1072:, founder of ETC Group which works to protect the world's most vulnerable people from socioeconomic and environmental impacts of new, modern technologies. He defines it as when researchers or research organizations take biological resources without official sanction, largely from less affluent countries or marginalized people. Biopiracy includes theft or misappropriation of genetic resources and traditional knowledge through the intellectual property system and unauthorized and uncompensated collection of genetic resources for commercial purposes. Mooney, along with other critics of the patent system, believes that the current intellectual property system creates inequities in the system by allowing wealthy and powerful groups of people to own the most basic building blocks of life.
953:. Furthermore, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) mentions, in the context of intangible cultural heritage (ICH), that the medicinal traditions and knowledge of the Kallawaya communities in Peru have been affected by the lack of legal protection from pharmaceutical companies. A number of research projects are currently being developed on this subject, such as the research carried out using digital methods on the biopiracy of traditional medicines, which shows the current context of the problem by developing a description and analysis of the data, and by visualising and mapping the various organisations and actors in the social networks.
1670:, the weaving mechanism of piña is a complex and labor-intensive process used by a small number of women to dress the country's elite. Scraping, the most common method of extracting pineapple leaf fibre (PALF), starts with carefully removing the prickles, epidermis, and pulp from the sides of the leaf with a dull knife. This is followed by exposing the fiber and finely combing it to separate the strands. With the help of a bamboo device, the separated strands are then threaded and weaved together through a delicate process to create a continuous filament. After some years of research and development of potential leather alternatives at the
1796:(ICBG) is a network of bioprospecting projects funded by the US government. While the main objective is to discover and research plants bearing chemical compounds that could cure diseases in the United States, the countries hosting the searches can expect equitable rewards and benefits. Local job creation in communities is promoted by conducting the initial extraction and analysis steps in local laboratories. If the research leads to commercialized drugs, 50% of the royalties are invested into community development funds run by indigenous people.
621:
1488:
1007:" with the help of the Spanish Court. These explorers, amongst hundreds more, share an infamous history of pillaging through indigenous villages and depriving countries of their natural resources. Western food and pharmaceutical companies have profited immensely from these efforts. Valuable commodities like sugar, pepper, quinine, and coffee were all taken from colonized countries that led to environmental destructions in the corresponding developing countries.
1530:(CRS) reported to US Congress in justification of the patent claiming that the synthetic form or the process of synthesis of the naturally occurring compound should be patentable. The patent was finally overturned by the EPO in 2000. The village neem tree has become a symbol of Indian Indigenous knowledge and resistance against transnational corporations, and protestors against international property rights legislation carried twigs or branches of neem.
1022:(WTO) agreement of TRIPS attempts to signal the importance of maintaining a balance between trade and intellectual property. This agreement, since 1994, requires WTO member countries to develop legal frameworks to protect plant and animal resources in agricultural, pharmaceutical, chemical, textile, or other commodity contexts. Several countries have criticized this agreement, claiming that it's counterproductive in protecting their natural resources.
1596:
40:
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techniques of seed oil extraction and pesticidal emulsions do not require expensive equipment. Villagers relied on the large number of different medicinal compounds accessible through the neem material which were commonly available. When US timber importer Robert Larson noticed the tree's usefulness in 1971, he conducted research over the next decade on the pesticidal properties in the neem extract called
1031:
corporations in historically colonial countries. More specifically, in 2010 The
University of Michigan attempted to patent curcumin, the active ingredient of turmeric powder, to create drugs used for wound healing without directly crediting Indian communities, where turmeric was traditionally used in medicine for treating wounds, infections and skin problems for centuries.
1030:
calls patenting and claiming rights to genetic material and bio-resources "the second coming of
Columbus" due to its reinforcement of colonial power dynamics. For example, the intellectual property for Indian products like tamarind, turmeric, and Darjeeling tea have been taken and patented by private
990:
Biopiracy is historically associated with colonialism, where developing resource-rich countries and indigenous populations would be exploited without permission. Since the arrival of
European settlers in search of gold, silver, and rare spices, the wealth of knowledge on plant-based riches was highly
1232:
The first output from the work of the IGC was a
Diplomatic Conference, held in May 2024 to agree on a treaty for patent disclosures requirements in relation to "GR and Associated TK" (hence the treaty's acronym, GRATK). On 24 May 2024, the WIPO Diplomatic Conference finally adopted the "landmark"
1508:
which can be found in the seeds. The neem tree has applications in medicine, toiletries, contraception, timber, fuel, and in agriculture. Historically, access to the neem tree's various products has been free or cheap. There are about 14 million neem trees in India, and the centuries old village
932:
of their natural resource can harm communities. Despite the medicinal and innovative benefits of bioprospecting and biochemical research, the expropriation of indigenous land for their genetic resources without fair compensation inevitably leads to exploitation. Biopiracy can harm indigenous
1678:, a leather alternative made from PALF. The patent on this technology makes it nearly impossible for the people of the Philippines and indigenous people to gain credit for the fabric that greatly impacted the shape of their history and culture for generations. Piñatex recently partnered with
1581:
Following the confirmation of the patent, representatives of the San people, backed by the global support of patent-law critics and bioethicists, demanded restitution of their rights to their common intellectual property. After a long dispute, CSIR and the San people came to a confidential
1025:
The
Eurocentric roots of property claiming and piracy are reinforced by modern Intellectual Property laws established by GATT and WTO which supplements the colonial ideas to "discover and conquer" and to "subdue, occupy, and possess." Environmental activist and food sovereignty advocate
1788:
should not be done without the consent of the host country. The convention concluded that exploitation of local resources for medicinal and pharmaceutical purposes should actively involve local traditional communities and the produced profit and benefits be shared in an equitable way.
1218:
211:
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in 1986, meaning the false claims by companies that give the impression of sustainability and environmentalism. Without clarifying the metrics and quantifiable goal of the company's environmental agenda, many big companies attempt to paint the picture of
1047:
has been marked with imminent danger as a target of biopiracy. Spotted in the top 34 biodiversity hotspots, Sri Lanka claims the highest biodiversity per unit area of terrestrial among Asian countries. Currently, Sri Lanka has 1,500 identified species of
976:
capable of converting one molecule to another. This scientific breakthrough brings up the question of whether the organism containing the gene that has been modified through a series of tests and experiments should be accredited to the country of origin.
1565:) derived from the succulent for its appetite-suppressing qualities. CSIR scientists isolated the P57 molecule in 1996 after decades of research on indigenous plants. The patented formula was sold to western pharmaceutical multinational companies
1234:
252:
1682:, promising scaled-up leather production with the waste product from their pineapple farms in the Philippines. Despite the violent history of the Dole Empire, Piñatex has been expanding its market by collaborating with brands like
2716:
1768:, the Norwegian Consumer Authority accused the brand of misleading customers with vague details of the sustainability claims made. The brand responded by saying they would accept the criticism and communicate the extra value.
1129:
Early intellectual property treaties were crafted in the late 19th century by
European powers, and inherently ignored large parts of the impact of intellectual property on non-European peoples, cultures, and traditions.
1525:
India-based
Research Foundation for Science, Technology, and Ecology (RFSTE) challenged the US patent with the claim that the qualities of the neem tree and their use had been known in India for over 2,000 years. The
916:
is the act of exploring natural resources for undiscovered chemical compounds with medicinal or anti-microbial properties, commercial success from bioprospecting leads to the company's attempt at protecting their
1517:. While the corporation patented the neem tree seed extract for their antifungal spray, Neemex in 1994, neem extracts have been used by rural farmers in India for more than 2,000 years in insect repellants.
1196:
In June 2023, the UN adopted the United
Nations agreement on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement), also called "High Seas Treaty". It concerns the conservation and sustainable use of
1148:, rather than then when they meet social needs. The TRIPS agreement clarifies that an innovation must be capable of industrial profit in order to be recognized as an IPR, which discourages recognition of
1018:(TRIPS) was negotiated at the end of GATT. Similarly, Columbus set a precedent in 1492 through land titles granted by European kings and queens, which acted as a sort of patent for colonizers. The
2524:
941:
company could prohibit the use or sale of the resource by any individual or institution, including the indigenous group. With nearly one third of all small-molecule drugs approved by the
1039:
The "Gene Rush" is the new era of biotechnology that allows scientists to extract specific genes from living organisms as raw materials. With the introduction of deoxyribonucleic acid (
933:
populations in multiple ways. Without proper compensation or reward for traditional knowledge of natural resources, the sudden increase in commercial value of the species producing the
1121:
Intellectual property rights (IPR) were created to promote and reward scientific knowledge and creativity. However, they naturally weigh towards benefiting transnational corporations.
1724:
images. Resources and materials pirated from indigenous communities are often commodified and recycled into corporate environmentalist agendas. Due to the exploitative nature of the
288:
1133:
In the late 20th century, more inequalities were added to the intellectual property system, representing a shift from common rights to private rights of knowledge. The preamble of
2793:"WIPO's Diplomatic Conference & New Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK): A new Treaty against Biopiracy"
137:
3034:
1052:
and plants, and its attraction to biopiracy has put environment protection and conservation at a significant priority in the country. Recent efforts were enacted by
1847:
162:
201:
685:
318:
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The
Conscious Collection released by H&M in 2010 also partners with Ananas Anam to produce vegan leather jackets. Due to inconclusive data on Piñatex
1504:, is a fast-growing evergreen of up to 20 meters in height. From its roots to leaves, the tree contains a number of potent chemical compounds, including
206:
182:
1053:
237:
112:
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In parallel, the international community has been working on different legal pathways to rebalance the intellectual property system in favour of
880:
328:
247:
1558:
358:
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1793:
147:
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1513:. After gaining clearance for the product from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1985, he sold the patent for the product to
343:
323:
1731:, many 'green' collections released by corporations only promote their marketing strategies and increase problems with textile waste and
670:
596:
172:
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3112:
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in southern Africa to help survive through hunger and thirst during their long expeditions in the desert. In 2016, the South
African
2018:
1214:
152:
1582:'benefit-sharing' agreement where the San people were given royalties, knowledge exchange and creation of jobs from the industry.
1833:
788:
368:
117:
1014:(GATT) of 1947 was an effort to encourage international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers like tariffs or quotas.
2375:
1011:
167:
2651:
2207:
746:
526:
445:
433:
403:
308:
2718:
The WIPO Diplomatic Conference for a Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge
1181:
803:
705:
541:
157:
2095:
1221:(IGC) has worked on several areas to bridge the gaps in international law in relation to biopiracy in genetic resources,
873:
89:
2976:
Roces, Mina (June 2013). "Dress, Status, and Identity in the Philippines: Pineapple Fiber Cloth and Ilustrado Fashion".
2505:"Protectores VS Depredadores. CartografĂa y visualizaciĂłn de la biopiraterĂa de las medicinas tradicionales en Twitter"
1777:
1173:
949:
or compounds derived from natural products, bioprospecting or piracy is growing more significantly, especially in the
1638:
942:
418:
142:
2028:
1226:
835:
660:
521:
64:
1674:
in London, Dr. Carmen Hijosa, founder and chief creative innovation officer of Ananas Anam, claimed the rights to
928:
Moreover, if biological resources and traditional knowledge are taken from indigenous or marginalized groups, the
1911:
1605:
783:
589:
2404:
Imran, Yoonus; Wijekoon, Nalaka; Gonawala, Lakmal; Chiang, Yu-Chung; De Silva, K. Ranil D. (18 February 2021).
2192:
1527:
1155:
866:
561:
486:
481:
428:
283:
1219:
Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore
2525:"VisualizaciĂłn y cartografĂa de los territorios de la biopiraterĂa de las medicinas tradicionales en Youtube"
2033:
1901:
1137:
acknowledges these rights as private rights. By privatizing intellectual commons, TRIPS encourages corporate
551:
546:
531:
506:
132:
3147:
2890:
Wynberg, Rachel (1 November 2005). "Rhetoric, Realism and Benefit-Sharing: Use of Traditional Knowledge of
2128:
516:
511:
501:
496:
2740:"Nations agree landmark treaty on traditional knowledge, protecting Indigenous Peoples' rights | UN News"
2725:
1616:
556:
491:
338:
582:
570:
2924:
2668:"UNIDO presents its experience in developing Sri Lanka's cinnamon value chain at Geneva event | UNIDO"
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2242:
2138:
1960:
1891:
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to enhance the productive capacities and competitiveness of the cinnamon value chain in the country.
690:
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268:
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2100:
1721:
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1111:
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273:
127:
2768:
2328:
2038:
1933:
1876:
1514:
1095:
1057:
950:
695:
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655:
1172:
First elements related to genetic resources and traditional knowledge were included in the 1992
3142:
2148:
2133:
2008:
1975:
1881:
1749:. To tackle the feedback, Nike launched the Happy Pineapple Collection featuring Ananas Anam's
1609:
1144:
A second restriction comes from the fact that IP rights are only recognized when they generate
957:
766:
348:
69:
1201:
in areas beyond national jurisdiction, following maritime jurisdictions established under the
3042:
2143:
2048:
2013:
1856:
1805:
1366:
1222:
1081:
918:
612:
79:
2770:
WIPO Treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge
2691:
1235:
WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge
1156:
Legal framework against biopiracy in relation to genetic resources and traditional knowledge
2816:
2088:
2083:
2063:
1820:
1671:
1103:
1000:
922:
1620:
8:
2003:
1871:
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937:
can make it now unaffordable for the native people. In some cases, a patent filed by the
756:
465:
455:
74:
2869:
3152:
2993:
2907:
2561:
2486:
2432:
2405:
2321:
2267:
2171:
1500:
1417:
1400:
1383:
1298:
1161:
1145:
904:
of farming and indigenous communities by individuals or institutions seeking exclusive
840:
650:
630:
413:
398:
39:
3113:"BIOPROSPECTING: A NEW WESTERN BLOCKBUSTER, AFTER THE GOLD RUSH, THE GENE RUSH | SCQ"
2997:
2989:
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2647:
2504:
2478:
2437:
2202:
1965:
1679:
1332:
1185:
1167:
965:
929:
901:
620:
303:
221:
31:
177:
2985:
2903:
2817:"Table 1 | Biopiracy: Abolish Corporate Hijacking of Indigenous Medicinal Entities"
2553:
2490:
2468:
2427:
2417:
2282:
2227:
2187:
2068:
1906:
1758:
751:
460:
388:
216:
94:
54:
3046:
2473:
2456:
2314:
2277:
2112:
1970:
1886:
1825:
1562:
1547:
1434:
1349:
1315:
1177:
1134:
1049:
1015:
946:
934:
761:
59:
23:
2613:
2739:
2272:
2237:
2212:
1953:
1926:
1916:
1810:
1785:
1781:
1765:
1742:
1732:
1712:
1164:
and local communities, in an attempt to address concerns related to biopiracy.
1069:
913:
808:
771:
700:
645:
353:
191:
122:
3136:
2262:
1987:
1750:
1027:
938:
830:
725:
408:
84:
2217:
2482:
2441:
2422:
2297:
2222:
2058:
2043:
1980:
1938:
1921:
1815:
1754:
1728:
1725:
1708:
1703:
1505:
1487:
1115:
961:
856:
825:
820:
793:
715:
675:
278:
3012:
2790:
2406:"Biopiracy: Abolish Corporate Hijacking of Indigenous Medicinal Entities"
2292:
2287:
2107:
2078:
1943:
1663:
1198:
1149:
1107:
1004:
815:
741:
710:
1741:
received backlash after the 2020 Impact Report which showed the lack of
1237:(GRATK), which was signed by 30 countries on the day of its conclusion.
2073:
1896:
1738:
1691:
1570:
1554:
992:
450:
2565:
1675:
2589:"Biopiracy: the largely lawless plundering of Earth's genetic wealth"
1667:
1467:
1099:
1091:
1044:
921:
rights on indigenous medicinal plants, seeds, genetic resources, and
720:
640:
333:
2792:
1651:
2557:
2023:
1746:
1510:
1281:
1138:
905:
852:
798:
635:
293:
2845:
1393:
EPO to US Department of Agriculture and the US-American firm W.R.
1168:
1992–2010: Biodiversity Convention in Rio & Protocol in Nagoya
2335:
2232:
423:
1659:
1717:
1687:
1683:
1566:
1542:
1087:
973:
909:
680:
363:
1075:
3014:
Piñatex, the design development of a new sustainable material
2376:"Biopiracy: when indigenous knowledge is patented for profit"
1551:
996:
2457:"Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs from 1981 to 2014"
1753:
material and a tropical fruit design embroidered across the
2777:
2764:
2692:"WTO | intellectual property - overview of TRIPS Agreement"
2403:
969:
3035:"Nike Taps Pineapple Leather for Sustainable New Sneakers"
1662:, in the nineteenth century, was a creation unique to the
1561:(CSIR) gained a government-funded patent for a new drug (
1376:
Japanese, European, and USA pharmaceutical manufacturers
1040:
2894:
Species in the Development of an Appetite Suppressant".
2544:
Gressley, Gene M. (1999). "The Gold Rush in Miniature".
1124:
1056:(UNIDO) in collaboration with the Spice Council and the
1191:
1180:
to the CBD created actionable mechanisms to ensure a
1034:
900:) is the unauthorized appropriation of knowledge and
2455:
Newman, David J.; Cragg, Gordon M. (25 March 2016).
2791:Cannabis Embassy, Commission on Biopiracy (2024).
1855:
1054:United Nations Industrial Development Organization
968:, scientists are now able to identify a specific
3134:
16:Harmful and/or unethical bioprospecting research
3061:"The deception of greenwashing in fast fashion"
2614:"General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)"
1208:
1203:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
2644:Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge
1559:Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
1498:In the arid areas of India, the neem tree, or
3085:"CNN - Breaking News, Latest News and Videos"
2846:"The neem tree - a case history of biopiracy"
1841:
1576:
1068:"Biopiracy" was coined in the early 1990s by
874:
590:
3110:
2714:
1794:International Cooperative Biodiversity Group
2454:
1666:. With fibers collected from the leaves of
1520:
1076:Intellectual Property and international law
671:Integrated circuit layout design protection
2896:The Journal of World Intellectual Property
1848:
1834:
1619:. Please do not remove this message until
1444:CSIR gave patent to Phytopharm and Pfizer
1086:Intellectual property (IP) rights include
1016:Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights
995:'s journey through Southwestern India and
881:
867:
597:
583:
2472:
2431:
2421:
1697:
1639:Learn how and when to remove this message
1322:Asia, Australia, and the Pacific islands
945:(FDA) between 1981 and 2014 being either
2543:
2019:Business models for open-source software
1650:
1615:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1486:
1215:World Intellectual Property Organization
985:
2889:
1550:was used for thousands of years by the
1288:Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia
789:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
3135:
3010:
1012:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
3106:
3104:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3024:
2975:
2919:
2917:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2641:
2208:Organization for Transformative Works
1829:
1711:is a term coined by environmentalist
1308:Japan, USA, other European countries
1125:Restrictions in favor of corporations
747:Artificial intelligence and copyright
2763:
2715:Muñoz Tellez, Viviana (2023-03-14).
2637:
2635:
2633:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2369:
2367:
2365:
1589:
1585:
1176:(CBD). In 2010 (in force 2014), the
706:Supplementary protection certificate
2925:"San Victorious in Bio-Piracy Case"
2870:"India wins landmark patent battle"
2784:
2757:
2708:
1573:as a miracle drug for weight loss.
1229:(TCE, formerly called "folklore").
248:United Nations Declaration (UNDRIP)
13:
3101:
3021:
2914:
2908:10.1111/j.1747-1796.2004.tb00231.x
2833:
1778:Convention on Biological Diversity
1694:. The patent remains to this day.
1192:2023: High Seas Treaty in New York
1174:Convention on Biological Diversity
960:techniques of genetic material in
14:
3164:
2953:patent continues in South Africa"
2630:
2572:
2392:
2362:
943:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2990:10.2752/175174113X13597248661828
2724:. Policy Brief NÂş. 117. Geneva:
2546:The Western Historical Quarterly
2373:
2029:Commercial use of copyleft works
1594:
1227:traditional cultural expressions
912:or intellectual property. While
836:Outline of intellectual property
661:Indigenous intellectual property
619:
38:
3077:
3053:
3033:Binns, Jessica (23 June 2021).
3004:
2969:
2941:
2883:
2862:
2809:
2732:
2684:
2660:
2009:Alternative compensation system
1182:fair access and benefit-sharing
2606:
2537:
2517:
2497:
2448:
2193:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1771:
1528:Congressional Research Service
1063:
1:
2355:
2034:Commons-based peer production
1902:Legal aspects of file sharing
1458:Australian Aboriginal people
2474:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01055
2410:The Scientific World Journal
2129:Access to Knowledge movement
1761:, and Air-Zoom collections.
1655:Piñatex logo, by Ananas Anam
1482:
1339:Asia, Africa, and Australia
1209:2024: GRATK Treaty in Geneva
7:
3111:corinnecluis (2006-06-14).
2461:Journal of Natural Products
1799:
1621:conditions to do so are met
1305:Sri Lanka, Andaman Islands
1246:Global biopiracy incidents
1240:
1199:marine biological diversity
784:Idea–expression distinction
253:GRATK Anti-Biopiracy Treaty
10:
3169:
1701:
1407:South and Central America
1257:Country engaged in piracy
1079:
980:
105:Governmental organizations
2306:
2255:
2243:Students for Free Culture
2180:
2164:
2157:
2139:Cultural environmentalism
2121:
2096:Prizes instead of patents
1996:
1892:Digital rights management
1864:
1533:
441:Indigenous decolonization
261:NGOs and political groups
2929:www.culturalsurvival.org
2646:. North Atlantic Books.
2198:Free Software Foundation
1577:Challenge against patent
1521:Challenge against patent
1452:Terminalia ferdinandiana
1112:geographical indications
1096:industrial design rights
1035:"Gene Rush" in Sri Lanka
1020:World Trade Organization
956:With the advancement of
274:Amazon Conservation Team
3011:Hijosa, Carmen (2015).
2642:Shiva, Vandana (2016).
2329:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
2039:Electronic sell-through
1934:Monopolies of knowledge
1877:Censorship by copyright
1058:government of Sri Lanka
951:pharmaceutical industry
696:Plant genetic resources
666:Industrial design right
656:Geographical indication
3065:www.downtoearth.org.in
2343:The Internet's Own Boy
2149:Free software movement
1976:software patent debate
1882:Copyright infringement
1784:in 1992 demanded that
1698:Corporate greenwashing
1656:
1495:
898:scientific colonialism
767:Criticism of copyright
691:Plant breeders' rights
349:Survival International
230:International Treaties
2144:Free-culture movement
2054:Libertarian positions
2049:Free-software license
2014:Anti-copyright notice
1857:Intellectual property
1806:Intellectual property
1654:
1490:
1367:Coscinium fenestratum
1223:traditional knowledge
1082:intellectual property
986:Colonial implications
923:traditional medicines
919:intellectual property
613:Intellectual property
80:Traditional knowledge
65:Intellectual property
2423:10.1155/2021/8898842
2064:Open-design movement
1821:Neo-colonial science
1672:Royal College of Art
1104:plant variety rights
1001:Christopher Columbus
90:Water and sanitation
3148:Population genetics
2797:cannabisembassy.org
2004:All rights reversed
1872:Artificial scarcity
1608:of this section is
1265:Momordica charantia
1247:
1003:expanded upon the "
972:, which directs to
757:Copyright abolition
466:Uncontacted peoples
456:Settler colonialism
2322:Good Copy Bad Copy
2268:Alexandra Elbakyan
2172:Copyright Alliance
1757:, the Air Max 95,
1657:
1501:Azadirachta indica
1496:
1492:Azadirachta indica
1473:Arabian Peninsula
1418:Hevea brasiliensis
1401:Phaseolus vulgaris
1384:Azadirachta indica
1299:Salacia reticulata
1245:
1162:indigenous peoples
991:valued. Following
849:Higher categories:
841:Outline of patents
414:Discovery doctrine
399:Civilizing mission
217:BBNJ ABS Committee
2780:(published 2024).
2653:978-1-62317-071-4
2352:
2351:
2251:
2250:
2203:Open Rights Group
1649:
1648:
1641:
1586:Pineapple leather
1480:
1479:
1373:India, Sri Lanka
1347:Heart-leaf Sida (
1333:Gymnema sylvestre
1313:Pongame oiltree (
1296:Kothala Himbutu (
1186:genetic resources
1184:(FABS or ABS) of
966:molecular biology
930:commercialization
902:genetic resources
891:
890:
607:
606:
461:Truth commissions
389:Aboriginal titles
304:Cultural Survival
222:Indigenous Caucus
32:Indigenous rights
3160:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3039:Sourcing Journal
3030:
3019:
3018:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2957:web.williams.edu
2945:
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2494:
2476:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2425:
2401:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2380:The Conversation
2371:
2283:Richard Stallman
2228:Public Knowledge
2188:Creative Commons
2162:
2161:
2069:Open music model
1850:
1843:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1766:biodegradability
1644:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1441:Southern Africa
1254:Place of Origin
1248:
1244:
1213:Since 2001, the
1114:, and sometimes
947:natural products
908:control through
883:
876:
869:
752:Brand protection
686:Peasants' rights
623:
609:
608:
599:
592:
585:
573:
527:Papua New Guinea
55:Ancestral domain
42:
19:
18:
3168:
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3159:
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3133:
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3119:
3109:
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3093:
3091:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3069:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3031:
3022:
3009:
3005:
2974:
2970:
2961:
2959:
2949:"Struggle over
2947:
2946:
2942:
2933:
2931:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2888:
2884:
2875:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2823:
2821:www.hindawi.com
2815:
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2799:
2789:
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2773:
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2498:
2453:
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2393:
2384:
2382:
2372:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2315:Steal This Film
2302:
2278:Lawrence Lessig
2247:
2176:
2153:
2117:
2113:Video on demand
1992:
1887:Copyright troll
1860:
1854:
1802:
1780:created by the
1774:
1706:
1700:
1645:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1614:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1579:
1548:Kalahari Desert
1538:
1523:
1485:
1435:Hoodia gordonii
1350:Sida cordifolia
1316:Pongamia glabra
1243:
1211:
1194:
1178:Nagoya protocol
1170:
1158:
1135:TRIPS agreement
1127:
1084:
1078:
1066:
1050:medicinal herbs
1037:
988:
983:
935:active compound
896:(also known as
887:
851:
847:
762:Copyright troll
651:Farmers' rights
631:Authors' rights
603:
571:
446:Inhabited lands
60:Cultural rights
17:
12:
11:
5:
3166:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3129:
3128:
3117:www.scq.ubc.ca
3100:
3076:
3052:
3020:
3003:
2984:(3): 341–372.
2978:Fashion Theory
2968:
2940:
2913:
2902:(6): 851–876.
2882:
2861:
2832:
2808:
2783:
2767:(2024-05-24).
2756:
2731:
2707:
2683:
2659:
2652:
2629:
2605:
2593:Landscape News
2571:
2558:10.2307/971418
2552:(4): 433–437.
2536:
2516:
2496:
2467:(3): 629–661.
2447:
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2273:Rick Falkvinge
2270:
2265:
2259:
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2249:
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2240:
2238:Shadow library
2235:
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2213:The Pirate Bay
2210:
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2195:
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2174:
2168:
2166:
2159:
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2154:
2152:
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2146:
2141:
2136:
2134:Anti-copyright
2131:
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2119:
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2115:
2110:
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2093:
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1998:
1994:
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1958:
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1954:Bioprospecting
1946:
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1811:Bioprospecting
1808:
1801:
1798:
1786:bioprospecting
1782:United Nations
1773:
1770:
1743:sustainability
1733:climate change
1713:Jay Westervelt
1702:Main article:
1699:
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1432:Hoodia plant (
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1080:Main article:
1077:
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987:
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914:bioprospecting
889:
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828:
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811:
809:Right to quote
806:
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780:
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772:Bioprospecting
769:
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749:
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734:Related topics
731:
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701:Related rights
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646:Database right
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419:Discrimination
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3143:Biotechnology
3141:
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2307:Documentaries
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2165:Pro-copyright
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1988:Public domain
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1769:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1759:Air Force One
1756:
1752:
1751:vegan leather
1748:
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1740:
1736:
1734:
1730:
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1723:
1719:
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1449:Kakadu Plum (
1448:
1447:
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1440:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:Rubber tree (
1414:
1413:
1409:
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1403:
1402:
1398:Common Bean (
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:India, Nepal
1389:
1386:
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1380:
1379:
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1364:Yellow Vine (
1363:
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1282:Curcuma longa
1278:
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1116:trade secrets
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1028:Vandana Shiva
1023:
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831:Public domain
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2223:Pirate Party
2181:Pro-copyleft
2059:Open content
2044:Free content
1948:
1944:Orphan works
1939:Music piracy
1816:Greenwashing
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1729:supply chain
1726:fast fashion
1722:eco-friendly
1709:Greenwashing
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821:Patent troll
804:Paraphrasing
794:Fair dealing
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716:Trade secret
676:Moral rights
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369:
279:Amazon Watch
2744:news.un.org
2696:www.wto.org
2293:Peter Sunde
2288:Peter Suber
2108:Share-alike
2079:Open source
2074:Open patent
1772:New efforts
1664:Philippines
1150:social good
1108:trade dress
1064:Terminology
1005:Spice Route
816:Orphan work
742:Abandonware
711:Trade dress
542:Philippines
522:New Zealand
194:initiatives
70:Land rights
3137:Categories
3122:2021-11-29
3094:2021-11-29
3070:2021-11-29
3047:2544320592
2962:2021-11-28
2934:2021-11-28
2876:2021-11-28
2855:2021-11-28
2826:2021-11-28
2802:2024-05-26
2776:. Geneva:
2750:2024-05-26
2701:2021-11-28
2677:2021-11-19
2623:2021-11-19
2599:2021-11-19
2530:2024-05-16
2510:2024-05-16
2385:2021-11-19
2356:References
2218:PiratbyrĂĄn
1966:biological
1897:Gripe site
1755:Air Max 90
1668:pineapples
1660:Piña cloth
1606:neutrality
1571:Phytopharm
1555:San people
1515:W.R. Grace
1511:Margosan-O
1330:Masbadda (
1279:Turmeric (
1225:(TK), and
1100:trademarks
1070:Pat Mooney
993:Marco Polo
958:extraction
451:Indigenism
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3153:Biopiracy
3017:(Thesis).
2998:192934902
2122:Movements
1949:Biopiracy
1617:talk page
1483:Neem tree
1468:Aloe vera
1251:Incident
1092:copyright
1045:Sri Lanka
894:Biopiracy
777:Biopiracy
721:Trademark
641:Copyright
562:Venezuela
487:Australia
482:Argentina
474:Countries
394:Biopiracy
334:Land Back
3043:ProQuest
2483:26852623
2442:33679261
2101:contests
2089:software
2084:hardware
2024:Copyleft
1997:Concepts
1981:trolling
1971:software
1859:activism
1800:See also
1747:footwear
1610:disputed
1427:England
1241:Examples
1139:monopoly
906:monopoly
853:Property
799:Fair use
636:Copyleft
572:Category
552:Tanzania
547:Suriname
532:Paraguay
507:Malaysia
429:Genocide
370:more ...
294:CONAECDA
212:WIPO IGC
202:9 August
75:Language
24:a series
22:Part of
2491:5809604
2433:7910072
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2336:TPB AFK
2233:Sci-Hub
1961:Patents
1912:digital
1718:ethical
1688:H&M
1676:Piñatex
1552:nomadic
1424:Brazil
1271:Africa
1088:patents
981:History
974:enzymes
939:western
910:patents
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497:Denmark
424:Ecocide
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238:ILO 107
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183:UNPFII
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