687:
Justice. This amendment aimed to relieve the prosecution of political interference and impropriety given the accountability of the
Minister of Justice to the Sejm. It was supposed that parliamentary accountability would foster greater transparency and reduce arbitrariness in prosecutorial judgements. However, in practice the combination of the Minister of Justice with the office of Public Prosecutor General has permitted political control and influence of the prosecution service by the ruling party of the day, with prosecutorial decisions exposed to the exigencies of party politics. Under 2007 amendments to the Act, the Minister of Justice was given power to personally make orders on ongoing cases.
793:â...given the extensive powers of the Public Prosecutor General...the offices of the Public Prosecutor General and the Minister of Justice should be separated. In addition, the provisions concerning the powers of the Public Prosecutor General to intervene in particular cases should be reduced and safeguards should be provided...If the current system of merger of offices were maintained, then any competence of the Public Prosecutor General (ie. the Minister of Justice) to intervene in individual cases should be excluded and his/her competences should be limited to giving general regulations and guidelines to the subordinate prosecutors in order to prevent any risk of political manipulationâŚâ
744:
General's first deputy. The
Prosecutor General may delegate the exercise of their powers and tasks to the National Public Prosecutor or another specified deputy. Subject-specific branch divisions and departments are established through the office of the National Public Prosecutor. Examples include the Branch Division of the Department for Organised Crime and Corruption and the Department for Military Matters. Below the National Public Prosecutor's office are, in order of superiority, offices of provincial public prosecutors; regional public prosecutors; and district public prosecutors. Each office reports to the immediately superior office in the hierarchical chain.
236:
712:, the Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office was amended to reintegrate the offices of Minister of Justice and Public Prosecutor General. The amended Act gave further powers to the Prosecutor General to âchange or revokeâ the decisions of a subordinate prosecutor, appoint prosecutors to positions without conducting a competition and, importantly, to unilaterally transfer and demote subordinate prosecutors within the prosecution service without cause. These amendments came contemporaneously with other reforms which granted the Minister of Justice more power over the appointment and constitution of superior courts.
696:
its independence. The
Prosecutor General was to be appointed by the President of Poland from a choice of two candidates for a renewable term of six years. Candidates were nominated by legal and judicial experts from the National Procurators Council and the National Judicial Council. The Prosecutor General was protected from removal without cause. With cause, any motion for removal required a two-thirds majority of Parliament. These entrenching provisions sought to create security of tenure and to remove the potential for party-political interference in the duties of the Prosecutor General.
153:
753:
other law enforcement bodies while others permit the
Prosecutor General to gather IT data and to conduct research on crime and crime prevention. Further responsibilities include normal prosecutorial functions such as appealing against decisions and bringing civil actions in court. The most significant departure from previous iterations of the Act is found in Article 7(3) which grants the Prosecutor General power to make orders âconcerning the content of an act in courtâ by a subordinate prosecutor. Subordinate prosecutors are bound to act in accordance with such orders.
209:
736:
106:
114:
101:
572:
30:
779:
dictate the appointment of prosecutors and corrupted the procedure for deciding whether or not to prosecute certain cases. According to Rule of Law in Poland, âthe extensive interference of the
Prosecutor General in ongoing pre-trial proceedings makes it possible to prosecute people the authorities find inconvenient and discontinue proceedings against those who support the authorities.â
802:
offices. The
European Council advised that âprosecutorial systems where the public prosecution is part of or subordinated to the government are in line with European standards, provided that effective measures to guarantee the independence and autonomy of the prosecution office and safeguards against in particular government intervention in particular cases are in place.â
775:
retirement after the 2015 election in order to avoid the effects of the new amendments. It has been reported that demotion and transfer have been used as tools to enforce political loyalty amongst prosecutors. A number of prosecutors have been demoted and transferred to less prominent roles after speaking out against the government.
674:. Under this legislative framework, the prosecution service was headed by a General Prosecutor and had jurisdiction over state bodies and private citizens. In addition to the prosecution of crimes, the procuracy became responsible for enforcing loyalty to the âsocialist rule of lawâ and was closely controlled by the
752:
Article 2 of the Act on the Public
Prosecutor's Office stipulates that the office broadly âexecutes tasks related to prosecuting crimes, and maintain law and order.â Article 3 provides elaboration, dividing this general duty into 14 specific responsibilities. Some of these relate to cooperation with
778:
Rule of Law advocates have criticised the close involvement of the Public
Prosecutor General in day-to-day prosecutorial affairs. Rule of Law in Poland, a civic advocacy body, has argued that concentration of prosecutorial power in the Minister of Justice has allowed for party-political outcomes to
743:
Article 13(1) of the Act on the Public
Prosecutor's Office establishes the Public Prosecutor General as being âin chargeâ of the Public Prosecutor's Office which consists of the entire apparatus of the Polish prosecution service. Under Article 14(1), the National Public Prosecutor is the Prosecutor
695:
2010 amendments to the Act on the Public
Prosecutor's Office separated the role of Public Prosecutor General from that of Minister of Justice. The reforms coincided with the election of a more liberal government and sought to protect the prosecution service from political interference and guarantee
761:
The 2016 amendments to the Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office have drawn domestic and international criticism from academics, intergovernmental organisations and civic groups. These concerns have largely been related to a perceived reduction in prosecutorial independence, and questioning of the
686:
The 1950 Act was replaced by the 1985 Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office. Significant amendments made after Poland's transition to democracy removed the prosecution service from the control of the abolished Council of State and combined the role of Public Prosecutor General with the Minister of
801:
In the majority of European jurisdictions, the role of Minister of Justice is separate from that of Public Prosecutor General. A 2009 report by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe recognised an increasing European tendency towards independent, rather than subordinate prosecutorial
718:
In justifying the amendments, the Law and Justice Party argued that the dual role of Minister of Justice and Public Prosecutor General better reflected pre and post-Soviet Polish legal tradition and that the amendments increased the accountability and efficiency of the prosecution service. It was
782:
The power of the Prosecutor General over disciplinary proceedings has also been questioned. Under the 2016 Act, the Prosecutor General appoints members of the Disciplinary Court of the Prosecutor General. The Prosecutor General may also request that an investigation be initiated against certain
774:
found that, in 2016, immediately after the amendments, all 11 leaders of regional prosecution offices, 44 of 45 leaders of county prosecution offices and the âvast majorityâ of the 342 prosecutions leading regional offices had been replaced. Furthermore, approximately 200 prosecutors took early
805:
Some European jurisdictions still have a prosecution service which is subordinate to the Minister of Justice. These include Austria, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. According to the Council of Europe, these jurisdictions have safeguards to protect against government interference and
783:
prosecutors. Given the combination of the Prosecutor General's role with that of Justice Minister, it has been argued that disciplinary proceedings have become a political rather than administrative tool which is used to ensure loyalty from the prosecutorial service.
641:, public prosecutors of universal prosecutorial bodies, regional prosecutorial bodies and various specific prosecutorial commissions. Apart from a brief period between 2010 and 2016, the position of Public Prosecutor General has been held concurrently by the
678:, despite its nominal independence from party rule. Under the 1950 Act, the procuracy was removed from the judicial branch of government and became a separate, nominally independent organisation under the auspices of the Council of State, an executive body.
719:
also noted by defenders of the amendments that a number of other European jurisdictions had also subordinated the Public Prosecutor General to the Minister of Justice. The European Commission for Democracy Through Law (
670:, Polish prosecutorial law largely emulated similar Soviet statutes and conventions. The 1950 Prosecution Service Act established the Polish prosecution service as an independent body under the supervision of the
806:
intervention. Poland's post-2010 system is unique in that âit does not only subordinate or link the prosecution office to the Minister of Justice, but the latter becomes the chief prosecutorial body.â
768:
argued that the 2016 amendments âgreatly expanded power to interfere with rank-and-file prosecutors, their decisions, and their freedoms of speech and association.â A 2019 report by
790:
prepared a detailed report on the 2016 Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office. It provided the following recommendation regarding the powers of the Public Prosecutor General:
189:
715:
The Commissioner for Human Rights of Poland unsuccessfully challenged a number of the amended provisions before the Polish Constitutional Tribunal.
978:'Polish prosecutors, political corruption, and legal culture' in "Central and Eastern Europe After Transition: Towards a New Socio-Legal Semantics"
168:
723:) distinguished the Polish amendments: âit does not only subordinate or link the prosecution office to the Minister of Justice, but the latter
298:
93:
612:
762:
appropriateness of the dual-role of Justice Minister and Public Prosecutor, given the potential for conflicts to arise. An article in
317:
638:
328:
585:
522:
514:
510:
637:) is the top prosecutorial official in Poland. The Office of the Public Prosecutor General's office has authority over the
549:
494:
413:
392:
384:
474:
426:
358:
705:
353:
1351:
174:
605:
309:
675:
438:
856:
Ryan, A (2016). "Comparative procedural traditions: Poland's journey from socialist to 'adversarial' system".
1413:
642:
1318:
1403:
727:
the chief prosecutorial body.â The 2016 amendments have continued to be a controversial issue in Poland.
663:
598:
487:
144:
366:
961:
International Bar Association (2007). "Justice under siege: a report on the rule of law in Poland".
709:
255:
243:
235:
77:
671:
333:
290:
202:
1408:
227:
64:
51:
301:
1378:, 'Opinion on the Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office As Amended' (2017) Opinion 892: 23-24
770:
371:
320:
1134:, 'Opinion on the Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office As Amended' (2017) Opinion 892: 9-10
433:
269:
152:
85:
1151:, 'Opinion on the Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office As Amended' (2017) Opinion 892: 10
502:
8:
1122:, 'Opinion on the Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office As Amended' (2017) Opinion 892: 9
1095:, 'Opinion on the Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office As Amended' (2017) Opinion 892: 8
555:
443:
346:
282:
215:
129:
1029:
Krajewski, K (2012). "Prosecution and prosecutors in Poland: In quest of independence".
1016:
Krajewski, K (2012). "Prosecution and prosecutors in Poland: In quest of independence".
1003:
Krajewski, K (2012). "Prosecution and prosecutors in Poland: In quest of independence".
990:
Krajewski, K (2012). "Prosecution and prosecutors in Poland: In quest of independence".
922:
Krajewski, K (2012). "Prosecution and prosecutors in Poland: In quest of independence".
909:
Krajewski, K (2012). "Prosecution and prosecutors in Poland: In quest of independence".
883:
Krajewski, K (2012). "Prosecution and prosecutors in Poland: In quest of independence".
43:
20:
935:
Marguery, T (2007). "'The plurarity of functions of the Polish Minister of Justice'".
841:
Marguery, T (2007). "'The plurarity of functions of the Polish Minister of Justice'".
132:
787:
720:
545:
540:
264:
892:
865:
160:
208:
630:
400:
1082:
Law on the Supreme Court 2017; Law on the National Council of the Judiciary 2017
764:
735:
405:
181:
1397:
869:
576:
105:
59:
113:
667:
223:
100:
646:
251:
136:
896:
171:
1387:
Rec(2000)19 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe
450:
1352:"Law and Justice's Concentrated Power over Polish Prosecutors"
29:
960:
462:
937:
European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice
843:
European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice
121:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1137:
652:
649:
is the current Public Prosecutor General of Poland.
1395:
606:
858:International Journal of Evidence and Proof
1305:Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office 2016
1292:Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office 2016
1279:Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office 2016
1266:Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office 2016
1253:Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office 2016
1240:Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office 2016
1227:Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office 2016
1214:Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office 2016
1201:Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office 2016
1188:Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office 2016
1175:Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office 2016
1162:Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office 2016
1070:Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office 2016
1057:Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office 2016
1044:Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office 2016
950:Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office 2016
829:Act on the Public Prosecutor's Office 2016
613:
599:
882:
1104:
840:
734:
1396:
796:
975:
1336:"Poland: Free Courts, Free People".
1316:
855:
823:
821:
819:
1319:"Poland is Purging its Prosecutors"
653:History and legislative development
13:
14:
1425:
1107:Poland's Constitutional Breakdown
816:
570:
234:
207:
175:MaĹgorzata Maria Kidawa- BĹoĹska
151:
112:
104:
99:
28:
1381:
1369:
1344:
1329:
1310:
1297:
1284:
1271:
1258:
1245:
1232:
1219:
1206:
1193:
1180:
1167:
1154:
1125:
1113:
1098:
1086:
1075:
1062:
1049:
1036:
1023:
1010:
997:
984:
969:
699:
662:After the establishment of the
954:
942:
929:
916:
903:
876:
849:
834:
739:Polish Prosecutorial Hierarchy
1:
963:International Bar Association
809:
756:
730:
690:
681:
676:Polish United Workers' Party
329:Supreme Administrative Court
7:
495:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
10:
1430:
657:
639:National Public Prosecutor
747:
870:10.1177/1365712716655169
664:Polish People's Republic
427:Administrative divisions
244:Prime Minister of Poland
1317:Eyre, M (22 May 2024).
393:Major political parties
310:Constitutional Tribunal
291:Supreme Court of Poland
740:
511:Diplomatic missions of
52:Constitution of Poland
1338:Amnesty International
1277:Arts 3(7)-(11), (14)
980:. Aldershot: Ashgate.
771:Amnesty International
738:
710:Law and Justice Party
1414:Prosecution services
1105:Sadurski, W (2019).
635:Prokurator Generalny
86:Parliament of Poland
797:Regional comparison
704:In 2016, after the
643:Minister of Justice
302:MaĹgorzata Manowska
216:President of Poland
1404:Politics of Poland
741:
94:Current Parliament
21:Politics of Poland
1376:Venice Commission
1149:Venice Commission
1132:Venice Commission
1120:Venice Commission
1093:Venice Commission
1031:Crime and Justice
1018:Crime and Justice
1005:Crime and Justice
992:Crime and Justice
976:Polak, P (2011).
924:Crime and Justice
911:Crime and Justice
885:Crime and Justice
788:Council of Europe
721:Venice Commission
623:
622:
577:Poland portal
503:RadosĹaw Sikorski
488:Foreign relations
385:Political parties
1421:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1314:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1014:
1008:
1001:
995:
988:
982:
981:
973:
967:
966:
958:
952:
946:
940:
933:
927:
920:
914:
907:
901:
900:
880:
874:
873:
853:
847:
846:
838:
832:
825:
672:Council of State
668:Second World War
627:Attorney General
615:
608:
601:
579:
575:
574:
573:
475:Cities and towns
470:
458:
321:Julia PrzyĹÄbska
238:
211:
179:
178:
177:
155:
116:
108:
103:
32:
16:
15:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1011:
1002:
998:
989:
985:
974:
970:
959:
955:
947:
943:
934:
930:
921:
917:
908:
904:
881:
877:
854:
850:
839:
835:
826:
817:
812:
799:
759:
750:
733:
702:
693:
684:
660:
655:
619:
590:
586:Other countries
571:
569:
568:
561:
560:
536:
528:
527:
519:
507:
490:
480:
479:
464:
452:
429:
419:
418:
410:
401:Law and Justice
387:
377:
376:
363:
349:
339:
338:
325:
299:First President
285:
275:
274:
261:
205:
195:
194:
190:Deputy Marshals
173:
172:
149:
145:Deputy Marshals
133:Szymon HoĹownia
110:
80:
70:
69:
46:
23:
12:
11:
5:
1427:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1368:
1343:
1328:
1323:Foreign Policy
1309:
1296:
1283:
1270:
1264:Art 28(1)-(3)
1257:
1244:
1231:
1218:
1205:
1192:
1179:
1166:
1153:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1109:. Oxford: OUP.
1097:
1085:
1074:
1061:
1048:
1035:
1022:
1009:
996:
983:
968:
953:
941:
928:
915:
902:
897:10.1086/665611
875:
848:
833:
814:
813:
811:
808:
798:
795:
765:Foreign Policy
758:
755:
749:
746:
732:
729:
701:
698:
692:
689:
683:
680:
666:following the
659:
656:
654:
651:
621:
620:
618:
617:
610:
603:
595:
592:
591:
589:
588:
582:
581:
580:
563:
562:
559:
558:
553:
543:
537:
535:Related topics
534:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:
518:
517:
506:
505:
498:
497:
491:
486:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
472:
460:
448:
447:
446:
441:
430:
425:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
409:
408:
406:Civic Platform
403:
397:
396:
388:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
369:
362:
361:
356:
350:
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
334:State Tribunal
331:
324:
323:
314:
313:
305:
304:
295:
294:
286:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
267:
260:
259:
248:
247:
232:
231:
220:
219:
206:
201:
200:
197:
196:
193:
192:
186:
185:
165:
164:
148:
147:
141:
140:
126:
125:
97:
96:
90:
89:
81:
76:
75:
72:
71:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
47:
42:
41:
38:
37:
34:
33:
25:
24:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1426:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:Law of Poland
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1339:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1241:
1235:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1058:
1052:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1026:
1019:
1013:
1006:
1000:
993:
987:
979:
972:
964:
957:
951:
945:
938:
932:
925:
919:
912:
906:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
871:
867:
863:
859:
852:
844:
837:
830:
824:
822:
820:
815:
807:
803:
794:
791:
789:
784:
780:
776:
773:
772:
767:
766:
754:
745:
737:
728:
726:
722:
716:
713:
711:
707:
706:2015 election
697:
688:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
616:
611:
609:
604:
602:
597:
596:
594:
593:
587:
584:
583:
578:
567:
566:
565:
564:
557:
554:
551:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
532:
531:
524:
521:
520:
516:
512:
509:
508:
504:
500:
499:
496:
493:
492:
489:
484:
483:
476:
473:
471:
468:
461:
459:
456:
449:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
435:
432:
431:
428:
423:
422:
415:
414:Other parties
412:
411:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
395:
394:
390:
389:
386:
381:
380:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
360:
359:Parliamentary
357:
355:
352:
351:
348:
343:
342:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
322:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
307:
306:
303:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
288:
287:
284:
279:
278:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
257:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
241:
240:
239:
237:
229:
225:
222:
221:
218:
217:
213:
212:
210:
204:
199:
198:
191:
188:
187:
183:
176:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
158:
157:
156:
154:
146:
143:
142:
138:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:
119:
118:
117:
115:
109:
107:
102:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:
83:
82:
79:
74:
73:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
54:
53:
49:
48:
45:
40:
39:
36:
35:
31:
27:
26:
22:
18:
17:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1360:. Retrieved
1358:. 2019-11-12
1355:
1346:
1337:
1331:
1322:
1312:
1304:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1200:
1195:
1187:
1182:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1148:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1106:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1038:
1033:. 41(1): 100
1030:
1025:
1017:
1012:
1004:
999:
991:
986:
977:
971:
962:
956:
949:
944:
936:
931:
923:
918:
910:
905:
888:
884:
878:
861:
857:
851:
842:
836:
828:
804:
800:
792:
785:
781:
777:
769:
763:
760:
751:
742:
724:
717:
714:
703:
700:2016âpresent
694:
685:
661:
634:
626:
624:
556:Armed forces
466:
454:
391:
354:Presidential
308:
289:
242:
233:
224:Andrzej Duda
214:
159:
150:
120:
111:
98:
84:
65:Human rights
50:
1356:Rule of Law
1020:. 41(1): 99
1007:. 41(1): 79
994:. 41(1): 92
926:. 41(1): 85
913:. 41(1): 84
647:Adam Bodnar
523:Ambassadors
434:Voivodeship
372:Referendums
252:Donald Tusk
78:Legislature
1398:Categories
1362:2020-11-20
1251:Art 24(1)
1238:Art 23(1)
1225:Art 22(1)
1212:Art 19(3)
1199:Art 19(2)
1186:Art 19(1)
1173:Art 14(1)
1160:Art 13(1)
1068:Art 36(1)
810:References
501:Minister:
270:Ministries
44:Government
1303:Art 7(1)
1290:Art 3(6)
1042:Art 8(1)
891:(1): 86.
864:(4): 10.
757:Criticism
731:Hierarchy
691:2010â2016
682:1985â2010
550:political
515:in Poland
463:Communes
451:Counties
347:Elections
318:President
283:Judiciary
203:Executive
1307:(Poland)
1294:(Poland)
1281:(Poland)
1268:(Poland)
1255:(Poland)
1242:(Poland)
1229:(Poland)
1216:(Poland)
1203:(Poland)
1190:(Poland)
1177:(Poland)
1164:(Poland)
1072:(Poland)
1059:(Poland)
1046:(Poland)
831:(Poland)
444:marshals
439:voivodes
1340:. 2019.
1055:Art 80
939:: 79-80
725:becomes
708:of the
658:1950â85
546:History
541:Economy
265:Cabinet
169:Marshal
130:Marshal
948:Art 2
827:Art 1
748:Powers
631:Polish
455:powiat
161:Senate
137:PL2050
965:: 79.
845:: 68.
467:gmina
367:Local
786:The
625:The
122:Sejm
893:doi
866:doi
60:Law
1400::
1354:.
1321:.
1139:^
889:41
887:.
862:20
860:.
818:^
645:.
633::
513:/
256:PO
182:PO
1365:.
1325:.
899:.
895::
872:.
868::
629:(
614:e
607:t
600:v
552:)
548:(
469:)
465:(
457:)
453:(
258:)
254:(
230:)
228:I
226:(
184:)
180:(
139:)
135:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.