5th ed.). US & UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 611–612. 3872: 3403: 3252: – cartographic theorist that created the web application 3142: 3062: 2936: 2765: 2659: 2620: 2544: 2232:

we find features and populations in a specific geographic area.

1987: 1372: 8664:

Origin and meaning of geography by Online Etymology Dictionary

8041:"Newton, the Newtonians, and the Geographia Generalis Varenii" 7999:

Baker, J. N. L. (1955). "The Geography of Bernhard Varenius".

7861:

Astronomy and Islamic society: Qibla, genomics and timekeeping

5072:

Rediscovering Geography: New Relevance for Science and Society

2959:, using the maximum altitude of the Sun, and solved a complex 2623:, and several cities, in turn surrounded by a "bitter river" ( 2224:

In their study, geographers use four interrelated approaches:

8128: 6891:

Bodenhamer, David J.; John Corrigan; Trevor M. Harris. 2015.

4898: 4489:

Quantitative Geography: Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis

3856: 3737: 3026:, which was later edited and republished by others including 2981: 2898: 2750: 2380: 1450: 1446: 1075: 821: 817: 794: 4486: 3190: 7203:"Geopoetics: On organising, mourning, and the incalculable" 6806:"Qualitative Methods for Research on Mapmaking and Map Use" 3984:

Introduction to Geography: People, Places & Environment

3864: 3296:

276–c. 195/194 BC) – calculated the size of the Earth.

1466: 1014: 8001:

Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers)

5561:

Key Concepts in Geography: Scale, the local and the global

3410:, one of the first books outlining the study of geography. 959:

and place names. Although many geographers are trained in

10133: 9599: 7701:

Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

6534: 6348:

Physical Geography: Great Systems and Global Environments

5857:

International Journal of Geographical Information Science

5644: 5415:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 140–152. 5390:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 119–139. 5045:"Exploring the five themes of geography using technology" 4374:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 173–199. 3623:

International Journal of Geographical Information Science

2865:

drew a world map on a linguistic basis, and later so did

944: 8162: 6708:"Land Use and Land Cover Mapping in the Era of Big Data" 5064: 5062: 4215:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 97–119. 2991:

Map of southern Atlantic ocean from 1733 edition of the

2901:, founded the "Balkhī school" of terrestrial mapping in 2436:. The mathematical basis for geostatistics derives from 8409: 6436:

Getis, Arthur; Bjelland, Mark; Getis, Victoria (2018).

5563:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 85–96. 4342:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 85–96. 4187:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 85–96. 4014:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 85–96. 2642:

Etching of an ancient seal identified as Eratosthenes.

1457:). Physical geography is the study of earth's seasons, 8151:"Русское Географическое Общество (основано в 1845 г.)" 7352:

Questionnaires and Interviews in Geographical Research

6487:

Geography Mark-Up Language: Foundation for the Geo-Web

6484: 5679:

Yano, Keiji (2001). "GIS and quantitative geography".

3381:(1933 – 2014) – the primary originator of modern 3268:(1944–2016) – scholar in the space and places of 2306:

and fairly advanced mathematics to understand how the

851:

of Cyrene, who may have coined the term "geographia" (

8084: 6912:"Deep mapping for environmental communication design" 6897:. Indiana University Press. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctt1zxxzr2 6748:

Vibha, Pathak; Bijayini, Jena; Sanjay, Kaira (2013).

6685:. Glenview, IL: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 623. 5059: 4932: 4815:. American Association of Geographers. Archived from 4147:

Kurt A. Raaflaub & Richard J. A. Talbert (2009).

3149:, have also grown greatly, especially as a result of 1292:: Geographic variables exhibit uncontrolled variance. 963:

and cartology, this is not their main preoccupation.

8089:[Who are we ? – Society of Geography]. 7116:"Climate geopoetics (the earth is a composted poem)" 5043:

Buchanan, Lisa Brown; Tschida, Christina M. (2015).

3430:(1893–1969) – human geographer and inventor of 2428:, geology, petroleum exploration, weather analysis, 8669:

Topic Dictionaries at Oxford Learner's Dictionaries

8191:. The American Geographical Society. Archived from 7533:

A join to the map of the world: A notable discovery

6747: 4786:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 3914: – System that relates geologic strata to time 1193:Time is usually thought to be within the domain of 8617:. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. p. 14. 8492: 8297: 7599: 6462:Fundamentals of Physical Geography as a Discipline 6435: 6329: 6012: 5586: 4894: 4892: 4714:Hornby, William F.; Jones, Melvyn (29 June 1991). 4566:Diriwächter, R. & Valsiner, J. (January 2006) 3908: – Planet with environment similar to Earth's 1049:, are a central element in the study of geography. 955:. This has led to geography being associated with 8445:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 8253:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 8045:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 7779: 7437:Raaflaub, Kurt A.; Talbert, Richard J.A. (2009). 7411:Key Concepts in Geography: Histories of Geography 7322:20.500.11820/b64b3dd4-c959-4a8e-877f-85d3058ce4b1 6593:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 5930: 5822:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 5769:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 5313:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 5201:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 4611:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 3553:Annals of the American Association of Geographers 3282:(1863–1932) – first female president of the 2313: 1378:organizes geography into the three categories of 10420: 7786:International Journal of the Classical Tradition 7748: 6097:"A New Look at the Four Traditions of Geography" 4482: 4480: 4478: 7751:"Islam and Islamic History and The Middle East" 7436: 6509: 5124: 5042: 4926: 4889: 3887:. The study of other planets is usually called 1258:have been proposed since then, most notably by 1246:Quantitative geography § Laws of geography 8520:"Biogeochemistry: its origins and development" 8249:"The pre-classical period of modern geography" 8034: 8032: 8030: 7602:A Concise History of Solar and Stellar Physics 7598:Tassoul, Jean-Louis; Tassoul, Monique (2004). 7597: 7059: 6910:Butts, Shannon; Jones, Madison (20 May 2021). 6706:Zhang, Chuanrong; Li, Xinba (September 2022). 6628:Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems 6345:Marsh, William M.; Kaufman, Martin M. (2013). 6141: 6139: 6137: 6090: 6088: 6086: 4951: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4247:Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience 3981: 3630:ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 836:. Geography has been called "a bridge between 10119: 9424: 9284:Geographic data and information organizations 8689: 7994: 7992: 7858:King, David A. (1996). Rashed, Roshdi (ed.). 6330:Pidwirny, Michael; Jones, Scott (1999–2015). 5971: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4781: 4678: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4475: 4117:International Encyclopedia of Human Geography 3920: – Physics of the Earth and its vicinity 3491:Institute of Geographical Information Systems 3454: 3225:(1622–1650)– German geographer and author of 768: 8259:(3): 35–48 – via Taylor & Francis. 7693: 7691: 7637:. Vol. 2nd. London: Taylor and Walton. 7495: 7432: 7430: 7016:(1 ed.). London: Taylor & Francis. 6803: 6630:(4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, inc. 6503: 6344: 6273: 6271: 5604: 5602: 5365:. Geo Abstracts, University of East Anglia. 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5038: 5036: 4560: 2873:). Further, Islamic scholars translated and 2615:, surrounded by a circular landmass showing 866:was as the title of a book by Greek scholar 8027: 7382:Survey Research in Underdeveloped Countries 6885: 6134: 6083: 5889: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5438:Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 4713: 4520: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4388: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4104: 3815:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3574:Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography 2275: 10126: 10112: 9431: 9417: 8696: 8682: 8605: 8603: 8567: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8243: 7989: 7804: 7653: 7378: 7348: 7162:"Geopoetics: Storytelling against mastery" 6909: 6851: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6644: 6514:. Cambridge University Press. p. 53. 5802: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5648:The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Geography 5469: 5467: 5356: 5354: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 4975: 4681:"What is Environmental Geography, Anyway?" 4679:Hayes-Bohanan, James (29 September 2009). 4505: 4083:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2980:calculations based on the angle between a 2698:in shape, with the credit going either to 2474: 1045:Maps, like this 17th Century depiction of 775: 761: 9335:National Council for Geographic Education 8654:Definition of geography at Dictionary.com 8511: 8486: 8078: 7946: 7913: 7911: 7704:. Vol. 3. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. 7688: 7591: 7554: 7552: 7427: 7408: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7320: 7310: 7292: 7200: 7177: 6948: 6905: 6903: 6775: 6765: 6723: 6650: 6567: 6397: 6268: 6046: 6006: 5997: 5940: 5819: 5599: 5582: 5580: 5517: 5152: 5109: 5033: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4806: 4800: 4777: 4775: 4674: 4672: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 3835:Learn how and when to remove this message 3503:National Council for Geographic Education 3042:to solve it by inventing the chronometer 2197:Learn how and when to remove this message 1059:National Council for Geographic Education 1005:. Human geography largely focuses on the 8153:[Russian Geographical Society]. 7810: 7784:(2007). "Medieval Views of the Cosmos". 7742: 7659: 7524: 7489: 7459: 7286: 7240: 7194: 7153: 7107: 7053: 6957: 6420: 6365: 6277: 6250:Black Sea Journal of Scientific Research 6239: 6237: 6235: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6094: 6070: 6068: 6066: 5765:"On the First Law of Geography: A Reply" 5633: 5554: 5552: 5379: 5309:"On the First Law of Geography: A Reply" 5148: 5146: 4993:and the Fundamental Themes in Geography" 4707: 4456: 4445: 4405: 4356: 4324: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4140: 4110: 3982:Dahlman, Carl; Renwick, William (2014). 3977: 3975: 3973: 3846: 3707: 3406:(64/63 BC – c. AD 24) – wrote 3189: 3179: 3111: 2986: 2915:(976–1048) first described a polar equi- 2794: 2637: 2593:from the 9th century BC. The best known 2478: 2356: 2259: 1226: 1180: 1119: 1079: 1040: 930: 922: 8600: 8558: 8432: 8410:"Royal Geographical Society (with IBG)" 7952: 7773: 7718:from the original on 25 September 2016. 7697: 7624: 7465: 7113: 6963: 6804:Suchan, Trudy; Brewer, Cynthia (2000). 6792: 6705: 6669: 6653:Technological Transition in Cartography 6619: 6371: 5965: 5848: 5747: 5707: 5464: 5435: 5429: 5404: 5385: 5351: 5295: 5219: 5125:Matthews, John; Herbert, David (2008). 5069:"Chapter 3: Geography's Perspectives". 4987:Natoli, Salvatore J. (1 January 1994). 4784:The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming 4758:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 66. 4717:An introduction to Settlement Geography 4642: 4369: 4337: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4206: 4204: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 3236:(1889–1975) – cultural geographer. 3145:, as well as economics, sociology, and 2909:or cylindrical equidistant projection. 2603:of 600 BC. The map as reconstructed by 2245: 1099:United States National Research Council 27:Study of lands and inhabitants of Earth 14: 10421: 10241:Electrical and electronics engineering 10226:Developmental and reproductive biology 8517: 8269: 8087:"Société de Géographie, Paris, France" 8038: 7908: 7884:from the original on 11 November 2016. 7851: 7549: 7530: 7372: 7337: 7159: 7060:Magrane, Eric; Johnson, Maria (2017). 7003: 6900: 6857: 6680: 6625: 6584: 6543: 6425:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 353–360. 6414: 6145: 5883: 5854: 5762: 5718: 5577: 5473: 5410: 5360: 5306: 5236: 4986: 4831: 4772: 4738:from the original on 25 December 2016. 4669: 4604: 4182: 4169: 4076: 4005: 4003: 3950: 3938: – Scientific modeling of planets 3165: 2841:produced detailed world maps (such as 2459: 1974:"Geography method's and techniques," " 899:approaches. Common techniques include 862:). The first recorded use of the word 10107: 9412: 8677: 8609: 8571: 8438: 8390:from the original on 23 December 2019 8225:from the original on 23 December 2019 7998: 7630: 7413:(2nd ed.). Sage. pp. 3–20. 7379:Dixon, Chris; Leach, Bridget (1984). 7295:"Beyond geopoetics: For hybrid texts" 7246: 6590: 6549: 6374:"Physiography and Physical Geography" 6232: 6193: 6063: 5924: 5672: 5608: 5558: 5549: 5476:"Time geography and space–time prism" 5143: 4846: 4753: 4263: 4070: 3970: 3392:(1861–1947) – co-founder of the 2951:of the Earth. He also calculated the 895:approaches, with many studies taking 828:can be applied more broadly to other 10062: 9379: 8703: 8097:from the original on 6 November 2016 8093:(in French). Société de Géographie. 7917: 7857: 7558: 7477:from the original on 9 November 2016 6478: 6243: 6206: 6079:(2nd ed.). London: Edward Cave. 6074: 5678: 5198: 5127:Geography: A very short introduction 4877:from the original on 19 January 2022 4695:from the original on 26 October 2006 4645:Camille Flammarion's the Planet Mars 4521:Burns, Ryan; Skupin, Andre´ (2013). 4276: 4244: 4229: 4210: 4201: 4047: 4028: 4009: 3813:adding citations to reliable sources 3780: 3770: 2517:, there is a tradition of employing 2179:adding citations to reliable sources 2150: 1991:Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems 1376:Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems 1239: 9438: 9391: 7934:from the original on 11 August 2011 6861:Visualization in Modern Cartography 6550:Kainz, Wolfgang (21 October 2019). 5834:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402008.x 5781:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x 5325:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x 4991:Guidelines for Geographic Education 4000: 3515:Royal Canadian Geographical Society 3467:American Association of Geographers 3284:Association of American Geographers 3272:and its pluralities; winner of the 3046:in 1760, and later in 1884 for the 2963:equation to accurately compute the 2845:), while other geographers such as 1088:used to indicate positions in space 1063:Association of American Geographers 24: 8457:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00151.x 8356:. 26 February 2009. Archived from 7973:from the original on 16 April 2021 7641:from the original on 16 April 2021 7579:from the original on 24 April 2016 7468:"Babylonian clay tablet, 600 B.C." 6146:Murphy, Alexander (27 June 2014). 5213:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1991.tb01715.x 4408:"The Four Traditions of Geography" 4113:"Cartography in Islamic Societies" 3479:Anton Melik Geographical Institute 3302:(1886–1966) – creator of the 1321: 1312: 822:its human and natural complexities 65: 25: 10455: 10271:Genetics and evolutionary biology 8659:Definition of geography by Lexico 8635: 8518:Gorham, Eville (1 January 1991). 7761:from the original on 17 June 2016 7676:from the original on 4 March 2016 6537:The Dictionary of Human Geography 6423:The Dictionary of Human Geography 5651:(1 ed.). SAGE Publications. 5363:An Introduction to Time-Geography 5339:from the original on 21 June 2022 5153:Chen, Xiang; Clark, Jill (2013). 4249:. University of Minnesota Press. 3855:command module. Endeavour of the 3692: 3521:Royal Danish Geographical Society 3355:(born 1949) – originator of 3262: – originator of map algebra 3048:International Meridian Conference 2483:A compound chorochromatic map of 2346: 1307:as a consequence of accessibility 1084:A right-handed three-dimensional 10085: 10074: 10061: 10050: 10049: 9390: 9378: 9366: 9355: 9354: 9330:International Geography Olympiad 8420:from the original on 12 May 2020 8402: 8372: 8346: 8291: 8263: 8237: 8207: 8177: 8143: 8109: 7839:from the original on 12 May 2020 6894:Deep Maps and Spatial Narratives 4459:The Philosophy of Geo-Ontologies 3785: 3497:International Geographical Union 3176:List of Graeco-Roman geographers 2976:developed a new method of using 2917:azimuthal equidistant projection 2446:non-parametric statistical tests 2406: 2155: 2130: 2114: 2098: 2082: 2066: 2050: 2034: 2018: 2002: 1916: 1900: 1884: 1868: 1852: 1832: 1812: 1796: 1780: 1764: 1748: 1732: 1716: 1700: 1661: 1645: 1629: 1613: 1597: 1577: 1561: 1545: 1529: 1513: 1493: 1477: 1278:Tobler's second law of geography 10275:Cellular and molecular biology 10004:List of social science journals 7825:. Vol. 2. Chicago: Brill. 7402: 6949:Cook, Ian; Crang, Phil (1995). 6942: 6741: 6732: 6699: 6556:Geo-spatial Information Science 6528: 6454: 6429: 6338: 6323: 6305: 5589:Journal of Geographical Systems 5511: 5488:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0431 5192: 5097:from the original on 7 May 2014 4742: 4636: 4605:Lowell, Percival (April 1902). 4598: 4573: 3716:shows the relationship between 3539: 2211:Tobler's first law of geography 2166:needs additional citations for 1272:Tobler's first law of geography 1028: 918: 9961:Science and technology studies 9043:Geographic information science 8085:Société de Géographie (2016). 7473:. Henry Davis Consulting Inc. 6916:Communication Design Quarterly 6864:. Elsevier. pp. 123–134. 6440:(15th ed.). McGraw Hill. 6351:. Cambridge University Press. 5049:The Ohio Social Studies Review 4119:. Elsevier. pp. 414–427. 3893:areography (geography of Mars) 3859:in the vicinity of the crater 3651:Journal of Transport Geography 3416:(1930–2018) – coined the 3383:geographic information systems 2760:From the 3rd century onwards, 2502: 2450:geographic information systems 2340:geographic information science 2314:Geographic information systems 2219:geographic information systems 2059:Geographic information science 1976:Geographic Information Science 1367:Category:Branches of geography 426:Geographic information science 13: 1: 9149:Geographic information system 8380:"National Geographic Society" 8215:"National Geographic Society" 7918:Aber, James Sandusky (2003). 7349:Dixon, C.; Leach, B. (1977). 6982:10.1080/2373566X.2015.1071674 6569:10.1080/10095020.2020.1718000 6313:"1(b). Elements of Geography" 6210:Geography – Vol. I: Geography 5733:10.1080/00167428.2021.1906670 4849:"What is Technical Geography" 3963: 3473:American Geographical Society 3293: 3202:(1769–1859) – published 3079:American Geographical Society 2812: 2733:system that was derived from 2721:The first rigorous system of 2558: 2532: 2320:Geographic information system 852: 537:Geographic information system 9076:Environmental social science 8221:. U.S. Department of State. 8159:Russian Geographical Society 7959:. Great Britain: Routledge. 7565:. Harvard University Press. 7299:Dialogues in Human Geography 7253:Dialogues in Human Geography 7207:Dialogues in Human Geography 7166:Dialogues in Human Geography 7120:Dialogues in Human Geography 6244:Dada, Anup (December 2022). 6172:10.1080/00221341.2014.918639 5951:10.1016/j.ecosta.2023.11.002 5179:10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.05.012 4807:Cotterill, Peter D. (1997). 4689:Bridgewater State University 3891:. Alternative terms such as 3581:Dialogues in Human Geography 3533:Russian Geographical Society 3075:Russian Geographical Society 2485:Indo-Aryan (Indic) languages 2442:linear discriminant analysis 2267:'s 1770 chart of New Zealand 1957: 1328:Four traditions of geography 812: 806: 800: 464:Environmental social science 7: 8493:Compton, Robert R. (1985). 7953:Goodman, Lenn Evan (1992). 7662:"Mapmaking and its History" 7631:Smith, Sir William (1846). 7535:. British Museum Magazine. 6810:The Professional Geographer 6489:. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 6095:Robinson, J. Lewis (1976). 5933:Econometrics and Statistics 5908:10.1007/978-3-642-03832-7_6 5536:10.3138/U558-H737-6577-8U31 5129:. Oxford University Press. 4653:10.1007/978-3-319-09641-4_7 4570:. FQS. Vol 7, No. 1, Art. 8 3898: 3686:The Professional Geographer 3672:Progress in Human Geography 3509:National Geographic Society 3357:non-representational theory 3083:National Geographic Society 3050:to adopt by convention the 2597:world map, however, is the 1414: 1360: 1086:Cartesian coordinate system 692:Non-representational theory 10: 10460: 10376:Probability and statistics 8125:Royal Geographical Society 7822:The history of cartography 7608:Princeton University Press 7562:A Source Book in Geography 6039:10.1038/s41598-023-29000-5 5892:Spatial Information Theory 4722:Cambridge University Press 4461:(2nd ed.). Springer. 4457:Tambassi, Timothy (2021). 4406:Pattison, William (1964). 4052:. Oxford, United Kingdom: 3774: 3755: 3751: 3701: 3697: 3543: 3527:Royal Geographical Society 3458: 3455:Institutions and societies 3169: 3085:in 1888. The influence of 3071:Royal Geographical Society 2907:equirectangular projection 2753:. He extended the work of 2577: 2562: 2536: 2506: 2463: 2410: 2350: 2317: 2279: 2249: 2146: 1961: 1681: 1418: 1364: 1325: 1243: 1212: 1170: 1127: 1073: 795: 40: 32:Geography (disambiguation) 29: 10146: 10045: 10012: 9996: 9743: 9469: 9446: 9350: 9307: 9276: 9239: 9191:Global Positioning System 9117: 9108: 9066: 9018: 8879: 8754: 8747: 8714: 8277:. ABC-Clio. p. 284. 7510:10.1080/03085699608592846 7201:Engelmann, Sasha (2021). 6438:Introduction to Geography 6317:www.physicalgeography.net 6278:Ormeling, Ferjan (2009). 6121:10.1080/00221347608980845 5019:10.1080/00221349408979676 4935:Key Concepts in Geography 4902:Key Concepts in Geography 4748:Hughes, William. (1863). 4491:. Sage Publications Ltd. 4432:10.1080/00221346408985265 4077:Roller, Duane W. (2010). 3986:(6th ed.). Pearson. 3127:environmental determinism 2877:the earlier works of the 2573: 2521:techniques, also used in 2290:Cartographers must learn 579:Global Positioning System 132:Environmental determinism 8647:Encyclopaedia Britannica 8574:The Geographical Journal 8384:U.S. Department of State 8304:The Geographical Journal 8039:Warntz, William (1989). 7928:Emporia State University 7698:Needham, Joseph (1959). 7409:Heffernan, Mike (2009). 7312:10.1177/2043820620986399 7265:10.1177/2043820620986396 7219:10.1177/2043820620986398 7179:10.1177/2043820620986397 7132:10.1177/2043820620908390 7086:10.1177/1474474016684129 6767:10.4103/2229-3485.115389 6655:. Univ of Wisconsin Pr. 6651:Monmonier, Mark (1985). 6626:DeMers, Michael (2009). 6372:Lockyer, Norman (1900). 5518:Monmonier, Mark (1990). 4756:The History of Geography 4111:Brentjes, Sonja (2009). 3943: 3679:The Geographical Journal 3644:Journal of Rural Studies 3398:Geographical Association 3209:founder of the subfield 2827:fall of the Roman empire 2631:, an earlier Babylonian 2401:electromagnetic spectrum 2362:Synthetic aperture radar 2276:Quantitative cartography 1893:Transportation geography 1677: 1538:Environmental management 1284:Arbia's law of geography 1208: 1115: 1069: 1055:Five themes of geography 41:Not to be confused with 10171:Artificial intelligence 9649:international relations 9299:National mapping agency 9264:Survey (human research) 9206:Participant observation 7531:Finkel, Irving (1995). 7293:Cresswell, Tim (2021). 6928:10.1145/3437000.3437001 6830:10.1111/0033-0124.00212 5877:10.1080/136588199241472 5693:10.1023/A:1014252827646 5611:"The laws of geography" 5474:Miller, Harvey (2017). 4868:10.21163/GT_2016.111.01 4539:10.3138/carto.48.3.1691 4080:Eratosthenes' Geography 3936:Theoretical planetology 3665:Professional Geographer 3461:Geography organizations 3422:second law of geography 3363:Paul Vidal de La Blache 3341:Michael Frank Goodchild 3135:quantitative revolution 3099:Paul Vidal de la Blache 2527:Participant observation 2475:Qualitative cartography 2452:, particularly for the 2393:Digital elevation model 2252:Quantitative revolution 2228:Analytical – Asks 1265:Michael Frank Goodchild 1166: 652:Survey (human research) 594:Participant observation 142:Quantitative revolution 10401:Structural engineering 10341:Mechanical engineering 10314:Western and South Asia 9976:Quantum social science 9289:Geographical societies 9086:Landscape architecture 7920:"Abu Rayhan al-Biruni" 7660:Sullivan, Dan (2000). 7247:Acker, Maleea (2021). 7114:Magrane, Eric (2021). 7013:Geopoetics in Practice 6966:"Situating Geopoetics" 6964:Magrane, Eric (2015). 6750:"Qualitative research" 5763:Tobler, Waldo (2004). 5559:Herod, Andrew (2009). 5411:Taylor, Peter (2009). 5386:Thornes, John (2009). 5361:Thrift, Nigel (1977). 5307:Tobler, Waldo (2004). 5237:Tobler, Waldo (1970). 4937:(1st ed.). Sage. 4905:(2nd ed.). Sage. 4750:The Study of Geography 4338:Castree, Noel (2009). 4183:Thrift, Nigel (2009). 3868: 3732: 3418:first law of geography 3280:Ellen Churchill Semple 3200:Alexander von Humboldt 3195: 3187: 3160:first law of geography 3117: 3091:Alexander von Humboldt 2997: 2949:planetary habitability 2818: 2749:to construct detailed 2735:Babylonian mathematics 2723:latitude and longitude 2651: 2644:Philipp Daniel Lippert 2487: 2372: 2300:behavioural psychology 2268: 2256:Quantitative geography 1232: 1190: 1125: 1104: 1089: 1050: 991: 936: 935:Political map of Earth 928: 665:Theoretical Approaches 474:Landscape architecture 122:History of cartography 70: 10266:Environmental science 10151:Aerospace engineering 10013:Other categorizations 9866:International studies 9851:History of technology 9786:Communication studies 9669:public administration 9081:Environmental studies 9053:Statistical geography 8934:Environmental science 8611:Darby, Henry Clifford 7559:Kish, George (1978). 7466:Siebold, Jim (1998). 7443:John Wiley & Sons 7022:10.4324/9780429032202 6681:Jensen, John (2016). 6291:UNESCO. p. 482. 6075:Cave, Edward (1749). 5978:ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf 5609:Smith, Peter (2005). 4961:. The Council. 1984. 4847:Haidu, Ionel (2016). 4754:Baker, J.N.L (1963). 4370:Gregory, Ken (2009). 4279:"A View of Geography" 4211:Kent, Martin (2009). 4153:John Wiley & Sons 3850: 3711: 3609:Geographical Bulletin 3546:Geographic literature 3304:concentric zone model 3193: 3183: 3115: 3067:Société de Géographie 2990: 2965:Earth's circumference 2939:, and expanse of the 2803:, reconstituted from 2798: 2725:lines is credited to 2641: 2482: 2466:Qualitative geography 2379:, or active, such as 2360: 2263: 2107:Statistical geography 1741:Development geography 1303:Tobler–von Thünen law 1290:Spatial heterogeneity 1230: 1184: 1123: 1091: 1083: 1044: 977: 934: 927:Physical map of Earth 926: 469:Environmental studies 436:Statistical geography 69: 9846:Historical sociology 9294:Geoscience societies 9259:Interview (research) 9231:Land change modeling 9132:Computer cartography 9110:Techniques and tools 8968:Earth system science 8495:Geology in the field 8439:Smith, Neil (1987). 7924:academic.emporia.edu 7782:Savage-Smith, Emilie 7160:Nassar, Aya (2021). 7066:Cultural Geographies 6725:10.3390/land11101692 6332:"Physical Geography" 6207:Sala, Maria (2009). 6152:Journal of Geography 6101:Journal of Geography 5999:10.3390/ijgi11080418 4998:Journal of Geography 4809:"What is geography?" 4412:Journal of Geography 4277:Tuan, Yi-Fu (1991). 4245:Tuan, Yi-Fu (1977). 4048:Sala, Maria (2009). 3809:improve this section 3438:William Morris Davis 3432:Central place theory 3244:University of Berlin 3228:Geographia Generalis 3151:earth system science 3035:Geographia Generalis 3019:Geographia Generalis 3006:Christopher Columbus 2994:Geographia Generalis 2943:. He also discussed 2885:and established the 2580:History of geography 2565:Interview (research) 2519:qualitative research 2292:cognitive psychology 2246:Quantitative methods 2175:improve this article 1937:Behavioral geography 1841:Population geography 1789:Historical geography 1342:Integrated geography 1254:) approach. Several 1177:Historical geography 1023:integrated geography 880:history of geography 647:Interview (research) 619:Land change modeling 520:Computer cartography 454:Integrated geography 127:Historical geography 95:History of geography 36:Geo (disambiguation) 30:For other uses, see 10444:Main topic articles 10026:Geisteswissenschaft 10020:Behavioral sciences 9946:Political sociology 9861:Information science 9806:Development studies 9340:Spatial citizenship 9325:Geographers on Film 9315:Geography education 8925:Atmospheric science 8497:. New York: Wiley. 8360:on 26 February 2009 8316:1980GeogJ.146..298F 8245:Hartshorne, Richard 7078:2017CuGeo..24..487M 6951:Doing Ethnographies 6822:2000ProfG..52..145S 6390:1900Natur..63..207R 6164:2014JGeog.113..181M 6113:1976JGeog..75..520R 6031:2023NatSR..13.1695Z 5990:2022IJGI...11..418Z 5900:2009LNCS.5756...88H 5869:1999IJGIS..13...85T 5721:Geographical Review 5171:2013AppGe..43...81C 5011:1994JGeog..93....2N 4856:Geographia Technica 4685:webhost.bridgew.edu 4424:1964JGeog..63..211P 4295:1991GeoRv..81...99T 4283:Geographical Review 3912:Geologic time scale 3658:National Geographic 3602:Geographical Review 3595:Geographia Technica 3485:Gamma Theta Upsilon 3324:mercator projection 3318:(1512–1594) – 3223:Bernhardus Varenius 3172:List of geographers 3166:Notable geographers 3059:academic discipline 3054:as zero meridians. 3024:Bernhardus Varenius 2925:Indian subcontinent 2460:Qualitative methods 1964:Technical geography 1821:Political geography 1709:Cognitive geography 1408:Technical geography 1388:technical geography 1352:Tradition, and the 1334:William D. Pattison 1003:technical geography 401:Technical geography 53:Part of a series on 10081:Society portal 9568:auxiliary sciences 9221:Statistical survey 9171:Geologic modelling 9010:Quaternary science 8536:10.1007/BF00002942 8195:on 17 October 2016 8131:on 18 October 2016 7813:Harley, John Brian 7670:Rutgers University 6019:Scientific Reports 5615:Teaching Geography 5246:Economic Geography 4050:Geography Volume I 4010:Burt, Tim (2009). 3930:Terrestrial planet 3869: 3765:historical atlases 3742:geological mapping 3733: 3588:Economic Geography 3428:Walter Christaller 3347:Muhammad al-Idrisi 3217:Anne Kelly Knowles 3196: 3188: 3139:critical geography 3131:regional geography 3118: 3103:Richard Hartshorne 3052:Greenwich meridian 2998: 2897:, originally from 2895:Abū Zayd al-Balkhī 2893:for this purpose. 2863:Mahmud al-Kashgari 2839:Muhammad al-Idrisi 2835:Muslim geographers 2819: 2696:Earth is spherical 2652: 2515:cultural geography 2493:Chorochromatic map 2488: 2389:aerial photography 2373: 2308:shape of the Earth 2269: 1947:Feminist geography 1861:Religion geography 1805:Internet geography 1757:Economic geography 1725:Cultural geography 1670:Quaternary science 1421:Physical geography 1384:physical geography 1233: 1191: 1126: 1090: 1051: 999:physical geography 951:, place names, or 937: 929: 719:Post-structuralism 609:Statistical survey 559:Geologic modelling 388:Quaternary science 290:Physical geography 147:Critical geography 137:Regional geography 71: 10414: 10413: 10396:Scientific naming 10386:Quantum computing 10216:Computer hardware 10211:Clinical research 10206:Civil engineering 10101: 10100: 9941:Political economy 9936:Political ecology 9791:Community studies 9781:Cognitive science 9744:Interdisciplinary 9644:Political science 9406: 9405: 9272: 9271: 9104: 9103: 9091:Landscape ecology 8911:Coastal geography 8504:978-0-471-82902-7 8271:Kerski, Joseph J. 7966:978-0-415-01929-3 7874:978-0-203-71184-2 7711:978-0-521-05801-8 7617:978-0-691-11711-9 7572:978-0-674-82270-2 7542:978-0-7141-2073-7 7452:978-1-4051-9146-3 7420:978-1-4129-3022-2 7358:. Geo Abstracts. 6754:Perspect Clin Res 6692:978-0-13-405816-0 6637:978-0-470-12906-7 6447:978-1-259-57000-1 6384:(1626): 207–208. 6298:978-1-84826-960-6 5917:978-3-642-03831-0 5570:978-1-4051-9146-3 5422:978-1-4051-9146-3 5397:978-1-4051-9146-3 5159:Applied Geography 5136:978-0-19-921128-9 5090:978-0-309-05199-6 4912:978-1-4129-3022-2 4819:on 6 October 2006 4793:978-0-19-965643-1 4765:978-0-85328-022-4 4731:978-0-521-28263-5 4662:978-3-319-09640-7 4498:978-0-7619-5948-9 4468:978-3-030-78144-6 4381:978-1-4051-9146-3 4349:978-1-4051-9146-3 4222:978-1-4051-9146-3 4194:978-1-4051-9146-3 4162:978-1-4051-9146-3 4126:978-0-08-044911-1 4063:978-1-84826-960-6 4021:978-1-4051-9146-3 3889:planetary science 3845: 3844: 3837: 3777:Planetary science 3771:Planetary science 3567:Applied Geography 3390:Halford Mackinder 3322:who produced the 3316:Gerardus Mercator 3274:Vautrin Lud Prize 3185:Gerardus Mercator 3081:in 1851, and the 3022:was published by 2913:Abu Rayhan Biruni 2851:Abu Rayhan Biruni 2801:Ptolemy world map 2432:, logistics, and 2422:quantitative data 2385:satellite imagery 2207: 2206: 2199: 1909:Tourism geography 1606:Landscape ecology 1522:Coastal geography 1296:surface exactly." 1256:laws of geography 1240:Laws of geography 1215:Scale (geography) 1007:built environment 860: 195/194 BC 834:planetary science 785: 784: 633: 632: 511: 510: 479:Landscape ecology 373:Landscape ecology 335:Coastal geography 16:(Redirected from 10451: 10221:Computer science 10128: 10121: 10114: 10105: 10104: 10089: 10079: 10078: 10065: 10064: 10053: 10052: 9956:Regional science 9801:Cultural studies 9776:Business studies 9433: 9426: 9419: 9410: 9409: 9394: 9393: 9382: 9381: 9370: 9358: 9357: 9186:Geovisualization 9115: 9114: 9058:Spatial analysis 8943:Paleoclimatology 8752: 8751: 8698: 8691: 8684: 8675: 8674: 8629: 8628: 8607: 8598: 8597: 8569: 8556: 8555: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8490: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8436: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8425: 8406: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8376: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8350: 8344: 8343: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8267: 8261: 8260: 8241: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8211: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8181: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8170: 8161:. Archived from 8147: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8127:. Archived from 8113: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8036: 8025: 8024: 7996: 7987: 7986: 7980: 7978: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7915: 7906: 7905: 7899: 7895: 7893: 7885: 7883: 7866: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7733: 7729: 7727: 7719: 7695: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7605: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7556: 7547: 7546: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7434: 7425: 7424: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7387: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7357: 7346: 7335: 7334: 7324: 7314: 7290: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7181: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7057: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6907: 6898: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6801: 6790: 6789: 6779: 6769: 6745: 6739: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6678: 6667: 6666: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6571: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6401: 6399:10.1038/063207a0 6369: 6363: 6362: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6286: 6275: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6241: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6215: 6204: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6143: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6092: 6081: 6080: 6072: 6061: 6060: 6050: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5944: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5817: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5760: 5745: 5744: 5716: 5705: 5704: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5642: 5631: 5630: 5606: 5597: 5596: 5584: 5575: 5574: 5556: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5471: 5462: 5461: 5450:10.2307/27757388 5433: 5427: 5426: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5358: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5304: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5282: 5276:. Archived from 5243: 5234: 5217: 5216: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5150: 5141: 5140: 5122: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5066: 5057: 5056: 5040: 5031: 5030: 4984: 4973: 4972: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4896: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4876: 4853: 4844: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4779: 4770: 4769: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4676: 4667: 4666: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4617:(170): 225–234. 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4577: 4571: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4518: 4503: 4502: 4484: 4473: 4472: 4454: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4403: 4386: 4385: 4367: 4354: 4353: 4335: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4274: 4261: 4260: 4242: 4227: 4226: 4208: 4199: 4198: 4180: 4167: 4166: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4045: 4026: 4025: 4007: 3998: 3997: 3979: 3957: 3954: 3924:History of Earth 3851:Photograph from 3840: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3820: 3789: 3781: 3511:(United States) 3442:cycle of erosion 3295: 3002:Age of Discovery 2921:celestial sphere 2843:Tabula Rogeriana 2817: 2814: 2729:. He employed a 2438:cluster analysis 2327:computer science 2202: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2182: 2159: 2151: 2134: 2123:Spatial analysis 2118: 2102: 2091:Geovisualization 2086: 2070: 2054: 2038: 2022: 2006: 1920: 1904: 1888: 1877:Social geography 1872: 1856: 1836: 1816: 1800: 1784: 1773:Health geography 1768: 1752: 1736: 1720: 1704: 1665: 1649: 1633: 1617: 1601: 1581: 1565: 1549: 1533: 1517: 1497: 1481: 1185:Examples of the 1102: 989: 868:Claudius Ptolemy 861: 857: 854: 832:in the field of 830:celestial bodies 815: 809: 803: 798: 797: 777: 770: 763: 624: 623: 574:Geovisualization 502: 501: 441:Spatial analysis 326:Paleoclimatology 117:Age of Discovery 50: 49: 21: 10459: 10458: 10454: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10449: 10448: 10439:Social sciences 10419: 10418: 10415: 10410: 10309:Hebrew toponyms 10304:Arabic toponyms 10142: 10132: 10102: 10097: 10073: 10041: 10008: 9992: 9966:Science studies 9750:Administration 9739: 9465: 9442: 9440:Social sciences 9437: 9407: 9402: 9346: 9303: 9268: 9235: 9154:Distributed GIS 9100: 9062: 9014: 8947:Palaeogeography 8875: 8743: 8710: 8702: 8638: 8633: 8632: 8625: 8608: 8601: 8586:10.2307/1775737 8570: 8559: 8524:Biogeochemistry 8516: 8512: 8505: 8491: 8487: 8477: 8475: 8437: 8433: 8423: 8421: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8393: 8391: 8378: 8377: 8373: 8363: 8361: 8352: 8351: 8347: 8296: 8292: 8285: 8268: 8264: 8242: 8238: 8228: 8226: 8213: 8212: 8208: 8198: 8196: 8183: 8182: 8178: 8168: 8166: 8149: 8148: 8144: 8134: 8132: 8115: 8114: 8110: 8100: 8098: 8083: 8079: 8069: 8067: 8037: 8028: 7997: 7990: 7976: 7974: 7967: 7951: 7947: 7937: 7935: 7916: 7909: 7897: 7896: 7887: 7886: 7881: 7875: 7867:. Vol. 1. 7864: 7856: 7852: 7842: 7840: 7833: 7817:Woodward, David 7809: 7805: 7780:Edson, Evelyn; 7778: 7774: 7764: 7762: 7747: 7743: 7731: 7730: 7721: 7720: 7712: 7696: 7689: 7679: 7677: 7658: 7654: 7644: 7642: 7629: 7625: 7618: 7596: 7592: 7582: 7580: 7573: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7529: 7525: 7494: 7490: 7480: 7478: 7471:henry-davis.com 7464: 7460: 7453: 7435: 7428: 7421: 7407: 7403: 7396: 7385: 7377: 7373: 7366: 7355: 7347: 7338: 7291: 7287: 7277: 7275: 7245: 7241: 7231: 7229: 7199: 7195: 7158: 7154: 7144: 7142: 7112: 7108: 7098: 7096: 7058: 7054: 7044: 7042: 7032: 7008: 7004: 6994: 6992: 6962: 6958: 6947: 6943: 6908: 6901: 6890: 6886: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6856: 6852: 6842: 6840: 6802: 6793: 6746: 6742: 6737: 6733: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6679: 6670: 6663: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6624: 6620: 6605:10.2307/2560899 6589: 6585: 6548: 6544: 6533: 6529: 6522: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6483: 6479: 6472: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6434: 6430: 6419: 6415: 6370: 6366: 6359: 6343: 6339: 6328: 6324: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6284: 6276: 6269: 6259: 6257: 6242: 6233: 6223: 6221: 6213: 6205: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6144: 6135: 6125: 6123: 6093: 6084: 6073: 6064: 6011: 6007: 5970: 5966: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5888: 5884: 5853: 5849: 5818: 5803: 5793: 5791: 5761: 5748: 5717: 5708: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5643: 5634: 5607: 5600: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5557: 5550: 5540: 5538: 5516: 5512: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5472: 5465: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5384: 5380: 5373: 5359: 5352: 5342: 5340: 5305: 5296: 5286: 5284: 5283:on 8 March 2019 5280: 5241: 5235: 5220: 5197: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5123: 5110: 5100: 5098: 5091: 5068: 5067: 5060: 5041: 5034: 4985: 4976: 4969: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4897: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4851: 4845: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4747: 4743: 4732: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4603: 4599: 4589: 4587: 4585:Merriam-Webster 4579: 4578: 4574: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4549: 4519: 4506: 4499: 4485: 4476: 4469: 4455: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4404: 4389: 4382: 4368: 4357: 4350: 4336: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4275: 4264: 4257: 4243: 4230: 4223: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4181: 4170: 4163: 4155:. p. 147. 4145: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4046: 4029: 4022: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3980: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3960: 3956:Emphasis added. 3955: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3901: 3841: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3806: 3790: 3779: 3773: 3760: 3754: 3746:biogeochemistry 3706: 3700: 3695: 3637:Journal of Maps 3548: 3544:Main category: 3542: 3505:(United States) 3499:(International) 3487:(international) 3463: 3459:Main category: 3457: 3379:Roger Tomlinson 3310:George F. Jenks 3178: 3170:Main articles: 3168: 2945:human geography 2887:House of Wisdom 2847:Yaqut al-Hamawi 2815: 2591:ancient Babylon 2582: 2576: 2567: 2561: 2541: 2535: 2525:and sociology. 2511: 2505: 2477: 2468: 2462: 2415: 2409: 2355: 2349: 2322: 2316: 2284: 2278: 2258: 2250:Main articles: 2248: 2203: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2172: 2160: 2149: 2142: 2141: 2135: 2126: 2125: 2119: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2094: 2093: 2087: 2078: 2077: 2071: 2062: 2061: 2055: 2046: 2045: 2039: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2014: 2013: 2007: 1966: 1960: 1928: 1927: 1925:Urban geography 1921: 1912: 1911: 1905: 1896: 1895: 1889: 1880: 1879: 1873: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1848: 1847: 1837: 1828: 1827: 1817: 1808: 1807: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1785: 1776: 1775: 1769: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1744: 1743: 1737: 1728: 1727: 1721: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1686: 1684:Human geography 1680: 1673: 1672: 1666: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1641: 1640: 1638:Palaeogeography 1634: 1625: 1624: 1618: 1609: 1608: 1602: 1593: 1592: 1582: 1573: 1572: 1566: 1557: 1556: 1550: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1525: 1524: 1518: 1509: 1508: 1498: 1489: 1488: 1482: 1423: 1417: 1380:human geography 1369: 1363: 1330: 1324: 1322:Four traditions 1315: 1313:Sub-disciplines 1248: 1242: 1225: 1213:Main articles: 1211: 1187:visual language 1179: 1171:Main articles: 1169: 1140: 1128:Main articles: 1118: 1103: 1097: 1078: 1072: 1031: 995:human geography 990: 984: 921: 859: 855: 838:natural science 781: 731: 730: 667: 657: 656: 542:Distributed GIS 499: 489: 488: 456: 446: 445: 403: 393: 392: 330:Palaeogeography 292: 282: 281: 162: 160:Human geography 152: 151: 97: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10457: 10447: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10434:Earth sciences 10431: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10361:Nanotechnology 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10331:Machine vision 10328: 10323: 10318: 10317: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10288: 10287: 10286: 10281: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10257: 10256: 10251: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10134:Glossaries of 10131: 10130: 10123: 10116: 10108: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10095: 10083: 10071: 10059: 10046: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10022: 10016: 10014: 10010: 10009: 10007: 10006: 10000: 9998: 9994: 9993: 9991: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9979: 9978: 9973: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9932: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9913: 9912: 9911: 9909:social science 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9841:Global studies 9838: 9836:Gender studies 9833: 9828: 9827: 9826: 9821: 9819:social science 9815:Environmental 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9762: 9761: 9756: 9747: 9745: 9741: 9740: 9738: 9737: 9736: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9705: 9704: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9673: 9672: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9641: 9640: 9639: 9629: 9628: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9597: 9596: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9555: 9554: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9528: 9527: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9514:macroeconomics 9511: 9509:microeconomics 9501: 9500: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9473: 9471: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9436: 9435: 9428: 9421: 9413: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9400: 9388: 9376: 9364: 9351: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9311: 9309: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9280: 9278: 9274: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9245: 9243: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9216:Remote sensing 9213: 9211:Photogrammetry 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9176:Geomathematics 9173: 9168: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9146: 9141: 9140: 9139: 9134: 9123: 9121: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9098: 9096:Time geography 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9072: 9070: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9038:Geoinformatics 9035: 9030: 9024: 9022: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9012: 9007: 8993: 8984: 8979: 8970: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8954: 8949: 8936: 8931: 8917: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8899:Phytogeography 8896: 8885: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8760: 8758: 8749: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8701: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8678: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8637: 8636:External links 8634: 8631: 8630: 8624:978-0859896993 8623: 8599: 8557: 8530:(3): 199–239. 8510: 8503: 8485: 8451:(2): 155–172. 8431: 8401: 8371: 8345: 8324:10.2307/632894 8290: 8283: 8262: 8236: 8206: 8176: 8165:on 24 May 2012 8157:(in Russian). 8142: 8108: 8077: 8057:10.2307/621272 8051:(2): 165–191. 8026: 8013:10.2307/621272 7988: 7965: 7945: 7907: 7873: 7850: 7831: 7803: 7772: 7755:islamicity.com 7741: 7710: 7687: 7652: 7623: 7616: 7590: 7571: 7548: 7541: 7523: 7488: 7458: 7451: 7426: 7419: 7401: 7394: 7371: 7364: 7336: 7285: 7239: 7193: 7152: 7106: 7072:(3): 487–495. 7052: 7030: 7002: 6956: 6941: 6899: 6884: 6870: 6850: 6816:(1): 145–154. 6791: 6740: 6731: 6698: 6691: 6668: 6662:978-0299100704 6661: 6643: 6636: 6618: 6599:(2): 317–331. 6583: 6542: 6527: 6520: 6502: 6495: 6477: 6470: 6453: 6446: 6428: 6413: 6364: 6358:978-0521764285 6357: 6337: 6322: 6304: 6297: 6267: 6231: 6192: 6158:(5): 181–188. 6133: 6107:(9): 520–530. 6082: 6062: 6005: 5964: 5923: 5916: 5882: 5847: 5828:(2): 300–303. 5801: 5775:(2): 304–310. 5746: 5727:(4): 591–607. 5706: 5687:(3): 173–180. 5671: 5657: 5632: 5598: 5576: 5569: 5548: 5510: 5497:978-0470659632 5496: 5463: 5428: 5421: 5403: 5396: 5378: 5371: 5350: 5319:(2): 304–310. 5294: 5258:10.2307/143141 5218: 5207:(4): 684–696. 5191: 5142: 5135: 5108: 5089: 5058: 5032: 4974: 4967: 4950: 4944:978-0761973898 4943: 4925: 4911: 4888: 4830: 4799: 4792: 4771: 4764: 4741: 4730: 4706: 4668: 4661: 4635: 4597: 4572: 4559: 4533:(3): 157–176. 4504: 4497: 4474: 4467: 4444: 4418:(5): 211–216. 4387: 4380: 4355: 4348: 4323: 4303:10.2307/215179 4262: 4255: 4228: 4221: 4200: 4193: 4168: 4161: 4139: 4125: 4103: 4089: 4069: 4062: 4027: 4020: 3999: 3993:978-0137504510 3992: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3843: 3842: 3793: 3791: 3784: 3775:Main article: 3772: 3769: 3756:Main article: 3753: 3750: 3702:Main article: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3693:Related fields 3691: 3690: 3689: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3612: 3605: 3598: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3445: 3435: 3425: 3411: 3401: 3386: 3376: 3366: 3360: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3329:Mark Monmonier 3326: 3313: 3307: 3300:Ernest Burgess 3297: 3287: 3277: 3263: 3257: 3250:Cynthia Brewer 3247: 3237: 3231: 3220: 3214: 3167: 3164: 2578:Main article: 2575: 2572: 2563:Main article: 2560: 2557: 2537:Main article: 2534: 2531: 2507:Main article: 2504: 2501: 2476: 2473: 2464:Main article: 2461: 2458: 2430:urban planning 2411:Main article: 2408: 2405: 2368:colored using 2353:Remote sensing 2351:Main article: 2348: 2347:Remote sensing 2345: 2318:Main article: 2315: 2312: 2280:Main article: 2277: 2274: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2205: 2204: 2163: 2161: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2139:Time geography 2137: 2136: 2129: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2113: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2097: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2081: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2065: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2049: 2047: 2043:Geoinformatics 2041: 2040: 2033: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2017: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2001: 1999: 1980:geoinformatics 1962:Main article: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1942:Culture theory 1939: 1930: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1915: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1899: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1883: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1867: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1851: 1849: 1839: 1838: 1831: 1829: 1819: 1818: 1811: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1795: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1779: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1763: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1747: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1731: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1715: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1699: 1697: 1682:Main article: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1660: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1644: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1628: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1596: 1594: 1584: 1583: 1576: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1544: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1528: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1512: 1510: 1500: 1499: 1492: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1476: 1474: 1419:Main article: 1416: 1413: 1362: 1359: 1326:Main article: 1323: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1244:Main article: 1241: 1238: 1210: 1207: 1173:Time geography 1168: 1165: 1138:Sense of place 1134:Place identity 1117: 1114: 1109:Absolute space 1095: 1074:Main article: 1071: 1068: 1030: 1027: 986:William Hughes 982: 920: 917: 905:remote sensing 844:disciplines." 842:social science 783: 782: 780: 779: 772: 765: 757: 754: 753: 752: 751: 746: 741: 733: 732: 729: 728: 727: 726: 724:Deconstruction 721: 711: 710: 709: 704: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 668: 663: 662: 659: 658: 655: 654: 649: 644: 639: 631: 630: 622: 621: 616: 611: 606: 604:Remote Sensing 601: 599:Photogrammetry 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 564:Geomathematics 561: 556: 555: 554: 549: 544: 534: 529: 528: 527: 522: 509: 508: 500: 495: 494: 491: 490: 487: 486: 484:Time geography 481: 476: 471: 466: 457: 452: 451: 448: 447: 444: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 421:Geoinformatics 418: 413: 404: 399: 398: 395: 394: 391: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 332: 319: 318: 317: 312: 310:Phytogeography 307: 293: 288: 287: 284: 283: 280: 279: 274: 269: 264: 263: 262: 257: 252: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 163: 158: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 98: 93: 92: 89: 88: 87: 86: 81: 73: 72: 62: 61: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10456: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10417: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10246: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10129: 10124: 10122: 10117: 10115: 10110: 10109: 10106: 10094: 10093: 10088: 10084: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10070: 10069: 10060: 10058: 10057: 10048: 10047: 10044: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10032:Human science 10030: 10028: 10027: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10017: 10015: 10011: 10005: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9995: 9989: 9988:Vegan studies 9986: 9984: 9981: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9968: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9951:Public health 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9886: 9885:Philosophies 9884: 9882: 9881:Media studies 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9856:Human ecology 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9766:Anthrozoology 9764: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9742: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9710: 9709: 9706: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9691:developmental 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9677: 9674: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9664:public policy 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9646: 9645: 9642: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9633: 9630: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9615:legal systems 9613: 9611: 9610:legal history 9608: 9606: 9605:jurisprudence 9603: 9602: 9601: 9598: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9559: 9556: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9533: 9532: 9529: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9505: 9502: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9468: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9441: 9434: 9429: 9427: 9422: 9420: 9415: 9414: 9411: 9399: 9398: 9389: 9387: 9386: 9377: 9375: 9374: 9369: 9365: 9363: 9362: 9353: 9352: 9349: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9306: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9275: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9181:Geostatistics 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9151: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9144:Geochronology 9142: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9107: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9069: 9065: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9021: 9017: 9011: 9008: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8974: 8973:Geomorphology 8971: 8969: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8923: 8922: 8921: 8920:Earth science 8918: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8878: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8746: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8713: 8709: 8706: 8699: 8694: 8692: 8687: 8685: 8680: 8679: 8676: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8626: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8606: 8604: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8514: 8506: 8500: 8496: 8489: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8435: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8405: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8375: 8359: 8355: 8354:"AGS History" 8349: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8294: 8286: 8284:9781610699204 8280: 8276: 8272: 8266: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8240: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8146: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8112: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8081: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8007:(21): 51–60. 8006: 8002: 7995: 7993: 7985: 7972: 7968: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7949: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7914: 7912: 7903: 7891: 7880: 7876: 7870: 7863: 7862: 7854: 7838: 7834: 7832:0-226-31633-5 7828: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7814: 7807: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7745: 7737: 7725: 7717: 7713: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7694: 7692: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7656: 7640: 7636: 7635: 7627: 7619: 7613: 7609: 7604: 7603: 7594: 7578: 7574: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7555: 7553: 7544: 7538: 7534: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7492: 7476: 7472: 7469: 7462: 7454: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7433: 7431: 7422: 7416: 7412: 7405: 7397: 7395:0-86094-135-3 7391: 7384: 7383: 7375: 7367: 7365:0-902246-97-6 7361: 7354: 7353: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7332: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7289: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7197: 7189: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7156: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7110: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7056: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7031:9780367145385 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7006: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6976:(1): 86–102. 6975: 6971: 6970:GeoHumanities 6967: 6960: 6952: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6906: 6904: 6896: 6895: 6888: 6873: 6867: 6863: 6862: 6854: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6787: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6735: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6702: 6694: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6664: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6639: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6587: 6579: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6538: 6531: 6523: 6521:9781107469846 6517: 6513: 6506: 6498: 6496:0-470-87154-7 6492: 6488: 6481: 6473: 6471:81-7450-518-0 6467: 6463: 6457: 6449: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6424: 6417: 6409: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6360: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6341: 6333: 6326: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6300: 6294: 6290: 6283: 6282: 6274: 6272: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6219: 6212: 6211: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6078: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6058: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5919: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5660: 5658:9781412919913 5654: 5650: 5649: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5603: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5581: 5572: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5553: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5524:Cartographica 5521: 5514: 5499: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5468: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5424: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5374: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5355: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5147: 5138: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5082: 5081:10.17226/4913 5078: 5074: 5073: 5065: 5063: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5037: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4992: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4970: 4968:9780892911851 4964: 4960: 4954: 4946: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4914: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4895: 4893: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4776: 4767: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4710: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4673: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4569: 4563: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4500: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4470: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4383: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4289:(1): 99–107. 4288: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4258: 4256:0-8166-3877-2 4252: 4248: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4205: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4164: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4128: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4092: 4090:9780691142678 4086: 4082: 4081: 4073: 4065: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4023: 4017: 4013: 4006: 4004: 3995: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3969: 3953: 3949: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3839: 3836: 3828: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3794:This section 3792: 3788: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3618: 3617: 3616:GeoHumanities 3613: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3270:globalization 3267: 3266:Doreen Massey 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3234:Carl O. Sauer 3232: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3206: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3158:proposed the 3157: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3114: 3110: 3108: 3107:Joseph Kerski 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3087:Immanuel Kant 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3069:in 1821, the 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3040:John Harrison 3036: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3000:The European 2996: 2995: 2989: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2978:trigonometric 2975: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2871:Piri Reis map 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831:Islamic world 2828: 2824: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2690:, or through 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2654:The ideas of 2649: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2605:Eckhard Unger 2602: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2589:date back to 2588: 2581: 2571: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2549:mixed methods 2546: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2481: 2472: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2454:interpolation 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2418:Geostatistics 2414: 2413:Geostatistics 2407:Geostatistics 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2273: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2201: 2198: 2190: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2164:This section 2162: 2158: 2153: 2152: 2140: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2005: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1965: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1926: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1703: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1685: 1671: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1554:Geomorphology 1548: 1543: 1539: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1480: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1445:, and global 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427:Earth science 1422: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1368: 1358: 1355: 1354:Earth Science 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1319: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1247: 1237: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1219:Scale (ratio) 1216: 1206: 1204: 1203:animated maps 1200: 1196: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1122: 1113: 1110: 1100: 1094: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1048: 1047:Pembrokeshire 1043: 1039: 1037: 1036:Globalization 1026: 1024: 1020: 1017:, water, and 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 987: 981: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 933: 925: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 897:mixed-methods 894: 890: 884: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 856: 276 BC 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 808: 802: 793: 792:Ancient Greek 789: 778: 773: 771: 766: 764: 759: 758: 756: 755: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 736: 735: 734: 725: 722: 720: 717: 716: 715: 714:Postmodernism 712: 708: 705: 703: 702:Structuralism 700: 699: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 669: 666: 661: 660: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 629: 626: 625: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 569:Geostatistics 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 539: 538: 535: 533: 532:Geochronology 530: 526: 523: 521: 518: 517: 516: 513: 512: 507: 504: 503: 498: 493: 492: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 461: 460: 455: 450: 449: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 407: 402: 397: 396: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 354:Geomorphology 352: 350: 347: 345: 344:Earth science 342: 340: 336: 333: 331: 327: 323: 320: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 302: 301: 298: 297: 296: 291: 286: 285: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 247: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 167: 166: 161: 156: 155: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 99: 96: 91: 90: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 75: 74: 68: 64: 63: 60: 57: 56: 52: 51: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 10416: 10245:Engineering 10196:Cell biology 10166:Architecture 10090: 10066: 10054: 10024: 9831:Food studies 9771:Area studies 9530: 9524:mathematical 9519:econometrics 9477:Anthropology 9395: 9383: 9371: 9359: 9320:Geo-literacy 9277:Institutions 9159:Internet GIS 9119:Quantitative 8996:Soil science 8915:Oceanography 8904:Zoogeography 8889:Biogeography 8764:Agricultural 8704: 8645: 8614: 8580:(3): 29–32. 8577: 8573: 8527: 8523: 8513: 8494: 8488: 8476:. Retrieved 8448: 8444: 8434: 8422:. Retrieved 8413: 8404: 8392:. Retrieved 8383: 8374: 8362:. Retrieved 8358:the original 8348: 8307: 8303: 8293: 8274: 8265: 8256: 8252: 8239: 8227:. Retrieved 8218: 8209: 8197:. Retrieved 8193:the original 8189:amergeog.org 8188: 8179: 8167:. Retrieved 8163:the original 8154: 8145: 8133:. Retrieved 8129:the original 8120: 8111: 8099:. Retrieved 8090: 8080: 8068:. Retrieved 8048: 8044: 8004: 8000: 7982: 7975:. Retrieved 7955: 7948: 7936:. Retrieved 7923: 7860: 7853: 7841:. Retrieved 7821: 7806: 7792:(3): 61–63. 7789: 7785: 7775: 7763:. Retrieved 7754: 7744: 7700: 7678:. Retrieved 7665: 7655: 7643:. Retrieved 7633: 7626: 7601: 7593: 7581:. Retrieved 7561: 7532: 7526: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7479:. Retrieved 7470: 7461: 7438: 7410: 7404: 7381: 7374: 7351: 7302: 7298: 7288: 7276:. Retrieved 7259:(1): 23–26. 7256: 7252: 7242: 7230:. Retrieved 7210: 7206: 7196: 7169: 7165: 7155: 7143:. Retrieved 7123: 7119: 7109: 7097:. Retrieved 7069: 7065: 7055: 7043:. Retrieved 7012: 7005: 6993:. Retrieved 6973: 6969: 6959: 6950: 6944: 6919: 6915: 6892: 6887: 6875:. Retrieved 6860: 6853: 6841:. Retrieved 6813: 6809: 6757: 6753: 6743: 6734: 6718:(10): 1692. 6715: 6711: 6701: 6682: 6652: 6646: 6627: 6621: 6596: 6592: 6586: 6562:(1): 52–60. 6559: 6555: 6545: 6536: 6530: 6511: 6505: 6486: 6480: 6461: 6456: 6437: 6431: 6422: 6416: 6381: 6377: 6367: 6347: 6340: 6325: 6316: 6307: 6280: 6258:. Retrieved 6253: 6249: 6222:. Retrieved 6209: 6183:. Retrieved 6155: 6151: 6124:. Retrieved 6104: 6100: 6076: 6022: 6018: 6008: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5932: 5926: 5891: 5885: 5863:(1): 85–90. 5860: 5856: 5850: 5825: 5821: 5792:. Retrieved 5772: 5768: 5724: 5720: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5662:. Retrieved 5647: 5618: 5614: 5592: 5588: 5560: 5539:. Retrieved 5530:(1): 30–45. 5527: 5523: 5513: 5501:. Retrieved 5479: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5412: 5406: 5387: 5381: 5372:0-90224667-4 5362: 5341:. Retrieved 5316: 5312: 5285:. Retrieved 5278:the original 5249: 5245: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5182:. Retrieved 5162: 5158: 5126: 5099:. Retrieved 5071: 5052: 5048: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4958: 4953: 4934: 4928: 4916:. Retrieved 4901: 4879:. Retrieved 4859: 4855: 4821:. Retrieved 4817:the original 4812: 4802: 4783: 4755: 4749: 4744: 4716: 4709: 4697:. Retrieved 4684: 4644: 4638: 4626:. Retrieved 4614: 4610: 4607:"Areography" 4600: 4588:. Retrieved 4584: 4581:"Areography" 4575: 4562: 4550:. Retrieved 4530: 4526: 4488: 4458: 4435:. Retrieved 4415: 4411: 4371: 4339: 4314:. Retrieved 4286: 4282: 4246: 4212: 4184: 4148: 4142: 4130:. Retrieved 4116: 4106: 4094:. Retrieved 4079: 4072: 4049: 4011: 3983: 3952: 3906:Earth analog 3877:Solar System 3870: 3831: 3825:January 2024 3822: 3807:Please help 3795: 3761: 3734: 3684: 3677: 3670: 3663: 3656: 3649: 3642: 3635: 3628: 3621: 3614: 3607: 3600: 3593: 3586: 3579: 3572: 3565: 3559: 3551: 3540:Publications 3414:Waldo Tobler 3353:Nigel Thrift 3320:cartographer 3290:Eratosthenes 3226: 3211:biogeography 3203: 3156:Waldo Tobler 3147:demographics 3119: 3056: 3034: 3032: 3028:Isaac Newton 3017: 2999: 2992: 2969:Earth radius 2911: 2820: 2808: 2759: 2720: 2716:Eratosthenes 2653: 2648:Dactyliothec 2647: 2628: 2598: 2583: 2568: 2553:anthropocene 2542: 2523:anthropology 2512: 2489: 2469: 2434:epidemiology 2416: 2397:land surface 2374: 2366:Death Valley 2338: 2335:GIS software 2323: 2289: 2285: 2270: 2229: 2223: 2208: 2193: 2184: 2173:Please help 2168:verification 2165: 1967: 1931: 1687: 1622:Oceanography 1486:Biogeography 1424: 1370: 1346:Area Studies 1331: 1316: 1302: 1299: 1260:Waldo Tobler 1255: 1249: 1234: 1192: 1141: 1105: 1092: 1052: 1032: 1029:Key concepts 992: 978: 938: 919:Fundamentals 889:quantitative 885: 849:Eratosthenes 846: 810:'Earth' and 804:; combining 787: 786: 547:Internet GIS 506:Quantitative 496: 458: 405: 339:Oceanography 315:Zoogeography 300:Biogeography 294: 170:Agricultural 164: 102:Graeco-Roman 58: 47: 18:Geographical 10366:Ornithology 10351:Meteorology 10336:Mathematics 10326:Ichthyology 10161:Archaeology 10156:Agriculture 10140:engineering 10092:Wikiversity 9983:Social work 9871:Linguistics 9796:Criminology 9713:criminology 9696:personality 9654:comparative 9632:Linguistics 9625:private law 9482:archaeology 9397:WikiProject 9249:Ethnography 9241:Qualitative 9201:Map algebra 9196:Hydrography 9137:Web mapping 9127:Cartography 8939:Climatology 8929:Meteorology 8784:Development 8414:www.rgs.org 8229:10 November 8199:10 November 8169:10 November 8135:10 November 8101:10 November 7938:10 November 7898:|work= 7765:10 November 7732:|work= 7680:10 November 7666:rutgers.edu 7504:: 209–211. 7498:Imago Mundi 7481:10 November 7126:(1): 8–22. 6922:(1): 4–19. 6877:24 December 6224:30 December 6025:(1): 1695. 5541:1 September 5503:1 September 5252:: 234–240. 5055:(1): 29–39. 4699:10 November 4552:17 December 3861:Aristarchus 3726:metamorphic 3722:sedimentary 3408:Geographica 3335:Mei-Po Kwan 3260:Dana Tomlin 3254:ColorBrewer 3240:Carl Ritter 3194:Mei-Po Kwan 3095:Carl Ritter 2875:interpreted 2859:Ibn Khaldun 2855:Ibn Battuta 2823:Middle Ages 2821:During the 2786:Zhou Daguan 2782:Fan Chengda 2731:sexagesimal 2692:Mathematics 2680:Cartography 2656:Anaximander 2629:Imago Mundi 2600:Imago Mundi 2509:Ethnography 2503:Ethnography 2377:photography 2370:polarimetry 2282:Cartography 2215:cartography 2187:August 2022 1971:Edward Cave 1825:Geopolitics 1590:hydrography 1506:meteorology 1502:Climatology 1435:hydrosphere 1431:lithosphere 1396:hydrosphere 1365:Main page: 1223:Scale (map) 1153:hydrosphere 1145:lithosphere 1013:, climate, 969:environment 965:Geographers 957:cartography 949:coordinates 901:cartography 893:qualitative 872:cartography 749:Geographers 637:Ethnography 628:Qualitative 589:Map algebra 584:Hydrography 525:Web mapping 515:Cartography 368:Hydrography 322:Climatology 190:Development 10423:Categories 10381:Psychiatry 10290:Geography 10261:Entomology 10037:Humanities 9971:historical 9904:psychology 9876:Management 9718:demography 9676:Psychology 9659:philosophy 9620:public law 9551:integrated 9254:Geopoetics 9068:Integrated 9004:Edaphology 8982:Glaciology 8957:Geophysics 8952:Geobiology 8839:Settlement 8829:Population 8799:Historical 8769:Behavioral 8729:Philosophy 8424:11 October 8394:11 October 8364:11 October 8310:(2): 298. 8117:"About Us" 8091:socgeo.com 7606:. London: 6871:1483287920 6760:(3): 192. 5984:(8): 418. 5942:2211.03178 5681:GeoJournal 5621:(3): 150. 5595:: 123–141. 5444:: 85–121. 5184:7 December 5005:(1): 2–6. 4918:2 December 4862:(1): 1–5. 4132:29 January 4096:29 January 3964:References 3918:Geophysics 3767:and maps. 3714:rock cycle 3493:(Pakistan) 3481:(Slovenia) 3448:Yi-Fu Tuan 3373:Geographia 3014:James Cook 3010:Marco Polo 2816: 150 2811:, written 2809:Geographia 2755:Hipparchus 2727:Hipparchus 2708:Anaxagoras 2704:Pythagoras 2700:Parmenides 2688:Literature 2684:Philosophy 2595:Babylonian 2587:world maps 2559:Interviews 2539:Geopoetics 2533:Geopoetics 2420:deal with 2296:ergonomics 2265:James Cook 1845:Demography 1570:Glaciology 1463:atmosphere 1453:patterns ( 1443:pedosphere 1439:atmosphere 1392:atmosphere 1252:nomothetic 1161:Yi-Fu Tuan 1149:atmosphere 947:, such as 941:areography 909:interviews 858: – c. 801:geōgraphía 672:Behavioral 642:Geopoetics 359:Glaciology 245:Settlement 235:Population 205:Historical 175:Behavioral 10429:Geography 10236:Economics 10201:Chemistry 10176:Astronomy 9915:Planning 9894:economics 9811:Education 9708:Sociology 9686:cognitive 9637:semiotics 9588:political 9546:technical 9531:Geography 9504:Economics 9308:Education 9226:Surveying 9048:Geomatics 9028:Geodesign 9020:Technical 8991:Limnology 8987:Hydrology 8866:Strategic 8849:Transport 8824:Political 8814:Marketing 8774:Cognitive 8705:Geography 8642:Geography 8552:128563314 8544:1573-515X 8473:145064363 8332:0016-7398 8219:state.gov 8185:"History" 7900:ignored ( 7890:cite book 7734:ignored ( 7724:cite book 7331:232162314 7305:: 36–39. 7278:22 August 7273:232162312 7232:22 August 7227:232162320 7213:: 31–35. 7188:232162263 7172:: 27–30. 7145:22 August 7140:213112503 7099:21 August 7094:149158790 7045:21 August 7040:203499214 6995:21 August 6990:219396902 6936:234794773 6843:26 August 6838:129100721 6578:214162170 6408:0028-0836 6185:27 August 6180:143168559 6126:27 August 5959:253384426 5741:233620037 5701:126943446 5165:: 81–86. 5027:0022-1341 4823:9 October 4437:27 August 4316:5 January 3885:Cosmology 3881:Astronomy 3853:Apollo 15 3796:does not 3523:(Denmark) 3122:geomatics 3077:in 1845, 3073:in 1830, 2974:al-Biruni 2955:of Kath, 2933:longitude 2867:Piri Reis 2633:world map 2613:Euphrates 2426:hydrology 2364:image of 2075:Geomatics 2011:Geodesign 1984:geomatics 1958:Technical 1586:Hydrology 1455:biosphere 1404:geosphere 1400:biosphere 1199:spacetime 1157:biosphere 1019:landforms 1011:organisms 953:addresses 913:surveying 864:γεωγραφία 796:γεωγραφία 788:Geography 739:Societies 707:Semiotics 697:Modernism 614:Surveying 431:Geomatics 411:Geodesign 378:Limnology 364:Hydrology 272:Strategic 255:Transport 230:Political 220:Marketing 180:Cognitive 59:Geography 10406:Virology 10391:Robotics 10356:Mycology 10346:Medicine 10191:Calculus 10056:Category 9924:regional 9919:land use 9754:business 9723:internet 9681:abnormal 9583:military 9573:economic 9563:cultural 9536:physical 9497:physical 9487:cultural 9361:Category 9000:Pedology 8881:Physical 8844:Regional 8834:Religion 8819:Military 8809:Language 8804:Internet 8789:Economic 8779:Cultural 8748:Branches 8719:Glossary 8613:(2002). 8418:Archived 8388:Archived 8273:(2016). 8247:(1939). 8223:Archived 8095:Archived 7971:Archived 7956:Avicenna 7932:Archived 7879:Archived 7837:Archived 7819:(eds.). 7798:30222166 7759:Archived 7716:Archived 7674:Archived 7639:Archived 7577:Archived 7475:Archived 6786:24010063 6256:(3): 1–2 6057:36717687 5842:17912938 5794:10 March 5789:33201684 5664:27 April 5627:23756334 5482:: 1–19. 5458:27757388 5337:Archived 5333:33201684 5274:34085823 5095:Archived 4872:Archived 4736:Archived 4693:Archived 4056:UNESCO. 3899:See also 3560:Antipode 3535:(Russia) 3517:(Canada) 2961:geodesic 2957:Khwarezm 2953:latitude 2947:and the 2929:latitude 2881:and the 2837:such as 2790:Xu Xiake 2778:Shen Kuo 2712:eclipses 2664:latitude 2497:deep map 2343:(GISc). 2331:database 1952:Geosophy 1690:cultural 1654:Pedology 1415:Physical 1361:Branches 1350:Regional 1130:Location 1096:— 1061:and the 983:— 961:toponymy 826:concepts 682:Feminist 677:Critical 383:Pedology 250:Regional 240:Religion 225:Military 215:Language 210:Internet 195:Economic 185:Cultural 10371:Physics 10321:Geology 10231:Ecology 10181:Biology 10136:science 10068:Commons 9899:history 9889:science 9824:studies 9558:History 9470:Primary 9456:History 9451:Outline 9385:Commons 9164:Web GIS 9033:Geodesy 8977:Geology 8961:Geodesy 8894:Ecology 8871:Tourism 8739:Outline 8724:History 8650:website 8644:at the 8594:1775737 8465:2562763 8312:Bibcode 8121:rgs.org 7518:1151277 7074:Bibcode 6818:Bibcode 6777:3757586 6613:2560899 6386:Bibcode 6160:Bibcode 6109:Bibcode 6048:9886992 6027:Bibcode 5986:Bibcode 5896:Bibcode 5865:Bibcode 5343:22 July 5287:22 July 5167:Bibcode 5007:Bibcode 4881:22 July 4628:27 July 4590:27 July 4547:3269642 4420:Bibcode 4291:Bibcode 3875:of the 3873:planets 3863:on the 3817:removed 3802:sources 3758:History 3752:History 3718:igneous 3704:Geology 3698:Geology 3369:Ptolemy 2941:horizon 2937:valleys 2919:of the 2903:Baghdad 2891:Baghdad 2805:Ptolemy 2774:Jia Dan 2770:Pei Xiu 2762:Chinese 2751:atlases 2747:Ptolemy 2739:minutes 2672:Chinese 2650:, 1767. 2625:Oceanus 2617:Assyria 2611:on the 2609:Babylon 2304:geodesy 2221:(GIS). 2147:Methods 2027:Geodesy 1459:climate 1344:), the 1338:Spatial 1195:history 973:climate 876:Babylon 687:Marxist 552:Web GIS 497:Methods 416:Geodesy 349:Geology 305:Ecology 277:Tourism 112:Islamic 107:Chinese 84:Outline 43:Geology 10186:Botany 9759:public 9701:social 9593:social 9492:social 9373:Portal 8861:Social 8794:Health 8708:topics 8621: 8592: 8550: 8542: 8501: 8478:18 May 8471: 8463: 8340:632894 8338: 8330: 8281: 8155:rgo.ru 8070:9 June 8065:621272 8063: 8021:621272 8019: 7963: 7871: 7843:15 May 7829: 7796: 7708: 7645:15 May 7614: 7583:17 May 7569: 7539: 7516: 7449: 7417: 7392: 7362: 7329: 7271: 7225: 7186: 7138: 7092: 7038: 7028: 6988: 6934: 6868: 6836: 6784: 6774: 6689: 6659: 6634: 6611: 6576: 6518: 6493: 6468: 6444: 6406: 6378:Nature 6355: 6295: 6220:UNESCO 6178: 6055: 6045: 5957: 5914: 5840: 5787: 5739: 5699: 5655: 5625: 5567: 5494: 5456: 5419: 5394: 5369: 5331: 5272: 5266:143141 5264: 5133: 5087: 5025: 4965: 4941: 4909: 4790: 4762: 4728: 4659: 4623:983554 4621: 4545: 4495: 4465: 4378: 4346: 4311:215179 4309: 4253: 4219: 4191: 4159: 4123: 4087: 4060: 4018: 3990: 3857:rilles 3724:, and 3404:Strabo 3205:Cosmos 3143:botany 3137:, and 3133:, the 3097:, and 3063:Berlin 3012:, and 2883:Greeks 2879:Romans 2857:, and 2825:, the 2788:, and 2766:Liu An 2743:Romans 2686:, and 2676:Greeks 2674:. The 2668:Thales 2660:gnomon 2621:Urartu 2607:shows 2574:Origin 2545:poetry 1988:UNESCO 1402:, and 1386:, and 1373:UNESCO 1221:, and 1155:, and 1136:, and 1101:, 1997 1001:, and 988:, 1863 911:, and 878:. The 813:gráphō 790:(from 459:Fields 406:Fields 295:Fields 267:Social 200:Health 165:Fields 79:Portal 9929:urban 9733:urban 9728:rural 9578:human 9541:human 9461:Index 8854:Urban 8756:Human 8734:Index 8590:JSTOR 8548:S2CID 8469:S2CID 8461:JSTOR 8336:JSTOR 8061:JSTOR 8017:JSTOR 7977:3 May 7882:(PDF) 7865:(PDF) 7794:JSTOR 7514:JSTOR 7386:(PDF) 7356:(PDF) 7327:S2CID 7269:S2CID 7223:S2CID 7184:S2CID 7136:S2CID 7090:S2CID 7036:S2CID 6986:S2CID 6932:S2CID 6834:S2CID 6609:JSTOR 6574:S2CID 6289:EOLSS 6285:(PDF) 6260:9 May 6218:EOLSS 6214:(PDF) 6176:S2CID 5955:S2CID 5937:arXiv 5838:S2CID 5785:S2CID 5737:S2CID 5697:S2CID 5623:JSTOR 5454:JSTOR 5329:S2CID 5281:(PDF) 5270:S2CID 5262:JSTOR 5242:(PDF) 5101:6 May 4875:(PDF) 4852:(PDF) 4619:JSTOR 4543:S2CID 4307:JSTOR 4054:EOLSS 3944:Notes 3738:rocks 3729:rocks 3529:(UK) 3475:(US) 3469:(AAG) 2982:plain 2899:Balkh 2381:LiDAR 1678:Human 1451:fauna 1447:flora 1209:Scale 1116:Place 1076:Space 1070:Space 818:Earth 744:Index 260:Urban 10138:and 9997:List 8619:ISBN 8540:ISSN 8499:ISBN 8480:2023 8426:2021 8396:2021 8366:2021 8328:ISSN 8279:ISBN 8231:2016 8201:2016 8171:2016 8137:2016 8103:2016 8072:2024 7979:2020 7961:ISBN 7940:2016 7902:help 7869:ISBN 7845:2020 7827:ISBN 7767:2016 7736:help 7706:ISBN 7682:2016 7647:2020 7612:ISBN 7585:2020 7567:ISBN 7537:ISBN 7483:2016 7447:ISBN 7415:ISBN 7390:ISBN 7360:ISBN 7280:2022 7234:2022 7147:2022 7101:2022 7047:2022 7026:ISBN 6997:2022 6879:2023 6866:ISBN 6845:2022 6782:PMID 6712:Land 6687:ISBN 6657:ISBN 6632:ISBN 6516:ISBN 6491:ISBN 6466:ISBN 6442:ISBN 6404:ISSN 6353:ISBN 6293:ISBN 6262:2023 6226:2022 6187:2022 6128:2022 6053:PMID 5912:ISBN 5796:2022 5666:2023 5653:ISBN 5565:ISBN 5543:2022 5505:2022 5492:ISBN 5417:ISBN 5392:ISBN 5367:ISBN 5345:2022 5289:2022 5186:2022 5131:ISBN 5103:2014 5085:ISBN 5023:ISSN 4963:ISBN 4939:ISBN 4920:2023 4907:ISBN 4883:2022 4825:2006 4788:ISBN 4760:ISBN 4726:ISBN 4701:2016 4657:ISBN 4630:2022 4592:2022 4554:2022 4493:ISBN 4463:ISBN 4439:2022 4376:ISBN 4344:ISBN 4318:2023 4251:ISBN 4217:ISBN 4189:ISBN 4157:ISBN 4134:2024 4121:ISBN 4098:2024 4085:ISBN 4058:ISBN 4016:ISBN 3988:ISBN 3865:Moon 3800:any 3798:cite 3712:The 3420:and 3388:Sir 3174:and 3105:and 3033:The 2931:and 2799:The 2444:and 2329:and 2294:and 2254:and 1982:," " 1978:," " 1823:and 1588:and 1504:and 1467:soil 1449:and 1309:." 1175:and 1167:Time 1015:soil 891:and 840:and 34:and 10299:N–Z 10294:A–M 10284:M–Z 10279:0–L 10254:M–Z 10249:A–L 9600:Law 8582:doi 8532:doi 8453:doi 8320:doi 8308:146 8053:doi 8009:doi 7506:doi 7317:hdl 7307:doi 7261:doi 7215:doi 7174:doi 7128:doi 7082:doi 7018:doi 6978:doi 6924:doi 6826:doi 6772:PMC 6762:doi 6720:doi 6601:doi 6564:doi 6394:doi 6168:doi 6156:113 6117:doi 6043:PMC 6035:doi 5994:doi 5947:doi 5904:doi 5873:doi 5830:doi 5777:doi 5729:doi 5725:112 5689:doi 5532:doi 5484:doi 5446:doi 5321:doi 5254:doi 5209:doi 5175:doi 5077:doi 5015:doi 4864:doi 4649:doi 4535:doi 4428:doi 4299:doi 3883:or 3811:by 3394:LSE 3044:H-4 2889:in 2807:'s 2702:or 2230:why 2177:by 1843:or 1348:or 945:map 10425:: 8989:/ 8975:/ 8959:/ 8945:/ 8941:/ 8927:/ 8913:/ 8602:^ 8588:. 8578:23 8576:. 8560:^ 8546:. 8538:. 8528:13 8526:. 8522:. 8467:. 8459:. 8449:77 8447:. 8443:. 8416:. 8412:. 8386:. 8382:. 8334:. 8326:. 8318:. 8306:. 8302:. 8257:29 8255:. 8251:. 8217:. 8187:. 8123:. 8119:. 8059:. 8049:79 8047:. 8043:. 8029:^ 8015:. 8005:21 8003:. 7991:^ 7981:. 7969:. 7930:. 7926:. 7922:. 7910:^ 7894:: 7892:}} 7888:{{ 7877:. 7835:. 7815:; 7790:13 7788:. 7757:. 7753:. 7728:: 7726:}} 7722:{{ 7714:. 7690:^ 7672:. 7668:. 7664:. 7610:. 7575:. 7551:^ 7512:. 7502:48 7500:. 7445:. 7441:. 7429:^ 7388:. 7339:^ 7325:. 7315:. 7303:11 7301:. 7297:. 7267:. 7257:11 7255:. 7251:. 7221:. 7211:11 7209:. 7205:. 7182:. 7168:. 7164:. 7134:. 7124:11 7122:. 7118:. 7088:. 7080:. 7070:24 7068:. 7064:. 7034:. 7024:. 6984:. 6972:. 6968:. 6930:. 6918:. 6914:. 6902:^ 6832:. 6824:. 6814:52 6812:. 6808:. 6794:^ 6780:. 6770:. 6756:. 6752:. 6716:11 6714:. 6710:. 6671:^ 6607:. 6597:43 6595:. 6572:. 6560:23 6558:. 6554:. 6402:. 6392:. 6382:63 6380:. 6376:. 6315:. 6287:. 6270:^ 6254:59 6252:. 6248:. 6234:^ 6216:. 6195:^ 6174:. 6166:. 6154:. 6150:. 6136:^ 6115:. 6105:75 6103:. 6099:. 6085:^ 6065:^ 6051:. 6041:. 6033:. 6023:13 6021:. 6017:. 5992:. 5982:11 5980:. 5976:. 5953:. 5945:. 5935:. 5910:. 5902:. 5871:. 5861:13 5859:. 5836:. 5826:94 5824:. 5804:^ 5783:. 5773:94 5771:. 5767:. 5749:^ 5735:. 5723:. 5709:^ 5695:. 5685:52 5683:. 5635:^ 5619:30 5617:. 5613:. 5601:^ 5591:. 5579:^ 5551:^ 5528:27 5526:. 5522:. 5490:. 5478:. 5466:^ 5452:. 5442:10 5440:. 5353:^ 5335:. 5327:. 5317:94 5315:. 5311:. 5297:^ 5268:. 5260:. 5250:46 5248:. 5244:. 5221:^ 5205:81 5203:. 5173:. 5163:43 5161:. 5157:. 5145:^ 5111:^ 5093:. 5083:. 5061:^ 5053:52 5051:. 5047:. 5035:^ 5021:. 5013:. 5003:93 5001:. 4995:. 4977:^ 4891:^ 4870:. 4860:11 4858:. 4854:. 4833:^ 4811:. 4774:^ 4734:. 4724:. 4720:. 4691:. 4687:. 4683:. 4671:^ 4655:. 4615:41 4613:. 4609:. 4583:. 4541:. 4531:48 4529:. 4525:. 4507:^ 4477:^ 4447:^ 4426:. 4416:63 4414:. 4410:. 4390:^ 4358:^ 4326:^ 4305:. 4297:. 4287:81 4285:. 4281:. 4265:^ 4231:^ 4203:^ 4171:^ 4151:. 4115:. 4030:^ 4002:^ 3972:^ 3748:. 3720:, 3396:, 3294:c. 3129:, 3093:, 3089:, 3008:, 2853:, 2849:, 2833:. 2813:c. 2784:, 2780:, 2776:, 2772:, 2768:, 2718:. 2706:. 2682:, 2666:. 2646:, 2619:, 2555:. 2440:, 2387:, 1465:, 1461:, 1441:, 1437:, 1433:, 1406:. 1398:, 1394:, 1382:, 1217:, 1205:. 1151:, 1147:, 1132:, 997:, 915:. 907:, 903:, 853:c. 807:gê 366:/ 337:/ 328:/ 324:/ 10127:e 10120:t 10113:v 9432:e 9425:t 9418:v 9006:) 9002:/ 8998:( 8697:e 8690:t 8683:v 8627:. 8596:. 8584:: 8554:. 8534:: 8507:. 8482:. 8455:: 8428:. 8398:. 8368:. 8342:. 8322:: 8314:: 8287:. 8233:. 8203:. 8173:. 8139:. 8105:. 8074:. 8055:: 8023:. 8011:: 7942:. 7904:) 7847:. 7800:. 7769:. 7738:) 7684:. 7649:. 7620:. 7587:. 7545:. 7520:. 7508:: 7485:. 7455:. 7423:. 7398:. 7368:. 7333:. 7319:: 7309:: 7282:. 7263:: 7236:. 7217:: 7190:. 7176:: 7170:1 7149:. 7130:: 7103:. 7084:: 7076:: 7049:. 7020:: 6999:. 6980:: 6974:1 6953:. 6938:. 6926:: 6920:9 6881:. 6847:. 6828:: 6820:: 6788:. 6764:: 6758:4 6728:. 6722:: 6695:. 6665:. 6640:. 6615:. 6603:: 6580:. 6566:: 6524:. 6499:. 6474:. 6450:. 6410:. 6396:: 6388:: 6361:. 6334:. 6319:. 6301:. 6264:. 6228:. 6189:. 6170:: 6162:: 6130:. 6119:: 6111:: 6059:. 6037:: 6029:: 6002:. 5996:: 5988:: 5961:. 5949:: 5939:: 5920:. 5906:: 5898:: 5879:. 5875:: 5867:: 5844:. 5832:: 5798:. 5779:: 5743:. 5731:: 5703:. 5691:: 5668:. 5629:. 5593:3 5573:. 5545:. 5534:: 5507:. 5486:: 5460:. 5448:: 5425:. 5400:. 5375:. 5347:. 5323:: 5291:. 5256:: 5215:. 5211:: 5188:. 5177:: 5169:: 5139:. 5105:. 5079:: 5029:. 5017:: 5009:: 4989:" 4971:. 4947:. 4922:. 4885:. 4866:: 4827:. 4796:. 4768:. 4703:. 4665:. 4651:: 4632:. 4594:. 4556:. 4537:: 4501:. 4471:. 4441:. 4430:: 4422:: 4384:. 4352:. 4320:. 4301:: 4293:: 4259:. 4225:. 4197:. 4165:. 4136:. 4100:. 4066:. 4024:. 3996:. 3867:. 3838:) 3832:( 3827:) 3823:( 3819:. 3805:. 3731:. 3444:. 3434:. 3424:. 3400:. 3385:. 3375:. 3359:. 3306:. 3292:( 3286:. 3276:. 3256:. 3207:, 2869:( 2200:) 2194:( 2189:) 2185:( 2171:. 776:e 769:t 762:v 45:. 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.