1633:
1281:
2423:(IPPP), whose formation generally involves simultaneously creating a new jointly-owned public–private entity and the award of a public sector contract or concession whereby the new entity supplies goods or services to the public body or the general public. The Commission acknowledged that separating these two procedures, such that the selection of the private partner and the decision on whether to contract with the new entity were distinct processes, would not be practical, and therefore a "transparent and competitive procedure" through which the private partner was identified and the terms of their involvement in the institutionalised entity could be compliant with treaty obligations and public procurement law. The guidance also noted that, following the establishment of the IPPP entity, it would be free to bid for future public contracts in the same way as other businesses, but particular care would be needed to ensure that the award process remained transparent.
733:
819:
1507:
783:
1762:
1217:
1577:
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1383:
582:
31:
922:
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1970:. The private construction company is responsible for the design and construction of a piece of infrastructure for the government, which is the true owner. Moreover, the private entity has the responsibility to raise finance during the construction and the exploitation period. Usually, the public sector begins payments to the private sector for use of the asset post-construction. This is the most commonly used model in the
570:
836:" in the early 1800s to obtain public works for minimal cost while the concessionaires' companies made most of the profits from projects such as railroads and dams. Much of the early infrastructure of the United States was built by what can be considered public–private partnerships. This includes the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike road in Pennsylvania, which was initiated in 1792, an early steamboat line between
1367:: the Private partner assumes the risks in case of cost overruns or project failures. Methods for assessing value-for-money rely heavily on risk transfers to show the superiority of P3s. However, P3s do not inherently reduce risk, they simply reassign who is responsible, and the Private sector assumes that risk at a cost for the taxpayer. If the value of the risk transfer is
1250:: P3 contracts are much more complex and extensive than contracts made in traditional publicly financed projects. The negotiation of these contracts require the presence of lawyers on all sides of the table and can take months or even years to finalize. Barrie Mckenna reports that "transaction costs for lawyers and consultants add about 3 percent to the final bill."
1753:
for private and public partners in PPP contract negotiations. Accounting firms sometimes even have an equity stake in projects that they appraise the value for money. Due to these conflict of interests, multiple authors have argues that the "big four"'s public project appraisals are biased towards the PPP funding option against the traditional procurement model.
696:. While PPP financing comes from the private sector, these projects are always paid for either through taxes or by users of the service, or a mix of both. PPPs are structurally more expensive than publicly financed projects because of the private sector's higher cost of borrowing, resulting in users or taxpayers footing the bill for disproportionately high
1143:
what was projected. Another risk within this area is with change of governance from differing political representatives could lead to projects being diminished or reduction of the allocated budget. This is common within PPPs as different political actors are likely to scrutinise their opponents based on their ideological positions.
1648:, they comprise 1/3 of all P3 projects nationwide. Governments have looked to the PPP model in an attempt to solve larger problems in health care delivery. However, some health-care-related PPPs have been shown to cost significantly more money to develop and maintain than those developed through traditional public procurement.
1256:: Private companies that engage in P3s expect a return on investment after the completion of the project. By financing PPPs, they partner engages in low-risk speculation. Over the course of the contract, the private partner can charge the end-users and/or the government for more money than the cost of the initial investment.
1656:
It then contracts a private enterprise to design, build, maintain, and/or manage the delivery of agreed-upon services over the term of the contract. Finally, the private sector receives payment for its services and assumes additional risk while benefitting from returns on its investments during the operational phase.
1671:. The contracts vary greatly in size. Most include the cost of running services such as facilities management, hospital portering and patient food, and these amount to around 40% of the cost. Total repayments will cost around £2.1 billion in 2017 and will reach a peak in 2029. This is around 2% of the NHS budget.
2367:
arrangements. They concerns a city's revenue-generating assets (parking lots, garage and meters, public lights, toll roads, etc.) and transforms them into financial assets that the city can lease to a private corporation in exchange for covering operation and maintenance. These deals are usually done
1847:
A private economic agent, under a government contract, operates a publicly-owned asset for a specific period of time. Formal, ownership of the asset remains with the public entity. In terms of private-sector risk and involvement, this model is on the lower end of the spectrum for both involvement and
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have been involved in the public–private partnership model from its inception. Advisors from these companies have been tapped to develop PPP policies and procedures in multiple countries. These companies then went on to evaluate those procedures, appraise individual projects, and act as a consultants
1719:
are organizations responsible for promoting, facilitating, and assessing P3s in their territory. They can be government agencies, or semi-independent organizations created with full or part government support. Governments tend to create these units as a response to criticisms of the implementation of
1655:
PPP can be described as a long-term contract (typically 15–30 years) between a public-sector authority and one or more private-sector companies operating as a legal entity. In theory, the agreements entails that the government provides purchasing power and outlines goals for an optimal health system.
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revealed that communities often fail to sufficiently monitor PPPs: "For instance, in 2002, only 47.3% of managers involved with private firms as delivery partners reported that they evaluate that service delivery. By 2007, that was down to 45.4%. Performance monitoring is a general concern from these
1450:
Furthermore, assessments ignore the practices of risk transfers to contractors under traditional procurement methods. As for the idea that the private sector is inherently better at managing risk, there has been no comprehensive study comparing risk management by the public sector and by P3s. Auditor
1350:
programs ran dramatically over budget and have not provided value for money for the taxpayer, with some projects costing more to cancel than to complete. An in-depth study conducted by the
National Audit Office of the United Kingdom concluded that the private finance initiative model had proved to be
1297:
Not to be confused with lower overall project costs, value for money is a concept used to evaluate P3 private-partner bids against a hypothetical public sector comparator designed to approximate the costs of a fully public option (in terms of design, construction, financing, and operations). P3 value
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share in the SPV. The consortium is usually made up of a building contractor, a maintenance company, and one or more equity investors. The two former are typically equity holders in the project, who make decisions but are only repaid when the debts are paid, while the latter is the project's creditor
2431:
Market-led proposals (MLP) are P3s proposed by the private sector. MLP policies encourage private sector firms to make unsolicited P3 infrastructure project proposals to the government, instead of putting the onus on the state to propose each projects. During the 2010s, MLP policies were implemented
1965:
Design–build–finance–operate is a project delivery method very similar to BOOT except that there is no actual ownership transfer. Moreover, the contractor assumes the risk of financing until the end of the contract period. The owner then assumes the responsibility for maintenance and operation. This
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On PPP projects where the public sector intends to compensate the private sector through availability payments once the facility is established or renewed, the financing is, from the public sector's perspective, "on-balance sheet". According to PPP advocates, the public sector will regularly benefit
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by foreign companies. They claim forestry PPPs are an agent of nature conservation and the sustainable harvesting of commercialized forest products, notwithstanding the fact that it was competition from foreign companies that forced local producers to engage in unsustainable harvesting practices in
1659:
A criticism of P3s for
Hospitals in Canada is that they result in an "internal bifurcation of authority". This occurs when the facility is operated and maintained by the private sector while the care services are delivered by the public sector. In those cases, the nursing staff cannot request their
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counterparts beginning in the late 1990s and early 2000s. A 2012 study showed that value-for-money frameworks were still inadequate as an effective method of evaluating PPP proposals. The problem is that it is unclear what the catchy term "value-for-money" means in the technical details relating to
1142:
Within public-private partnerships (PPPs), there are various risks associated. One risk common within PPPs is the lack of proper or accurate cost evaluation. Oftentimes the estimated costs of a project will not properly account for delays or unexpected events, leading to the costs to be larger than
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The SPV links the firms responsible of the building phase and the operating phase together. Hence there is a strong incentives in the building stage to make investments with regard to the operating stage. These investments can be desirable but may also be undesirable (e.g., when the investments not
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It is the SPV that signs the contract with the government and with subcontractors to build the facility and then maintain it. A typical PPP example would be a hospital building financed and constructed by a private developer and then leased to the hospital authority. The private developer then acts
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A BOOT structure differs from BOT in that the private entity owns the works. During the concession period, the private company owns and operates the facility with the prime goal to recover the costs of investment and maintenance while trying to achieve a higher margin on the project. BOOT has been
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provisions, and unavailable to researchers and the public. Around the world, opponents of P3s have launched judicial procedures to access greater P3 project documentation than the limited "bottom line" sheets available on the project's websites. When they are successful, the documents they receive
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PPPs are often structured so that borrowing for the project does not appear on the balance sheet of the public-sector body seeking to make a capital investment. Rather, the borrowing is incurred by the private-sector vehicle implementing the project, with or without an explicit backup guarantee of
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It's a costly and inefficient way of delivering services. It's meant to mean a transfer of risk, but when things go wrong the risk stays with the public sector and, at the end of the day, the public because the companies expect to get paid. The health board should now be seeking an exit from this
1326:
to conduct the value for money assessments. Because these firms also offer PPP consultancy services, they have a vested interest in recommending the PPP option over the traditional public procurement method. The lack of transparency surrounding individual PPP projects makes it difficult to draft
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Sometimes, private partners manage to overcome these costs and provide a project cheaper for taxpayers. This can be done by cutting corners, designing the project so as to be more profitable in the operational phase, charging user fees, and/or monetizing aspects of the projects not covered by the
1162:
Some public–private partnerships, when the development of new technologies is involved, include profit-sharing agreements. This generally involves splitting revenues between the inventor and the public once a technology is commercialized. Profit-sharing agreements may stand over a fixed period of
1342:
government, released a report on PPP schemes that concluded that "there is little reliable empirical evidence about the costs and benefits of PPPs" and that there "are other ways of obtaining private sector finance", as well as that "the advantages of PPPs must be weighed against the contractual
1171:
Using PPPs have been justified in various ways over time. Advocates generally argue that PPPs enable the public sector to harness the expertise and efficiencies that the private sector can bring to the delivery of certain facilities and services traditionally procured and delivered by the public
964:(PUK), a new semi-independent organization to replace the previous pro-PPP government institutions. Its mandate was to promote and implement PFI. PUK was central in making PPPs the "new normal" for public infrastructure procurements in the country. Multiple countries subsequently created similar
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or not. Some argue that it isn't "privatization" because the government retains ownership of the facility and/or remains responsible for public service delivery. Others argue that they exist on a continuum of privatization, P3s being a more limited form of privatization than the outright sale of
763:
According to David L. Weimer and Aidan R. Vining, "A P3 typically involves a private entity financing, constructing, or managing a project in return for a promised stream of payments directly from government or indirectly from users over the projected life of the project or some other specified
1953:"The private sector designs, builds and finances an asset and provides hard facility management or maintenance services under a long-term agreement." The owner (usually the public sector) operates the facility. This model is in the middle of the spectrum for private sector risk and involvement.
773:
found that definitions of public-private partnerships vary widely between municipalities: "Many public and private officials tout public–private partnerships for any number of activities, when in truth the relationship is contractual, a franchise, or the load shedding of some previously public
1203:
In the
European Union, the fact that PPP debt is not recorded as debt and remains largely "off-balance-sheet" has become a major concern. Indeed, keeping the PPP project and its contingent liabilities "off balance sheet" means that the true cost of the project is hidden. According to the
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have publicly questioned P3 rationales based on a transfer of risk, the latter stating he was "unable to develop any substantive evidence supporting risk transfer decisions". Furthermore, many PPP concessions proved to be unstable and required to be renegotiated to favor the contractor.
1181:
the loan by the public body. On PPP projects where the cost of using the service is intended to be borne exclusively by the end-user, or through a lease billed to the government every year during the operation phase of the project, the PPP is, from the public sector's perspective, an "
743:
There is no consensus about how to define a PPP. The term can cover hundreds of different types of long-term contracts with a wide range of risk allocations, funding arrangements, and transparency requirements. The advancement of PPPs, as a concept and a practice, is a product of the
1244:, which guarantees that they will be able to repay their debts. Since lending to governments almost always come at a lower risk than lending to private entities, governments get better credit and cheaper financing costs for building large infrastructure projects than private finance.
1298:
for money calculations consider a range of costs, the exact nature of which has changed over time and varies by jurisdiction. One thing that does remain consistent, however, is the favoring of "risk transfer" to the private partner, to the detriment of the public sector comparator.
1789:
target 17.17 is formulated as: "Encourage effective partnerships: Encourage and promote effective public, public–private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships." The success of this target is measured by the amount in
1232:
The effectiveness of PPPs as cost-saving venture has been refuted by numerous studies. Research has showed that on average, governments pay more for PPPs projects than for traditional publicly financed projects. The higher cost of P3s is attributed to these systemic factors:
1016:. In Canada, P3 projects usually use loans that must be repaid within five years, and the projects are refinanced at a later date. In some types of public–private partnership, the cost of using the service is borne exclusively by the users of the service, for example, by
1991:
A private entity is entrusted to design, construct, manage, and finance a facility, based on the specifications of the government. Project cash flows result from the government's payment for the rent of the facility. Some examples of the DCMF model are prisons or public
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The private actor builds the asset and finances the cost during the construction period, afterwards the responsibility is handed over to the public entity. In terms of private-sector risk and involvement, this model is again on the lower end of the spectrum for both
1280:
1632:
5026:
House of
Representatives Standing Committee on Communications Transport and Microeconomic Reform (1997), 'Planning not Patching: An Inquiry Into Federal Road Funding', The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Australian Government Publishing Service,
1421:
projects risks are not in fact transferred to the private sector and, based on the research findings of
Pollock and others, George Monbiot argues that the calculation of risk in PFI projects is highly subjective, and is skewed to favor the private sector:
1052:
PPP, dozens of bolts holding its steel girders together had already failed. A whistleblower claims that the SPV responsible for its construction had knowingly delivered many defective high-strength bolts, and taken measures to hide evidence of the
1036:. In other types (notably the PFI), capital investment is made by the private sector on the basis of a contract with the government to provide agreed-on services, and the cost of providing the services is borne wholly or in part by the government.
1592:
Another major sector for P3s is transportation. The P3 Transportation sector can be broadly split into five sectors: airports, ports, roads, railways and urban passenger transport (which includes bus, light rail and heavy rail systems).
1378:
report underlines that some private investors have made large returns from PPP deals, suggesting that departments are overpaying for transferring the risks of projects to the private sector, one of the
Treasury's stated benefits of PPP.
759:
formally defines public–private partnerships as "long term contractual arrangements between the government and a private partner whereby the latter delivers and funds public services using a capital asset, sharing the associated risks".
715:
and the contracting out of government services. The secrecy surrounding their financial details complexifies the process of evaluating whether PPPs have been successful. PPP advocates highlight the sharing of risk and the development of
4982:
Harris, A. C. (1996), 'Financing infrastructure: private profits from public losses', Audit Office of NSW, Public
Accounts Committee, Parliament of NSW, Conference, Public/Private infrastructure financing: Still feasible?, Sydney,
774:
service to a private or nonprofit entity." A more general term for such agreements is "shared service delivery", in which public-sector entities join with private firms or non-profit organizations to provide services to citizens.
1426:
When private companies take on a PFI project, they are deemed to acquire risks the state would otherwise have carried. These risks carry a price, which proves to be remarkably responsive to the outcome you want. A paper in the
1982:
This funding option is common when the client has no knowledge of what the project entails. Hence they contracts the project to a company to design, build, operate, and then transfer it. Examples of such projects are refinery
1228:(pictured) through a PPP would lead to cost savings of 1% at best. This option was selected, and then the projected construction costs increased by 68% over the course of PPP contract negotiations that lasted two years.
2697:
Wettenhall, R. (2019), The Public/Private
Interface: Surveying the History, in G. Hodge and C. Greve (eds.), The Challenge of Public–Private Partnerships: Learning from International Experience, Cheltenham UK: Edward
2479:'s definition. They operate over a fixed period of time, but they do not offer a fixed rate of return. Generally, repayment to investors is contingent upon a specified social outcome being achieved. A similar system,
1284:
The Deputy
Chairman, Planning Commission, Shri Montek Singh Ahluwalia delivering the Keynote Address at the inauguration of the conference on Public Private Partnership in transmission of electricity, in New Delhi.
1431:
shows that before risk was costed, the hospital schemes it studied would have been built much more cheaply with public funds. After the risk was costed, they all tipped the other way; in several cases by less than
902:, although, as already noted, the effect on public accounts was largely illusory. Initially, the private sector was unenthusiastic about PFI, and the public sector was opposed to its implementation. In 1993, the
3886:
1307:
1660:
colleagues from the maintenance staff to clean something (urine, blood, etc.) or to hang workplace safety signs, even if they are standing next to each other, without the approval of the private managers.
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Economic
Planning Advisory Commission (EPAC) 1995a,b; House of Representatives Standing Committee on Communications Transport and Microeconomic Reform 1997; Harris 1996; Industry Commission 1996; Quiggin
1007:
A defining aspect of many infrastructure P3s is that most of the up-front financing is made through the private sector. The way this financing is done differs significantly by country. For P3s in the UK,
3717:
Germà Bel and Xavier Fageda, "What have we learned from the last three decades of empirical studies on factors driving local privatization? ", Local Government Studies, vol. 43, No. 4 (2017), pp. 503–511
2012:
may be operated as a concession. In the case of a public service concession, a private company enters into an agreement with the government to have the exclusive right to operate, maintain and carry out
1440:
where surgeons were forced to continue a heart operation in the dark following a power cut caused by PFI operating company Consort, Dave Watson from Unison criticized the way the PFI contract operates:
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1200:
from significantly deferred cash flows. This viewpoint has been contested through research that shows that a majority of PPP projects ultimately cost significantly more than traditional public ones.
806:
Because "privatization" has a negative connotation in some circles, supporters of P3s generally take the position that P3s do not constitute privatization, while P3 opponents argue that they do. The
5202:
Talibdjanov, N. and Koshnazarov, S. UNDP & Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Uzbekistan, Public-Private Partnership in Uzbekistan: Problems, Opportunities and Ways of Introduction (2008–2009)
2448:
Public–private partnerships with non-profits and private partners, sometimes called Public–private–community partnerships (PPCPs), are a modified version of the PPP model designed for the needs of
1090:. The equity investors in SPVs are usually institutional investors such as pension funds, life insurance companies, sovereign wealth and superannuation funds, and banks. Major P3 investors include
1330:
A number of Australian studies of early initiatives to promote private investment in infrastructure concluded that in most cases, the schemes being proposed were inferior to the standard model of
1265:, this latter aspect has included restricting the use of schools' fields and interior walls, and charging after-hours facility access to community groups at 10 times the rate of non-P3 schools.
1208:, economic ownership of the asset should determine whether to record PPP-related assets and liabilities in the government's or the private corporation's balance sheet is not straightforward.
661:
projects. Although they are not compulsory, PPPs have been employed for building, equipping, operating and maintaining schools, hospitals, transport systems, and water and sewerage systems.
4468:
1061:(SPV) to develop, build, maintain, and operate the asset for the contracted period. In cases where the government has invested in the project, it is typically (but not always) allotted an
1537:
The privatization of the water services of the city of Paris proved to be unwanted, and at the end of 2009 the city did not renew its contract with two of the French water corporations,
941:: they were thus politically and fiscally inclined to try out alternative forms of public procurement. These early PPP projects were usually pitched by wealthy and politically connected
1460:
3708:
Mols, F. (2010). Harnessing market competition in PPP procurement: The importance of periodically taking a strategic view. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 69(2), 229-244
3620:
2823:
Mols, F. (2010) Harnessing Market Competition in PPP Procurement: The Importance of Periodically Taking a Strategic View. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 69(2), 229-244.
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855:
The late 20th and early 21st century saw a clear trend toward governments across the globe making greater use of various PPP arrangements. Pressure to change the model of public
1880:
represents a complete integration of the project delivery: the same contract governs the design, construction, operations, maintenance, and financing of the project. After some
3452:
1552:
came of age and needed to be replaced, multiple cities decided to fund the renewal of their water infrastructure through a public–private partnership. Among those cities were
1289:
In response to these negative findings about the costs and quality of P3 projects, proponents developed formal procedures for the assessment of PPPs which focused heavily on
4973:
Colman, J. (2002), 'Mumbo jumbo...and other pitfalls:Evaluating PFI/PPP projects', National Audit Office PFI / PPP Conference "Bringing about beneficial change, London, May.
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1909:
of the project. This framework is used when the physical life of the project coincides with the concession period. A BOO scheme involves large amounts of finance and long
4946:
Linotte, Didier (10 January 2005). "Un cadre juridique désormais sécurisé pour les contrats de partenariat" [A secure legal framework for partnership contracts].
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and human rights*, Report of the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, Philip Alston, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 35/19
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In Ontario, a 2012 review of 28 projects showed that the costs were on average 16% lower for traditional publicly procured projects than for PPPs. A 2014 report by the
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sector. On the other hand, critics suggest that PPPs are part of an ideological program that seeks to privatize public services for the profits of private entities.
4469:"Public-Private Partnerships in Foreign Aid: Leveraging U.S. Assistance for Greater Impact and Sustainability | United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations"
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during periods of financial distress for the city, and the immediate revenues municipalities receive is used to pay down the debt or to fill budget holes. The 2014
1640:
addressing the inauguration of the Associate Chamber of Commerce & Industry National Summit on Public Health Initiatives and the PPP model, in New Delhi. (2006)
1480:
associated with these projects. Part of the reason why evidence of PPP performance is often unavailable is that most financial details of P3s are under the veil of
4979:
Economic Planning Advisory Commission (EPAC) (1995), 'Interim Report of the Private Infrastructure Task Force', Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
2355:
While long-term infrastructure projects compose the bulk of P3s worldwide, other types of Public–private partnerships exist to suit different purposes and actors.
1188:
This justification was particularly important during the 1990s, but has been exposed as an accounting trick designed to make the government of the day appear more
684:. Contemporary "public–private partnerships" came into being around the end of the 20th century. They were aimed at increasing the private sector's involvement in
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Economic Planning Advisory Commission (EPAC) (1995), 'Final Report of the Private Infrastructure Task Force', Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
4504:
3773:
2559:
Hodge, G. A and Greve, C. (2007), Public–Private Partnerships: An International Performance Review, Public Administration Review, 2007, Vol. 67(3), pp. 545–558
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Public infrastructure is a relatively low-risk, high-reward investment, and combining it with complex arrangements and contracts that guarantee and secure the
992:
980:
4243:
4018:
Pollock, Allyson M; Shaoul, Jean; Vickers, Neil (18 May 2002), "Private finance and "value for money" in NHS hospitals: a policy in search of a rationale?",
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expanded the PFI but sought to shift the emphasis to the achievement of "value for money", mainly through an appropriate allocation of risk. Blair created
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described its progress as "disappointingly slow". To help promote and implement the policy, Major created institutions staffed with people linked with the
5387:
1394:
Supporters of P3s claim that risk is successfully transferred from public to private sectors as a result of P3, and that the private sector is better at
5199:
Strauch, L. (2009), 'Public Private Partnership in European Road Infrastructure: PPP as Investment Asset Following the M6 Road Project in Hungary', VDM.
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Under BLT, a private entity builds a complete project and leases it to the government. In this way the control over the project is transferred from the
5471:
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Venkat Raman, A. and J. W. Bjorkman (2009), 'Public-Private Partnerships in Health Care in India: Lessons for Developing Countries'. London. Routledge.
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Chinchilla, C. "El nuevo contrato de colaboración entre el setor público y el sector privado", Revista Española de Derecho Administrativo nº 132 (2006)
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Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017: Work of the statistical commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development
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governments can typically borrow capital at an interest rate lower than any private company ever could. This is because governments have the power of
3393:"Beyond project governance. Enhancing funding and enabling financing for infrastructure in transport. Findings from the importance analysis approach"
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4678:"International Public Private Partnerships as Part of the Solution to Infectious Disease Threats: Operational, Legal, and Governance Considerations"
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4198:
841:
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Industry Commission (1996), 'Competitive Tendering and Contracting by Public Sector Agencies', Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
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Hodge, G.A. and Greve, C. (2016), On Public-Private Partnership Performance: A Contemporary Review, Public Works Management & Policy, pp. 1–24
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Commission interpretative communication on the application of Community law on Public Procurement and Concessions to institutionalised PPP (IPPP)
612:
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Shaoul, Jean; Stafford, Anne; Stapleton, Pamela (2007). "Partnerships and the role of financial advisors: private control over public policy?".
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so as to make the project economically viable. In other cases, the government may support the project by providing revenue subsidies, including
925:
During his first term in office, Tony Blair made public-private partnerships the norm for government procurement projects in the United Kingdom.
5405:
5145:
5077:
Loxley, J. (2010). Public service, private profits: the political economy of public/private partnerships in Canada. Fernwood Publishing. 224 p.
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Cruz, Carlos Oliveira; Marques, Rui Cunha (2013). "Endogenous Determinants for Renegotiating Concessions: Evidence from Local Infrastructure".
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Government sometimes make in kind contributions to a PPP, notably with the transfer of existing assets. In projects that are aimed at creating
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concessions. Transportation projects have accounted for 1/5 of all P3 projects in Canada. Major transportation P3 projects have included the
5085:"Not Fit-for-Purpose The Grand Experiment of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives in Corporate Accountability, Human Rights and Global Governance."
5208:
Whiteside, H. (2015). Purchase for profit: public-private partnerships and Canada's public health-care system. University of Toronto Press.
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contracted to operate the railways for fifty years from 1898, though originally they were to become his property at the end of the period.
5116:
Möric, K. (2009), 'Les partenariats public-privé – le choix du partenaire privé au regard du droit communautaire, Editions Larcier, 264 p.
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Protest in France against encroaching privatization and the introduction of profit-seeking practices in the public sector. (22 March 2018)
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utilities. Instead of lower prices, large volumes of investment, and improvements in the connection of the poor to water and sanitation,
353:
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17:
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Delmon, Jeff "Public Private Partnership Programs: Creating a framework for private sector investment in infrastructure, Kluwer, 2014.
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stated that 'PFI was no more efficient than other forms of borrowing and it was "illusory" that it shielded the taxpayer from risk'.
34:
Public–private partnerships are often represented by a handshake, symbolizing the private and public partners coming to an agreement.
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Whiteside, Heather (1 September 2011). "Unhealthy policy: The political economy of Canadian public-private partnership hospitals".
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bonds) are "a public–private partnership which funds effective social services through a performance-based contract", according to
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1802:
The American government seeks to promote public–private partnerships around the globe to meet its various foreign policy goals.
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898:(PFI), the first systematic program aimed at encouraging public–private partnerships. The 1992 program focused on reducing the
308:
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Hart, Oliver (2003). "Incomplete contracts and public ownership: Remarks, and an application to public‐private partnerships".
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2380:
1351:
more expensive and less efficient in supporting hospitals, schools, and other public infrastructure than public financing. A
5152:
Quiggin, J. (1996), 'Private sector involvement in infrastructure projects', Australian Economic Review, 1st quarter, 51–64.
1933:
the ownership of the asset and the operational responsibility is transferred to the government at a previously agreed price.
5437:
5372:
5157:
4159:
4147:
1545:. After a year of being controlled by the public, it is projected that the water tariff will be cut by between 5% and 10%.
3799:
3211:"Europe Sees Mixed Results From Public-Private Partnerships For Building And Managing Health Care Facilities And Services"
2661:
5397:
5219:
4397:
Siemiatycki, Matti (1 September 2015). "Public-Private Partnerships in Canada: Reflections on twenty years of practice".
4172:
1716:
1070:
as landlord, providing housekeeping and other non-medical services, while the hospital itself provides medical services.
899:
605:
348:
5196:
Spackman, M. (2002), 'Public–private partnerships: lessons from the British approach', Economic Systems, 26(3), 283–301.
4781:
3269:"The dynamics of contractual and relational governance: Evidence from long-term public–private procurement arrangements"
3210:
2004:
is a grant of rights, land or property by a government, local authority, corporation, individual or other legal entity.
1530:
have increased out of reach of poor households. Water multinationals are withdrawing from developing countries, and the
752:
pressures. Despite there being no formal consensus regarding a definition, the term has been defined by major entities.
4859:
3601:
3306:
Moszoro M., Gasiorowski P. (2008), 'Optimal Capital Structure of Public–Private Partnerships', IMF Working Paper 1/2008
1414:) when the cost of the complex scientific laboratory, which was ultimately built, was very much larger than estimated.
845:
807:
724:. Evidence of PPP performance in terms of value for money and efficiency, for example, is mixed and often unavailable.
537:
313:
4501:
3155:
1315:
their practical implementation. A Scottish auditor once qualified this use of the term as "technocratic mumbo-jumbo".
5349:
4336:
3984:
2882:
2679:
2644:
2433:
1819:
1708:
Aside from the support of national governments and financial firms, PPPs are promoted by the following institutions:
879:
fallacies arising from the fact that public accounts did not distinguish between recurrent and capital expenditures.
769:
5542:
4267:"De facto privatisation or a renewed role for the EU? Paying for Europe's healthcare infrastructure in a recession"
2180:
1399:
290:
3858:
United Kingdom, National Audit Office, PF1 and PF2, a report by the Comptroller and Auditor General (London, 2018)
653:
and/or users for profit over the course of the PPP contract. Public–private partnerships have been implemented in
5532:
5486:
4899:
Delmon, Jeff "Private Sector Investment in Infrastructure: Project finance, PPP projects and risk," Kluwer, 2009.
3362:"Beyond theory: Towards a probabilistic causation model to support project governance in infrastructure projects"
2383:(GPPP) is a governance mechanism to foster public–private partnership (PPP) cooperation between an international
1840:
There are many types and delivery models of PPPs, the following is a non-exhaustive list of some of the designs:
1786:
179:
5080:
Minnow, Martha and Jody Freeman (2009), Government By Contract: Outsourcing and American Democracy, Harvard U.P.
3094:
3092:
1506:
4968:, Gasiorowski P. (2008), 'Optimal Capital Structure of Public–Private Partnerships', IMF Working Paper 1/2008.
2991:
2832:
OECD (2012), Recommendation of the Council on Principles for Public Governance of Public-Private Partnerships,
2798:
Marta Marsilio, M., Cappellaro, G and Cuccurullo, C. (2011), The Intellectual Structure Of Research Into PPPs,
2526:
2384:
1877:
598:
4217:
4000:
3130:
2456:
as early as 1991 as an "institutional reform ... to facilitate the participation of individuals, CBOs , other
1446:
failed arrangement with Consort and at the very least be looking to bring facilities management back in-house.
5496:
5461:
5047:
5006:
4999:"Public-private partnerships versus traditional procurement: Innovation incentives and information gathering"
3831:
3089:
2457:
1823:
1538:
818:
270:
3453:"Who should share in the risks and rewards of Sidewalk Labs' smart city on Toronto's waterfront? | The Star"
1724:
countries had created a centralized PPP unit, and many more of these institutions exist in other countries.
5522:
5466:
4870:
4845:
3564:
Siemiatycki, Matti; Farooqi, Naeem (July 2012). "Value for Money and Risk in Public-Private Partnerships".
2918:
Wettenhall, R. (2000), Mixes and partnerships through time, in G.A. Hodge, C. Greve and A. Boardman (eds.),
2476:
1811:
1807:
1644:
For more than two decades, public–private partnerships have been used to finance health infrastructure. In
1437:
1159:
behavior, which leads to spiraling costs for users and/or taxpayers in the operation phase of the project.
479:
333:
275:
4630:
991:
laws, and dedicated state spending on public infrastructure in these countries made the implementation of
5271:
3954:
1205:
903:
338:
212:
3320:"Incomplete Contracts and Public Ownership: Remarks, and an Application to Public–Private Partnerships*"
5377:
5261:
5242:
4065:
Carrell, Severin (21 April 2012), "Power cut leaves surgeons operating by torchlight at PFI hospital",
1456:
1418:
1347:
1339:
1303:
1269:
1192:, while offloading the costs of their projects to service users or future governments. In Canada, many
895:
3912:"The Termination of the PFI Contract for the National Physical Laboratory |National Audit Office"
5527:
4595:
4547:
Public Private Partnerships: the worldwide revolution in infrastructure provision and project finance
1733:
1452:
1352:
1323:
782:
401:
169:
149:
104:
4718:
4357:
863:
turn. Instigators of the policy portrayed PPPs as a solution to concerns about the growing level of
5491:
4596:
Special Report: Public-Private Partnerships in the EU: Widespread shortcomings and limited benefits
2833:
2083:
1581:
1131:
522:
363:
94:
1761:
1691:
promotes the use of P3s to assist the exploitation of certified timber and non-timber products in
995:
difficult. PPPs in the countries usually can't rely on stable revenues from user fees either. The
5326:
4795:
4020:
2521:
2480:
1835:
1664:
1477:
1428:
1390:
in 2004 after the private sector partners involved in the PFI contract made losses of over £100m.
1216:
1196:
have condemned this practice, and forced governments to include PPP projects "on-balance sheet".
1115:
1058:
883:
532:
99:
5537:
5443:
5432:
5339:
4998:
4893:
Burnett, M. "PPP – A decision maker's guide", European Institute of Public Administration, 2007
4819:
3836:
2636:
2511:
2453:
2259:
1770:
1737:
1221:
232:
222:
4696:
2440:
Australia notes that "to date, market-led proposals have had a relatively high failure rate".
1901:
In a BOO project ownership of the project remains usually with the project company, such as a
837:
5334:
4705:
4344:
4148:
Deputy Mayor of Paris Anne Le Strat tells how Paris put water services back into public hands
2941:
2934:
2449:
2001:
1881:
1692:
1553:
1386:
The maintenance of the new National Physical Laboratory building was transferred back to the
1189:
972:
849:
833:
829:
745:
688:. They were seen by governments around the world as a method of financing new or refurbished
685:
542:
318:
227:
129:
4739:
3726:
Languille, "Public-private partnerships in education and health in the global South", p. 156
3622:
What lies beneath? A critical assessment of PPPs and their impact on sustainable development
2628:
2460:
and the private sector" so that they become "actively involved in planning and management".
5099:
1902:
1893:
used in projects like highways, roads mass transit, railway transport and power generation.
1791:
1645:
1605:
1601:
1561:
1335:
976:
711:
is lower than returns for the private funder. PPPs are closely related to concepts such as
708:
396:
391:
381:
89:
3319:
2395:. Existing GPPPs strive, among other things, to increase affordable access to non-generic
8:
5344:
2531:
2416:
2018:
1523:
1515:
517:
250:
4962:, Revue de la Recherche Juridique – Droit prospectif, PUAM, 2005–1, p. 337 & s.
4135:
5411:
5185:
5177:
5139:
4291:
4266:
4106:
4042:
3751:
3691:
3581:
3288:
3249:
3026:
2484:
2468:
2369:
1613:
1368:
1331:
1049:
999:'s Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Forum attempts to mitigate these challenges.
938:
512:
5301:
5189:
5125:
5103:
5084:
5060:
5039:
4932:
4915:
4691:
4658:
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4296:
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4098:
4047:
3980:
3695:
3683:
3643:
3585:
3504:
3437:
3342:
3292:
3241:
3181:"Unsealed records allege a cover up of safety concerns on Gov. Mario M. Cuomo Bridge"
3046:
2970:
2945:
2853:
2778:
2768:
2675:
2640:
2629:
2609:
2392:
1637:
1519:
1182:
957:
826:
Governments have used such a mix of public and private endeavors throughout history.
693:
562:
464:
454:
444:
74:
42:
5122:
The Public Private Partnership of Cartagena de Indias – Colombia: Agbar's Experience
3526:"Social Value Creation and Relational Coordination in Public-Private Collaborations"
3253:
2594:
2577:
1334:
based on competitively tendered construction of publicly owned assets. In 2009, the
949:. At that time, PPPs were seen as a radical reform of government service provision.
649:
financing government projects and services up-front, and then drawing revenues from
5476:
5169:
5064:
5056:
5015:
4929:
Green Infrastructure Financing: Institutional Investors, PPPs and Bankable Projects
4681:
4502:
https://www.pppcouncil.ca/web/P3_Knowledge_Centre/About_P3s/Definitions_Models.aspx
4406:
4372:
4286:
4278:
4123:
4090:
4037:
4029:
3774:"Ontario AG reveals Public-Private Partnerships aren't a savings bonanza after all"
3675:
3573:
3537:
3433:
3404:
3377:
3373:
3334:
3280:
3233:
3225:
3078:
3038:
2667:
2599:
2589:
2110:
1745:
1720:
P3 projects in their country prior to the creation of the P3 unit. In 2009, 50% of
1696:
the first place. Many forestry sector partnerships with NGOs are nothing more than
1576:
1062:
942:
739:
hosts a meeting for employers about public-private partnerships. (13 November 2019)
701:
574:
484:
449:
424:
184:
84:
4500:
The Canadian Council for Public-Private Partnerships, "Definitions & Models",
4334:
3869:
3409:
2578:"Are public–private partnerships a healthy option? A systematic literature review"
2363:
A form of P3 that became prevalent in American cities during the 21st century are
5422:
5417:
5296:
5035:
4508:
4094:
3603:
3577:
3284:
2905:"Local government services and contracts: Best practices and key issues to watch"
2878:"Collaborative Service Delivery: What Every Local Government Manager Should Know"
2396:
2005:
1781:
works to promote public–private partnerships in countries where it operates. The
1395:
1290:
1193:
1091:
1087:
988:
984:
961:
946:
673:
646:
642:
586:
507:
439:
429:
419:
328:
207:
118:
69:
4433:
2419:
issued an "interpretative communication" in 2008 regarding the establishment of
945:. This explains why each countries experimenting with PPPs started in different
5311:
5286:
5276:
5091:
4965:
3679:
3101:"Literature Review: Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of Centralised PPP Units"
3082:
2388:
1910:
1906:
1782:
1652:
1560:
to execute a public–private partnership under legislation passed in 2016", and
1473:
1411:
1402:. This deal ultimately caused the collapse of the building contractor Laser (a
1364:
1185:" method of financing the delivery of new or refurbished public-sector assets.
1122:
sector, the government may provide a capital subsidy in the form of a one-time
1119:
1009:
907:
891:
872:
721:
658:
474:
323:
164:
144:
4452:
4314:
4033:
3229:
1044:
5511:
5316:
5281:
5211:
5173:
4919:
4662:
4418:
4282:
4102:
3687:
3424:
Hodge, Grame A. (2004). "The risky business of public-private partnerships".
3346:
3050:
2782:
2496:
1922:
1609:
1549:
1403:
1375:
1123:
934:
860:
795:
749:
712:
689:
677:
469:
459:
434:
174:
154:
139:
124:
50:
5019:
3338:
1106:
firms have increased their interest in PPP since the 2008 financial crisis.
5291:
5256:
5040:"Risk allocation and the costs and benefits of public-private partnerships"
4300:
4067:
4051:
3245:
3237:
2613:
2604:
2009:
1926:
1697:
1542:
1527:
1518:
in the 1990s, mostly in developing countries, experiences show that global
1489:
1481:
1382:
1156:
1025:
736:
707:
PPPs are controversial as funding tools, largely over concerns that public
681:
489:
386:
134:
79:
2877:
2671:
1363:
One of the main rationales for P3s is that they provide for a transfer of
981:
new sources of funding for infrastructure projects in transition economies
5306:
5266:
4686:
4677:
3832:"Brian Rudman: Promised electric trains derailed by misguided enthusiasm"
2660:
Bovaird, Tony (25 September 2015). Bovaird, Tony; Loeffler, Elke (eds.).
2536:
2400:
1472:
One of the main criticisms of public–private partnerships is the lack of
1262:
1103:
1029:
915:
911:
864:
856:
800:
665:
527:
285:
280:
260:
109:
4824:
The Urban Poor and Basic Infrastructure Services in Asia and the Pacific
4453:"Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 17)
3943:
The Termination of the PFI Contract for the National Physical Laboratory
3524:
Caldwell, Nigel D.; Roehrich, Jens K.; George, Gerard (September 2017).
1057:
Typically, a private-sector consortium forms a special company called a
581:
5481:
5427:
5181:
4410:
4335:
Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) (1 September 2015).
3735:
European Court of Auditors, Public-Private Partnerships in the EU, p. 9
3542:
3525:
3100:
2992:"The Private Finance Initiative (PFI) Commons Briefing papers RP01-117"
2014:
1967:
1794:
committed to public–private partnerships for infrastructure worldwide.
1778:
1684:
1531:
1398:. As an example of successful risk transfer, they cite the case of the
1152:
996:
953:
929:
Around the same time, PPPs were being initiated haphazardly in various
887:
876:
868:
717:
669:
358:
255:
217:
114:
30:
5069:
3027:"Public-private community partnerships in infrastructure for the poor"
1966:
model is extensively used in specific infrastructure projects such as
933:
countries. The first governments to implement them were ideologically
3042:
2404:
1913:. Some examples of BOO projects come from the water treatment plants.
1679:
PPP options in the forest sector can include joint forest management
1597:
1127:
1083:
1017:
965:
921:
265:
64:
4969:
4907:
3887:"Treasury must set out clear position on PFI - News from Parliament"
3361:
3305:
794:
debate pertaining to whether public–private partnerships constitute
5087:
San Francisco: Institute for Multi-Stakeholder Initiative Integrity
1741:
1617:
1585:
1557:
1319:
1099:
791:
697:
650:
343:
189:
4796:"Do market-led proposals have their place? | News & Insights"
4756:
2437:
1930:
1680:
1302:
Value for money assessment procedures were incorporated into the
1033:
1021:
557:
5158:"Toward an Understanding of Types of Public-Private Cooperation"
2834:
https://www.oecd.org/governance/budgeting/PPP-Recommendation.pdf
2794:
2792:
1493:
surveys and in the scholarly criticisms of these arrangements."
4866:
4784:, 2008/C 91/02, published 12 April 2008, accessed 8 August 2023
2410:
2026:
Different Levels of Private sector engagement in PPP contracts
569:
1074:
only reduce operating costs but also reduce service quality).
987:. However, the lack of investor rights guarantees, commercial
4860:"Social Impact Bonds: Rethinking finance for social outcomes"
4199:"Referendum results in: P3 model to fund Regina sewage plant"
4162:. Globalwaterintel.com (2011-01-13). Retrieved on 2011-11-20.
3976:
2967:
Public Sector Decision Making for Public-private Partnerships
2789:
2576:
Roehrich, Jens K.; Lewis, Michael A.; George, Gerard (2014).
1803:
1688:
1510:
Sign at the entrance of the Regina Wastewater Treatment Plant
1407:
1371:
too high, then the government is overpaying for P3 projects.
1272:
said that the province overpaid by $ 8 billion through PPPs.
1095:
867:
during the 1970s and 1980s. They sought to encourage private
4960:
Les financements innovants de services et de projets publics
2969:. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board. p. 9.
1929:
but operation purposes are leased. After the expiry of the
1749:
1721:
1013:
930:
756:
3156:"House of Commons - Private Finance Initiative - Treasury"
2555:
2553:
2551:
1925:
to a lessee. In other words, the ownership remains by the
1905:. Therefore, the private company gets the benefits of any
844:, chartered in New Jersey in 1815; and most of the modern
3444:
3397:
European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research
2810:
2808:
1241:
1102:, which funded the majority of P3 projects in Australia.
748:
of the late 20th century, the rise of neoliberalism, and
4888:
Managing Disasters Through Public–Private Partnerships,
4258:
3308:. Papers.ssrn.com (2008-01-25). Retrieved on 2011-11-20.
2443:
918:
firms who had a vested interest in the success of PFI.
4173:"Brandenburg's wastewater P3 could be Kentucky's first"
3114:
Vaillancourt, François; Bird, Richard M., eds. (2008).
3068:
2548:
1971:
1417:
On the other hand, Allyson Pollock argues that in many
840:
in 1808; many of the railroads, including the nation's
720:, while critics decry their higher costs and issues of
4572:
Innovative Project Delivery Methods for Infrastructure
4373:"WWF wins Survival's "Greenwashing of the Year" award"
4150:. Canadians.org (2011-02-18). Retrieved on 2011-11-20.
3523:
2805:
1884:
period, the facility is transferred back to the owner.
641:) is a long-term arrangement between a government and
4910:[The public-private collaboration contract].
3390:
3359:
2920:
International Handbook in Public–Private Partnerships
2399:
and vaccines in developing countries, and to promote
1028:
at the dawn of the 19th century, and the more recent
975:, PPPs immediately received significant attention in
4017:
3208:
2909:
JournalistsResource.org, retrieved February 14, 2014
2843:
2841:
2375:
2372:
deal included many asset monetization arrangements.
1663:
In the UK, P3s were used to build hospitals for the
1548:
In the 2010s, as wastewater treatment plants across
1293:. Heather Whiteside defines P3 "Value for money" as:
4337:"Public private partnership in forestry management"
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
2575:
5155:
4610:"Worli-Haji Ali sea link will be ready in 4 years"
4218:"The enormous cost of public-private partnerships"
3563:
3266:
2936:Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal
2933:
2517:Top 100 Contractors of the U.S. federal government
1467:
993:public–private partnership in transition economies
979:. This is because the PPP model promised to bring
4441:. United Nations General Assembly. pp. 1–25.
3747:"The hidden price of public-private partnerships"
3025:Franceys, Richard; Weitz, Almud (November 2003).
2838:
5509:
5096:Captive State, The Corporate Takeover of Britain
4209:
4138:. Cupe.ca (2010-02-25). Retrieved on 2011-11-20.
3597:
3595:
3550:
3113:
1226:Abbotsford Regional Hospital & Cancer Centre
4905:
3267:Zheng, J.; Roehrich, J.K.; Lewis, M.A. (2008).
3209:Barlow, J.; Roehrich, J.K.; Wright, S. (2013).
3204:
3202:
3116:Fiscal Decentralization in Developing Countries
2875:
1797:
1175:
5406:Infrastructure Investment Facilitation Company
5241:
5156:Schaeffer, Peter V.; Loveridge, Scott (2002).
5033:
4544:
4445:
4235:
3964:
1844:Operation and maintenance contract (O & M)
1522:have not brought the promised improvements in
799:public assets, but more extensive than simply
5227:
4908:"El contrato de colaboración público privada"
4906:Gonzalez Garcia, Julio V. (May–August 2006).
3973:NHS Plc: The Privatisation of Our Health Care
3592:
3391:Cardenas, I.; Voordijk, H; Geert, D. (2018).
3360:Cardenas, I.; Voordijk, H; Geert, D. (2017).
3024:
2421:institutionalised public–private partnerships
1756:
1636:Indian Minister of Health and Family Welfare
810:describes P3s as "privatization by stealth".
606:
4996:
4264:
3566:Journal of the American Planning Association
3199:
2847:
2411:Institutionalised public–private partnership
1974:according to the European Court of Auditors.
1238:The private sector's higher cost of capital:
4997:Hoppe, Eva I.; Schmitz, Patrick W. (2013).
4738:. World Health Organization. Archived from
4643:Whiteside, Heather (2016). "Why are P3s?".
4396:
4080:
3861:
3642:. Washington: IMF. 2014. pp. 324–327.
3426:Australian Journal of Public Administration
3366:International Journal of Project Management
3273:Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management
2871:
2869:
2848:Vining, Aidan R.; Weimer, David L. (2011).
1556:, which was the "first local government in
354:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
5234:
5220:
5162:Public Performance & Management Review
5144:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4733:"Access to affordable essential medicines"
2899:
2897:
1343:complexities and rigidities they entail".
1039:
777:
613:
599:
5068:
4826:, Vol. I. Asian Development Bank: Manila.
4695:
4685:
4642:
4370:
4315:"Public-Private Partnerships in Forestry"
4290:
4136:Reversal of privatization of Paris' water
4041:
3824:
3665:
3640:GOVERNMENT FINANCE STATISTICS MANUAL 2014
3541:
3408:
3173:
3098:
2876:Hilvert, Cheryl; Swindell, David (2014).
2762:
2603:
2593:
1588:, whose price is periodically increasing.
1327:independent value-for-money assessments.
875:, initially on the basis of ideology and
4793:
4607:
4594:The European Court of Auditors (2018), "
4574:. Finnish Road Enterprise. p. 120.
4549:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 268.
4271:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
4265:Barlow, J. Roehrich; Wright, S. (2010).
4215:
2983:
2931:
2866:
1767:People-First Public-Private Partnerships
1760:
1703:
1631:
1596:Many P3s in the United States have been
1575:
1505:
1388:British Department of Trade and Industry
1381:
1279:
1215:
1043:
920:
822:Second Toll Gate on Yonge Street in 1886
817:
781:
731:
29:
5090:
4945:
4390:
4241:
4191:
4064:
3998:
3970:
3744:
3450:
2999:UK Parliament: House of Commons Library
2964:
2894:
2659:
1816:Overseas Private Investment Corporation
1566:referendum on the plant's funding model
1086:make PPP projects prime candidates for
952:In 1997, the new British government of
14:
5510:
4545:Lewis/ Grimsey, Mervyn/Darrin (2007).
4522:Project Finance in theory and practice
4431:
4425:
3618:
3509:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3128:
3107:
3064:
3062:
3060:
2502:Public–private partnerships by country
2426:
1988:Design–construct–manage–finance (DCMF)
1687:agencies, various investors and NGOs.
1338:, in response to inquiries by the new
983:, which could translate into jobs and
309:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
27:Government/private company partnership
5215:
5119:
4675:
4569:
4519:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4451:Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina.
3922:from the original on 24 December 2013
3867:
3800:"Comment: PFI is dead, long live PFI"
3661:
3659:
3423:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2765:Public-private partnerships in Canada
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2626:
2507:Industry funding of academic research
2463:
2444:Public–private–community partnerships
2358:
2202:Design–build–finance–maintain–operate
1077:
1048:One year after the completion of the
645:institutions. Typically, it involves
5438:Public-Private Partnership Authority
5168:(2). Taylor & Francis: 169–189.
4838:Social Impact Bonds: The Early Years
4757:"The Global Handwashing Partnership"
4620:from the original on 1 October 2012.
3992:
3934:
3904:
3870:"PFI poor value for money, says MPs"
3766:
3317:
3031:Journal of International Development
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2693:
2691:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2452:. They were notably proposed by the
2240:Operation & maintenance contract
1979:Design–build–operate–transfer (DBOT)
1516:privatization of many water services
1166:
664:Cooperation between private actors,
4926:
4636:
3745:McKenna, Barrie (14 October 2012).
3057:
1727:
1358:
1318:Project promoters often contract a
900:public-sector borrowing requirement
672:has existed since the inception of
349:North American Free Trade Agreement
24:
4914:(in Spanish) (170). Madrid: 7–39.
4880:
4676:Klock, Kevin A. (1 October 2016).
4487:
4001:"The Biggest Weirdest Rip-Off Yet"
3656:
3013:
1829:
1674:
1627:
1275:
808:Canadian Union of Public Employees
538:Criticism of intellectual property
314:Bank for International Settlements
25:
5554:
5350:Global Public-private partnership
4912:Revista de Administración Pública
4216:Reynolds, Keith (3 August 2017).
2883:State and Local Government Review
2701:
2688:
2562:
2434:Australian states and territories
2381:Global public–private partnership
2376:Global public–private partnership
1889:Build–own–operate–transfer (BOOT)
1571:
1534:is reluctant to provide support.
1501:
770:State and Local Government Review
5061:10.1111/j.1756-2171.2012.00181.x
4647:. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
4608:Siddhaye, Ninad (29 June 2010).
4432:United, Nations (10 July 2017).
4242:Appleby, John (6 October 2017).
3999:Monbiot, George (7 April 2009),
3868:Tyrie, Andrew (19 August 2011),
3451:Vincent, Donovan (1 July 2019).
3438:10.1111/j.1467-8500.2004.00400.x
2767:. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
2663:Public Management and Governance
1717:Public–private partnership units
1211:
580:
568:
556:
291:Economic liberalization in India
4852:
4829:
4813:
4787:
4774:
4749:
4725:
4669:
4631:What is a concession agreement?
4624:
4601:
4588:
4538:
4524:. Academic Press. p. 414.
4513:
4461:
4364:
4328:
4307:
4165:
4153:
4141:
4129:
4117:
4074:
4058:
4011:
3879:
3852:
3814:
3792:
3738:
3729:
3720:
3711:
3702:
3632:
3612:
3517:
3471:
3417:
3384:
3353:
3311:
3299:
3260:
3148:
3122:
2958:
2925:
2912:
2826:
2595:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.037
2017:in a public utility (such as a
1822:also promotes PPPs through its
1787:Sustainable Development Goal 17
1468:Accountability and transparency
1155:created by PPPs can generate a
180:Structural Adjustment Programme
4616:. Diligent Media Corporation.
4399:Canadian Public Administration
3378:10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.01.002
3129:Mayers, Adam (24 March 2008).
2817:
2653:
2620:
2385:intergovernmental organisation
2350:
2021:) for a given number of years.
1669:PFI schemes in the English NHS
13:
1:
5497:European PPP Expertise Centre
5462:Office of Global Partnerships
5048:The RAND Journal of Economics
5007:The RAND Journal of Economics
4794:Sarcevic, Amy (5 June 2018).
4377:www.survivalinternational.org
3802:. Politics.co.uk. 23 May 2012
3530:Journal of Management Studies
3410:10.18757/ejtir.2018.18.4.3261
3118:. Cambridge University Press.
2989:
2922:, Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar
2852:. Pearson, Inc. p. 309.
2850:Policy Analysis Edition No.05
2582:Social Science & Medicine
2542:
2156:Design–build–finance–maintain
2034:Identify Infrastructure Need
1958:Design–build–finance–maintain
1824:Office of Global Partnerships
1436:Following an incident in the
1220:A discredited 2001 report by
1109:
1020:users such as in the case of
727:
676:, notably for the purpose of
5467:Global Development Alliances
4890:Georgetown University Press.
4095:10.1080/03003930.2013.783476
3578:10.1080/01944363.2012.715525
3285:10.1016/j.pursup.2008.01.004
3131:"When Yonge was a toll road"
2182:Design–build–finance–operate
1814:, which was merged into the
1812:Development Credit Authority
1808:Global Development Alliances
1798:United States foreign policy
1711:
1485:are often heavily redacted.
1438:Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
1400:National Physical Laboratory
1346:In the United Kingdom, many
1261:contract. For P3 schools in
1224:predicted that building the
1176:Off-balance-sheet accounting
334:Greater Arab Free Trade Area
276:Positive non-interventionism
7:
5272:Multistakeholder governance
4645:Public-private partnerships
3619:Romero, Maria Jose (2015).
2965:Buxbaum, Jeffrey N (2009).
2940:. Alfred A. Knopf. p.
2763:Whiteside, Heather (2016).
2490:
1580:The main toll plaza of the
1206:International Monetary Fund
1098:and Dutch state-owned bank
904:Chancellor of the Exchequer
700:costs. PPPs also have high
694:outside their balance sheet
657:and are primarily used for
339:International Monetary Fund
10:
5559:
5518:Public–private partnership
5262:Public-private partnership
5243:Public-private partnership
4126:on Transnational Institute
3680:10.5172/hesr.2011.20.3.258
3160:publications.parliament.uk
3083:10.1332/030557307781571678
2932:Karabell, Zachary (2003).
2483:, is being implemented in
2302:Build–own–operate–transfer
1918:Build–lease–transfer (BLT)
1833:
1757:International institutions
1568:. The P3 option won out."
1496:
1482:commercial confidentiality
1348:private finance initiative
1270:Auditor General of Ontario
1146:
1132:guaranteed annual revenues
1002:
896:Private finance initiative
813:
767:A 2013 study published in
627:public–private partnership
160:Public–private partnership
18:Public-private partnership
5452:
5396:
5358:
5325:
5249:
4371:International, Survival.
4124:the Water Justice Project
4034:10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1205
3971:Pollock, Allyson (2005),
3230:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.1223
2337:
2324:
2321:
2308:
2305:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2267:
2264:
2246:
2243:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2208:
2205:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2162:
2159:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2127:
2115:
2100:
2088:
2073:
2067:
1667:. In 2017 there were 127
1353:treasury select committee
1324:Big Four accounting firms
105:Foreign direct investment
5492:European Investment Bank
5174:10.1177/1530957602238261
4456:SDG-Tracker.org, website
4283:10.1258/jrsm.2009.090296
4083:Local Government Studies
3609:, NYC, 26 September 2019
2802:, Vol 13 (6), pp.763–782
2800:Public Management Review
2631:Encyclopedia of the City
2481:development impact bonds
1137:
859:was associated with the
523:Authoritarian capitalism
364:World Trade Organization
95:Economic interdependence
5543:Construction management
5120:Onses, Richard (2003).
5083:MSI Integrity. (2020).
5020:10.1111/1756-2171.12010
4927:Koh, Jae Myong (2018).
4570:Pekka, Pakkala (2002).
4520:Gatti, Stafano (2007).
4507:28 October 2020 at the
4021:British Medical Journal
3668:Health Sociology Review
3339:10.1111/1468-0297.00119
2522:Sustainable procurement
1898:Build–own–operate (BOO)
1836:Project delivery method
1665:National Health Service
1429:British Medical Journal
1163:time or in perpetuity.
1059:special-purpose vehicle
1040:Special purpose vehicle
838:New York and New Jersey
778:Debate on privatization
533:Criticism of capitalism
100:Economic liberalization
5533:Government procurement
5444:Scottish Futures Trust
5433:Infrastructure Ontario
5340:Build-operate-transfer
4931:. Palgrave Macmillan.
4820:Asian Development Bank
4713:Cite journal requires
4473:www.foreign.senate.gov
4352:Cite journal requires
3953:, 2006, archived from
3837:The New Zealand Herald
2635:. Routledge. pp.
2527:Build–operate–transfer
2512:Government procurement
2454:Asian Development Bank
2260:Build-operate-transfer
1878:Build–operate–transfer
1774:
1771:World Investment Forum
1738:PricewaterhouseCoopers
1736:" accounting firms of
1641:
1622:London Underground PPP
1589:
1511:
1488:A 2007 survey of U.S.
1448:
1434:
1391:
1300:
1286:
1229:
1222:PricewaterhouseCoopers
1054:
968:based on PUK's model.
926:
823:
787:
740:
35:
5455:institutional support
4886:Abou-bakr, A (2013),
4780:European Commission,
4761:globalhandwashing.org
4244:"Making sense of PFI"
3951:National Audit Office
3628:. Eurodad. p. 5.
3318:Hart, Oliver (2003).
3071:Policy & Politics
2672:10.4324/9781315693279
2627:Caves, R. W. (2004).
2450:Third world countries
1834:Further information:
1792:United States dollars
1764:
1704:Institutional support
1693:Third World countries
1635:
1579:
1554:Brandenburg, Kentucky
1509:
1443:
1424:
1385:
1374:Incidentally, a 2018
1295:
1283:
1219:
1047:
1012:are used rather than
973:first world countries
924:
850:Robert Gillespie Reid
830:Muhammad Ali of Egypt
821:
803:government services.
785:
746:new public management
735:
686:public administration
563:Capitalism portal
543:Market fundamentalism
319:European Central Bank
150:Mundell–Fleming model
130:Intellectual property
33:
5388:Transition economies
4687:10.2139/ssrn.3971005
4322:USAID Forest Program
4205:. 25 September 2013.
3327:The Economic Journal
2485:developing countries
2436:. Amy Sarcevic from
2403:with soap to reduce
2334:Market-led proposals
2280:Build–lease–transfer
2137:Design–build–finance
1903:mobile phone network
1606:Prince Edward Island
1602:Confederation Bridge
1562:Regina, Saskatchewan
1336:New Zealand Treasury
1190:fiscally responsible
1134:for a fixed period.
977:developing countries
709:return on investment
575:Economics portal
397:Adam Smith Institute
392:World Economic Forum
382:Mont Pelerin Society
90:Economic integration
5523:Government finances
5414:(England and Wales)
5345:Social impact bonds
5034:Iossa, Elisabetta;
4745:on 19 January 2022.
4028:(7347): 1205–1209,
3960:on 29 November 2007
2532:Economic conversion
2469:Social impact bonds
2427:Market-led proposal
2417:European Commission
2027:
2019:water privatization
1806:promoted PPPs with
971:While initiated in
848:. In Newfoundland,
587:Politics portal
518:Alter-globalization
251:Fiscal conservatism
5412:Local Partnerships
4871:Social Finance Ltd
4411:10.1111/capa.12119
4179:. 25 February 2020
3780:. 10 December 2014
3752:The Globe and Mail
3543:10.1111/joms.12268
2464:Social impact bond
2370:Detroit bankruptcy
2365:asset monetization
2359:Asset monetization
2043:Project financing
2025:
1775:
1642:
1614:Pocahontas Parkway
1590:
1520:water corporations
1512:
1392:
1332:public procurement
1287:
1230:
1078:Financial partners
1055:
1050:Mario Cuomo Bridge
927:
824:
788:
741:
655:multiple countries
513:Anti-globalization
36:
5505:
5504:
5302:Off-balance sheet
5131:978-84-607-8089-2
5109:978-0-333-90164-9
4958:Monera Frédéric,
4938:978-3-319-71769-2
4800:Informa Australia
4654:978-1-55266-896-2
4581:978-952-5408-05-8
4556:978-1-84720-226-0
4531:978-0-12-373699-4
4177:Building Kentucky
3649:978-1-49834-376-3
3491:on 15 August 2018
2976:978-0-309-09829-8
2951:978-0-375-40883-0
2859:978-0-205-78130-0
2774:978-1-55266-896-2
2393:private companies
2348:
2347:
2318:Build–own–operate
2037:Propose solution
1746:Ernst & Young
1638:Anbumani Ramadoss
1254:Operating profits
1248:Transaction costs
1183:off-balance sheet
1167:P3 justifications
1088:project financing
943:business magnates
764:period of time".
755:For example, The
702:transaction costs
623:
622:
465:Yasuhiro Nakasone
455:Margaret Thatcher
445:James M. Buchanan
75:Denationalization
16:(Redirected from
5550:
5528:Public economics
5477:Concordia Summit
5236:
5229:
5222:
5213:
5212:
5193:
5149:
5143:
5135:
5113:
5074:
5072:
5044:
5036:Martimort, David
5023:
5003:
4988:Economic Journal
4955:
4942:
4923:
4875:
4874:
4864:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4843:
4833:
4827:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4791:
4785:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4737:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4716:
4711:
4709:
4701:
4699:
4689:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4605:
4599:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4517:
4511:
4498:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4465:
4459:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4355:
4350:
4348:
4340:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4319:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4294:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4246:. Nuffield Trust
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4169:
4163:
4160:Water tariff cut
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4045:
4015:
4009:
4008:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3948:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3828:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3561:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3490:
3484:. Archived from
3483:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3333:(486): C69–C76.
3324:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3215:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3066:
3055:
3054:
3043:10.1002/jid.1052
3037:(8): 1083–1098.
3022:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2996:
2990:Allen, Grahame.
2987:
2981:
2980:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2939:
2929:
2923:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2845:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2803:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2760:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2634:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2597:
2573:
2560:
2557:
2084:Design–bid–build
2028:
2024:
1820:State department
1810:and through the
1765:Participants of
1728:Accounting firms
1582:Dulles Toll Road
1514:After a wave of
1359:Transfer of risk
1194:auditors general
674:sovereign states
615:
608:
601:
585:
584:
573:
572:
561:
560:
485:Alberto Fujimori
480:Hernando de Soto
450:Augusto Pinochet
425:Ludwig von Mises
185:Supranationalism
85:Economic freedom
38:
37:
21:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5454:
5448:
5423:Partnerships UK
5418:Partnerships BC
5392:
5354:
5321:
5297:Venture capital
5245:
5240:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5110:
5092:Monbiot, George
5042:
5001:
4939:
4883:
4881:Further reading
4878:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4792:
4788:
4779:
4775:
4765:
4763:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4742:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4714:
4712:
4703:
4702:
4674:
4670:
4655:
4641:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4606:
4602:
4593:
4589:
4582:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4518:
4514:
4509:Wayback Machine
4499:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4450:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4426:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4379:
4369:
4365:
4353:
4351:
4342:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4224:
4214:
4210:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4180:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4158:
4154:
4146:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4079:
4075:
4063:
4059:
4016:
4012:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3969:
3965:
3957:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3925:
3923:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3895:
3893:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3815:
3805:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3604:Extreme poverty
3600:
3593:
3562:
3551:
3522:
3518:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3479:"Archived copy"
3477:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3449:
3445:
3422:
3418:
3389:
3385:
3358:
3354:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3265:
3261:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3187:. 28 March 2021
3179:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3127:
3123:
3112:
3108:
3099:Alberto Lemma.
3097:
3090:
3067:
3058:
3023:
3014:
3004:
3002:
3001:. UK Government
2994:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2930:
2926:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2846:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2797:
2790:
2775:
2761:
2702:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2625:
2621:
2574:
2563:
2558:
2549:
2545:
2493:
2473:pay for success
2466:
2446:
2429:
2413:
2397:essential drugs
2378:
2361:
2353:
2338:Private sector
2325:Private sector
2309:Private sector
2293:Private sector
2287:Private sector
2268:Private sector
2247:Private sector
2228:Private sector
2209:Private sector
2190:Private sector
2169:Private sector
2163:Private sector
2144:Private sector
2125:Private sector
2119:Private sector
2098:Private sector
2092:Private sector
2071:Private sector
2040:Project design
2006:Public services
1962:operate (DBFMO)
1950:maintain (DBFM)
1838:
1832:
1830:Delivery models
1800:
1759:
1730:
1714:
1706:
1677:
1675:Forestry sector
1653:health services
1630:
1628:Health services
1574:
1564:, which held a
1504:
1499:
1470:
1396:risk management
1361:
1291:value for money
1278:
1276:Value for money
1214:
1178:
1169:
1149:
1140:
1112:
1092:AustralianSuper
1080:
1066:(debt holder).
1042:
1005:
989:confidentiality
985:economic growth
962:Partnerships UK
894:introduced the
816:
801:contracting out
780:
730:
647:private capital
619:
579:
567:
555:
548:
547:
508:Anti-capitalism
503:
495:
494:
440:Milton Friedman
430:Walter Lippmann
420:Friedrich Hayek
415:
407:
406:
377:
369:
368:
329:Federal Reserve
304:
296:
295:
246:
238:
237:
208:Austrian School
203:
195:
194:
165:School vouchers
70:Balanced budget
60:
43:politics series
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5556:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5458:
5456:
5453:International
5450:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5409:
5402:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5378:United Kingdom
5375:
5370:
5364:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5287:Social Finance
5284:
5279:
5277:Private equity
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5239:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5153:
5150:
5130:
5117:
5114:
5108:
5088:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5055:(3): 442–474.
5031:
5028:
5024:
4994:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4963:
4956:
4943:
4937:
4924:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4873:. August 2009.
4851:
4846:Social Finance
4828:
4812:
4786:
4773:
4748:
4724:
4715:|journal=
4668:
4653:
4635:
4633:, wisegeek.com
4623:
4600:
4587:
4580:
4562:
4555:
4537:
4530:
4512:
4486:
4475:. 12 July 2016
4460:
4444:
4424:
4405:(3): 343–362.
4389:
4363:
4354:|journal=
4327:
4306:
4257:
4234:
4208:
4190:
4164:
4152:
4140:
4128:
4116:
4089:(3): 352–374.
4073:
4057:
4010:
3991:
3985:
3963:
3933:
3903:
3878:
3860:
3851:
3823:
3813:
3791:
3765:
3737:
3728:
3719:
3710:
3701:
3674:(3): 258–268.
3655:
3648:
3631:
3611:
3591:
3572:(3): 286–299.
3549:
3536:(6): 906–928.
3516:
3470:
3459:. Toronto Star
3443:
3416:
3383:
3372:(3): 432–450.
3352:
3310:
3298:
3259:
3224:(1): 146–154.
3218:Health Affairs
3198:
3172:
3147:
3121:
3106:
3088:
3077:(3): 479–495.
3056:
3012:
2982:
2975:
2957:
2950:
2924:
2911:
2893:
2865:
2858:
2837:
2825:
2816:
2804:
2788:
2773:
2700:
2687:
2680:
2652:
2645:
2619:
2561:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2477:Social Finance
2465:
2462:
2445:
2442:
2428:
2425:
2412:
2409:
2389:United Nations
2377:
2374:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:Public sector
2339:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2322:Public sector
2320:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:Public sector
2304:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2290:Public sector
2288:
2285:
2284:Public sector
2282:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:Public sector
2269:
2266:
2265:Public sector
2263:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:Public sector
2248:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:Public sector
2229:
2226:
2225:Public sector
2223:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:Public sector
2210:
2207:
2206:Public sector
2204:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:Public sector
2191:
2188:
2187:Public sector
2185:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:Public sector
2170:
2167:
2166:Public sector
2164:
2161:
2160:Public sector
2158:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:Public sector
2145:
2142:
2141:Public sector
2139:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:Public sector
2126:
2123:
2122:Public sector
2120:
2117:
2116:Public sector
2114:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:Public sector
2099:
2096:
2095:Public sector
2093:
2090:
2089:Public sector
2087:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:Public sector
2072:
2069:
2068:Public sector
2066:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2023:
2022:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1983:constructions.
1980:
1976:
1975:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1935:
1934:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1911:payback period
1907:residual value
1899:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1874:transfer (BOT)
1863:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1831:
1828:
1799:
1796:
1783:United Nations
1758:
1755:
1729:
1726:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1676:
1673:
1629:
1626:
1584:concession in
1573:
1572:Transportation
1570:
1503:
1502:Water services
1500:
1498:
1495:
1474:accountability
1469:
1466:
1360:
1357:
1340:National Party
1322:or one of the
1277:
1274:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1213:
1210:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1120:infrastructure
1118:, like in the
1111:
1108:
1079:
1076:
1041:
1038:
1004:
1001:
908:City of London
892:United Kingdom
886:government of
873:infrastructure
842:first railroad
815:
812:
779:
776:
729:
726:
722:accountability
678:tax collection
659:infrastructure
643:private sector
621:
620:
618:
617:
610:
603:
595:
592:
591:
590:
589:
577:
565:
550:
549:
546:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
504:
502:Related topics
501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
487:
482:
477:
475:Alan Greenspan
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
416:
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
378:
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
324:European Union
321:
316:
311:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:
236:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
213:Chicago School
210:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
193:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
145:Market economy
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
61:
58:
57:
54:
53:
47:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5555:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5538:Privatization
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5451:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5383:United States
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5317:Neoliberalism
5315:
5313:
5312:Risk transfer
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5282:Privatization
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5237:
5232:
5230:
5225:
5223:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5133:
5127:
5124:. Barcelona.
5123:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5041:
5037:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5000:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4950:(in French).
4949:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4855:
4847:
4840:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4822:(ADB). 1991.
4821:
4816:
4801:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4777:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4741:
4734:
4728:
4720:
4707:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4627:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4591:
4583:
4577:
4573:
4566:
4558:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4533:
4527:
4523:
4516:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4457:
4454:
4448:
4437:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4393:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4346:
4338:
4331:
4323:
4316:
4310:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4261:
4245:
4238:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4161:
4156:
4149:
4144:
4137:
4132:
4125:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4069:
4061:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4014:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3986:1-84467-539-4
3982:
3979:, p. 3,
3978:
3974:
3967:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3944:
3937:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3892:
3891:UK Parliament
3888:
3882:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3855:
3840:. 1 June 2009
3839:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3817:
3801:
3795:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3741:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3660:
3651:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3624:
3623:
3615:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3512:
3506:
3487:
3480:
3474:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3238:10044/1/15645
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3203:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3095:
3093:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2928:
2921:
2915:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2872:
2870:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2842:
2835:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2694:
2692:
2683:
2681:9781315693279
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2646:9780415252256
2642:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2605:10044/1/13799
2601:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Privatization
2495:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2471:(also called
2470:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2371:
2366:
2356:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2222:
2221:Build–finance
2219:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2203:
2200:
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2081:
2080:
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2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2046:Construction
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:project owner
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1882:concessionary
1879:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1818:in 2019. The
1817:
1813:
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1793:
1788:
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1529:
1528:water tariffs
1525:
1521:
1517:
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1491:
1490:city managers
1486:
1483:
1479:
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1465:
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1218:
1212:Project costs
1209:
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846:electric grid
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750:globalization
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491:
488:
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483:
481:
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476:
473:
471:
470:Roger Douglas
468:
466:
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461:
460:Ronald Reagan
458:
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448:
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438:
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435:Louis Rougier
433:
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376:Organizations
373:
372:
365:
362:
360:
357:
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352:
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340:
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312:
310:
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306:
300:
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292:
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287:
284:
282:
279:
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274:
272:
271:New Democrats
269:
267:
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259:
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254:
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206:
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183:
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178:
176:
175:Single market
173:
171:
170:Shock therapy
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140:Marketization
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51:Neoliberalism
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5408:(Bangladesh)
5292:Sponsorships
5257:Crowdfunding
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4848:. July 2016.
4837:
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4799:
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4764:. Retrieved
4760:
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4740:the original
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4472:
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4380:. Retrieved
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4330:
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4277:(2): 51–55.
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4260:
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3806:30 September
3804:. Retrieved
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3782:. Retrieved
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3750:
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3279:(1): 43–54.
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3184:
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3103:. EPS PEAKS.
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3030:
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2998:
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2960:
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2136:
2111:Design–build
2109:
2082:
2063:
2058:Concession?
2052:Maintenance
2010:water supply
1959:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1927:shareholders
1871:
1867:
1857:finance (BF)
1854:
1839:
1801:
1776:
1766:
1731:
1715:
1707:
1700:operations.
1698:greenwashing
1678:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1643:
1595:
1591:
1547:
1536:
1524:public water
1513:
1487:
1478:transparency
1471:
1451:Generals of
1449:
1444:
1435:
1425:
1416:
1393:
1373:
1362:
1345:
1329:
1317:
1301:
1296:
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1267:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1237:
1231:
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1198:
1187:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1157:rent-seeking
1150:
1141:
1116:public goods
1113:
1081:
1072:
1068:
1056:
1026:Yonge Street
1006:
970:
958:Labour Party
951:
928:
884:Conservative
881:
854:
828:
825:
805:
789:
768:
766:
762:
754:
742:
737:Gavin Newsom
706:
682:colonization
666:corporations
663:
638:
634:
630:
626:
624:
490:Bill Clinton
387:Chicago boys
233:Trickle-down
223:Neoclassical
159:
135:Laffer curve
110:Free markets
80:Deregulation
41:Part of the
5307:Public debt
5267:Outsourcing
4382:14 December
4222:Policy Note
3926:23 December
3844:21 February
3495:14 November
3457:thestar.com
3135:thestar.com
2588:: 110–119.
2537:Volume risk
2401:handwashing
2351:Other types
1769:during the
1263:Nova Scotia
1104:Wall Street
1030:Highway 407
916:consultancy
912:accountancy
865:public debt
857:procurement
834:concessions
790:There is a
670:governments
528:Blatcherism
286:Rogernomics
281:Reaganomics
261:Thatcherism
228:Supply-side
5512:Categories
5482:World Bank
5428:PPP Canada
5360:By country
5335:Concession
5070:2108/90910
4983:September.
4966:Moszoro M.
3916:nao.org.uk
3005:20 January
2543:References
2312:Temporary
2296:Temporary
2274:Temporary
2055:Ownership
2049:Operation
2015:investment
2002:concession
1997:Concession
1992:hospitals.
1968:toll roads
1779:World Bank
1685:government
1620:, and the
1532:World Bank
1412:John Laing
1308:Australian
1153:monopolies
1128:tax breaks
1110:Government
1084:cash flows
1014:bank loans
997:World Bank
954:Tony Blair
935:neoliberal
888:John Major
877:accounting
869:investment
861:neoliberal
832:utilized "
728:Definition
718:innovation
359:World Bank
303:Governance
256:Fujimorism
218:Monetarism
115:Free trade
5398:PPP units
5190:143932122
5140:cite book
5100:Macmillan
5027:Canberra.
5014:: 56–74.
4920:0034-7639
4663:952801311
4419:1754-7121
4250:6 October
4111:153619884
4103:0300-3930
3784:10 August
3696:143156657
3688:1446-1242
3586:153603588
3432:(4): 39.
3347:1468-0297
3293:207472262
3191:16 August
3051:0954-1748
2783:952801311
2405:diarrhoea
2387:like the
2064:Bid–build
1861:measures.
1712:PPP units
1598:toll road
1369:appraised
1018:toll road
966:PPP units
651:taxpayers
402:Third Way
266:Third Way
245:Movements
202:Economics
65:Austerity
5094:(2000).
5038:(2012).
4993:C69-C76.
4618:Archived
4505:Archived
4479:25 March
4301:20118334
4203:CBC News
4052:12016191
4007:, London
3920:Archived
3918:. 2013.
3874:BBC News
3778:CBC News
3505:cite web
3254:36377771
3246:23297282
2614:24861412
2491:See also
2432:in most
2008:such as
1742:Deloitte
1734:big four
1683:between
1681:projects
1618:Virginia
1604:linking
1586:Virginia
1558:Kentucky
1406:between
1320:PPP unit
1312:Canadian
1306:and its
1242:taxation
1151:Private
1100:ABN AMRO
1053:defects.
939:revenues
792:semantic
698:interest
344:MERCOSUR
190:Tax cuts
5182:3381276
4697:3971005
4324:. 2003.
4292:2813788
4227:28 June
4043:1123165
3896:27 June
3140:4 April
2438:Informa
1946:finance
1931:leasing
1870:operate
1497:Sectors
1457:Ontario
1147:Profits
1034:Ontario
1022:Toronto
1003:Funding
947:sectors
890:in the
814:Origins
692:assets
5487:SDG 17
5368:Canada
5327:Models
5188:
5180:
5128:
5106:
4935:
4918:
4867:London
4805:7 June
4766:19 May
4694:
4661:
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4578:
4553:
4528:
4458:(2018)
4417:
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4289:
4183:19 May
4109:
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4050:
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3758:18 May
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2643:
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2031:Model
1938:Design
1748:, and
1646:Canada
1612:, the
1543:Veolia
1453:Quebec
1285:(2010)
1130:or by
1063:equity
414:People
5472:USAID
5373:India
5250:Ideas
5186:S2CID
5178:JSTOR
5043:(PDF)
5002:(PDF)
4863:(PDF)
4842:(PDF)
4743:(PDF)
4736:(PDF)
4439:(PDF)
4318:(PDF)
4107:S2CID
3977:Verso
3958:(PDF)
3947:(PDF)
3692:S2CID
3626:(PDF)
3582:S2CID
3489:(PDF)
3482:(PDF)
3403:(4).
3323:(PDF)
3289:S2CID
3250:S2CID
3214:(PDF)
2995:(PDF)
2698:Elgar
1942:build
1866:Build
1853:Build
1848:risk.
1804:USAID
1732:The "
1689:USAID
1432:0.1%.
1408:Serco
1138:Risks
1124:grant
1096:OMERS
1010:bonds
637:, or
59:Ideas
5146:link
5126:ISBN
5104:ISBN
4991:113:
4954:(1).
4952:2005
4948:AJDA
4933:ISBN
4916:ISSN
4807:2020
4768:2020
4719:help
4692:SSRN
4659:OCLC
4649:ISBN
4576:ISBN
4551:ISBN
4526:ISBN
4481:2021
4415:ISSN
4384:2022
4358:help
4297:PMID
4252:2017
4229:2019
4185:2020
4099:ISSN
4048:PMID
3981:ISBN
3928:2013
3898:2018
3846:2010
3821:1996
3808:2012
3786:2020
3760:2020
3684:ISSN
3644:ISBN
3511:link
3497:2018
3465:2019
3343:ISSN
3242:PMID
3193:2021
3185:WRGB
3167:2020
3142:2023
3047:ISSN
3007:2018
2971:ISBN
2946:ISBN
2854:ISBN
2779:OCLC
2769:ISBN
2676:ISBN
2641:ISBN
2610:PMID
2458:NGOs
2415:The
2391:and
2328:Yes
1777:The
1773:2018
1750:KPMG
1722:OECD
1608:and
1541:and
1539:Suez
1476:and
1459:and
1410:and
1365:risk
1310:and
931:OECD
914:and
757:OECD
680:and
668:and
119:area
5170:doi
5065:hdl
5057:doi
5016:doi
4682:doi
4614:DNA
4407:doi
4287:PMC
4279:doi
4275:103
4091:doi
4038:PMC
4030:doi
4026:342
3676:doi
3574:doi
3538:doi
3434:doi
3405:doi
3374:doi
3335:doi
3331:113
3281:doi
3234:hdl
3226:doi
3079:doi
3039:doi
2668:doi
2637:551
2600:hdl
2590:doi
2586:113
2344:No
2253:No
2234:No
2215:No
2196:No
2175:No
2150:No
2131:No
2104:No
2077:No
1616:in
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1304:PFI
1032:in
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