921:"all forms and types of financial, business, scientific, technical, economic, or engineering information, including patterns, plans, compilations, program devices, formulas, designs, prototypes, methods, techniques, processes, procedures, programs, or codes, whether tangible or intangible, and whether or how stored, compiled, or memorialized physically, electronically, graphically, photographically, or in writing if (A) the owner thereof has taken reasonable measures to keep such information secret; and (B) the information derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable through proper means by, another person who can obtain economic value from the disclosure or use of the information."
1110:. Compared to patents, the advantages of trade secrets are that a trade secret is not time limited (it "continues indefinitely as long as the secret is not revealed to the public", whereas a patent is only in force for a specified time, after which others may freely copy the invention), a trade secret does not imply any registration costs, has an immediate effect, does not require compliance with any formalities, and does not imply any disclosure of the invention to the public. The disadvantages of trade secrets include that "others may be able to legally discover the secret and be thereafter entitled to use it", "others may obtain patent protection for legally discovered secrets", and a trade secret is more difficult to enforce than a patent.
465:. In other words, in exchange for an opportunity to be employed by the holder of secrets, an employee may agree to not reveal their prospective employer's proprietary information, to surrender or assign to their employer ownership rights to intellectual work and work-products produced during the course (or as a condition) of employment, and to not work for a competitor for a given period of time (sometimes within a given geographic region). Violating the agreement generally carries the possibility of heavy financial penalties, thus disincentivizing the revealing of trade secrets. Trade secret information can be protected through legal action including an injunction preventing
1106:, so that others will be able to both make and use the invention. Often, an invention will be improved after filing of the patent application, and additional information will be learned. None of that additional information must be disclosed through the patent application process, and it may thus be kept as a trade secret. That nondisclosed information will often increase the commercial viability of the patent. Most patent licenses include clauses that require the inventor to disclose any trade secrets they have, and patent licensors must be careful to maintain their trade secrets while licensing a patent through such means as the use of a
38:
708:, containing a summary of trade secret laws across states, which served as the primary resource until the latter part of the century. As of 2013, however, only four statesâMassachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Texasâstill rely on the Restatement as their primary source of guidance (other than their body of state case law). It has also been recently theorized that the doctrine of trade secrets should protect competitively valuable, personal information of company executives, in a concept known as "executive trade secrets".
1124:
497:
477:(DTSA) also allows for the court to seize property to prevent the propagation or dissemination of the trade secret. However, proving a breach of an NDA by a former stakeholder who is legally working for a competitor or prevailing in a lawsuit for breaching a non-compete clause can be very difficult. A holder of a trade secret may also require similar agreements from other parties, such as vendors, licensees, and board members.
779:
made to keep the information confidential, the information remains a trade secret and generally remains legally protected. Conversely, trade secret owners who cannot evidence reasonable efforts at protecting confidential information risk losing the trade secret, even if the information is obtained by competitors illegally. It is for this reason that trade secret owners shred documents and do not simply recycle them.
549:. Thus, if a trade secret has been acquired via industrial espionage, its acquirer will probably be subject to legal liability for having acquired it improperlyâ . However, the holder of the trade secret is obliged to protect against such espionage to some degree, as under most trade secret regimes, a trade secret is not deemed to exist unless its purported holder takes reasonable steps to maintain its secrecy.
1376:
1059:, one must simply use the mark "in commerce". It is possible to register a trademark in the United States, both at the federal and state levels. Registration of trademarks confers some advantages, including stronger protection in certain respects, but registration is not required in order to get protection. Registration may be required in order to file a lawsuit for trademark infringement.
1027:(DTSA), some additional trade secrets protection has become also available under federal law. One of the differences between patents and trademarks, on the one hand, and trade secrets, on the other, is that a trade secret is protected only when the owner has taken reasonable measures to protect the information as a secret (see
453:
technological and legal security measures. The most common reason for trade secret disputes to arise is when former employees of trade secret-bearing companies leave to work for a competitor and are suspected of taking or using valuable confidential information belonging to their former employer. Legal protections include
1186:. It has been argued that the public is being denied a clear picture of such products' safety, whereas competitors are well positioned to analyze its chemical composition. In 2004, the National Environmental Trust tested 40 common consumer products; in more than half of them they found toxic substances not listed on the
545:. Acts of industrial espionage are generally illegal and penalties can be harsh. The importance of that illegality to trade secret law is: if a trade secret is acquired by improper means (a somewhat wider concept than "illegal means" but inclusive of such means), then the secret is generally deemed to have been
2036:
A Court may grant an injunction, provided the order does not "prevent a person from entering into an employment relationship, and that conditions placed on such employment shall be based on evidence of threatened misappropriation and not merely on the information that the person knows...." 18 U.S.C.
939:
The DTSA also clarifies that a United States resident (including a company) can be liable for misappropriation that takes place outside the United States, and any person can be liable as long as an act in furtherance of the misappropriation takes place in the United States, 18 U.S.C. §1837. The DTSA
352:
Oftentimes, trade secrets are key components of an IP portfolio that strengthen a business's competitive edge. Like other IP assets, they may be sold or licensed. In principle, unauthorized acquisition, use or disclosure of a trade secret by others in a manner contrary to honest commercial practices
423:
Trade secret information can include technical and scientific information (such as manufacturing processes, quality control methods, chemical formulae, blueprints...), business and commercial information (eg, suppliersâ and customerâs information) as well as financial information (e.g., sales data,
778:
The "quality of confidence" highlights that trade secrets are a legal concept. With sufficient effort or through illegal acts (such as breaking and entering), competitors can usually obtain trade secrets. However, so long as the owner of the trade secret can prove that reasonable efforts have been
672:
is not unique. Exactly the same can be said of many private law actions including those for theft, damage to property, deposit, and production of property. All of these could, I suppose, be used to protect trade secrets, etc., but there is no evidence they were. It is bizarre to see any degree the
480:
As a company can protect its confidential information through NDA, work-for-hire, and non-compete contracts with its stakeholders (within the constraints of employment law, including only restraint that is reasonable in geographic- and time-scope), these protective contractual measures effectively
1066:
information about the method or product has to be supplied to a patent office and upon publication (usually, years before issuance of a patent), it becomes available to all. After expiration of the patent, competitors can copy the method or product legally. The most important advantage of patents
2026:
The "inevitable disclosure" doctrine allows an employee's new employment to be enjoined if the court determines that the nature of his new duties will inevitably lead to a disclosure or improper use of trade secrets of the prior employer. It has been accepted in a number of states (see, e.g.,
1038:
Nations have different trademark policies. Assuming the mark in question meets certain other standards of protectibility, trademarks are generally protected from infringement on the grounds that other uses might confuse consumers as to the origin or nature of the goods once the mark has been
452:
In contrast to registered intellectual property, trade secrets are, by definition, not disclosed to the world at large. Instead, owners of trade secrets seek to protect trade secret information from competitors by instituting special procedures for handling it, as well as implementing both
621:... which the Roman jurists used to grant commercial relief under the guise of private law actions. "If, as the writer believes , various private cases of action were available in satisfying commercial needs, the state was acting in exactly the same fashion as it does at the present day."
557:
While improper, dishonest or unlawful acquisition, use or disclosure of trade secret information by unauthorized third parties is prohibited in principle, there are several exceptions to this principle. The exceptions and limitations vary among the juridiction. Some of those may be
1193:
Moreover, trade secret legal protection can reduce the knowledge spillover, which enhances the knowledge spread and technology improvement. Therefore, while trade secret laws strengthen R&D exclusivity and encourage firms to engage in innovative activities, broadly reducing
914:(DTSA), 18 U.S.C. §§ 1839 et seq., which for the first time created a federal cause of action for misappropriating trade secrets. The DTSA provides for both a private right of action for damages and injunction and a civil action for injunction brought by the Attorney General.
489:. The lack of formal protection associated with registered intellectual property rights, however, means that a third party not bound by a signed agreement is not prevented from independently duplicating and using the secret information once it is discovered, such as through
519:
Because protection of trade secrets can, in principle, extend indefinitely, it may provide an advantage over patent protection and other registered intellectual property rights, which last for a limited duration. For example, the Coca-Cola company has no patent for the
943:
The DTSA does not preempt or supplant state laws, but provides an additional cause of action. Because states vary significantly in their approach to the "inevitable disclosure" doctrine, its use has limited, if any, application under the DTSA, 18 U.S.C.§1836(b)(3)(A).
1079:, kept as a trade secret, and used by the other in its business. Although it is legally possible to "convert" a trade secret into a patent, the claims in such patent would be limited to things, that are easily discernable from examining such things. This means, that
689:. While those cases involved the first known common law causes of action based on a modern concept of trade secret laws, neither involved injunctive relief; rather, they involved damages only. In England, the first case involving injunctive relief came in 1820 in
667:
presumably or possibly could be used to protect trade secrets and other similar commercial interests. That was not its purpose and was, at most, an incidental spin-off. But there is not the slightest evidence that the action was ever so used. In this regard the
424:
salary and compensation plans etc.). It can also include negative information (such as failed research). Information may be stored mentally but also expressed in the form of texts, figures, drawings, charts, chemical formulae, diagrams, code, audio, video etc.
988:. On other hand, the application of the Interstate Commerce Theory did not find much judicial support in regulating trade secrets: since a trade secret process is used in a State, where it is protected by state law, federal protection may be needed only when
1177:
of 1966 (FOIA), which requires federal agencies to provide documents to the public on request, includes the discretionary exemption - to withhold information for trade secrets. Thus trade secret regulations can mask the composition of chemical agents in
1818:
379:
The precise language by which a trade secret is defined varies by jurisdiction, as do the particular types of information that are subject to trade secret protection. Three factors are common to all such definitions:
571:, acquisition of information through reverse engineering from examining a product placed in the market. In some countries though, a contract (such as a purchase agreement) may forbid to carry out reverse engineering;
524:
and has been effective in protecting it for many more years than the 20 years of protection that a patent would have provided. In fact, Coca-Cola refused to reveal its trade secret under at least two judges' orders.
828:
on 27 May 2016. The goal of the directive is to harmonize the definition of trade secrets in accordance with existing international standards, and the means of obtaining protection of trade secrets within the EU.
2345:
2027:
PepsiCo, Inc. v. Redmond, 54 F.3d 1262 (7th Cir. 1995)(applying
Illinois law), and flatly rejected in others (see, e.g., Schlage Lock Co. v. Whyte, 101 Cal. App. 4th 1443 (2002) (applying California law).
436:(IP). Their contribution to a company's value can be major. Being invisible, that contribution is hard to measure. Still, research shows that changes in trade secrets laws affect business spending on
935:
It provides for remedies to include royalties in appropriate cases and exemplary damages up to two times the actual damages in cases of "willful and malicious" appropriation, 18 U.S.C. §1836(b)(3).
837:
Within the U.S., trade secrets generally encompass a company's proprietary information that is not generally known to its competitors, and which provides the company with a competitive advantage.
508:
Therefore, trade secrets such as secret formulae are often protected by restricting the key information to a few trusted individuals. Famous examples of products protected by trade secrets are
420:(3)(A),(B) (1996), has three parts: (1) information; (2) reasonable measures taken to protect the information; and (3) which derives independent economic value from not being publicly known."
816:
does not follow the traditional commonwealth approach, instead recognizing trade secrets where a judgment of the High Court indicates that confidential information may be a property right.
1051:
trademark) until and unless it is "disclosed" to consumers, for only then are consumers able to associate it with a supplier or source in the requisite manner. (That a company plans to
861:(UTSA), which was further amended in 1985, with approximately 47 states having adopted some variation of it as the basis for trade secret law. Another significant development is the
1244:
840:
Although trade secrets law evolved under state common law, prior to 1974, the question of whether patent law preempted state trade secrets law had been unanswered. In 1974, the
2343:
1363:
932:
It provides for the unusual remedy of preliminary seizure of "property necessary to prevent the propagation or dissemination of the trade secret," 18 U.S.C. §1836
1961:
1694:
1249:
1208:
1132:
2209:
102:
2583:
685:
679:
1637:
364:
No registration is necessary to obtain trade secret protection. As long as the information qualifies as a trade secret, it is protected indefinitely.
1803:, 416 U.S. 470, 493 n.23, 94 S.Ct. 1879, 1892 n.23, 40 L.Ed.2d 315 (1974) (trade secret law imported into the United States from England in 1868 in
1456:
Baruch Lev (2001): Intangibles, Management, Measurement and
Reporting, with comments by conference participants; Brookings Institution Press, 2001.
1216:
1071:) is that patents assure the monopoly of their owners, even when the patented subject matter is independently invented by others later (there are
907:
The statutory penalties are different for the two offenses. The EEA was extended in 2016 to allow companies to file civil suits in federal court.
297:
2302:
917:
The statute followed state laws on liability in significant part, defining trade secrets in the same way as the
Uniform Trade Secrets Act as,
852:
825:
345:
because they are not generally known or readily ascertainable by others, and which their owner takes reasonable measures to keep secret.
87:
613:, interpreted as an "action for making a slave worse" (or an action for corrupting a servant). The Roman law is described as follows:
1252:. Argued Oct. 26, 2010âMarch 11, 2011. trade secrets case involving Kevlar fiber, resulting in award to DuPont of ~US$ 920 million.
673:
Roman actio servi corrupti as the counterpart of modern law for the protection of trade secrets and other such commercial interests.
1137:
1055:
a certain trademark might itself be protectable as a trade secret, however, until the mark is actually made public.) To acquire a
2137:
2108:
205:
2368:
A.I.P.P.I. (Journal of
International Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property of Japan) 36(5), 231 - 238 (2011),
2546:
2524:
2503:
2481:
2461:
2438:
2415:
1828:
1591:
163:
929:
Because it is a federal law, trade secret cases can be prosecuted in federal courts with concomitant procedural advantages.
746:
220:
122:
2047:
1434:
1256:
740:
469:, monetary damages, and, in some instances, punitive damages and attorneysâ fees too. In extraordinary circumstances, an
290:
1447:
Robert P. Merges, Peter S. Menell, Mark A. Lemley (@006) Intellectual
Property in the Technological Age, 3rd ed.; Aspen
2603:
2534:
2005:
1028:
896:
885:
866:
413:
1394:"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Section 7: Protection of Undisclosed Information"
2567:
2231:
1182:
which has long been criticized for allowing the trade secret holders to hide the presence of potentially harmful and
2085:
644:
252:
77:
1684:
Ben Fox Rubin (2012): Former Dow
Chemical Scientist Gets Five Year in Prison; Wall Street Journal, 13 January 2012
2449:
2426:
995:
Due these
Constitutional requirements, patents and trademarks enjoy a strong federal protection in the USA (the
200:
2491:
2471:
862:
700:
Trade secrets law continued to evolve throughout the United States as a hodgepodge of state laws. In 1939, the
409:
283:
1982:
1897:
617:
he Roman owner of a mark or firm name was legally protected against unfair usage by a competitor through the
20:
2282:"Nos. 10-1103, 10-1275. - DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY v. KOLON INDUSTRIES INCORPORATED - US 4th Circuit"
848:
which resolved the question in favor of allowing the states to freely develop their own trade secret laws.
2557:
1056:
841:
648:
2303:"DuPont Wins Trade Secret Case Against Kolon Industries - WILMINGTON, Del., Sept. 14, 2011 /PRNewswire/"
2613:
1174:
354:
992:
by a foreign entity is involved (the States themselves cannot regulate commerce with foreign powers).
574:
Employeeâs general skills and experience acquired from the normal course of work with other employers;
1868:
1268:
1103:
1063:
1008:
1004:
858:
774:
There must be an unauthorized use of that information to the detriment of the party communicating it.
346:
107:
2378:
1419:
1607:
1397:
1107:
1024:
1000:
965:
911:
474:
454:
437:
368:
2394:
1393:
976:, etc. For this reason, Federal Law for the latter types of intellectual property is based on the
753:
held that the action for breach of confidence is based on a principle of preserving "good faith".
2160:
1298:
1084:
722:
112:
82:
72:
2373:
2248:
771:
That information must have been imparted in circumstances imparting an obligation of confidence;
2598:
2513:
Snider, Jerome G.; Ellins, Howard A. (2006). "Chapter 8: Trade
Secrets and Business Strategy".
1080:
701:
183:
1335:
1102:
for disclosing the information to the public. In order to obtain a patent, the inventor must
2223:
562:
433:
314:
29:
1289: â Designer charged in 2008 with stealing $ 1 billion worth of trade secrets from Intel
1075:), as well as when the patented subject matter was invented by others prior to the patent's
625:
The suggestion that trade secret law has its roots in Roman law was introduced in 1929 in a
2214:
1420:"Common Issues and Challenges in Prosecuting Trade Secret and Economic Espionage Act Cases"
989:
705:
542:
466:
2281:
1364:"WIPO Guide to Trade Secrets and Innovation - Part III: Basics of trade secret protection"
8:
1195:
1144:
985:
627:
568:
534:
490:
173:
2388:
401:
In international law, these three factors define a trade secret under article 39 of the
2324:"USDOJ: Antitrust Division : E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. v. Kolon Indus., Inc"
1495:
1224:
797:
600:
509:
501:
462:
257:
67:
47:
1922:
533:
Companies often try to discover one another's trade secrets through lawful methods of
2563:
2542:
2520:
2499:
2477:
2457:
2434:
2411:
2369:
2227:
2188:
2180:
1966:
1824:
1645:
1587:
1536:
1487:
1331:
1148:
807:
581:
538:
521:
37:
1499:
1319:
889:
349:
gives the owner of a trade secret the right to restrict others from disclosing it.
2608:
2263:
2172:
1817:
Radhakrishnan, Rajagopalan; Balasubramanian, Dr R. Radhakrishnan and Dr S. (2008).
1672:
1526:
1479:
1229:
1179:
1016:
981:
961:
334:
326:
168:
1695:"WIPO Guide to Trade Secrets and Innovation - Part V: Trade secrets in litigation"
1032:
900:
874:
870:
417:
2514:
2405:
2349:
2267:
1286:
1088:
977:
783:
577:
402:
178:
1555:
952:
In the United States, trade secrets are not protected by law in the same way as
877:), which makes the theft or misappropriation of a trade secret a federal crime.
677:
Trade secret law as known today made its first appearance in
England in 1817 in
2219:
2131:
2102:
1615:
1380:
1237:
1020:
587:
342:
225:
188:
117:
62:
2323:
1212:, 297 A.2d 433 (Del. Ch. 1971): protection and disclosure of design documents.
768:
The information itself must have the necessary quality of confidence about it;
2592:
2184:
1649:
1540:
1515:"Secrecy and Patents: Theory and Evidence from the Uniform Trade Secrets Act"
1491:
1187:
1076:
1068:
1012:
458:
322:
247:
142:
16:
Business information kept secret to gain or maintain a competitive advantage
2192:
2176:
2074:
1962:"The New 'Defend Trade Secrets Act' Is The Biggest IP Development In Years"
1531:
1514:
1099:
1040:
729:
358:
273:
242:
237:
210:
92:
1003:, respectively), while trade secrets usually have to rely on more limited
444:. This research provides indirect evidence of the value of trade secrecy.
1638:"Coke hides its secret formula in plain sight in World of Coca-Cola move"
1483:
1292:
1261:
1044:
940:
provides the courts with broad injunctive powers. 18 U.S.C. §1836(b)(3).
232:
158:
127:
2556:"Chapter 4: Misappropriation of Trade Secrets (Massachusetts focused)".
1143:
Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections
925:
However, the law contains several important differences from prior law:
481:
create a monopoly on secret information that does not expire as would a
2133:
2104:
The Misappropriation of Trade Secrets in Germany and U.S. Discovery Aid
1467:
1039:
associated with a particular supplier. Similar considerations apply to
996:
973:
969:
791:
757:
725:
432:
Trade secrets are an important, but invisible component of a company's
880:
This law contains two provisions criminalizing two sorts of activity:
957:
813:
604:
513:
486:
193:
137:
57:
893:, criminalizes the theft of trade secrets to benefit foreign powers.
728:
jurisdictions, confidentiality and trade secrets are regarded as an
496:
353:
is considered misappropriation of the trade secret. If trade secret
2450:"Chapter 13: Trade Secrets and Confidential Commercial Information"
1183:
1095:
1072:
733:
269:
215:
52:
1295: â Intentional or unintentional release of secure information
403:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
397:
where the holder makes reasonable efforts to maintain its secrecy.
2161:"The Origins of "Confidential Commercial Information" at the FDA"
1797:
See The Surprising Virtues of Treating Trade Secrets as IP Rights
1761:
See The Surprising Virtues of Treating Trade Secrets as IP Rights
1273:
1087:
can not be patented after they become available to public, while
947:
801:
338:
318:
1245:
Du Pont de Nemours and Company v. Kolon Industries Incorporated
953:
903:, criminalizes their theft for commercial or economic purposes.
756:
The test for a cause of action for breach of confidence in the
482:
441:
330:
97:
1379:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1375:
659:
was not used to protect trade secrets. Rather, he explained:
2407:
Protecting trade secrets under the Uniform Trade Secrets Act
1816:
1468:"Law and Innovation: Evidence from State Trade Secrets Laws"
663:
Schiller is sadly mistaken as to what was going on. ... The
2006:"Protections of the Newly Enacted Defend Trade Secrets Act"
1875:. The Government Of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
1736:, (1817) 2 Mer. 446, 35 Eng. Rep. 1011, 1013 (Ct. Ch. 1817)
2159:
Daval, C. Joseph Ross; Kesselheim, Aaron S. (2024-07-22).
1556:"Human factors in information-age trade secret protection"
693:, while in the United States, it took until the 1866 case
590:
when revealing misconduct, wrongdoing or illegal activity.
1260:
addressed the question of whether possession of software
1233:
2387:"Chapter 15: Trade Secrets and Confidential Relations".
565:
or development of the same information by a third party;
504:
protected by confidential information of the ingredients
2562:. MCLE, Inc. (chapter by Russell Beck). November 2004.
782:
A successful plaintiff is entitled to various forms of
2431:
Intellectual property law for engineers and scientists
1844:
Saltman Engineering Co Ltd v. Campbell Engineering Ltd
1381:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
751:
Saltman Engineering Co Ltd v. Campbell Engineering Ltd
1209:
Data General Corp. v. Digital Computer Controls, Inc.
631:
article called "Trade Secrets and the Roman Law: The
313:
or confidential commercial information are a type of
1950:, 416 U.S. 470, 94 S.Ct. 1879, 40 L.Ed.2d 315 (1974)
1869:"Trade Secrets (Undisclosed Commercial Information)"
367:
In some countries, trade secrets are referred to as
341:, or compilations of information that have inherent
1581:
1383:|website=WIPO Guide to Trade Secrets and Innovation
1220:, 28 F.3d 1042: trade secrets and software systems.
1047:. By definition, a trademark enjoys no protection (
984:) under a theory, that these IP types are used for
964:the existence of and the federal jurisdiction over
2208:
1586:. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. pp. 501â502.
357:happens, the trade secret holder can seek various
2516:Corporate Privileges and Confidential Information
2590:
1217:Rivendell Forest Prods. v. Georgia-Pacific Corp.
1023:. However, since 2016 with the enactment of the
584:per statutory law or case law in some countries;
2158:
1983:"Definition of a 'Trade Secret' Under the DTSA"
1264:can result in misappropriation of trade secrets
653:Trade Secrets and Roman Law: The Myth Exploded
603:assert that trade secrets were protected under
405:, commonly referred to as the TRIPS Agreement.
2535:"Chapter 7: Misappropriation of Trade Secrets"
2249:"Trade Secrets Laws and Technology Spillovers"
1892:
1890:
1722:Trade Secrets and Roman Law: The Myth Exploded
948:Comparison to other intellectual property laws
641:Trade Secrets and Roman Law: The Myth Exploded
2204:
2202:
2096:
2094:
1756:
1754:
1724:, 11 Tul. Eur. & Civ. L.F. 19, 19 (1996).
853:List of United States state trade secret laws
552:
541:, and potentially unlawful methods including
291:
2512:
2069:
2067:
1929:. Office of Policy and International Affairs
1820:Intellectual Property Rights: Text and Cases
1584:The Entrepreneur's Guide to Law and Strategy
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1250:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
910:On May 11, 2016, President Obama signed the
826:Directive on the Protection of Trade Secrets
635:", which has been reproduced in Schiller's,
390:that confers economic benefit on its holder
2454:Discovery from Current and Former Employees
2073:United States Patent and Trademark Office,
1887:
1098:on the patented invention is regarded as a
608:
88:Integrated circuit layout design protection
2199:
2123:
2091:
1751:
1699:WIPO Guide to Trade Secrets and Innovation
394:the information is not publicly known; and
387:that is not generally known to the public;
298:
284:
2305:(Press release). Delaware: Prnewswire.com
2064:
1927:United States Patent and Trademark Office
1716:
1714:
1530:
1349:
857:In 1979, several U.S. states adopted the
2129:
2100:
1417:
1276:profiles could be held as trade secrets.
495:
2539:Business torts & unfair competition
2424:
1959:
1801:but see Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp.
1577:
1575:
960:. While the US Constitution explicitly
716:
206:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
2591:
2447:
2390:The Law of Unfair Business Competition
2003:
1711:
1553:
1472:The Review of Economics and Statistics
683:, and in the United States in 1837 in
2584:Glossary of legal terms in technology
2366:Protection of Trade Secrets in Japan.
1980:
1799:, 61 Stan. L. Rev. at 315 & n.7;
1748:, 36 Mass. (19 Pick.) 523, 527 (1837)
164:Artificial intelligence and copyright
2410:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1996.
2380:Economic Espionage and Trade Secrets
2246:
2152:
2086:Considerations Relevant to Best Mode
1775:, (1820) 37 Eng. Rep. 425, 426 (Ch.)
1763:, 61 Stan. L. Rev. at 315 & n.6.
1635:
1572:
1133:"criticism" or "controversy" section
1117:
863:Economic Espionage Act (EEA) of 1996
747:Court of Appeal of England and Wales
412:, "A trade secret, as defined under
123:Supplementary protection certificate
1675:, 2nd Ed., Basic Books 2000, p. 456
1512:
1465:
1435:United States Department of Justice
1418:Krotoski, Mark L. (November 2009).
1318:Lin, Thomas C.W. (8 October 2013).
1317:
1257:Silvaco Data Systems v. Intel Corp.
741:Breach of confidence in English law
637:An American Experience in Roman Law
528:
13:
2541:. American Bar Association. 1996.
2498:. American Bar Association. 2004.
2383:, U.S. Attorneys' Bulletin (2009).
2358:
2130:Klinkert, Friedrich (April 2012).
2101:Klinkert, Friedrich (April 2012).
1856:Coco v. A.N. Clark (Engineers) Ltd
1168:
762:Coco v. A.N. Clark (Engineers) Ltd
14:
2625:
2577:
2476:. Aspen Publishers Online. 2004.
1608:"Customer Lists as Trade Secrets"
1427:United States Attorneys' Bulletin
1311:
972:, it is silent on trade secrets,
819:
2473:Epstein on intellectual property
2427:"25.3: Nature of a Trade Secret"
2393:. Baker, Voorhis. 1909. p.
1981:Toren, Peter J. (May 24, 2016).
1960:Goldman, Eric (April 28, 2016).
1873:Intellectual Property Department
1787:, 95 Mass. (13 Allen) 370 (1866)
1669:For God, Country & Coca-Cola
1642:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
1374:
1122:
846:Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp.,
832:
760:world is set out in the case of
645:University of Georgia Law School
408:Similarly, in the United States
253:Outline of intellectual property
78:Indigenous intellectual property
36:
2337:
2316:
2295:
2274:
2240:
2079:
2040:
2030:
2020:
1997:
1974:
1953:
1948:Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp.
1941:
1915:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1810:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1739:
1727:
1687:
1678:
1662:
1629:
1600:
1228:(No. 08-9078, 2008 U.S. Dist):
1057:trademark rights under U.S. law
1007:. Most states have adopted the
383:A trade secret is information:
2559:Intellectual Property Practice
2496:International guide to privacy
2004:Kelton, Jeff (June 24, 2016).
1547:
1506:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1411:
1386:
844:issued the landmark decision,
410:Economic Espionage Act of 1996
1:
1304:
1136:may compromise the article's
447:
374:
21:Trade secret (disambiguation)
2456:. American Bar Association.
2268:10.1016/j.respol.2023.104794
1582:Bagley & Dauchy (2018).
1513:Png, I. P. L. (2017-09-01).
1466:Png, I. P. L. (2017-03-01).
1113:
711:
7:
2425:Rockman, Howard B. (2004).
2048:"Intent to use (ITU) forms"
1280:
842:United States Supreme Court
599:Commentators starting with
467:breaches of confidentiality
201:Ideaâexpression distinction
10:
2630:
2008:. American Bar Association
1198:can harm economic growth.
1175:Freedom of Information Act
850:
738:
594:
553:Exceptions and limitations
18:
2604:Intellectual property law
2448:Becker, Susan J. (2005).
2326:. Justice.gov. 2010-05-04
2140:Lecture Series. p. 7
2111:Lecture Series. p. 6
1320:"Executive Trade Secrets"
1269:Christou v. Beatport, LLC
1248:, Nos. 10-1103, 10-1275.
1009:Uniform Trade Secrets Act
859:Uniform Trade Secrets Act
455:non-disclosure agreements
347:Intellectual property law
1858:, (1969) R.P.C. 41 at 47
1398:World Trade Organization
1201:
1108:non-disclosure agreement
1025:Defend Trade Secrets Act
912:Defend Trade Secrets Act
475:Defend Trade Secrets Act
427:
369:confidential information
2348:April 15, 2014, at the
1612:The National Law Review
1299:Trade secrets in Canada
1085:articles of manufacture
113:Plant genetic resources
83:Industrial design right
73:Geographical indication
2177:10.1001/jama.2024.9639
1846:, (1948) 65 P.R.C. 203
1807:, 98 Mass. 452 (1868))
1532:10.1287/stsc.2017.0035
1104:disclose the invention
1081:compositions of matter
923:
702:American Law Institute
675:
643:, at 19. However, the
623:
609:
505:
184:Criticism of copyright
108:Plant breeders' rights
2519:. Law Journal Press.
2284:. Caselaw.findlaw.com
2247:Wang, Yanzhi (2023).
2037:§1836(b)(3)(A)(i)(I).
1923:"Trade Secret Policy"
1823:. Excel Books India.
1433:(5). Washington, DC:
1324:Notre Dame Law Review
1062:To acquire a patent,
919:
661:
615:
563:Independent discovery
499:
434:intellectual property
315:intellectual property
30:Intellectual property
2215:The Hundred Year Lie
1554:Elbaum, Dan (2011).
1484:10.1162/REST_a_00532
1196:knowledge spillovers
990:industrial espionage
732:right rather than a
717:Commonwealth nations
706:Restatement of Torts
670:actio servi corrupti
665:actio servi corrupti
657:actio servi corrupti
633:Actio Servi Corrupti
619:actio servi corrupti
610:actio servi corrupti
607:by a claim known as
543:industrial espionage
522:formula of Coca-Cola
19:For other uses, see
1902:European Commission
1785:Taylor v. Blanchard
1011:(UTSA), except for
986:interstate commerce
695:Taylor v. Blanchard
628:Columbia Law Review
569:Reverse engineering
535:reverse engineering
491:reverse engineering
463:non-compete clauses
317:(IP) that includes
174:Copyright abolition
2210:Randall Fitzgerald
1805:Peabody v. Norfolk
1225:IBM v. Papermaster
1145:through discussion
798:account of profits
601:A. Arthur Schiller
510:Chartreuse liqueur
506:
502:Chartreuse liqueur
266:Higher categories:
258:Outline of patents
2614:Intangible assets
2548:978-1-57073-294-2
2526:978-1-58852-087-6
2505:978-1-59031-333-6
2483:978-0-7355-0319-9
2463:978-1-59031-485-2
2440:978-0-471-44998-0
2417:978-1-56720-016-4
2364:Eiichiro Kubota:
2075:General Questions
1830:978-81-7446-609-9
1773:Yovatt v. Winyard
1593:978-1-285-42849-9
1560:Cornell HR Review
1272:constituted that
1180:consumer products
1166:
1165:
980:(rather than the
824:The EU adopted a
582:national security
539:employee poaching
308:
307:
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2222:, 2006. p.
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1746:Vickery v. Welch
1743:
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1734:Newbery v. James
1731:
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1709:
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1691:
1685:
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1676:
1673:Mark Pendergrast
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1636:Stafford, Leon.
1633:
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1618:PLLC. 2009-12-30
1604:
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1519:Strategy Science
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1438:
1437:: 2â23, at p. 7.
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1230:Mark Papermaster
1184:toxic substances
1161:
1158:
1152:
1126:
1125:
1118:
982:Copyright Clause
892:
691:Yovatt v Winyard
686:Vickery v. Welch
680:Newbery v. James
612:
529:Misappropriation
471:ex parte seizure
355:misappropriation
300:
293:
286:
169:Brand protection
103:Peasants' rights
40:
26:
25:
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2506:
2492:"Trade Secrets"
2490:
2484:
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2361:
2359:Further reading
2356:
2355:
2350:Wayback Machine
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2256:Research Policy
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1898:"Trade secrets"
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1287:Biswamohan Pani
1283:
1204:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1142:
1131:This article's
1127:
1123:
1116:
1073:some exceptions
978:Commerce Clause
950:
884:
855:
835:
822:
800:or an award of
784:judicial relief
749:in the case of
743:
719:
714:
597:
578:Public interest
555:
547:misappropriated
531:
450:
430:
377:
304:
268:
264:
179:Copyright troll
68:Farmers' rights
48:Authors' rights
24:
17:
12:
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2578:External links
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