31:
1297:
478:
recognition in the consumer's mind. For example, even though consumers associated a distinct spring design for wind resistant road signs with a particular company, the spring design was not protectable for trade dress purposes because the springs served the function of withstanding heavy wind conditions.
531:
denied trade dress protection for the plaintiff's website because the plaintiff did not demonstrate that the website was non-functional or distinctive. This case shows the court's willingness to consider trade dress protection for a website, even though the court did not find protection in this case.
494:
Claimed trade dress in the product design—as opposed to product packaging—context can no longer be "inherently distinctive"; it must acquire distinctiveness through "secondary meaning". Distinctiveness through secondary meaning means that although a trade dress is not distinctive on its face, the use
413:
Any person who, on or in connection with any goods or services, or any container for goods, uses in commerce any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof, or any false designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, or false or misleading representation of fact,
326:
Product configuration applies particularly to situations where the product can be seen within the packaging (e.g. a toy car sold in packaging that operates as a shadow box for commercial display within—the collective look it creates is trade dress), or where the packaging is part of the product (e.g.
460:
after five years, which eliminates many of the ways for another party to challenge the registration. Registration under the
Supplemental Register allows the registrant to protect its trade dress in foreign countries, although the protections are much more limited than protections under the Principal
330:
Like all intellectual property law other than patent law, trade dress and other trademark elements are subject to the bar on functional features (e.g. a handle cannot be protected, though it may contain trade dress features that can prevent exact replicas of a particular trade dress handle). It is a
481:
What is considered "functional" depends upon the specific product or thing sought to be protected. For example, the color red in a line of clothing may not be functional (and thus part of protectable trade dress) whereas the same color on a stop sign would be functional because the color red serves
477:
To gain registration in the
Principal Register or common law protection under the Lanham Act, a trade dress must not be "functional". That is, the configuration of shapes, designs, colors, or materials that make up the trade dress in question must not serve a utility or function outside of creating
431:
This statute allows the owner of a particular trade dress ("container for goods") to sue an infringer (a person or entity who illegally copies that trade dress) for violating section 43(a) without registering that trade dress with any formal agency or system (unlike the registration and application
519:
for copying the overall "look and feel" of plaintiff's retail jewelry websites, including the design of plaintiff's search pages. Although the court ordered more factual development before it could rule definitively on the issue, the court did hold that it was possible for the look and feel of the
498:
Although the law is evolving, as it stands now, product packaging (including packaging in very general terms, such as a building's décor) may be inherently distinctive. However, product design, that is the design or shape of the product itself, may not be inherently distinctive, and must acquire
384:
Trade dress protection is intended to protect consumers from packaging or appearance of products that are designed to imitate other products; to prevent a consumer from buying one product under the belief that it is another. For example, the shape, color, and arrangement of the materials of a
385:
children's line of clothing can be protectable trade dress (though, the design of the garments themselves is not protected), as can the design of a magazine cover, the appearance and décor of a chain of
Mexican-style restaurants, and a method of displaying wine bottles in a wine shop.
338:
protects trade dress if it serves the same source-identifying function as a trademark. It is possible to register trade dress as a trademark, but for practical reasons most trade dress and product configurations are protected without registration under
322:
Trade dress is an extension of trademark protection to "he design and shape of the materials in which a product is packaged, . 'Product configuration,' the design and shape of the product itself, may also be considered a form of trade dress."
393:
Trademark law is not explicitly mentioned in the
Constitution of the United States (as opposed to patent and copyright protection law); as such, trademark law—and thus, trade dress—is enforced on the state level in addition to the federal level.
490:
To gain registration in the
Principal Register or common law protection under the Lanham Act, a trade dress must be "distinctive." This means that consumers perceive a particular trade dress as identifying a source of a product.
539:
Although the future of trade dress protection for websites is still very unclear, much thought has been given to this area and it will likely continue to be actively developing area for courts and litigants.
327:
the bottle of a soft drink, along with its visible contents, are trade dress, though the bottle is actually part of the product that retains its value to the consumer for as long as its contents last).
422:(B) in commercial advertising or promotion, misrepresents the nature, characteristics, qualities, or geographic origin of his or her or another person's goods, services, or commercial activities,
419:(A) is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive ... as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval of his or her goods, services, or commercial activities by another person, or
306:
is the characteristics of the visual appearance of a product or its packaging (or even the design of a building) that signify the source of the product to consumers. Trade dress is an aspect of
469:
It can be difficult to obtain protection for trade dress, as applicants must prove that the design has secondary meaning to consumers and is then further limited by the functionality doctrine.
516:
1326:
432:
requirements for enforcing other forms of intellectual property, such as patents). It is commonly seen as providing "federal common law" protection for trade dress (and trademarks).
405:, the federal statute which regulates trademarks and trade dress. Under section 43(a) of the Lanham Act, a product's trade dress can be protected without formal registration with the
536:
court did not look at the overall "look and feel" of the website, but rather, at specific characteristics (such as color) of the website that the plaintiff claimed were infringed.
1113:
Scott D. Locke, Trade Dress in the Age of E-Commerce: The
Challenge of Protecting the "Look and Feel" of Websites and Mobile Apps, 27 Alb. L.J. Sci. & Tech. 213 (2017).
554:
456:, which prevent others from using or registering that registrant's trade dress (without contesting the registration). Further, a registrant in the Principal Register gains
1311:
557:(反不ćŁĺ˝“竞争法) does protect the packaging, decoration, or appearance of a "well-known commodity"; this provision accomplishes something similar to trade dress protections.
1431:
495:
of the trade dress in the market (the "goodwill" of the trade dress) has created an association between that trade dress and a source in the mind of the consumer.
528:
448:. Although registration is not required for legal protection, registration offers several advantages. In the Principal Register, a registrant gains nationwide
457:
1387:
869:
95:
1624:
449:
1553:
1082:
655:
290:
1126:
1500:
1341:
1114:
1083:"Should it be a Free for All? The Challenge of Extending Trade Dress Protection to the Look and Feel of Web Sites in the Evolving Internet"
1614:
80:
507:
Although the exact boundaries of protection are still uncertain, courts are beginning to allow trade dress protection for the overall "
1041:
1619:
1331:
406:
1604:
1173:
376:. Getup, packaging, business strategy, marketing techniques, advertisement themes etc. can also be protected under passing off.
198:
1696:
1634:
611:
156:
1760:
1681:
1372:
213:
115:
1609:
283:
1781:
803:
786:
769:
341:
870:"Entrepreneur's Guide to Intellectual Property – Blog Series: Protecting Your Products and Packaging with Trade Dress"
1246:
1226:
520:
websites to have trade dress protection if the plaintiff's copyright claims did not already cover those parts. In
427:
shall be liable in a civil action by any person who believes that he or she is likely to be damaged by such an act.
245:
70:
953:
1629:
1515:
193:
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1407:
1251:
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1115:
http://www.albanylawjournal.org/archives/pages/article-information.aspx?volume=27&issue=3&page=213
1691:
1676:
1650:
1412:
1216:
1166:
928:"TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc., 532 US 23, 121 S. Ct. 1255, 149 L. Ed. 2d 164 (2001)"
1097:
1755:
1525:
1241:
954:"Trade Dress: Best Practices for the Registration of Product Configuration Trade Dress with the USPTO"
1357:
1196:
100:
1012:
983:
927:
902:
740:
715:
482:
the function of putting drivers on alert (and thus would not be part of a protectable trade dress).
1422:
1402:
576:
331:
question of which elements of the packaging are intrinsic to the basic function of the packaging.
1510:
1377:
105:
75:
65:
1786:
1750:
1737:
1722:
1454:
1392:
1367:
1362:
1236:
1159:
571:
176:
903:"Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co., 514 US 159, 115 S. Ct. 1300, 131 L. Ed. 2d 248 (1995)"
1397:
1271:
716:"Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 US 763, 112 S. Ct. 2753, 120 L. Ed. 2d 615 (1992)"
445:
311:
22:
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8:
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40:
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30:
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171:
773:
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1261:
1221:
1127:"Reconstruction on the "Well-known" Element of Trade Dress Protection in China"
599:
218:
181:
110:
55:
630:
1775:
1266:
881:
699:
http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/821/821.F2d.800.86-7004.86-5495.html
508:
372:
in the UK. Passing off is a common law remedy for protecting an unregistered
307:
240:
135:
1444:
522:
266:
235:
230:
203:
125:
85:
1211:
369:
363:
225:
151:
1505:
988:, 529 U.S. 205, 120 S. Ct. 1339, 146 L. Ed. 182, 54 USPQ2d 1065 (2000)"
402:
373:
335:
553:
Although
Chinese law does not recognize a concept of trade dress, the
1182:
398:
186:
130:
50:
502:
1459:
517:
United States
District Court for the Western District of Washington
262:
208:
45:
867:
1151:
952:
Feisthamel, Karen; Kelly, Amy; Sistek, Johanna (November 2005).
1579:
90:
1574:
1584:
606:(4th rev. ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer. p. 29.
440:
Trade dress may be registered with the PTO in either the
829:
529:
United States
District Court for the District of Oregon
368:
Trade dress can be protected as getup under the law of
1046:, non-reported case, 2007 WL 2315437 (C.D. Cal. 2007)"
656:"United Kingdom: The perils and powers of passing off"
543:
409:(USPTO). In part, section 43(a) states the following:
401:, a product's trade dress is legally protected by the
951:
868:Michael Best & Friedrich, LLP (10 June 2012).
604:Intellectual Property in the New Technological Age
597:
503:Protection for electronic interfaces and websites
16:Characteristics of visual appearance of a product
1773:
743:Best Cellars Inc. v. Grape Finds at Dupont, Inc.
986:Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Samara Brothers, Inc.
1342:Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy
1167:
284:
695:Reader's Digest Ass'n v. Conservative Digest
682:Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Samara Bros., Inc.
81:Integrated circuit layout design protection
1174:
1160:
1017:, 478 F. Supp. 2d 1240 (W.D. Wash., 2007)"
710:
708:
706:
515:, the plaintiff sued the defendant in the
291:
277:
653:
407:United States Patent and Trademark Office
703:
199:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
1774:
1080:
840:Lanham Act § 7(c), 15 U.S.C. § 1057(c)
435:
1155:
745:, 90 F. Supp. 2d 431 (S.D.N.Y. 2000)"
598:Merges, Robert P.; Menell, Peter S.;
464:
157:Artificial intelligence and copyright
849:Lanham Act § 15, 15 U.S.C. § 1057(c)
625:
623:
593:
591:
116:Supplementary protection certificate
1610:International Trademark Association
1044:SG Serv., Inc. v. God's Girls, Inc.
544:Similar concepts in other countries
388:
13:
485:
14:
1798:
1181:
697:, 821 F.2d 800 (D.C. Cir. 1987),
635:LII / Legal Information Institute
620:
588:
357:
1295:
1015:Blue Nile, Inc. v. Ice.com, Inc.
513:Blue Nile, Inc. v. Ice.com, Inc.
472:
379:
246:Outline of intellectual property
71:Indigenous intellectual property
29:
1630:Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt
1516:Protected designation of origin
1119:
1107:
1074:
1034:
1005:
976:
945:
920:
895:
861:
852:
843:
834:
822:
813:
796:
1096:(6): 1233–1277. Archived from
1090:American University Law Review
778:
762:
733:
688:
674:
654:Clark, Birgit; Hitchens, Ben.
647:
1:
1661:Unregistered trademark symbol
1496:Electronic registration marks
1081:Nguyen, Xuan-Thao N. (2001).
582:
352:
662:. Globe Business Media Group
7:
1651:Registered trademark symbol
784:Merges at 650; Lanham Act,
560:
555:Anti-Unfair Competition Law
525:, Inc. v. God's Girls, Inc.
317:
194:Idea–expression distinction
10:
1803:
1242:Initial interest confusion
361:
334:In the United States, the
1782:Intellectual property law
1746:
1705:
1669:
1643:
1597:
1567:
1524:
1468:
1430:
1421:
1350:
1304:
1293:
1189:
577:Fashion design copyright
548:
1511:Geographical indication
874:The National Law Review
106:Plant genetic resources
76:Industrial design right
66:Geographical indication
1751:Category:Trademark law
1738:World Trademark Review
1723:Trademark infringement
1455:Unregistered trademark
1237:Functionality doctrine
958:The Trademark Reporter
660:World Trademark Review
572:Trademark infringement
429:
177:Criticism of copyright
101:Plant breeders' rights
1486:Collective trademarks
1272:Reputation parasitism
1227:Coexistence agreement
1131:Intellectual Property
830:http://www.uspto.gov/
684:, 529 U.S. 205 (2000)
461:Register in the U.S.
446:Supplemental Register
411:
312:intellectual property
310:, which is a form of
23:Intellectual property
1491:Defensive trademarks
1440:Registered trademark
1337:Community Trade Mark
1287:Well-known trademark
1232:Confusing similarity
511:" of a website. In
458:incontestable status
1697:Washington Redskins
1656:Service mark symbol
1539:Hologram trademarks
1476:Certification marks
1257:Secondary liability
1247:Good faith doctrine
499:secondary meaning.
454:constructive notice
436:Formal registration
167:Copyright abolition
1718:Trademark examiner
1713:Trademark attorney
465:Legal requirements
442:Principal Register
397:In the U.S., like
259:Higher categories:
251:Outline of patents
1769:
1768:
1761:WP:MOS/Trademarks
1593:
1592:
1544:Motion trademarks
1534:Colour trademarks
1207:Generic trademark
613:978-0-7355-6989-8
314:protection law.
301:
300:
1794:
1559:Sound trademarks
1554:Shape trademarks
1549:Scent trademarks
1526:Non-conventional
1428:
1427:
1332:Singapore Treaty
1317:Madrid Agreement
1312:Paris Convention
1299:
1298:
1176:
1169:
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1072:
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1067:
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1055:. Archived from
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567:Geschmacksmuster
450:constructive use
389:Statutory source
348:
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279:
162:Brand protection
96:Peasants' rights
33:
19:
18:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1795:
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1772:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1742:
1733:Trademark troll
1728:Trademark share
1701:
1665:
1639:
1589:
1563:
1520:
1481:Chartered marks
1464:
1417:
1346:
1322:Madrid Protocol
1300:
1296:
1291:
1282:Parallel import
1197:Distinctiveness
1185:
1180:
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1125:
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600:Lemley, Mark A.
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486:Distinctiveness
475:
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391:
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172:Copyright troll
61:Farmers' rights
41:Authors' rights
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1682:Debian–Mozilla
1679:
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1501:Font trademark
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1277:Cybersquatting
1274:
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1262:Nominative use
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
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1234:
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1222:Priority right
1219:
1217:Concurrent use
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1199:
1193:
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1187:
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1148:
1133:(in Chinese).
1118:
1106:
1103:on 2009-03-25.
1073:
1062:on 5 July 2010
1033:
1021:Google Scholar
1004:
992:Google Scholar
975:
944:
932:Google Scholar
919:
907:Google Scholar
894:
860:
851:
842:
833:
821:
812:
808:§ 1125(a)
795:
791:§ 1125(a)
777:
770:15 U.S.C.
761:
749:Google Scholar
732:
720:Google Scholar
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362:Main article:
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358:United Kingdom
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346:§ 1125(a)
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219:Right to quote
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182:Bioprospecting
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144:Related topics
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111:Related rights
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56:Database right
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1787:Trademark law
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1098:the original
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231:Patent troll
214:Paraphrasing
204:Fair dealing
126:Trade secret
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86:Moral rights
1687:Stolichnaya
1506:Ghost marks
1450:Trade dress
1403:Philippines
1212:Passing off
887:17 November
534:SG Services
523:SG Services
370:passing off
364:Passing off
304:Trade dress
226:Orphan work
152:Abandonware
121:Trade dress
1776:Categories
1137:(7): 54–58
640:2021-07-08
583:References
403:Lanham Act
399:trademarks
374:trade mark
353:By country
336:Lanham Act
1756:Case laws
1692:Ugg boots
1677:Budweiser
1378:Hong Kong
1358:Australia
882:2161-3362
804:15 U.S.C.
787:15 U.S.C.
774:§ 22
342:15 U.S.C.
187:Biopiracy
131:Trademark
51:Copyright
1670:Disputes
1460:Wordmark
1432:Standard
1305:Treaties
1252:Fair use
1202:Dilution
1190:Concepts
1141:30 March
602:(2007).
561:See also
318:Overview
263:Property
209:Fair use
46:Copyleft
1706:Related
1644:Symbols
1568:Related
1388:Ireland
1351:Country
1053:WebsUpp
444:or the
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1580:Emblem
1363:Canada
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91:Patent
1625:ICANN
1620:USPTO
1615:EUIPO
1575:Brand
1423:Types
1393:Japan
1383:India
1368:China
1327:TRIPS
1101:(PDF)
1086:(PDF)
1060:(PDF)
1049:(PDF)
549:China
414:which
1635:CIPO
1605:WIPO
1585:Logo
1398:Oman
1143:2023
1135:2013
1068:2017
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939:2017
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889:2014
878:ISSN
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608:ISBN
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