Public bathing - Knowledge

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central heating) or space to accommodate a bathtub, plumbing facilities being limited in them only to a kitchen sink and a small toilet room with a toilet seat. Thus the dwellers of such apartments, on a par with those living in the part of pre-1917-built blocks of flats which had not undergone cardinal renovation, would have no choice but to use public bathhouses.

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aside for ladies only, Mondays and Thursdays. The average number of visitors to the Philadelphia baths every week was about 28,000, with a "great crush" of boys appearing after school hours, boys who were likely to ignore their 30-minute time limits. Operators discouraged the use of soap. By 1904 Pittsburgh would have its third municipal bath, the

1035:, around ten private baths were available in the 1830s. Whilst the dimensions of the baths were small, they provided a range of services. A major proprietor of bath houses in Birmingham was a Mr. Monro who had had premises in Lady Well and Snow Hill. Private baths were advertised as having healing qualities and being able to cure people of 986: 723:

itself, with the item that puts his body at the most exposure being the very last thing removed. When entering a public bath, a Jew is not permitted to greet his neighbor with a verbal salutation, and if another person should greet him audibly, he is to retort: "This is a bath house." Once inside, he is forbidden to sit in a

1187:, Australia in 1859, Canada had one by 1869, and the first in New Zealand was opened in 1874. Urquhart's influence was also felt outside the Empire when in 1861, Dr Charles H Shepard opened the first Turkish baths in the United States at 63 Columbia Street, Brooklyn Heights, New York, most probably on 3 October 1863. 2287:... Clement of Alexandria (d. c. 215 CE) allowed that bathing contributed to good health and hygiene ... Christian skeptics could not easily dissuade the baths' practical popularity, however; popes continued to build baths situated within church basilicas and monasteries throughout the early medieval period ... 217:), and bathtubs were made of bronze or timber. Bath beans, a powdery soap mixture of ground beans, cloves, eaglewood, flowers, and even powdered jade, was a luxury toiletry in the Han dynasty; commoners used powdered beans without spices. Luxurious bathhouses built around hot springs were recorded in the 722:

instructed on what should be the conduct of every Jew who enters a public bath. Before a Jew enters a public bath, he is first required to offer a short prayer unto God, requesting that no offensive act befall him there. He is also instructed on which clothes he is to remove before entering the bath

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In an 1897 comparison to Pittsburgh, which had no municipal baths, Philadelphia was equipped with a dozen, "distributed through the very poorest quarters of the city," each with a concrete pool and 80 dressing rooms. Every pool was drained, flushed and swept twice a week, prior to the two days set

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Since the 1950s in cities, towns, and many rural areas more comfortable dwelling became a nationally required standard, and almost all apartments are designed with both cold and hot water supply, and a bathroom with a bathtub, but a percentage of people living in them still go to public steam baths

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From at least as early as 550 AD there have been public drinking fountains in Nepal, also called dhunge dhara or hiti. The primary function of these dhunge dharas was to provide easily accessible and safe drinking water. Depending on their size and location, they were also used as a public bath and

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Since the first half of the 20th century running unheated drinking water supply has been made available virtually to all inhabitants of multi-story apartment buildings in cities, but if such dwellings were built during the 1930s and not updated later, they do not have hot running water (except for

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estate for their free use. The Lick bathhouse continued as a public amenity until 1919. Other early examples such as the 1890 West Side Natatorium in Milwaukee, the first of Chicago's in 1894, and the 1891 People's Baths on the Lower East Side of Manhattan were alike in their explicit spirit of

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big cities since the 18th century, public baths were opened in them and then back in villages. While the richer urban circles could afford to have an individual bathroom with a bathtub in their apartments (since the late 19th century with running water), the lower classes necessarily used public

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behind their dwelling on the family's land plot. It was usually a smallish wooden cabin with a low entrance and no more than one small window to keep heat inside. Traditionally, the family washed their bodies completely once a week before the day of the Bible-prescribed rest (Sunday) as having a

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would cover 140,000 square metres (1,500,000 sq ft), its soaring granite and porphyry sheltering 3,000 bathers a day. Most Roman homes, except for those of the most elite, did not have any sort of bathing area, so people from various classes of Roman society would convene at the public

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The evidence of early medieval laws that enforced punishments for the destruction of bathing houses suggests that such buildings were not rare. That they ... took a bath every week. At places in southern Europe, Roman baths remained in use or were even restored ... The Paris city scribe Nicolas

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upon the marble floor, such as one who puts his head between his own legs while sitting upright (others explain the sense as exercising the body); nor is he permitted to rub or scratch another person's limbs with his bare hands, but may use an extended device to scratch another bather's back.

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This amounted to a national bath-building movement that peaked in the decade between 1900 and 1910. By 1904, eight of the nation's ten most populous cities had year-round bathhouses available to the working class. In 1922, 40 cities across the country maintained at least one or two public

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A New York state law of 1895 required every city over 50,000 in population maintain as many public baths as their Boards of Health deemed necessary, providing hot and cold water for at least 14 hours a day. Despite that mandate, the first civic bathhouse in New York City, the

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Model Public Baths, Goulston-square, Whitechapel. The BATHS for men and boys are now OPEN from 5 in the morning till 10 at night. Charges – first-class (two towels), cold bath 5d., warm bath 6d.; second-class (one towel), cold bath 1d, warm bath 2d. Every bath is in a private

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In the 17th century, the first European visitors to Japan recorded the habit of daily baths in sexually mixed groups. Before the mid-19th century, when Western influence increased, nude communal bathing for men, women, and children at the local unisex public bath, or

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In Greece by the sixth century BC, men and women washed in basins near places of physical and intellectual exercise. Later gymnasia had indoor basins set overhead, the open maws of marble lions offering showers, and circular pools with tiers of steps for lounging.

2259:... Thus bathing also was considered a part of good health practice. For example, Tertullian attended the baths and believed them hygienic. Clement of Alexandria, while condemning excesses, had given guidelines for Christian] who wished to attend the baths ... 1233:

being a spacious country with a farming population dominating until World War II. Farmers did not have inside their log cabins running water supply and hot bathtubs for washing their bodies, so they either used for their washing heat and space inside their

385:, bathing is almost always "public", in the sense that people converge at riverbanks, pools, or water springs for bathing or laundering. However, some sections of riverbanks are segregated by gender. Nude bathing is quite uncommon; many people still use 732:) while lying on the marble floor in the bath house. These strictures were enacted in order to discourage developing any close bond and connection with another bather that might, otherwise, lead to inappropriate behavior while both men are naked. 625:) but also provided general hygiene and served other functions in the community such as meeting places for socialization for both men and women. Archaeological remains attest to the existence of bathhouses in the Islamic world as early as the 233:, noted Chinese bathhouses used coal for heating, which he had never seen in Europe. At that time coal was so plentiful that Chinese people of every social class took frequent baths, either in public baths or in bathrooms in their own homes. 38:

originated when most people in population centers did not have access to private bathing facilities. Though termed "public", they have often been restricted according to gender, religious affiliation, personal membership, and other criteria.

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maintained their baths in their residences which described by scholar Paolo Squatriti as " luxurious baths", and bath houses including hot baths incorporated into Christian Church buildings or those of monasteries, which known as

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bathhouse had slabbed floors and brick dome ceilings. A huge boiler was installed in the back of the house, connected with the bathing pool through a tunnel. Water could be pumped into the pool by water wheels attended by staff.

225:(960–1279), public bathhouses became popular and ubiquitous, and bathing became an essential part of social life and recreation. Bathhouses often provided massage, manicure, rubdowns, ear cleaning, food and beverages. 348:

In contemporary times, many, but not all administrative regions forbid nude mixed gender public baths, with exceptions for children under a certain age when accompanied by parents. Public baths using water from

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The building of public baths in the United States began in the 1890s. Public baths were created to improve the health and sanitary condition of the working classes, before personal baths became commonplace.

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As the percentage of dwellings containing private bathrooms has increased in some societies, the need for public baths has diminished, and they are now almost exclusively used recreationally.

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Unlike traditional public baths in other countries, public baths in Korea are known for having various amenities on site besides the basic bathing. This can range from public saunas known as

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members of society should have the opportunity to access baths, in an attempt to address the health problems of the public. On 22 April and 23 April 1845, two lectures were delivered in the

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clergy, as well as the pagan custom of women bathing naked in front of men, this did not stop the Church from urging its followers to go to public baths for bathing, which contributed to

194:, describes that people should take a hot shower every five days and wash their hair every three days. It was also considered good manners to take a bath provided by the host before the 397:) wrapped around their bodies to cover their genitals. More modest bathing springs might use woven bamboo partitions for privacy, still a common practice in villages and rural areas. 2700: 2688:

Yesterday the bill, as amended by the committee, for promoting the voluntary establishment in boroughs and parishes in England and Wales of public baths and wash-houses was printed.

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epidemic, Wilkinson took the initiative to offer the use of her house and yard to neighbours to wash their clothes, at a charge of a penny per week, and showed them how to use a

1404: 1141:, a book about his travels in 1848 through Spain and Morocco. He described the system of dry hot-air baths (little-changed since Roman times) which were used there and in the 261:, hot tubs, showers, and even massage tables where people can get massage scrubs. Due to the popularity of Korean jjimjilbangs, some have started to open up outside of Korea. 127:

The bath is housed inside a larger—more elaborate—building and was used for public bathing. The Great Bath and the house of the priest suggest that the Indus had a religion.

2318:... but baths were normally considered therapeutic until the days of Gregory the Great, who understood virtuous bathing to be bathing "on account of the needs of body" ... 1855: 357:(hot springs) are particularly popular. Towns with hot springs are destination resorts, which are visited daily by the locals and people from other, neighboring towns. 412:

developed a bathing pool, although it was not actually "public" since it was believed to be reserved for royalty or people residing in the compound. The 14th-century

321:, houses of prominent families, such as the families of court nobles or samurai, had baths. The bath had lost its religious significance and instead became leisure. 1149:

read Urquhart's book and worked with him to construct such a bath. After a number of unsuccessful attempts, Barter opened the first bath of this type at St Ann's

2907: 1297: 1176:. During the following 150 years, over 700 Turkish baths opened in Britain, including those built by municipal authorities as part of swimming pool complexes. 420:

had several bathing structures, including the Candi Tikus bathing pool, believed to be a royal bathing pool; and the Segaran reservoir, a large public pool.

221:. While royal bathhouses and bathrooms were common among ancient Chinese nobles and commoners, the public bathhouse was a relatively late development. In the 139:

Bathing was ritualized, and becoming an art, with cleansing sands, hot water, hot air in dark vaulted "vapor baths", a cooling plunge, and a rubdown with

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The first public thermae of 19 BC had a rotunda 25 metres across, circled by small rooms, set in a park with an artificial river and pool. By AD 300 the

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remain an integral and ancient part of the way of life there. They are found on the lake shore, in private apartments, corporate headquarters, at the

2683: 2893: 2778: 314:, ritual purification with water. After Japan imported Buddhist culture, many temples had saunas, which were available for anyone to use for free. 408:

or bathing-pool structure enclosed in a walled compound. This suggests that other than bathing in riverbanks or springs, people of ancient Java's

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steambaths – special big buildings which were equipped with developed side catering services enjoyed by the merchants with a farming background.

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Sourdel-Thomine, J.; Louis, A. (2012). "Ḥammām". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

971:. The sauna is an important part of the national identity and those who have the opportunity usually take a sauna at least once a week. 1172:

in July 1860, when Roger Evans, a member of one of Urquhart's Foreign Affairs Committees, opened a Turkish bath at 5 Bell Street, near

661:. The process of visiting a hammam was similar to that of Roman bathing, albeit with some exceptions such as the absence of exercise. 1859: 629:(7th–8th centuries) and their importance has persisted up to modern times. Their architecture evolved from the layout of Roman and 3437: 2358: 3415: 3405: 481:", with pools, exercise spaces, game rooms, gardens, even libraries, and theatres. One of the most famous public bath sites is 70: 2957: 2496: 2841: 2813: 2610: 2470: 2441: 2413: 2388: 2342: 2311: 2280: 2252: 1938: 1836: 1806: 1591: 1092:

was a response to the public's desire for increased sanitary conditions, and by 1915 most towns in Britain had at least one.

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Ancient public bath facilities have been found in ancient Chinese cities, such as the Dongzhouyang archaeological site in

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cleansing ritual rather than for sanitation or recreation. Its bubbling water is the main source of the Pakerisan River.

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in the 11th and 12th centuries, who had enjoyed warm baths in the Middle East. These, however, rapidly degenerated into

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or at least the reputation as such and were closed down at various times. For instance, in England during the reign of

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The following year, the first public bath of its type to be built in mainland Britain since Roman times was opened in

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inscriptions describe the people washing hair and body in bath, suggesting people paid attention to personal hygiene.

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body treatments with steam and accessories such as a bunch of birch branches have been traditionally carried out in

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The Tenement House Problem Including the Report of the New York State Tenement House Commission of 1900 · Volume 2

3142: 1305: 3425: 609:. In Islamic culture the significance of the hammam was both religious and civic: it provided for the needs of 210: 2055:

Sibley, Magda. "The Historic Hammams of Damascus and Fez: Lessons of Sustainability and Future Developments".

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In addition to their hygienic function, public baths have also been social meeting places. They have included

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Memoir of Kitty Wilkinson of Liverpool, 1786–1860: with a short account of Thomas Wilkinson, her husband

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Collective baths in Egypt 2 : new discoveries and perspectives : Balaneîa = Thermae = Hammâmât

264: 3533: 3518: 1966: 1545:(1). Egypts Presidential Specialized Council for Education and Scientific Research: 51–67. 2020-10-01. 1464: 1146: 964: 1633: 846:" because they served both the clerics and needy poor people. Public bathing were common in mediaeval 500:. He also states that "In Western Europe only the Finns still practice a truly public bathing habit." 3332: 3066: 728:

Furthermore, he is not permitted to have his "limbs broken" (a kind of stretching of the muscles, or

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across the country to incur expenditure in constructing public swimming baths out of its own funds.

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baths, or even a myriad of monastic bath houses functioning in eighth and ninth centuries. The

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for other washing and cleaning activities. Many of them are still being used as such today.

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Public baths were common in the larger towns and cities of Europe by the twelfth century.

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Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature

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building, with laundry facilities, given to the citizens of San Francisco in 1890 by the

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Greek public bathing spread to the already rich ancient Egyptian bathing culture, during

3302: 2908:"Former Pittsburgh Wash House & Public Baths Nominated for Historic Landmark Status" 1348: 3623: 3580: 3565: 3495: 3490: 3297: 3149: 3088: 2887: 2541: 2136:(in Hebrew). Vol. 2. Jerusalem: Pe'er HaTorah. p. 359 (Hil. Ta'aniyot 5:6). 1956: 1609: 1564: 875: 482: 432: 370: 167: 1312:

facilities, and the city with the largest system of baths was New York City, with 25.

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Water Conduits in the Kathmandu Valley (2 vols.) by Raimund O.A. Becker-Ritterspach,

1680: 1597: 1587: 1568: 1556: 1514: 1380: 801: 694:, are used only for enhancing bodily cleanliness and for pleasure and relaxation. On 691: 669: 626: 436: 1001:

in 1829. The first known warm fresh-water public wash house was opened in May 1842.

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by Purushottam P. Khatri, The Rising Nepal, 1 June 2019, retrieved 6 December 2019

565:) or "Turkish baths" (mainly by westerners due to the bath's association with the 3645: 3342: 3292: 3078: 3019: 2987: 2933: 2641: 2002: 1796: 1779: 1206: 1067: 1025: 1005: 753: 719: 546: 535: 409: 151: 1763:, Published by Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, 1995 1535:"An Insight into an Egyptian Intangible Cultural Heritage Tradition: The Hammām" 3680: 3545: 3485: 2213: 2152: 2108: 1551: 1534: 1180: 1142: 1126: 1106: 1055:

urging the provision of public baths in Birmingham and other towns and cities.

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baths. Roman baths became "something like a cross between an aqua centre and a

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Sacred Scents in Early Christianity and Islam: Studies in Body and Religion

1470: 1285: 1150: 1118: 1063: 955:, where the sauna remained a popular phenomenon, even expanding during the 905: 867: 863: 590: 574: 462: 318: 286: 237: 230: 222: 218: 187: 124:', complete with stairs leading down to the water at each one of its ends. 113: 88: 1928: 1772: 1195: 496:, described public bathing as a "social event" for the Romans in his book 3523: 3372: 3127: 2147: 1475: 1214: 1173: 1158: 1078: 952: 911:

Roman style public baths were introduced on a limited scale by returning

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Sefer Mishneh Torah - HaYad Ha-Chazakah (Maimonides' Code of Jewish Law)

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Victorian Turkish Baths: Their origin, development, and gradual decline

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Boileau noted the existence of twenty-six public baths in Paris in 1272

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The popularity of wash-houses was spurred by the newspaper interest in

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built public bathing facilities that were separate for both sexes near

708:'s destruction, Jews are not permitted to visit the public bath house. 642: 578: 519: 226: 2843:

Washing "The Great Unwashed": Public Baths in Urban America, 1840–1920

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Water and Society in Early Medieval Italy, AD 400-1000, Parti 400–1000

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Some of the earliest public baths are found in the ruins in of the

2247:. Veronica Strong-Boag. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 315. 1008:, an Irish immigrant "wife of a labourer" who became known as the 340: 301: 3187: 3122: 3083: 1430: 1154: 1122: 1013: 948: 916: 834: 820: 805: 785: 757: 701: 540: 448: 144: 51: 47: 1263:

for health treatments with steam, tree branches, aromatic oils.

431:, dating from the 9th century. A notable public bathing pool is 172:

Bathing culture in Chinese literature can be traced back to the

3042: 1360: 1251: 1230: 1184: 1169: 1074: 1047:, amongst others. On 19 November 1844, it was decided that the 932: 890:

also played a prominent role in the development of the British

859: 761: 686: 523: 509: 394: 309: 195: 80: 50:, and other relaxation therapies, as are found in contemporary 1020:(bleach) to get them clean. She was supported by the District 3110: 2356: 1398:

A woman bathing is spied upon through a window, England, 1782

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Buildings with swimming pools or other facilities for bathing

1300:, built by private contributors but maintained by the city. 143:. Cities all over Ancient Greece honored sites where "young 2035:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Bath".

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The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture

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or built from logs, like the cottage itself, a one-family

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and even at the depth of 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) in

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social improvement—the People's Baths were organized by

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monks played a role in the development and promotion of

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bathhouses and featured a similar sequence of rooms: an

2771:"St Ann's Hydropathic Establishment, Blarney, Co. Cork" 2732:, vol. 1, Co-operative printing company, p. 7 2572:, vol. 1, Co-operative printing company, p. 3 1275:

One pioneering public bathhouse was the well-appointed

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encouragement for the practice of therapeutic bathing;

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Kourkoutidou-Nikolaidou, Eutychia; Tourta, A. (1997).

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The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

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After a period of campaigning by many committees, the

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Endangered lives: public health in Victorian Britain

2374: 2372: 2370: 2092: 1743:"How to visit a Korean bathhouse for the first time" 1539:

International Journal of Heritage and Museum Studies

1183:. Dr. John Le Gay Brereton opened a Turkish bath in 560: 427:

contains several public bathing pools—some, such as

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Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor

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The Ohio State University Press. pp. 39, 44 2650: 2526: 2297: 2295: 2245:Children's Health Issues in Historical Perspective 1355:, 1915 restored 1992 at Maisonneuve public baths, 1315:Other notable constructions of the period/include 1110:Maud and friends visit a London Turkish bath, 1892 993:wash house, the first public wash house in England 959:, when European bath houses were being destroyed. 534:Public bathhouses were a prominent feature in the 2367: 1308:on the Lower East Side, opened five years later. 684:Public baths in Judaism, unlike the ritual bath ( 3667: 2163: 2034: 538:which was inherited from the model of the Roman 2292: 927:from the Italian word for bath, were set up in 657:, as well as smoke and hot air passing through 31:, New York City (1904–1906, restored 1989–1990) 2264: 1930:Daily life in ancient Rome : a sourcebook 1818: 3027: 2840:Williams, Marilyn Thornton (1 January 1991). 2742: 2736: 997:The first modern public baths were opened in 545:Muslim bathhouses, also called hammams (from 465:, showing the under-floor heating system, or 147:stood and splashed water over their bodies". 2892:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2868:Bayard, "Meg," Mary Temple (14 March 1897). 2463:The English Spa, 1560–1815: A Social History 2431: 1879: 1773:Kathmandu water spouts, lost and found cases 1575: 1077:public baths was opened at Goulston Square, 75: 2863: 2861: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2668: 2576: 2497:"Finnish Sauna Culture – Not Just a Cliché" 2275:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 6–11. 1873: 1749: 1504: 1502: 1179:Similar baths opened in other parts of the 96:Sanitation in the Indus Valley Civilization 3034: 3020: 2693: 2306:. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. 2128: 1961:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1766: 1679:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 186–91. 1675:Golas, Peter J and Needham, Joseph (1999) 1614:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1229:. This tradition was born in rural areas, 1168:, and the idea spread rapidly. It reached 939:in 1546 due to their negative reputation. 935:. They were all officially closed down by 2301: 2270: 2236: 2050: 2048: 2046: 1848: 1550: 947:A notable exception to this trend was in 2858: 2839: 2828: 2747:. Shm.oxfordjournals.org. Archived from 2725: 2624: 2594: 2565: 2535: 2513: 2434:Perception and Action in Medieval Europe 1499: 1194: 1105: 984: 942: 896: 827:allocated to the Romans bathing through 739: 668: 513: 456: 364: 263: 79: 18: 2931: 2768: 2707:. 1847-07-26. p. 1. Archived from 2682:. 1846-07-22. p. 6. Archived from 2378: 2329: 2212: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2072: 1933:. Brian K. Harvey. Indianapolis. 2016. 690:) which is used for purification after 3668: 2867: 2460: 2095:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2068: 2066: 2043: 1899: 518:The changing room or vestibule of the 369:Public bathing as cleansing ritual in 268:People bathing in Bhindyo Gaa Hiti in 71:History of water supply and sanitation 3015: 2985: 2816:. San Francisco Call. 2 November 1890 2538:Observations on baths and wash-houses 2494: 2403: 2242: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2000: 1858:. Wonderful Indonesia. Archived from 1824: 1794: 1627: 1625: 1581: 1088:The introduction of bath houses into 1066:on 26 August 1846. The Act empowered 569:), are historically found across the 3062:Prehistory of nakedness and clothing 2950: 2932:Veiller, Lawrence (1 January 1903). 2639: 2605:, Taylor & Francis, p. 73, 2600: 2436:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 61. 2081: 2077:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. 2004:Bathing in Public in the Roman World 1697:"Marco Polo's Descriptions of China" 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1508: 804:urged his followers on the value of 498:Bathing in Public in the Roman World 492:Dr. Garrett G Fagan, a professor at 333:, to bathe in a shallow wooden tub. 120:was the size of 'a modest municipal 2958:"FORDYCE Bathhouse General History" 2769:Shifrin, Malcolm (3 October 2008), 2406:The Middle Ages: Facts and Fictions 2360:Wandering in Byzantine Thessaloniki 2075:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident 2063: 1631: 862:. Catholic religious orders of the 550: 229:, who traveled to China during the 13: 2729:Sanitas Sanitatum et Omnia Sanitas 2584:"'Slum Saint' honored with statue" 2569:Sanitas Sanitatum et Omnia Sanitas 2465:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. 2054: 2021: 1622: 1411:Ancient Ruins Used as Public Baths 735: 435:, which is primarily used for the 306:The origin of Japanese bathing is 14: 3692: 3007: 1677:Science and Civilisation in China 1644: 974: 704:marking the commemoration of the 130: 3649: 3640: 3639: 2960:. asms.k12.ar.us. Archived from 2781:from the original on 11 May 2011 2522:. Helsinki: Helsinki University. 2203:Institutions edition (in Hebrew) 1882:"Tracing the glory of Majapahit" 1437: 1422: 1403: 1391: 1379: 1367: 1341: 1266: 1125:) were introduced to Britain by 1060:Public Baths and Wash-houses Act 981:Baths and wash houses in Britain 850:larger towns and cities such as 780:and pilgrimage sites; also, the 748:Despite the denunciation of the 2979: 2925: 2900: 2806: 2792: 2719: 2660:"Private Bath Advertisements". 2633: 2618: 2559: 2507: 2488: 2479: 2454: 2425: 2397: 2350: 2323: 2243:Warsh, Cheryl Krasnick (2006). 2206: 2122: 2101: 1994: 1973: 1921: 1513:. Grove Press. pp. 13–14. 1306:Rivington Street municipal bath 811:Great bathhouses were built in 503: 442: 2992:. University of Hawaii Press. 2335:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 1735: 1714: 1689: 1669: 1659:"Ancient Chinese Bath Culture" 1298:Wash House and Public Building 244: 214: 1: 3551:Nudity in American television 2625:Rathbone, Herbert R. (1927), 2432:Kleinschmidt, Harald (2005). 1880:Sita W. Dewi (9 April 2013). 1492: 1085:laying the foundation stone. 673:A contemporary mikveh at the 664: 494:Pennsylvania State University 423:The Hindu-majority island of 2743:Sally Sheard* (2014-05-02). 2516:"The sauna – a sacred place" 2199:(chapter 10), p. 55a in the 1095: 653:which provide hot water and 360: 345:, was a daily fact of life. 209:. Bathrooms were called Bi ( 7: 3599:Imagery of nude celebrities 3323:Social nudity organizations 2989:Japan, a view from the bath 2514:Korhonen, N. (April 1998). 2337:, Oxford University Press, 1632:Sun, Jiahui (1 July 2021). 1459:Bathing culture in Yangzhou 1452: 1121:which are derived from the 561: 536:culture of the Muslim world 400:The 8th-century complex of 351: 339: 329: 323: 308: 10: 3697: 3534:Nudity in live performance 3041: 2726:Metcalfe, Richard (1877), 2643:Topography of Warwickshire 2566:Metcalfe, Richard (1877), 2381:Water: A Spiritual History 2039:. Oxford University Press. 2001:Fagan, Garrett G. (2002). 1634:"Bathing in Ancient Times" 1552:10.21608/ijhms.2020.188742 1334: 1319:in the spa resort town of 1117:(based on the traditional 1099: 978: 507: 446: 299: 284: 248: 165: 93: 64: 60: 3637: 3591: 3504: 3451: 3396: 3341: 3333:Timeline of social nudity 3283: 3233: 3168: 3067:Nakedness and colonialism 3049: 2601:Wohl, Anthony S. (1984), 2536:Ashpitel, Arthur (1851), 2520:Universitas Helsingiensis 2501:The Finnish Sauna Society 2383:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2302:Squatriti, Paolo (2002). 2230: 2073:Marçais, Georges (1954). 1582:Redon, Bérangère (2017). 1190: 1151:Hydropathic Establishment 744:A bathhouse, c. 1475–1485 461:Ruins of a Roman bath in 176:(1600 – 1046 BCE), where 102:Indus Valley civilization 76:Indus Valley Civilization 3388:Clothing-optional events 3160:Clothing laws by country 2800:The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 2701:"Classified Advertising" 2485:Wheatcroft (2003) p. 73. 2461:Hembry, Phyllis (1990). 2408:. ABC-CLIO. p. 61. 2271:Thurlkill, Mary (2016). 1199:1926 depiction of rural 1129:, diplomat and sometime 752:style of Roman pools by 718:(chapter 10), the early 659:conduits under the floor 295: 280: 161: 3453:Social nudity advocates 3235:Issues in social nudity 3101:Breastfeeding in public 2938:. Macmillan. p. 42 2912:Preservation Pittsburgh 2676:"Baths and Wash-Houses" 2404:Black, Winston (2019). 1325:Asser Levy Public Baths 1139:The Pillars of Hercules 1115:Victorian Turkish baths 1102:Victorian Turkish baths 25:Asser Levy Public Baths 3556:Nudity in music videos 3529:Nude photography (art) 3248:Sexual objectification 3050:Nakedness and clothing 2662:The Birmingham Journal 2640:West, William (1830). 2195:), appendix, Tractate 1218: 1111: 994: 923:, bath houses, called 908: 745: 681: 649:. Heat is produced by 531: 469: 378: 277: 91: 67:Bathing § History 32: 3566:Nudity in advertising 3561:Nudity in print media 3361:Nude swimming classes 2986:Clark, Scott (1994). 2629:, H. Young & Sons 2379:Bradley, Ian (2012). 1965:) CS1 maint: others ( 1825:Clark, Scott (1994). 1795:Clark, Scott (1994). 1331:, completed in 1908. 1321:Hot Springs, Arkansas 1198: 1109: 988: 979:Further information: 943:Modern public bathing 900: 770:Clement of Alexandria 743: 672: 517: 460: 453:Ancient Roman bathing 368: 267: 192:Warring States period 94:Further information: 83: 22: 3629:Softcore pornography 3506:Depictions of nudity 3270:Wardrobe malfunction 3170:Nudity and sexuality 2871:"The Great Unwashed" 2711:on October 4, 2011. 2686:on October 4, 2011. 1722:"Marco Polo's World" 1353:Les petits Baigneurs 1288:and financed by the 1131:Member of Parliament 1012:. In 1832, during a 3576:Glamour photography 3524:Nude modeling (art) 3481:Henry S. Huntington 2111:. Aquariussauna.com 1983:. The Great Courses 1509:Keay, John (2001). 1250:With the growth of 1081:, in 1847 with the 872:ritual purification 679:Birmingham, Alabama 595:Indian subcontinent 474:Baths of Diocletian 186:, a work regarding 3624:Nude psychotherapy 3581:Erotic photography 3496:Richard Ungewitter 3491:Elton Raymond Shaw 3328:Anarchist naturism 3318:Naturist magazines 3298:Christian naturism 3150:Nudity and protest 3089:Nudity in religion 2874:. Pittsburgh Press 2590:. 4 February 2010. 2331:Kazhdan, Alexander 1907:"Pura Tirta Empul" 1778:2019-12-06 at the 1429:Bagno del Papa in 1219: 1205:by Russian artist 1112: 1010:Saint of the Slums 995: 957:Reformation period 909: 876:Benedict of Nursia 874:, and inspired by 870:' rules contained 808:as a bodily need. 746: 682: 532: 470: 379: 278: 168:Chinese bathhouses 92: 33: 3663: 3662: 3260:Indecent exposure 3208:Feminist stripper 2612:978-0-416-37950-1 2540:, pp. 2–14, 2472:978-0-8386-3391-5 2443:978-1-84383-146-4 2415:978-1-4408-6232-8 2390:978-1-4411-6767-5 2344:978-0-19-504652-6 2313:978-0-521-52206-9 2282:978-0-7391-7453-1 2254:978-0-88920-912-1 2181:Babylonian Talmud 1940:978-1-58510-795-7 1838:978-0-8248-1657-5 1808:978-0-8248-1657-5 1701:Facts and Details 1638:theworldofchinese 1593:978-2-7247-0696-3 1478:– Native American 1119:Muslim bathhouses 1068:local authorities 1022:Provident Society 813:Byzantine centers 802:Gregory the Great 764:according to the 559: 437:Balinese Hinduism 381:Traditionally in 3688: 3653: 3643: 3642: 3614:Nudity in combat 3571:Nude photography 3303:Freikörperkultur 3074:Childhood nudity 3036: 3029: 3022: 3013: 3012: 3003: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2969: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2891: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2873: 2865: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2837: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2810: 2804: 2803:, 3 October 1863 2796: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2657: 2648: 2647: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2533: 2524: 2523: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2376: 2365: 2364: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2299: 2290: 2289: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2210: 2204: 2178: 2161: 2145: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2116: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2090: 2079: 2078: 2070: 2061: 2060: 2052: 2041: 2040: 2032: 2019: 2018: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1988: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1960: 1952: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1886:The Jakarta Post 1877: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1813:backcover Misogi 1792: 1783: 1770: 1764: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1693: 1687: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1665:. 30 April 2019. 1655: 1642: 1641: 1629: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1605: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1554: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1511:India: A History 1506: 1467:– ancient Greece 1441: 1426: 1407: 1395: 1383: 1371: 1349:Alfred Laliberté 1345: 1277:James Lick Baths 1026:William Rathbone 1018:chloride of lime 965:Parliament House 796:since the early 611:ritual ablutions 564: 554: 552: 356: 344: 332: 326: 313: 216: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3633: 3587: 3500: 3447: 3392: 3343:Nude recreation 3337: 3293:Naturist resort 3279: 3229: 3164: 3079:Sex segregation 3045: 3040: 3010: 3000: 2982: 2977: 2976: 2967: 2965: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2930: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2885: 2884: 2877: 2875: 2866: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2819: 2817: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2782: 2767: 2763: 2754: 2752: 2741: 2737: 2724: 2720: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2658: 2651: 2638: 2634: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2599: 2595: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2564: 2560: 2534: 2527: 2512: 2508: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2459: 2455: 2444: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2402: 2398: 2391: 2377: 2368: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2328: 2324: 2314: 2300: 2293: 2283: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2241: 2237: 2233:‎ I (end) 2211: 2207: 2179: 2164: 2127: 2123: 2114: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2091: 2082: 2071: 2064: 2053: 2044: 2033: 2022: 2015: 1999: 1995: 1986: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1954: 1953: 1941: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1912: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1878: 1874: 1865: 1863: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1839: 1823: 1819: 1809: 1793: 1786: 1780:Wayback Machine 1771: 1767: 1754: 1750: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1705: 1703: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1674: 1670: 1657: 1656: 1645: 1630: 1623: 1607: 1606: 1594: 1580: 1576: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1521: 1507: 1500: 1495: 1455: 1448: 1442: 1433: 1427: 1418: 1408: 1399: 1396: 1387: 1386:Bathing in 1568 1384: 1375: 1374:Bathing in 1450 1372: 1363: 1346: 1337: 1269: 1207:Boris Kustodiev 1193: 1104: 1098: 1090:British culture 1006:Kitty Wilkinson 983: 977: 945: 754:early Christian 738: 736:Christian world 720:Sages of Israel 667: 635:undressing room 512: 506: 455: 447:Main articles: 445: 410:Mataram Kingdom 363: 304: 298: 289: 283: 253: 247: 170: 164: 133: 116:in present-day 104:. According to 98: 78: 73: 63: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3694: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3661: 3660: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3546:Nudity in film 3543: 3538: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3510: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3486:Heinrich Pudor 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3457: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3402: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3353: 3347: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3289: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3239: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3180: 3174: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3108: 3106:Public bathing 3103: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3039: 3038: 3031: 3024: 3016: 3009: 3008:External links 3006: 3005: 3004: 2998: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2949: 2924: 2899: 2857: 2827: 2805: 2791: 2761: 2735: 2718: 2692: 2667: 2649: 2632: 2617: 2611: 2593: 2575: 2558: 2525: 2506: 2495:Valtakari, P. 2487: 2478: 2471: 2453: 2442: 2424: 2414: 2396: 2389: 2366: 2349: 2343: 2333:, ed. 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Retrieved 2962:the original 2952: 2940:. Retrieved 2934: 2927: 2915:. Retrieved 2911: 2902: 2876:. Retrieved 2848:. Retrieved 2842: 2818:. Retrieved 2808: 2798: 2794: 2783:, retrieved 2774: 2764: 2753:. Retrieved 2749:the original 2738: 2728: 2721: 2712: 2709:the original 2704: 2695: 2687: 2684:the original 2679: 2670: 2661: 2642: 2635: 2626: 2620: 2602: 2596: 2587: 2578: 2568: 2561: 2537: 2519: 2509: 2500: 2490: 2481: 2462: 2456: 2447: 2433: 2427: 2419: 2405: 2399: 2380: 2359: 2352: 2334: 2325: 2317: 2303: 2286: 2272: 2266: 2258: 2244: 2238: 2217: 2208: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2185:Avodah Zarah 2184: 2157: 2151: 2133: 2124: 2113:. Retrieved 2103: 2094: 2074: 2056: 2036: 2003: 1996: 1985:. Retrieved 1975: 1929: 1923: 1911:. Retrieved 1901: 1889:. Retrieved 1885: 1875: 1864:. Retrieved 1860:the original 1850: 1842: 1828:Clark – 1994 1827: 1820: 1812: 1798:Clark – 1994 1797: 1768: 1751: 1737: 1725:. Retrieved 1716: 1704:. Retrieved 1700: 1691: 1676: 1671: 1662: 1637: 1586:. Le Caire. 1583: 1577: 1542: 1538: 1529: 1510: 1471:Steam shower 1410: 1352: 1314: 1310: 1302: 1294: 1286:Simon Baruch 1274: 1270: 1261: 1257: 1249: 1239: 1221:Washing and 1220: 1210: 1200: 1178: 1163: 1138: 1113: 1087: 1072: 1064:royal assent 1057: 1030: 1009: 1003: 996: 989:Interior of 946: 924: 910: 906:Thessaloniki 868:Benedictines 864:Augustinians 828: 810: 747: 715: 710: 695: 685: 683: 620: 614: 607:Ottoman rule 591:Central Asia 575:North Africa 539: 533: 520:Vakil Hammam 504:Muslim world 497: 491: 471: 463:Dion, Greece 443:Roman Empire 422: 405: 399: 386: 380: 347: 335: 319:Heian period 316: 305: 290: 287:Dhunge dhara 256: 254: 238:Ming dynasty 235: 231:Yuan dynasty 223:Song dynasty 219:Tang dynasty 204: 188:Zhou dynasty 181: 171: 156:ancient Rome 149: 138: 134: 126: 114:Mohenjo Daro 99: 89:Mohenjo Daro 56: 41: 36:Public baths 35: 34: 3398:By location 3373:Naked party 3128:Toplessness 2785:12 December 2214:Jastrow, M. 2158:Orach Chaim 2148:Joseph Karo 1727:15 November 1706:15 November 1663:viewofchina 1476:Sweat lodge 1215:birch besom 1174:Marble Arch 1161:, Ireland. 1159:County Cork 1079:Whitechapel 953:Scandinavia 880:Benedictine 848:Christendom 798:Middle Ages 794:monasteries 778:monasteries 571:Middle East 483:Aquae Sulis 433:Tirta Empul 404:contains a 393:clothes or 371:Tirta Empul 258:Hanjeungmak 251:Jjimjilbang 245:South Korea 200:Han dynasty 178:Oracle bone 3670:Categories 3609:Naked News 3514:Nude (art) 3368:Naked yoga 3351:Nude beach 3313:Gymnosophy 3225:Candaulism 3198:Striptease 3155:Dress code 3133:Topfreedom 2968:2008-03-24 2942:24 January 2917:24 January 2878:23 January 2850:27 January 2820:27 January 2755:2014-05-21 2201:Or Hachaim 2183:(vol. 16: 2130:Maimonides 2115:2014-05-21 1987:2014-05-21 1891:5 February 1866:2014-06-23 1602:1002185387 1493:References 1487:Water park 1323:, and the 1281:James Lick 1166:Manchester 1145:. In 1856 1123:Roman bath 1073:The first 1033:Birmingham 937:Henry VIII 856:Regensburg 823:, and the 697:Tisha B'Av 692:defilement 665:In Judaism 579:al-Andalus 479:theme park 387:kain jarik 236:A typical 227:Marco Polo 110:Great Bath 85:Great Bath 65:See also: 3265:Obscenity 3215:Voyeurism 3193:Streaking 2888:cite news 2705:The Times 2680:The Times 2554:501833155 2226:614562238 2142:122758200 1957:cite book 1949:924682988 1913:5 October 1610:cite book 1569:237439213 1561:2735-3850 1465:Gymnasium 1213:(holding 1096:Hot baths 1062:received 1053:town hall 999:Liverpool 991:Liverpool 929:Southwark 913:crusaders 790:basilicas 784:situated 760:and good 730:massaging 643:warm room 639:cold room 597:, and in 581:(Islamic 556:romanized 467:hypocaust 429:Goa Gajah 414:Majapahit 406:petirtaan 402:Ratu Boko 389:(usually 383:Indonesia 361:Indonesia 270:Kathmandu 198:. In the 106:John Keay 29:Manhattan 3646:Category 3592:See also 3285:Naturism 3220:Anasyrma 3203:Stripper 2779:archived 2588:BBC News 2546:60239734 2193:Horayoth 2132:(1974). 2097:. Brill. 1776:Archived 1453:See also 1445:Agkistro 1357:Montreal 1244:outhouse 1135:Stafford 1043:and all 1037:diabetes 921:Henry II 917:brothels 830:diaconia 815:such as 702:fast day 651:furnaces 647:hot room 645:, and a 587:Portugal 418:Trowulan 416:city of 118:Pakistan 52:day spas 48:massages 3519:History 3438:Oceania 3431:Seattle 3188:Mooning 3123:Massage 3084:Modesty 3057:History 2229:, s.v. 2189:Eduyoth 1461:– China 1431:Viterbo 1335:Gallery 1252:Russian 1223:thermal 1155:Blarney 1014:cholera 949:Finland 925:bagnios 835:Lateran 821:Antioch 806:bathing 800:. 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The 762:health 700:, the 687:mikveh 605:under 593:, the 562:ḥammām 547:Arabic 524:Shiraz 510:Hammam 395:sarong 330:gyōzui 324:Misogi 310:misogi 213:: 196:dinner 69:, and 44:saunas 3681:Sauna 3111:Sauna 3094:Awrah 2714:room. 2542:JSTOR 1565:S2CID 1242:bath 1240:banya 1202:banya 1153:near 852:Paris 839:popes 825:popes 786:baths 782:popes 655:steam 631:Greek 622:ghusl 583:Spain 551:حمّام 391:batik 353:onsen 341:sentō 302:Sentō 296:Japan 281:Nepal 274:Nepal 162:China 112:" of 3411:Asia 2994:ISBN 2944:2021 2919:2021 2894:link 2880:2021 2852:2021 2822:2021 2787:2009 2607:ISBN 2550:OCLC 2467:ISBN 2438:ISBN 2410:ISBN 2385:ISBN 2339:ISBN 2308:ISBN 2277:ISBN 2249:ISBN 2222:OCLC 2138:OCLC 2009:ISBN 1967:link 1963:link 1945:OCLC 1935:ISBN 1915:2014 1893:2015 1833:ISBN 1803:ISBN 1757:ISBN 1729:2022 1708:2022 1681:ISBN 1616:link 1598:OCLC 1588:ISBN 1557:ISSN 1515:ISBN 1133:for 1041:gout 1024:and 951:and 892:spas 884:spas 858:and 819:and 792:and 641:, a 637:, a 619:and 616:wudu 601:and 585:and 528:Iran 451:and 425:Bali 375:Bali 154:and 23:The 2231:שבר 1547:doi 1413:by 1351:'s 1327:in 1031:In 904:in 589:), 522:in 485:in 87:of 27:in 3672:: 2910:. 2890:}} 2886:{{ 2860:^ 2830:^ 2777:, 2773:, 2703:. 2678:. 2652:^ 2586:. 2548:, 2528:^ 2518:. 2499:. 2446:. 2418:. 2369:^ 2316:. 2294:^ 2285:. 2257:. 2191:, 2187:, 2165:^ 2150:, 2083:^ 2065:^ 2045:^ 2023:^ 2007:. 1959:}} 1955:{{ 1943:. 1884:. 1841:. 1811:. 1801:. 1787:^ 1699:. 1661:. 1646:^ 1636:. 1624:^ 1612:}} 1608:{{ 1596:. 1563:. 1555:. 1541:. 1537:. 1501:^ 1359:, 1292:. 1209:: 1157:, 1039:, 894:. 886:. 854:, 768:, 577:, 573:, 553:, 549:: 526:, 489:. 373:, 272:, 158:. 54:. 46:, 3035:e 3028:t 3021:v 3002:. 2971:. 2946:. 2921:. 2896:) 2882:. 2854:. 2824:. 2758:. 2646:. 2503:. 2475:. 2393:. 2363:. 2156:( 2144:. 2118:. 2059:. 2017:. 1990:. 1969:) 1951:. 1917:. 1895:. 1869:. 1745:. 1731:. 1710:. 1640:. 1618:) 1604:. 1571:. 1549:: 1543:2 1523:. 1217:) 842:" 613:( 543:. 377:. 215:湢

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