2349:, the European Court of Justice ruled that arrangements made by the Italian government to restrict contracts for the provision of services to develop data processing systems for Italian public authorities to companies "in which all or a majority of the shares directly or indirectly in public or State ownership", and to include the supply of computing equipment within the services contract, the government had failed to comply with its obligations under Council Directive 77/62/EEC of 21 December 1976 coordinating procedures for the award of public supply contracts, and failed to comply with the principles of freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services in the
3583:
not conducted appropriately. In that connection, the legal framework provides for the
Independent Review Panels at National Level (National Independent Review Panel) and at District Level (Independent Review Panel at District Level). The Independent Review Panels are composed of members from the Private Sector, Civil Society and the Public Sector, and the members from the Public Sector cannot form the majority of members of the Panel. The Independent Review Panel at National Level is under the supervision of the Minister of Finance and Economic Planning whereas the Independent Review Panel at District Level is under the supervision of the District Council.
933:. The activities of public procurement and innovation intersect in three specific areas: public procurement for innovation, public procurement of innovation, and innovative public procurement. First, multiple studies have established that public procurement for innovation is a viable and efficient tool to stimulate innovation as a demand - side tool in the innovation policy mix. Second, public procurement may also be used to innovate the public sector itself (public procurement of innovation), through the inclusion of "innovativeness" as a procurement goal (often as a secondary criterion). Third, novel procurement approaches (such as
1465:, 1st , April, 2021. There are different rules regulating procurement of public services, as Law nÂș 8.987, 13 February 1995 (Concession and Permission of Public Services); Law nÂș 12.462, 4 August 2011 (Differentiated Procurement â RDC in Portuguese) and Law nÂș 10.520, 17 July 2002, which deals with a reverse auction. In the internet field (e-procurement) there are executive orders (Decretos) which regulate public procurement, such as Decree nÂș 5.450, 31 May 2005 and Decree nÂș 7.982, 23 January 2013: the latter regulates procedures for specific situations of sharing acquisitions of goods or under portioned delivering.
3408:, ranked New Zealand as the top country for Government Procurement Effectiveness. The procurement indicator was a new addition to this index, not present in the previous 2017 index. The indicator covered both procurement systems and procurement practices. The report authors identified that New Zealand's excellence lay in "the extent of e-procurement functions within its overall procurement system; the role of its central purchasing body; and the extent to which policies are in place to enable small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) to take part in central government procurement".
3575:, the public procurement process is managed on a daily basis by an autonomous organ, the Rwanda Public Procurement Authority (RPPA), which operates under the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN). Public procurement is regulated by the Law N°12/2007 of 27 March 2007 on public procurement which was modified and complemented by the Law N°05/2013 of 13 February 2013. The law is implemented by a Ministerial Order N°001/14/10/TC of 19 February 2014 establishing Regulations on Public Procurement, Standard Bidding Documents and Standard Contracts.
1094:
personal interests of the public officials are not the same as the interests of the public. The vulnerability of public buyers to private subversion has led every country to restrict the discretion of procuring entities in what they buy and pay. But while the regulation of the private sector empowers public officials and enables them to extract bribes in exchange for regulatory relief, the regulation of government constrains public officials. Public procurement regulations reduce the discretion of buyers, typically with the intent of reducing corruption.
8777:
834:, which account for large parts of government expenditure, and low value procurement. The GPA and EU procurement law allow for exceptions where public tendering would violate a country's essential security interests. Additionally, certain politically or economically sensitive sectors, such as public health, energy supply or public transport, may also be treated differently. Government procurement, is linked to economic growth, competition enhancement, policy achievement, and innovation promotion.
1565:
construction, repair, renovation or restoration of a work". For contracts above $ 25,000, tenders are published on the transparent
Government Electronic Tendering Service (GETS). A non-competitive procurement process is only used in certain special circumstances. One such area of exception are security-related procurements. In that case the Defence Production Act applies, which allows using a special process and favouring domestic suppliers in acquiring defence supplies and conducting defence.
3579:
funds) have the power to conduct directly their public procurement process. The main mission of RPPA is (1) to process the establishment and improvement of public procurement legal framework, (2) provide public procurement legal advisory services, (3) conduct audit and monitoring of public procurement activities carried out by procuring entities (tender award and contract management) and (4) build the capacity of public officials involved in public procurement activities.
3181:'s Decree on Procurement of Goods, Works, Maintenance and Services No. 03/PM, dated 9 January 2004, and the Implementing Rules and Regulations on Government Procurement of Goods, Works, Maintenance and Services No. 063/PM, dated 12 March 2004. Amendments were made to some of the articles of the Implementing Rules and the Decree by Update 0861/MOF of 5 May 2009. Procurement activities are overseen by the Procurement Monitoring Office (PrMO) within the Ministry of Finance.
3390:
62:
3870:, which applies to all supply, works and services purchasing undertaken by the federal government and the federal ministries and governmental agencies (except the Ministry of Defence), and also to independent federal entities such as the General Authority for Civil Aviation, Emirates Real Estate Corporation, FEWA, ESCA, Insurance Authority, Emirates Post Group Holding, National Transport Authority, Telecommunications Regulatory Authority,
727:. The public sector picks the most capable nonprofit or for-profit organizations available to issue the desired good or service to the taxpayers. This produces competition within the private sector to gain these contracts that then reward the organizations that can supply more cost-effective and quality goods and services. Some contracts also have specific clauses to promote working with minority-led, women-owned businesses and/or
1090:; companies have much to gain from bribing public officials to obtain these procurements. In societies where corruption is endemic and enforcement is low, public officials are incentivized to accept bribes due to either necessity or greed. Academic research shows that discretion in procurement decisions is beneficial in countries with a high level of human capital, but is detrimental in low-human capital jurisdictions.
1996:, Defence Resources Agency and Estonian War Museum is organised by the Estonian Centre for Defence Investment, whose purpose is "to carry out procurement activities through ... professional-quality procurement and to use dedicated funds sparingly and prudently". The Centre for Defence Investment was established by the decree of the Minister of Defence on 9 November 2015 and became operational on 1 January 2017.
2426:(MDDI). This department is responsible for the regulatory framework, drafting relevant legislation and monitoring its implementation, and also for representing the Luxembourgish authorities in the field of public procurement. A Tender Commission with members drawn from contracting authorities, chambers of commerce and small business sectors undertakes a consultative role in relation to public procurement.
1886:
governed by the Act on Public-Private
Partnerships. Two key Croatian institutions are the Public Procurement Office and the Public Procurement Supervisory Commission, established in 2001, now (since 2013) the State Commission for Supervision of Public Procurement (DKOM). The State Commission is an independent quasi-judicial body with nine members appointed by the
1048:, the commission has adopted its communication on public procurement for a better environment, where proposes a political target of 50% Green public procurement to be reached by the Member States by 2010. The European Commission has recommended GPP criteria for 21 product/service groups which may be used by any public authority in Europe.
2471:(Regulation 64), a Departmental Contracts Committee for each contracting authority, and in each Ministry a Ministerial Procurement Unit (Regulation 79). Under regulation 80 a Public Contracts Review Board is established. The Commercial Sanctions Tribunal (Regulation 95) is appointed to hear and determine issues relating to the
2122:, abbreviated BMWi) is responsible for defining laws and principles regarding public procurement. In 2016 Germany transposed the new EU Directives of 2014 into domestic law. Thereby, processes and contracts in public procurement have become easier and more flexible. The Act against Restraints of Competition â Part IV (German:
3330:'s National Commission for Public Procurement (CNCP) was established "to oversee public procurement, control public spending and guarantee the principles of transparency and parity in the development and execution of contracts between competitors", with a role also in handling complaints regarding procurement actions.
2670:, which found that the LCSP "gave contracting authorities a wide, almost unlimited, power to modify essential terms of public contracts after award, in a manner which was not in line with the principles of equal treatment between bidders, non-discrimination and transparency set out in EU public procurement rules".
2837:, whose tasks are to ensure that competitive bidding takes place for public contracts and to promulgate effective procurement controls in government administration. The commission was established by the Decree of 3 December 2004. The CNMP publishes lists of awarded public contracts. According to the website
3582:
The public procurement system in Rwanda is governed by 6 fundamental principles namely (1) transparency, (2) competition,(3) economy, (4) efficiency, (5) fairness and (6) accountability. In the national system, bidders have the right to appeal against public procurement procedures they may think were
3068:
Until 1996, Jamaica operated a centralised procurement system coordinated by the
Central Supply Division of the Ministry of Finance, and procurement activity was regulated by the Financial Administration (Supplies) Regulations 1963 supplemented by directives from the Ministry of Finance. The Ministry
1984:
is responsible for public procurement policy, drafting the law, providing supervision and consultancy, and maintains a central Public
Procurement Register. The current legislation is the Public Procurement Act of 2017, which came into effect on 1 September 2017, and which operates in conjunction with
1742:
foresees two award criteria, namely the lowest price criterion or economically most advantageous offer criterion. In terms of contractual forms, the relationship between contracting authority and economic operator can be regulated by a public supply contract, framework agreement or dynamic purchasing
1564:
In general, bids must be solicited by the procuring department unless estimated expenditure does not exceed $ 25,000, or $ 100,000 "where the contract is for the acquisition of architectural, engineering and other services required in respect of the planning, design, preparation or supervision of the
1487:
Decree N° 2003-269/PRES/PM/MEF of May 2003 on the general regulations governing public procurement instituted a new public contracts code which extended the scope of public contracting and provided for improvements in transparency in procurement procedures. Appeals from bidders regarding the contract
949:
Centralized purchasing means awarding procurement contracts on behalf of one or more procuring entities. This method has been used to gain various benefits emerging from demand aggregation. Centralized procurement can be done by ordinary contracting authorities or established central purchasing body.
4039:
The approach to resolving procurement-related complaints has the capacity to promptly respond to any concerns during the procurement process. There is a standstill period -a pause between identifying who should win the contract and actually awarding them the contract- so that other bidders can voice
4031:
Needs and risks of a project are analyzed through a
Project Procurement Strategy for Development (PPSD). This analysis enables the borrower to have a strategy on how best to engage with bidders. The analysis ensures that procurement processes are fit for purpose, allow choice, and are appropriate to
3544:
on 6 May 2019 and its request was accepted by the WTO Committee on
Government Procurement on 26 June 2019, the Philippines confirming that "its government was ... taking steps to create a transparent, open and fair procurement system, founded on a sound legal framework, which includes initiatives to
3466:
which was established by the Public
Procurement Regulatory Authority Ordinance of May 2002. The PPRA is responsible for issuing regulations and procedures for public procurement undertaken by federal level public sector organisations. Its brief is to improve the governance, management, transparency,
3381:
Purchasers of certain common goods or services are required to use "All-of-Government contracts" (AoG) established by the
Government Procurement Branch, overseen by the Procurement Functional Leader and managed by appointed procurement Centres of Expertise. Where a public agency wishes to opt out of
2650:
is overseen by the Public
Procurement Directorate within the Ministry of Public Administration. The Slovenian Public Procurement Act, the ZJN-3, came into force on 1 April 2016, and covers both public sector and utilities procurement, implementing Directives 2014/24/EU and 2014/25/EU in one piece of
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The Administrative Procedural Code, established under decree-law 4/2015 (7 January 2015) also provides for general procedures on administrative matters and the Procedural Code of the Administrative Courts established by Law no. 15/2002 (22 February 2002), amended by Decree-Law 214-G/2015, stipulates
1678:
is governed by the Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation No.649/2009, which replaced the proclamation on Procedures of Public Procurement and Establishing its Supervisory Agency, Proclamation No. 430/2005. The Public Procurement and Property Administration
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One issue of public procurement is the inability of governments to measure economic productivity, because as the size of public procurement systems substantially grows, so do their complexity and influence. Public procurement is heavily embedded in all forms of public sector goods and services, from
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Apostolic Letter issued âMotu Proprioâ of the Supreme Pontiff Francis modifying the Motu Proprio âOn transparency, control and competition in the procedures for awarding public contracts of the Holy See and Vatican City Stateâ of 19 May 2020, and the related âRulesâ and âJurisdictional Protectionâ,
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to ensure the application of fair, competitive, transparent, non-discriminatory and value for money procurement standards and practices; set standards for the public procurement systems in United Republic of Tanzania; monitor compliance of procuring entities; and build, in collaboration with Public
1093:
Government procurement involves a high risk of corruption, collusion and unwanted favoritism. An important role in this has the great size of financial turnover and the complexity of many procurement processes in which businesses interact very closely with politicians and civil servants. Often the
999:
Under many jurisdictions, there are certain thresholds in value which oblige procurers to publish tender details and information on contracts awarded and expenditure incurred, and to follow specific procurement procedures. Greater transparency and regulatory compliance are incurred at higher levels
3493:
public procurement law was formerly set out in the Government Procurement Act (approved by Legislative Decree No. 1017) and the Regulation of the Government Procurement Act (approved by Supreme Decree No. 184-2008-EF), which were replaced by a new Government Procurement Act (Law N° 30225) in 2014.
2199:
by the European Commission in 2014 because the legislation divided companies into bandings with a maximum and minimum budget range. This process meant that companies were not able to bid for work outside their financial banding, even though (for projects of a lower value) they had the economic and
1885:
based on the EU Procurement Directives was enacted in 2001, but a revised legal structure for public procurement was put in place with the Public Procurement Act of 2012, and this was superseded by the Public Procurement Act of 2016, effective 1 January 2017. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are
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issued on 18 April 2017 for general public procurement, 18 June 2017 for procurement in the water, energy, transport and postal services sectors, 22 June 2017 containing new rules on the performance of public works contracts and concession contracts for public works and 25 June 2017, for the award
1826:
legislation on public procurement is set out in the Act of 17 June 2016 implementing the 2014 EU procurement directives. The Laws of 17 June 2016 on public procurement and on concession contracts, and the Law of 16 February 2017 on remedies, failed to meet the EU's transposition deadline (18 April
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since the 1970s in order to guarantee transparency and non-discrimination of EU companies in government procurement in all member states. EU laws apply only to tenders that exceed certain thresholds in value. These thresholds vary depending on the area the contract is for and if the procurement is
791:, e.g. national defense or public infrastructure. Public goods are non-rival and non-excludable, which means that one individual's consumption does not diminish the quantity or quality of the commodity available to others, and individuals cannot be prevented from freely consuming the commodity, or
3629:
The Regulation on Mandatory Elements of Tender Documents in Public Procurement Procedures and Way to Prove Fulfilment of Requirements prescribes a model contract as a mandatory element of every set of tender documents, except when a negotiated procedure is being conducted or where a loan is being
2915:, their institutions and other public entities" and to "associations formed by one or more of such authorities". An independent Public Procurement Complaints Commission has power to investigate complaints and may declare a contract "ineffective" if its award was not compliant with the legislation.
2745:
is undertaken and overseen by the Public Procurement Authority of Ghana. The Public Procurement Board is the central body for policy formulation on procurement. The existing Public Procurement Act 2003 (Act 663) was amended by the Public Procurement (Amendment) Act 2016 (Act 914), which came into
2029:
is responsible for the preparation of legislation concerning public procurement. The Finnish Competition and Consumer Authority (FCCA) oversees public procurement: section 139 of the Act on Public Procurement and Concession Contracts mandates the FCCA to supervise compliance with public contracts
1835:
Article 51 of the Royal Decree of 18 April 2017 includes a "revolving door mechanism", which targets the situation where a person previously working for a contracting authority is now being employed by an economic operator involved in a public procurement procedure established by that contracting
1460:
is regulated by a number of different laws with different procedures depending on the importance and the value of the procurement. The most important law about government procurement which contains basic rules of public procurements and administrative contracts was the Law nÂș 8.666, 21 June 1993,
4026:
functions like a cooperative owned by its 189 member countries. Its own procurement activities are handled at a corporate level, and its Procurement Framework, approved in July 2015 and operational since July 2016, applies to projects and programmes which are supported with World Bank funds. The
3141:
on 29 August 2011, promulgated by the President of the Republic of Kosovo with decree No.DL-032-2011 on 31 August 2011, and published in the official Gazette of the Republic of Kosovo No.18 on 18 September 2011. The amended Public Procurement Law (2017) gives preference to local bidders when the
2714:
Procurement Office was established under Section 4 of the Fiji Procurement Regulations 2010 and commenced operations on 1 August 2010. The establishment of the Office and the new Fiji Procurement Regulations were a direct result of the re-organisation of the Government Supplies Department by the
2180:
in its study of administrative capacity in the EU had described the public procurement system in the country as "singularly complex, ... being dispersed among as many as 400 laws, regulations, and presidential decrees". Public contract notices are published in the Central Electronic Registry for
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Government procurement in Bulgaria is a critical area in corruption risk. Public procurement contracts have been awarded to a handful of companies amid widespread irregularities, procedure violations and tailor-made selection or award criteria. The Bulgarian public procurement portal reported in
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preparation of project-proposals for public procurement regulations, public auctions and those in the field of concessions/public private partnerships, preparation of Standard Tender Documents and issuing the necessary instructions in order to assist the contracting authorities undertaking these
3842:
is an executive authority in charge of coordination of procurement of goods, works and services for public funds. The Law "On public procurement" is one of the core legislative bases of the procurement regulations. It made electronic public procurement procedures and use of e-procurement system
3578:
Rwanda has a decentralized public procurement system whereby procuring entities (central government organs, local government entities, government projects, commissions, public institutions, parastatals, agencies or any other government entity charged by the Chief Budget Manager to manage public
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From 1994, article 10(1bis) of Law No 109 on public works stated that multiple undertakings where there was a relationship of control (such as between a company and a subsidiary) could not take part in the same tendering procedure. However, because the "prohibition on simultaneous and competing
2154:
For public procurement below the EU thresholds there are different regulations. At the federal level national budgetary law applies while the 16 federal German states and some municipalities have their own public procurement laws and regulations. This decentralized system reflects the political
1312:
is governed by Law No. 20/10 of 7 September 2010, the Public Procurement Law, and Law No. 2/2011 on Public-Private Partnerships in Angola. The Public Procurement Law repealed Law No. 7/96 of 16 February 1996 and Decree No. 40/05 of 8 June 2005. Public expenditure, the provision of services, the
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is governed by the Public Procurement Act. The Public Procurement and Concessions Commission (PPCC) was established in 2005 to "regulate all forms of Public Procurement and Concessions and provide for institutional structures for public procurement and concessions". The PPCC operates an online
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is responsible for the Government Procurement Rules, Government Rules of Sourcing and Principles of Government Procurement. The aim of the Government Rules of Sourcing is to "support good practice for procurement planning, approaching the supplier community and contracting". The 66 rules were
4035:
Value for Money is a core procurement principle in all procurements financed by the World Bank. This means the focus is on bids that provide the best overall value for money, taking into account quality, cost, and other factors as needed, rather than a focus on the lowest evaluated compliant
3735:(1) When an organ of state in the national, provincial or local sphere of Government, or any other institution identified in national legislation, contracts for goods or services, it must do so in accordance with a system which is fair, equitable, transparent, competitive and cost effective.
2365:
is regulated by the Public Procurement Law, effective 1 March 2017, and the Law on the Procurement of Public Service Providers, which came into effect on 1 April 2017. These laws transpose the EU procurement directives; one additional legal provision is that for supplier selection purposes,
734:
Competition is a key component of public procurement which affects the outcomes of the whole process. There is a great amount of competition over public procurements because of the massive amount of money that flows through these systems; It is estimated that approximately eleven trillion
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in government procurement: the Law requires Serbia's Public Procurement Office, which oversees procurement, to draft a plan for combating corruption in public procurement procedures, and contracting authorities with an estimated annual value of public procurement in excess of one billion
2037:
The Act on Electronic Auctions and Dynamic Purchasing Systems of 17 June 2011, which entered into force on 1 October 2011, introduced new procurement procedures, whereby documents relating to procurement would be sent and received exclusively online. This legislation included the use of
2045:
Transposition of the 2014 EU public procurement directive into Finnish law was delayed after the deadline (18 April 2016) with the consequence that some aspects of the directive were directly applicable from April 2016 until the new Finnish legislation was in place from 1 January 2017.
5160:
POÄAROVSKĂ, A. (2018) The Aspects of Collaborative Procurement: Centralization, Scope and Different Market Structures. Master thesis. Prague: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Economic Studies. Supervisor, 2017. 74 pages. PhDr. Mgr. Jana GuitiĂ©rrez
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legislation governing public procurement. These two laws of 2016, along with earlier reforms introduced under Law 4281/2014 on public procurement law, have radically simplified the previously complex legal regime, repealing numerous previous laws. The European Commission's profile for
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legislation and to provide 'administrative guidance' or if necessary to issue a caution to a non-compliant public authority. The Market Court operates as a specialist court handling public procurement cases. The Market Court's rulings in public procurement cases can be appealed to the
1890:
for a five-year term and accountable to the Croatian Parliament for its work. The High Administrative Court of the Republic of Croatia has jurisdiction over the State Commission in relation to disputes concerning procedure, but there is no right of appeal against Commission decisions.
3961:. Public announcements of awards allow for several exemptions, including contracts less than $ 3.5 million. Historically, the procurement data has been criticized for deficiencies leading to a number of reforms. In 2013, eight legacy databases were merged into a single system called "
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health care to road maintenance, thus making it difficult for the government to monitor the impacts, positive or negative. Monitoring public spending and its impact is important to reform public procurement, especially when pending economic instability calls for proactive responses.
1556:(FedAA): this law amended the Department of Public Works and Government Services Act 1996, creating the position of "Procurement Ombudsman" (called the "Procurement Auditor" in the original bill). The Procurement Ombudsman delivers an annual report on their work and findings to the
2385:
oversees public procurement. A deposit for filing a review application with the Procurement Monitoring Office must be paid, calculated as 0.5% of the estimated contract value, but no more than âŹ15,000 for construction work contracts or âŹ840 for supply and public service contracts.
1581:
of 1978, "central planning has started to give way to market forces". Researchers Ping Wang and Xinglin Zhang suggest that for comparative law purposes, it only makes sense to speak of "government procurement" or "public procurement" after the implementation of the 1978 reforms.
3713:
Government. All of the public sector's invitations for quotations and tenders (except for security-sensitive contracts) are posted on GeBIZ. Suppliers can search for government procurement opportunities, retrieve relevant procurement documentations and submit their bids online.
4056:
is governed by the Public Procurement Act No. 12 of 2008 and the Public Procurement Regulations of 2011. Prior to 2008, public procurement was governed by the Zambia National Tender Board Act, Act No. 30 of 1982. The CEO of the Zambia National Tender Board is appointed by the
2719:. The main functions of the Fiji Procurement Office are to regulate and administer the procurement of goods, service and works for the government. The Government Tender Board is "constituted with authority to approve all procurement of goods, services and works valued at
3903:
At around ÂŁ290 billion every year, public sector procurement accounts for around a third of all public expenditure in the UK. EU-based laws continue to apply to government procurement, where procurement is governed by the Public Contracts Regulations 2015, Part 3 of the
1021:
The discussed advantage is an administrative costs reduction again as tender procedure do not have to be duplicated for agreed period of time. On the other hand, the term "Winner's curse" is associated with framework agreement as there is a price uncertainty in time.
2808:
is overseen by the Public Procurement Commission, appointed under the Public Procurement Commission Act 2003. Due to lengthy delay in identifying and agreeing commission members, the commission was not appointed until 2016. The PPC is based in the Queenstown area of
963:â Key objective of centralized procurement is preventing duplication of some procedures. Contracting units can reduce their transaction costs in cooperating with other entities. This aspect is often considered as most relevant argument for procurement centralization.
1985:
the Public Information Act of 2000, which regulates the publication of "information concerning public procurements which are being organised or have been organised by the state or local governments". Disputes are handled by the Public Procurements Appeal Committee.
1254:
reports that businesses "occasionally complain about problems in the technical and financial criteria of contracts, resulting in biased and distorted competition" and that "improper implementation of public procurement procedures" has also been noted as a problem.
1172:
In some cases, if a nation is extremely impoverished, it may not have the necessary funds or a large enough private sector to even procure companies to issue the goods or services to the people. Thus, omitting public procurement as a potential governing practice.
718:
Public procurement is based on the idea that governments should direct their society while giving the private sector the freedom to decide the best practices to produce the desired goods and services. One benefit of public procurement is its ability to cultivate
4880:
SEIDL, Pavel. VeĆejnĂ© zakĂĄzky se zamÄĆenĂm na ICT. Praha, 2017. 60 s. DiplomovĂĄ prĂĄce (Mgr.) Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociĂĄlnĂch vÄd, Institut sociologickĂœch studiĂ. Katedra veĆejnĂ© a sociĂĄlnĂ politiky. VedoucĂ diplomovĂ© prĂĄce Prof. PhDr. FrantiĆĄek Ochrana,
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government has issued an "instruction" concerned with inclusion of social and environmental criteria in procurement decision-making. The region's government aims to promote the economic, social and environmental sustainability of the Basque Country through its
1589:
on 29 June 2002, is the primary legislation in China. The "Implementing Regulations of the Government Procurement Law", which supplement and clarify the Law, came into effect on 1 March 2015. Regulations on military procurement are formulated separately by the
2462:
by the Public Procurement Regulations, S.L.174.04, 28 October 2016. These regulations also create the Office of the Director of Contracts (Regulation 10), who is responsible generally for the regulation and administration of public procurement procedures in
1444:'s assent on 5 January 1994. The Act provided for the establishment of the Office of the Contractor-General. The Contractor-General is an independent, non-political appointment made by the Governor-General acting on the recommendations of both Houses of the
2212:
Public Procurement Authority was established by Act XL of 1995 and the current Public Procurement Act (Act CXLIII of 2015) entered into force on 1 November 2015, implementing the 2014 EU procurement directives. The objectives of the 2015 legislation are:
1106:
can be defined as dishonestly obtaining an advantage, avoiding an obligation or causing a loss to public property or various means during procurement process by public servants, contractors or any other person involved in the procurement. An example is a
1229:
verification of the implementation of public procurement, concessions and public auction procedures after the phase of contract signature and in case of infringements of the legal and sublegal provisions, penalizes with fines or proposes administrative
3065:, and the Public Sector Procurement Policy of November 2010 reflects "the government's ... strategy to further reform the public procurement system that is aligned to international best practices and promote fair competition for government contracts".
869:. This trend has affected government procurement for its significant share in public spending. Therefore, various purchasing strategies have been implemented to increase quality and to decrease cost of government procurement. These strategies include
957:â Higher procurement value coming from demand aggregation can increase buyers bargaining power and decrease final price. Moreover, higher value can attract more companies to bid in the tender, increased competition might lead to better price as well.
3769:
The Public Finance Management Act 1999 also refers to the duty of the Accounting Officer of a department to have and to maintain an appropriate procurement and supply system which is "fair, equitable, transparent, competitive and cost effective".
7403:
1480:(ARCOP), established in July 2008, is the regulatory oversight body which ensures fairness in government procurement processes. Its role is to monitor the execution of all government contracts and it may impose sanctions, initiate lawsuits, and
3137:, is responsible for "the overall development, operation and supervision of the public procurement system in Kosova", subject to regulations imposed by Public Procurement Law of Kosovo No.04/L-042 of 2011. Law No.04/L-042 was approved by the
1730:
Competitive dialogue: if it is not possible to define technical specifications at the beginning, a competitive dialogue with at least three companies is started after which tenders can be submitted. This procedure is applied for complex
1698:
done by a central government or by other public authorities (e.g. municipal government). National laws are applied for tenders below these threshold values. Relevant EU Directives regarding government procurement currently in force are
1665:
to support a "Public Financial Management and Statistics Capacity Building Project". The government has stated that it intends to use part of this funding to appoint a consultant to draft a Public Procurement Law and related documents.
3785:
takes place on the basis of open tenders. Participants in a tendering procedure must hold a valid business license and must be registered with the Suriname Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KKF). Suriname is not a signatory to the WTO
3562:
Federal Law N44-ЀРof 5 April 2013 requires all federal, regional and municipal government customers to publish all information about government tenders, auctions and other purchase procedures on special public government websites.
8709:
1679:
Agency advises the federal government on "all public procurement and property administration policies, principles and implementation" and provides "technical assistance to the regional governments and city administrations".
950:
Centralized procurement is regulated by local legislation. For instance, directives 2004/17/EC and 2004/18/EC are dealing with this issue in the EU. Commonly mentioned benefits of procurement centralization are as follows:
5172:
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2170 of 24 November 2015 amending Directive 2014/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council in respect of the application thresholds for the procedures for the award of
1064:
require public procurement to promote accessibility. This means buying products and technology that have accessibility features built in to promote access for the around 1 billion people worldwide who have disabilities.
3164:
is regulated by the Law "On Public Procurements" dated 3 April 2015, No. 72; the republic refers to the principles of publicity, openness, legality, and impartiality as critical in relation to suppliers (contractors).
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Soylu, Ahmet; Corcho, Oscar; ElvesĂŠter, Brian; Badenes-Olmedo, Carlos; MartĂnez, Francisco Yedro; Kovacic, Matej; Posinkovic, Matej; Makgill, Ian; Taggart, Chris; Simperl, Elena; Lech, Till C.; Roman, Dumitru (2020).
1233:
monitoring the progress of the public procurement system, and the implementation of measures and activities in order to achieve and maintain a completely transparent and efficient system of concessions/public private
2841:, "despite the CNMP's efforts, major public procurement contracts, notably those involving the state electric company EDH, are routinely awarded in a non-competitive fashion", providing significant opportunities for
1933:
was accused of alleged financial irregularities, and accusations from members of the public and from the opposition that he had promoted his own companies relation to government procurement opportunities triggered a
3264:. Article 134 is implemented by the Law of Public Sector Acquisitions, Leasing and Services ("Acquisition Law") and the Law of Public Works and Related Services ("Public Work Law"). At a local level, each of the 31
817:
In order to provide public and merit goods, the government has to buy input factors from private companies, e.g. police cars, school buildings, uniforms etc. This process is called government or public procurement.
3633:
In 2016, the EU funded a programme of support for "further improvement of Public Procurement system in Serbia", as part of the EU's pre-accession assistance programme. There is no current target date for Serbia to
3378:
initially introduced in 2013. The principles apply to all governmental procurement activity but the rules only apply to projects or purchases exceeding $ 100,000 or construction projects valued over $ 10 million.
2246:
is governed by the European Communities (Award of Public Authorities' Contracts) Regulations 2006 and the European Communities (Public Authorities' Contracts) (Review Procedures) Regulations 2010. As of 2022, the
2301:
participation in the same tendering procedure" did not allow undertakings the opportunity to demonstrate that the relationship did not impact on the tendering procedure, the European Court of Justice stated in
2188:, provides Greek contracting authorities with "specialised and prompt legal advisory support on awarding public works and technical services contracts falling within the scope of EU Law on Public Procurement".
1121:
Submission of false or inflated invoices for services and products that are not delivered or work that is never done. "Shadow vendors", shell companies that are set up and used for billing, may be used in such
2248:
2938:
are governed various Public Procurement Orders and the General Financial Rule. Public Procurement Orders and the General Financial Rule are primarily been taken care of by the Public Procurement Section of
2813:. The National Procurement and Tender Administration of Guyana (NPTA), established under section 16(1) of the Procurement Act 2003, undertakes administrative processes for high value governmental tenders.
2158:
Germany's federal decree on contracts for workshops for the disabled (10 May 2005) requires German federal contracting authorities to set aside part of their budgets for contracts which can be awarded to
7099:
6871:
1644:
as "obsolete". In 2022 the World Bank proposed a draft law on public procurement and contracts which is intended to address some of the recognised weaknesses in the country's procedures and regulations.
1300:(ASG), being responsible for the procurement of all construction, goods, and services including the management, control, warehousing, and sale of stores/inventory commodities contained in its warehouse.
6295:
3467:
accountability and quality of Pakistan's public procurement. The PPRA also monitors other public sector agencies' procurement activity. The PPRA Board consists of six ministerial appointments from
3069:
of Finance and the Public Service is now responsible for oversight of procurement policy. A Procurement Policy Implementation Unit was established within the Ministry of Finance in September 1999.
2015:
Act on Public Contracts by Contracting Authorities in the Water, Energy, Transport and Postal Services Sectors (Act no. 1398 of 2016, also known as the 'Act on public contracts in special sectors')
1873:
authorised amendments to procurement legislation to allow continued construction of the fence without launching a public procurement procedure "because of the need to safeguard national security".
2281:: Ministero delle infrastrutture e dei trasporti). The code was reformed in 2016 to implement the new EU directives of 2014 into domestic Italian law. In addition to the code, guidelines from the
8535:
6697:
2440:
The EU 2014 Directives on public procurement and utilities procurement were implemented by the Law of 8 April 2018 on public procurement, which was published in the Luxembourg official Gazette (
1018:
is another method for aggregation of demand. It is a type of two-stage bid tendering procedure, that establishes incomplete contracts awards with one or more suppliers for given period of time.
2155:
decentralization in Germany. However, sub-national level procurement regulations often take national regulations as examples and also ensure competition, non-discrimination, and transparency.
913:
stands for replacing various phases of public procurement with electronic means. Purpose of using e-tools is reducing administrative costs by automation. E-procurement can also mitigate some
8785:
2316:(AVCP) (2006â2014) acted as supervisory authorities overseeing public works procurement, and later covering public procurement more generally. In 2014 this function was transferred to ANAC.
2135:, abbreviated VgV) regulate procurement above EU thresholds. Detailed procedures are specified in further regulations, e.g. the Procurement Regulation for Public Works (German abbreviation:
1807:
to the State Printing House without a competitive procurement process. The European Commission challenged this practice as not compliant with the public procurement directives and issued a
3626:. The role of the Republic Commission for the Protection of Rights in Public Procurement Procedures, established in 2002, is to protect the rights of bidders during procurement exercises.
3382:
the use of an AoG contract it must obtain the approval of approval the Procurement Functional Leader: if the agency and the Procurement Functional Leader fail to agree on an opt-out, the
3232:
is subject to the Public Finance Law (Law No. 3/2006) and chapter 10 of the Public Finance Regulation. The approval of the National Tender Board is required before contracts in excess of
1247:
The Public Procurement Commission (PPC in English, KPP in Albanian) is a quasi-judicial state body with responsibility for providing legal protection in relation to public procurement.
3821:
is overseen by the country's Public Procurement Regulatory Authority (PPRA), which was established under the terms of the Public Procurement Act in 2004. The objectives of the PPRA are
2630:
when above the threshold values, and a public register of final beneficiaries of companies that win public sector contracts is maintained. The Public Procurement Regulatory Authority (
1519:. Public procurement is guided by the principles of fairness, transparency, openness, and non-discrimination and complies with all international agreements that Canada is a member of (
8623:
1534:, and various bilateral FTAs). Foreign suppliers from member nations to these agreements can bid on Canadian government procurements and are treated the same as domestic suppliers.
3149:
1111:, whereby a dishonest agent of the supplier pays a dishonest agent of the purchaser to select the supplier's bid, often at an inflated price. Other frauds in procurement include:
4043:
The World Bank is more involved in contract management of procurements with high value and high risk to ensure the best possible outcomes and that problems are resolved quickly.
3983:
2940:
2776:
In 2012 the European Commission raised a concern regarding the United Kingdom's incomplete transposition of the Defence and Security Public Contracts Regulations 2011 into law.
2289:, abbreviated ANAC) and decrees from various ministries also apply to public procurement. Most public procurement on a national level is administered by the state-owned company
3586:
In order to make the procurement sector a profession in Rwanda, there is an Association of Procurement Professionals which was established by the Law N°011/2016 of 2 May 2016.
1000:
of expenditure. For example, the GPA applies to the letting of "any procurement contract with a value that reaches or exceeds the amounts ('thresholds') set in the Agreement".
6483:
3945:
Government procurement and government contracting by public authorities in the United States accounts for about US$ 7 trillion annually; the central purchasing agency is the
8377:, Report to Council on the Bid-Rigging Recommendation, Contribution from Peru elaborated by Jean Sanchez and Yamilet Gallardo, members of the Economic Studies Management of
6001:
Engagement, Government of Canada, Public Works and Government Services Canada, Acquisitions Branch, Office of Small and Medium Enterprises and Strategic (12 November 2009).
1547:
5465:
1153:
is seeking to evaluate the effectiveness of Integrity Pacts in reducing corruption in 17 EU-funded projects in 11 Member States with a total value of over EUR 920 million.
3979:
released a report criticizing the agency's lack of strategic sourcing. Because IT departments were spending autonomously, NASA spent $ 25.7 million on similar purchases.
1210:
Law No. 125/2013 "On concessions and public private partnership", as amended, which repealed the previous law "On concessions" (Law No. 9663, dated 18 December 2006), and
5902:
1898:, procurement procedures must be carried out by authorised representatives of the contracting authority, of whom at least one must hold a valid procurement certificate.
991:
Critics also mention that only some goods can be purchased centrally. Goods that are heterogeneous or they have many characteristics are not suitable for this strategy.
3045:, direct that a state or a government corporation may not enter into a contract with a particular foreign country or with a particular foreign supplier for reasons of
8299:
2319:
Decree No 34 of the President of the Republic of 25 January 2000 introduced earlier rules establishing a qualification system for persons who carry out public works.
1746:
The European Commission is working on further improving efficiency and transparency in government procurement in the EU with its current public procurement strategy.
1849:
September 2016 that since the beginning of 2016, "a total of 15,105 contracts were signed on the basis of public procurement orders". At the beginning of 2015, the
7083:
1371:, regulates procurement and undertakes procurement activity for the kingdom's public bodies. The Board was established in 2003 under the directives of His Majesty
984:
Procurement centralization might also negatively impact supply side. Higher procured values might require higher capacity of supplying company and it might create
973:
However, other centralization aspects are often criticized. Discussed drawbacks are often connected to the decentralization theorem stated by American economist
2423:
795:. Consequently, private markets cannot provide public goods. Instead the government provides those goods and finances them by raising taxes from all citizens.
7207:
7116:
6916:
6905:
6840:
6548:
6458:
6366:
3740:(2) Subsection (1) does not prevent the organs of state or institutions referred to in that subsection from implementing a procurement policy providing for â
3201:
is required "to take part in the negotiations and signing of contracts over US$ 250,000" and such contracts must "be attested to by the Ministry of Justice".
2520:
is the Dutch government's online tendering system, which all Dutch contracting authorities are obliged to use to publish their national and European tenders.
3763:
2026:
1935:
6528:
1499:" requirements (i.e. stipulations which require that foreign suppliers invest in local production or service facilities in order to be awarded a contract).
715:
estimated that public procurement made up about 15% of global GDP. Therefore, government procurement accounts for a substantial part of the global economy.
3839:
1811:
to Austria in 2014. As of December 2015 the Austrian government had taken no action to address this matter and the Commission referred Austria to the
2666:, known as the "LCSP") was substantially amended by a new Law 2/2011 on Sustainable Economy ("LES") following an infringement procedure undertaken by the
2136:
7182:
787:
Government procurement is necessary because governments cannot produce all the inputs for the goods they provide themselves. Governments usually provide
4864:
1507:
Public procurement in Canada is regulated on various governmental levels (federal, provincial, municipal). Most federal procurement is organized by the
6801:
Commission Recommendation on the professionalisation of public procurement - Building an architecture for the professionalisation of public procurement
6785:
3924:
3905:
2370:
tax debts are checked where tenderers are registered or permanently resident in Latvia. Public procurement opportunities are advertised on the Latvian
806:
which are rival and excludable and are therefore provided by private markets. Nevertheless, governments also provide merit goods because of reasons of
2446:) on 16 April 2018 and entered into force on 20 April 2018. Procurement in the defence and security sector is covered by the Law of 26 December 2012.
2144:
7044:
5787:
2437:) was recognised by the European Commission in 2008 as a good practice example working to facilitate SME access to public procurement opportunities.
1145:
has recommended their use in their 2019 Compendium of Good Practices for Promoting Integrity and Transparency in Infrastructure Development. A major
8140:
5848:
5009:
Liu, Tingting; Wilkinson, Suzanne (January 2014). "Large-scale public venue development and the application of PublicâPrivate Partnerships (PPPs)".
2882:
Reglamento de la Ley de Compras Efficientes y Transparentes a través de Medios Electrónicos, whose purpose is to "develop" the law in decree 36-2013
2140:
1693:
Government procurement in the European Union accounts for more than EUR 2.2 trillion, or 14% of the EU GDP. It has been regulated and harmonized by
969:â Cooperation in purchasing can also result in sharing best procurement practices. Some central procurement bodies also perform research activities.
8428:
Law N°25/2011 of 30 June 2011 establishing the Rwanda Public Procurement Authority (RPPA) and determining its mission, organization and Functioning
8220:
6027:
4338:
2274:
2111:
1628:
or Timor-Leste is responsible for the oversight of government procurement. The Government uses the Timor-Leste eProcurement Portal for purchasing.
1557:
1277:
Decree No. 10-236 of 7 October 2010, supplemented and amended by Presidential Decree No. 12-23 of 18 January 2012, regulates public procurement in
7695:
7268:
6710:
6041:
3609:
Law on Public Procurement came into effect on 1 April 2013, replacing the previous legislation enacted in 2008. A particular concern for Serbia's
9025:
8233:
6723:
3374:
3296:
Montenegro joined the Agreement on Government Procurement in 2015 after approval was granted on 29 October 2014. Exclusions apply in respect of
1598:
1025:
All of these three procurement strategies are not mutually exclusive. So, framework agreements can be processed centrally through e-procurement.
8594:
2102:(DAE: State Purchasing Directorate) has "exclusive competence in matters regarding the strategy for professionalisation of public procurement".
9041:
5592:
4821:. Wagt, Maarten van der., Bas, Patrick de., Yagafarova, Anastasia., Vincze, Måté Péter., Strand, Ivar., Orderud, Pernille. Luxembourg: . 2014.
4387:
6314:, ECJ case C-454/06 re: pressetext Nachrichtenagentur GmbH v Republik Ăsterreich (Bund), delivered on 13 March 2008, accessed 15 February 2024
8831:
7429:
7377:
6434:
5771:
6044:, EU Asia Inter University Network for Teaching and Research in Public Procurement Regulation, published December 2010, accessed 11 May 2019
5976:
5417:
6629:
3898:
3099:'s procurement opportunities are advertised on the Channel Islands Procurement Portal, which was launched in April 2008 and is shared with
1688:
1045:
2124:
1774:) powers. The Federal Procurement Office has the power to declare that a violation of procurement law has taken place but it cannot award
758:, the laws of most countries regulate government procurement to some extent. Laws usually require the procuring authority to issue public
6565:
6061:
5745:
3987:
3972:
3940:
3670:
criticised the state of government procurement in Singapore, identifying a number of irregularities in procurement procedures including:
2382:
2230:
Concession award procedures are also covered within the same legislation, and the fundamental principles set out in Act V of 2013 on the
2065:
1577:
public bodies acquired the goods and services they required in accordance with administratively directed transactions, whereas since the
885:
514:
8484:
Article 14 of the Law N°05/2013 OF 13 February 2013 modifying and complementing the Law N°12/2007 of 27 March 2007 on public procurement
3087:
The National Contracts Commission (NCC) was established in October 1999. Members of the NCC are also appointed by the Governor-General.
9003:
5126:
5041:. In Jeff Z. Pan; Valentina Tamma; Claudia dâAmato; Krzysztof Janowicz; Bo Fu; Axel Polleres; Oshani Seneviratne; Lalana Kagal (eds.).
3928:
2511:
2282:
1531:
8928:
7454:
7293:
6395:
6002:
5694:
4002:, which is responsible for setting purchasing policies and procedures, while responsibility for expenditure is devolved to individual
1240:
exclusion of economic operators from participation in public procurement, concessions or public auctions for a period of 1 to 3 years;
6156:
3635:
3432:
2944:
2234:, the "ultimate instrument relating to the operation of civil persons and economic organizations", also apply to public procurement.
2184:
The Public Procurement Monitoring Unit (PPMU), established in 1997, part of the Centre of International and European Economic Law in
2929:
1134:
Dividing requirements to qualify for small-purchase procedures to avoid scrutiny for contract review procedures of larger purchases.
7351:
6325:
Public procurement: Commission refers AUSTRIA to the Court of Justice of the EU over the direct award of security printing services
5532:
5293:
5189:
4242:
3659:
is responsible for the Government Procurement policy framework, which governs how government agencies undertake their procurement.
2770:
8750:
8153:
7656:
6684:
6353:
3986:
are active in procurement certification and training. A specialized program in procurement law in the United States is located at
2622:
is subject to the Law on Public Contracts, which came into effect in September 2015. Contract opportunities are advertised in the
8276:
7788:
7777:
7766:
7720:
5461:
3459:
2031:
1943:
1585:
The "Government Procurement Law of the People's Republic of China", adopted at the 28th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
622:
8381:, the National Institute for the Defense of Free Competition and the Protection of Intellectual Property, accessed 24 March 2018
7144:
6967:
6875:
6798:
6666:
6222:
4402:"Productivity in Public Procurement - A Case Study of Finland: Measuring the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Public Procurement"
7698:, presented to 11th annual conference of the INGP, 28â30 October 2015, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, accessed 7 April 2019
5492:
4401:
3999:
3809:
has noted that the country has made a commitment to initiate accession to the agreement as part of its WTO accession protocol.
2627:
2375:
1508:
830:, services and supply contracts entered into by a public authority. However, there may be exceptions. These most notably cover
3868:
Cabinet Resolution No. 32 of 2014 on Federal Government Procurement Regulation and Storehouse Management in Federal Government
3757:(3) National legislation must prescribe a framework within which the policy referred to in subsection (2) must be implemented.
2422:, the main policy body for public procurement is the Public Procurement Directorate within the Public Works Department of the
8963:
7619:
Internal Market: Commission requests the United Kingdom to implement EU rules in the area of defence procurement in Gibraltar
5568:
5438:
5058:
4892:
4363:
4169:
3042:
2979:
2674:
1792:
1699:
675:
487:
125:
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4006:
and administrations. Rules on "transparency, control and competition in the procedures for awarding public contracts of the
3878:. UAE Federal Decree No. 12 of the Deputy Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces (1986) applies to armed forces procurement.
2056:, which operates framework agreements and supports central government departments in Finland with public procurement tasks.
1787:
1243:
promotion and organisation of training for central and local government officials involved in public procurement activities.
4554:"Impact of the time limits for the receipt of tenders on the number of bidders: evidence from public procurement in Greece"
1395:
3931:
supports UN procurement and publishes an annual analysis of the combined UN expenditure and key trends in UN procurement.
3889:
is not less than 51%, and to facilities which are financed by SMEs-supporting funds and governed by federal or local law.
8844:
7390:
4070:
3589:
Rwanda introduced an e-procurement system in 2016. For more information about Rwanda's e-procurement system please visit
3174:
1616:'s Ambassador to the WTO, submitted an application on the country's behalf to join the Government Procurement Agreement.
1591:
1527:
1523:
1352:
1338:
763:
3881:
Conditional preferential treatment is afforded under Resolution 32 to corporate suppliers whose capital does not exceed
8819:
8001:
7929:
3428:
2907:
to promote innovation and development in the public procurement of goods, labour and services. The law applies to "the
544:
462:
17:
8502:
7280:
6786:
CGI selected by UGAP, France's national procurement agency, to bring its consulting and IT skills to the public sector
6641:
5719:
5039:"Enhancing Public Procurement in the European Union through Constructing and Exploiting an Integrated Knowledge Graph"
2475:
of persons unsuitable for the award of a public contract or to act as a sub-contractor to a public sector contractor.
1734:
Electronic auctions: companies that pass a pre-evaluation process can bid in electronic auctions for public contracts.
8246:
7960:
6197:
5326:
5263:
4970:
4826:
4633:
3806:
3762:
In Subsection (3), the previous words "may be implemented" were amended to "must be implemented" by section 6 of the
3526:
1640:, the procurement system introduced when the country became independent from Spain in 1968 has been described by the
1586:
1511:(PSPC) agency and is governed by their Code of Conduct of Procurement in combination with principles laid out in the
1348:
862:
527:
328:
120:
4867:, Memorandum for Chief Acquisition Officers, Chief Financial Officers, Chief Information Officers, published by the
3076:, was established in 1983 under the Contractor General Act of that year. The Contractor General is appointed by the
2994:, leading to the conviction of four company executives in 2014. The convictions also related to offences concerning
8178:
7334:
6545:
6141:
3851:
3802:
3787:
3554:
3541:
3479:
3285:
2975:
2269:
1383:
1326:
1263:
509:
8950:
8374:
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3397:
New Zealand joined the Agreement on Government Procurement in 2015 after approval was granted on 29 October 2014.
2912:
9077:
9010:. The World Bank Group authorizes the use of this material subject to the terms and conditions on its website at
8101:
8088:
7905:
7493:
7070:
6890:
6525:
6408:
6235:
Decarolis, Francesco; Giorgiantonio, Cristina (2015). "Local public procurement regulations: The case of Italy".
5988:
5886:
5812:
4868:
3946:
3656:
2529:
1923:
258:
8403:
3826:
Procurement Policy Division and other relevant professional bodies, procurement capacity in the United Republic.
3750:(b) the protection or advancement of persons, or categories of persons, disadvantaged by unfair discrimination.
3013:
spends over ÂŁ200 million each year on goods, works and services, promoting competition in procurement under the
2335:
4666:
4527:
4100:
4090:
4080:
3965:" (SAM), where companies interested in doing business with the federal government may register their interest.
3950:
3401:
938:
762:
if the value of the procurement exceeds a certain threshold. Government procurement is also the subject of the
8662:
8117:
7917:
3216:(EEA) and subject to Annex XVI (Procurement) to the EEA Agreement. The Annex provides that its references to
2792:
are advertised on the Channel Islands Procurement Portal, which was launched in April 2008 and is shared with
1714:
adopted in 2018 governs the procedures to be followed in acquiring goods and services for the EU's own needs.
1495:
has noted that Burkina Faso did not as of 2018 operate a "forced localization" policy and did not impose any "
8649:
7892:
6942:
Public procurement: Commission refers Greece to Court for non-compliance with EU rules in construction sector
6941:
6470:
4105:
3533:
3248:
is overseen by the Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics et des Délégations de Service Public, based in
3081:
3010:
2777:
1989:
1981:
1766:
is the contracting authority. The Federal Procurement Office is an example of decision-making body with both
1763:
1574:
1414:
1372:
1131:
Use of prequalification standards in specifications to unnecessarily exclude otherwise qualified contractors.
230:
8042:
7804:
7467:
7442:
Public procurement: Spain amends its legislation on public sector contracts following infringement procedure
7220:
6311:
5960:
5915:
3622:(8.9m Euros) to adopt an internal plan for preventing corruption. The Public Procurement Office is based in
3357:'s Procurement Management Unit is based within the Ministry of Finance & Public Enterprises, located in
1604:
China has observer status with regard to the Government Procurement Agreement and is negotiating accession.
9057:
8860:
8548:
4267:
3723:
3455:
3389:
3198:
3034:
1516:
1313:
leasing and acquisition of goods, and public works contracts regulated through the Public Procurement Law.
1297:
880:
A United States federal memorandum issued in 2005 created an expectation that the procurement, finance and
627:
499:
494:
180:
9022:
8475:
Article 4 of the Law N°12/2007 of 27 March 2207 on public procurement as modified and complemented to date
6980:
6270:
1462:
7416:
5657:
5418:"G20 Compendium of Good Practices for Promoting Integrity and Transparency in Infrastructure Development"
5233:
3962:
3882:
3818:
3383:
3112:
3077:
2948:
1422:
386:
308:
210:
8223:, Integrated Government Procurement Market Access Information (e-GPA) Portal, accessed 26 September 2022
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5936:
3084:
resigned following reports of procurement breaches identified by the Contractor-General, Greg Christie.
7169:
5171:
4850:
3610:
1739:
1707:
1703:
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which contained rules for public tenders and for restricted tenders. This law was succeeded by the law
1445:
1441:
549:
381:
323:
313:
245:
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for a two-year period following the termination of his/her employment with the contracting authority.
988:
for small or medium companies. Consequently, it might lead to monopolizing public procurement market.
9082:
7707:
5644:
3663:
3269:
3145:
Kosovo is not a WTO member and is therefore not a signatory to the Government Procurement Agreement.
1812:
1440:. Government procurement is subject to the Contractor-General Act, No. 6 of 1993, which received the
1200:
668:
597:
554:
346:
220:
31:
8391:
5681:
5393:
4433:
8536:
Principal Legal Position no. 17 regarding Article 106 Paragraph 1 Point 5 of Public Procurement Law
6815:
6324:
6128:
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3046:
2925:
2510:
Sector-specific procurement regulations are also included in the Passenger Transport Act 2000. The
1951:
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559:
318:
240:
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8416:
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8191:
6091:
5085:
3667:
2987:
2793:
2468:
2171:
Law 4412/2016 on public procurement and Law 4413/2016 on concessions are the main instruments of
2012:
Act on Public Contracts and Concession Contracts (Act no. 1397 of 2016, effective 1 January 2017)
1993:
1578:
1039:
788:
642:
95:
9011:
8730:
7736:
6116:
5860:
3446:
has ratified the Government Procurement Agreement and accedes to membership on 30 October 2023.
3220:
do not apply to Liechtenstein, but equivalent standards on labour conditions are to be applied.
2223:
to enhance the access of local small and medium-sized enterprises to procurement procedures; and
703:
for themselves or the taxpayers. In 2019, public procurement accounted for approximately 12% of
6059:
The Government Procurement Law of the People's Republic of China (Order of the President No.68)
4075:
3698:
3468:
3213:
3178:
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1488:
award process are heard by a Standing Committee on the Amicable Settlement of Disputes (CRAL).
1251:
728:
704:
617:
569:
7245:
7014:
6993:
6654:
6058:
4449:"Connecting demand and supply: The role of intermediation in public procurement of innovation"
3041:
Constitution, Law and Justice Committee. The government may, with the approval of the Knesset
1724:
Restricted procedure: only companies that have been preselected are allowed to submit a tender
1347:'s procurement activity is governed by the Commonwealth Procurement Rules and overseen by the
8797:
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6997:
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4332:
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5351:
2857:
is overseen by the National Office of Contracting and Procurement of the State of Honduras (
2690:
The Swedish Competition Authority is responsible for oversight of government procurement in
8990:
7208:
Public procurement â Study on administrative capacity in the EU: Luxembourg Country Profile
7013:
European Communities (Public Authorities' Contracts) (Review Procedures) Regulations 2010 (
6698:
FCCA reprimands RiihimÀki and Vaasa for failing to invite tenders for procurement contracts
4729:"Analyzing concentration in the Greek public procurement market: a network theory approach"
3863:
3614:
3405:
3400:
The second International Civil Service Effectiveness Index, published in April 2019 by the
3261:
3030:
2273:), established under the legislative decree of 12 April 2006, which is administered by the
2192:
2129:
1870:
1850:
1837:
1779:
1758:
is regulated by the Federal Procurement Act 2017. The Austrian Federal Procurement Office (
1274:
917:
for smaller suppliers, consequent increase of competition can reduce price of procurement.
838:
831:
751:
736:
661:
612:
290:
285:
7737:
Reglamento de la Ley de Compras Eficientes y Transparentes a través de Medios Electrónicos
7522:
6870:
European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion and
6354:
New Belgian Regulatory Framework Governing Public Procurement â Overview of Main Novelties
5127:"Collaboratiive Purchasing: Foreign best practices and lessons learned for Czech Republic"
977:
in 1972. The theorem claims that a decentralized system is more efficient, because of the
881:
8:
8581:
7567:
6496:
6104:
5948:
5285:
4689:
4294:
4085:
4058:
3706:
3702:
3281:
2955:
2842:
2754:
2736:
2667:
2455:
2399:
2243:
1887:
1866:
1146:
1141:
are one tool to prevent fraud and other irregular practices in procurement projects. The
1015:
1009:
910:
905:
874:
870:
53:
8902:
8610:
8072:
7441:
6459:
Public procurement â Study on administrative capacity in the EU: Croatia Country Profile
5211:
4602:
Improving Public Procurement Outcomes Review of Tools and the State of the Evidence Base
4195:"Policy instruments for public procurement of innovation: Choice, design and assessment"
3830:
The Public Procurement Act 2004 has been superseded by the Public Procurement Act 2011.
7850:
7592:
7045:"The new Public Procurement and Concession Contracts Code has entered into force | mit"
7022:
7001:
6906:
Public procurement â Study on administrative capacity in the EU: Greece Country Profile
6877:
Buying Social: a Guide to Taking Account of Social Considerations in Public Procurement
6799:
Commission Staff Working Document: Toolbox of good practices accompanying the document
6252:
5949:
Defence Production Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. D-1) (consolidated version of 30 January 2011)
5586:
5064:
4911:
4907:
4844:
4788:
4581:
4381:
4320:
4175:
3502:
3138:
2838:
2822:
2810:
2716:
2160:
1907:
1795:, Austria maintained a legal obligation for federal authorities to award contracts for
1694:
1364:
1176:
1108:
893:
846:
842:
807:
792:
607:
449:
225:
135:
8288:
6079:
China's New Regulations on Government Procurement Seek to Promote Greater Transparency
5707:
4819:
Study on SMEs access to public procurement markets and aggregation of demand in the EU
3968:
Contracts are not posted online, although two agencies have explored the possibility.
8763:
8059:
8013:
7865:
7819:
6748:
6256:
6021:
5574:
5564:
5514:
5332:
5322:
5068:
5054:
4991:
4950:
4915:
4832:
4822:
4780:
4744:
4672:
4662:
4639:
4629:
4628:. Taylor, Mark P. 1958â (2nd ed.). Andover: Cengage Learning. pp. 223â226.
4606:
4585:
4573:
4509:
4470:
4369:
4359:
4324:
4224:
4179:
4165:
3501:
resigned on 21 March 2018 following allegations that public works contracts had been
3495:
3424:
3233:
3073:
1962:
1796:
1637:
1601:
are responsible for the supervision of departmental public procurement (Article 13).
914:
632:
444:
190:
163:
73:
7942:
5618:
4194:
3957:
operated until 2019 as a source of information on government contracts. This is now
8691:
8534:
Republic Commission for the Protection of Rights in Public Procurement Procedures,
7989:
7183:
Public Procurement Alert: The new Public Procurement Law Comes Into Force In Latvia
7087:
6244:
5363:
5185:
5093:
5046:
5022:
5018:
4983:
4942:
4903:
4736:
4565:
4501:
4460:
4310:
4302:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4157:
4095:
3875:
3593:; for more information about public procurement in Rwanda in general, please visit
3300:
procurement of agricultural products for agricultural support programmes and human
3265:
3096:
2954:
In 2017 the Public Procurement Order and General Financial Rule was amended by the
2750:
2695:
2294:
2278:
2088:
1939:
1865:
described the extension as "absolutely necessary" in order to prevent persons from
1808:
1658:
1496:
1399:
1125:
Intentional substitution of substandard materials without the customer's agreement.
985:
974:
712:
637:
602:
200:
90:
8455:
Published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, N°10 of 10 March 2014
8446:
Published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, N°16 of 22 April 2013
7605:
7223:, COM(2008)394 final, page 20, published on 25 June 2008, accessed on 14 July 2024
4930:
9029:
8515:
Republic Commission for the Protection of Rights in Public Procurement Procedures
8437:
Published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, N°8 of 15 April 2007
7100:
Case C-94/12, Swm Costruzioni 2 SpA and Mannocchi Luigino DI v Provincia di Fermo
7071:
Assitur Srl v Camera di Commercio, Industria, Artigianato e Agricoltura di Milano
6805:, SWD(2017) 327 final, page 8, published 3 October 2017, accessed 19 October 2021
6735:
6552:
6532:
6157:
Ethiopian Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation
6065:
5560:
The politics of bureaucracy: an introduction to comparative public administration
5399:
5050:
4987:
4946:
4505:
4465:
4448:
4355:
The politics of bureaucracy: an introduction to comparative public administration
3537:
3475:
3443:
3217:
3161:
2971:
2826:
2631:
2547:
or Public Contracts Code (PCC), which has been implemented through the following
2303:
Assitur Srl v Camera di Commercio, Industria, Artigianato e Agricoltura di Milano
2115:
2091:
east of Paris, operates as the only general public procurement agency in France.
2080:). All currently relevant EU directives have been implemented into national law.
2069:
2042:. Electronic procurement is now covered within the 2016 Act on Public Contracts.
1969:
may complain to the KlagenĂŠvnet for Udbud (Public Procurement Complaints Board).
1804:
1727:
Negotiated procedure: there are direct negotiations with at least three companies
1379:
1368:
1322:
1259:
929:
has led to the consideration of using public procurement as a stimulus to foster
724:
504:
414:
351:
115:
100:
8977:
8503:
New public procurement law in Serbia: high hopes in the fight against corruption
8493:
Published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, N°21 of 23 May 2016
8208:
Montenegro and New Zealand to join the WTO's Agreement on Government Procurement
6992:
European Communities (Award of Public Authorities' Contracts) Regulations 2006 (
2594:
procedures for litigation regarding public contracts and procurement practices.
1930:
1762:) is a permanent body authorised to hear procurement compliance cases where the
8166:
Autorité de Régulation des Marchés Publics et des Délégations de Service Public
7568:
Public Notice: Passage of the Public Procurement (Amendment) Act 2016 (Act 914)
7246:
Loi du 26 décembre 2012 sur les marchés publics de la défense et de la sécurité
7084:
AutoritĂ per la vigilanza sui contratti pubblici di lavori, servizi e forniture
6928:
6248:
5836:
5038:
4740:
4125:
3927:
between them spent US$ 29.6 billion on purchasing goods and services. The UN's
3921:
3871:
3315:
2991:
2834:
2314:
AutoritĂ per la vigilanza sui contratti pubblici di lavori, servizi e forniture
2226:
to promote environmental protection and the social considerations of the State.
2217:
to secure transparency and public control of the effective use of public funds;
2128:, abbreviated GWB) and the Ordinance on the Award of Public Contracts (German:
1919:
1767:
1481:
1294:
1138:
696:
647:
539:
371:
356:
205:
195:
145:
110:
44:
8026:
6724:
The reform of the Act on Public Contracts â the Finnish legislation is delayed
5578:
4836:
4709:
PrieĂ, Hans-Joachim; Harvey, Diana; Friton, Pascal (2012). "Global Overview".
4693:
4610:
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2249:
Minister for Public Expenditure, National Development Plan Delivery and Reform
2148:
9071:
9006:, accessed 11 September 2023, reproduced in accordance with the World Bank's
8876:
5336:
4995:
4954:
4784:
4748:
4728:
4643:
4577:
4513:
4474:
4228:
3209:
2959:
2720:
1862:
934:
926:
889:
759:
755:
534:
439:
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366:
361:
275:
270:
170:
130:
8786:
Procurement Policy Note â National Procurement Policy Statement: Action Note
7497:
5403:
4893:"Innovation and public procurement: Terminology, concepts, and applications"
4676:
4553:
3773:
To help prevent corruption, a Central Tender Board was established in 2014.
2875:
Ley de Compras Efficientes y Transparentes a través de Medios Electrónicos,
2076:) is responsible for establishing regulations regarding public procurement (
1836:
authority. In this type of situation the person would be presumed to have a
1544:
Financial Administration Act (1985) and the Government Contracts Regulations
8552:
5558:
4353:
4306:
4151:
4011:
3308:
2904:
to encourage efficiency in public operations through active competition and
2472:
2459:
2339:
2252:
2185:
1922:
is regulated by Act No. 134/2016 Coll., on Public Contracts, signed by the
1895:
941:) may be introduced to innovate public procurement processes and entities.
827:
803:
767:
700:
457:
376:
265:
185:
5732:
5631:
5255:
4161:
3684:
not disclosing evaluation criteria to bidders within tender documentation;
1832:
and performance of concession contracts, have augmented the earlier laws.
1537:
The principal statutory provisions regulating government procurement are:
8929:"NASA, or Need Another Sourcing Act: IT Security Spending Horror Stories"
8877:
Transforming Government Acquisition Systems: Overview and Selected Issues
8624:
Guideline for Bid Committee Members: Practice Note Number: SCM-03 of 2006
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3730:, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996) provides the basis for government procurement:
2552:
2442:
2342:) can also establish regional legislation regarding public procurement.
1965:
who are dissatisfied with the conduct of public procurement activity in
7633:
7471:
7318:
4792:
4315:
4023:
3798:
3417:
3343:
2590:
Decree-Law No. 104/2011 (6 October 2011) applies to defence contracts.
2419:
2350:
2231:
1641:
1625:
1613:
1418:
1221:
The main duties and competencies of the Public Procurement Agency are:
1199:) is a central body with legal and public personality reporting to the
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1061:
930:
799:
720:
434:
280:
105:
61:
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Support for further improvement of Public Procurement system in Serbia
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Ingsteel spol. s r. o., Metrostav a.s. v Ărad pre verejnĂ© obstarĂĄvanie
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6512:
5318:
Corruption in public procurement : causes, consequences and cures
4768:
4600:
4219:
4040:
any concerns before a contract is actually legally formed and awarded.
3681:
allowing some bidders to amend their tenders after tenders had closed;
3080:. In December 2008, three members of the procurement committee of the
2095:
2022:
A Government Decree on Public Contracts was also in force until 2017.
8417:
Parties welcome new observers to WTO government procurement committee
7751:
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Case C-3/88 Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic
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Georghiou, Luke; Edler, Jakob; Uyarra, Elvira; Yeow, Jillian (2014).
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Corruption in India § Tendering processes and awarding contracts
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Government procurement can have the aspiration of cost minimization.
467:
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8889:
8313:
International Civil Service Effectiveness Index: Results Report 2019
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Morocco Launches National Commission for Public Procurement in Rabat
6435:"Parliament OKs Building of Border Fence Without Public Procurement"
5515:"Civil Society Procurement Monitoring: Challenges and Opportunities"
2901:
to ensure the equal treatment of companies during public procurement
2483:
The main legislative provisions governing public procurement in the
2467:, a General Contracts Committee, whose members are appointed by the
2434:
8361:
7682:
4007:
3909:
3844:
3782:
3623:
3420:
3358:
3301:
3229:
3134:
3121:
is governed by the Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Act 2015.
3100:
3033:
procurement procedures. Oversight of the legislation lies with the
2897:
Act No. 84/2007 on Public Procurement (2007) has three objectives:
2789:
2757:, identifying corruption as "a high-risk activity in the country".
2647:
2619:
2540:
2327:
2039:
1800:
1675:
1151:
Integrity Pacts - Civil Control Mechanism for Safeguarding EU Funds
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2021 Investment Climate Statements: Tajikistan - Executive Summary
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6409:"Bulgaria to extend fence at Turkish border to bar refugee influx"
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Financial Regulation applicable to the general budget of the Union
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Costa Rica submits application to join government procurement pact
5916:"Code of Conduct for Procurement. Context and Purpose of the Code"
5035:
3311:
material by broadcasters, and contracts for broadcasting time, and
2220:
to establish conditions of fair competition in public procurement;
1160:
has published guidelines on how to detect and combat bid rigging.
8780: This article incorporates text published under the British
8648:
U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration,
8325:
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2603:
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2005:
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1966:
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4490:"Public procurement and innovationâResurrecting the demand side"
4014:" were published on 19 May 2020 and amended on 16 January 2024.
2139:), the Procurement Regulation for Public Supplies and Services (
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5439:"Improving how funds are invested and managed: Integrity Pacts"
4053:
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3606:
3572:
3559:
3506:
3471:, three private members and the Authority's managing director.
3249:
3130:
3026:
2941:
Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)
2805:
2769:
is managed by the Procurement Office, an independent office of
2691:
2362:
2331:
2290:
2177:
2172:
1947:
1858:
1457:
1433:
1309:
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1203:, and financed by the State Budget. Its activity is based on:
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175:
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8832:
UN Procurement Reaches New Heights as Health Procurement Soars
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in order to completely secure the land border. Prime Minister
1410:'s highest decision-making body regarding public procurement.
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Mandatory Tenders Law, 5752-1992: Complete up-to-date version
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quality and price are comparable to that of foreign bidders.
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2264:
2143:), and the Procurement Regulation for Professional Services (
2008:
the following legislation applies to government procurement:
1541:
Department of Public Works and Government Services Act (1996)
1103:
865:
was an attempt to reduce public spending in order to control
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8404:
Peru's President Offers Resignation Over Vote-Buying Scandal
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North Macedonia ratifies revised government procurement pact
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3314:
some aspects of procurement connected with the provision of
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2052:
is a state-owned central purchasing body established by the
1717:
There are five different procedures for public procurement:
1128:
Use of "sole source" contracts without proper justification.
798:
In addition to public goods, governments often also provide
7579:
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2995:
2888:
Reforma al Reglamento de la Ley de ContrataciĂłn del Estado.
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2500:
the Procurement Regulations for the Utilities Sectors 2013;
1237:
preparation and publication of the Public Notices Bulletin;
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850:
708:
8798:
Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015, Part 3
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3982:
The National Institute of Governmental Purchasing and the
3061:
Procurement Guidelines apply to government procurement in
2491:
the Public Procurement Act 2012 as amended on 1 July 2016;
1906:
The Public Procurement Directorate of the Treasury of the
1560:, who then tables the report in both Houses of Parliament.
1355:
also have their own procurement policies and legislation.
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8464:
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Republic of Moldova ratifies revised WTO procurement pact
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3594:
3435:
as an example of a regulatory body in one of the states.
2749:
The Minister of State in Charge of Public Procurement is
1721:
Open procedure: any company is allowed to submit a tender
1520:
1142:
771:
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7352:
Portugal â The Government Procurement Review â Edition 6
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Directorate-General for the Internal Market and Services
6566:"Opozice s vyslovenĂm nedĆŻvÄry SobotkovÄ vlĂĄdÄ neuspÄla"
6511:
State Commission for Supervision of Public Procurement,
5871:
5813:"Your Guide to Public Private Partnership in Bangladesh"
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mandatory for all procuring entities after August 2016.
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In France, the Department of Legal Affairs (DAJ) of the
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8210:, published 29 October 2014, accessed 26 September 2022
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formed the National Commission for Public Procurement (
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announced a 130-kilometer extension to the barbed wire
8737:, published 2 February 2019, accessed 29 November 2022
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Government Procurement Review â Edition 4: Netherlands
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4699:
3133:'s Public Procurement Regulatory Commission, based in
2982:
and other regulatory bodies undertook an enquiry into
2872:
Ley de ContrataciĂłn del Estado (revised December 2016)
2424:
Ministry of Sustainable Development and Infrastructure
2251:
with special responsibility for Public Procurement is
826:
Government procurement regulations normally cover all
8851:, published 14 August 2019, accessed 20 December 2023
8637:
Central Tender Board to adjudicate Government tenders
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5513:
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Public procurement is included in Article 134 of the
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Honduras has five laws directing public contracting:
2267:
is primarily regulated by the Public Contracts Code (
1207:
Law No. 9643/2006 "On public procurement", as amended
739:
is spent on public procurement worldwide every year.
8639:, published 13 February 2014, accessed 4 August 2021
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https://doe.gov.in/sites/default/files/GFR2017_0.pdf
7337:, published 26 January 2018, accessed 7 January 2019
6685:
The Government Procurement Review, Issue 4 â Finland
5621:, adopted on 25 April 2013, accessed 18 October 2019
5175:, published 25 November 2023, accessed 16 March 2023
3840:
Ministry of Economic Development and Trade (Ukraine)
3690:
lax oversight and monitoring of outsourced projects.
1118:
Providing bidders with advance "inside" information.
920:
802:, such as education or health care. Merit goods are
8505:, published 30 April 2013, accessed 28 January 2019
7742:, published 23 October 2014, accessed 12 April 2019
6893:, published 26 January 2018, accessed 6 August 2018
6753:
Le portail des ministĂšres Ă©conomiques et financiers
6170:"Public Procurement â Growth â European Commission"
3361:. Bid opportunities are listed online by the unit.
3152:issues public calls for tender on its own website.
2773:which reports directly to the Financial Secretary.
2054:
Act on a Limited Liability Company Called Hansel Oy
8845:FedBizOpps Will Be Gone Before the End of the Year
8351:Public Procurement Regulatory Authority (Pakistan)
8002:Contractor-General Act, section 23B and Schedule 3
7457:, published 10 December 2021, accessed 16 May 2023
7432:, published 31 March 2016, accessed 28 August 2018
6655:Act on Public Procurement and Concession Contracts
6298:, archived 14 March 2018, accessed 27 January 2024
6142:SPN - Eritrea - Eritrea Public Procurement Reforms
5395:Combating Procurement Frauds Author Dr Irfan Ahmad
5125:Skuhrovec, JiĆĂ; PalanskĂœ, Miroslav (April 2016).
4969:
4488:Edler, Jakob; Georghiou, Luke (1 September 2007).
3906:Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015
2934:The government procurement-related disciplines in
2200:financial standing necessary to take on the work.
1293:, is the central authority on procurement for the
782:
8595:Public procurement in Singapore 'prone to lapses'
8375:Laws and Government Procurement Practices in Peru
7726:, published 5 August 2014, accessed 12 April 2019
7309:, published 15 June 2016, accessed 14 August 2018
6880:, Publications Office, 2011, accessed 16 May 2023
5977:39th Parliament, 1st Session, Legislative Summary
5660:, published 24 June 2019, accessed 8 October 2020
5124:
4727:Pliatsidis, Andreas Christos (12 February 2024).
2753:. She has taken a lead role in the fight against
837:Contract types in government procurement include
9069:
8751:New federal procurement and warehouse regulation
8419:, published 26 June 2019, accessed 9 August 2019
7778:Act No. 84/2007 on Public Procurement, Article 3
7767:Act No. 84/2007 on Public Procurement, Article 1
7681:National Procurement and Tender Administration,
7406:published 13 July 2017, accessed 1 December 2022
7257:Public Procurement Regulations, S.L.174.04, 2016
6820:Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy
6726:, published 28 April 2016, accessed 27 July 2018
6546:New act no. 134/2016 Coll. on public procurement
6129:World Bank Group Engagement in Equatorial Guinea
5887:2018 Investment Climate Statements: Burkina Faso
4929:Edler, Jakob; Georghiou, Luke (September 2007).
2429:Luxembourg's public sector eProcurement portal (
2132:erordnung ĂŒber die Vergabe öffentlicher AuftrĂ€ge
2112:Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy
1942:'s government, called by the opposition parties
1558:Minister of Public Works and Government Services
8871:
8869:
8116:Public Procurement and Concessions Commission,
7961:Public Sector Procurement Policy, November 2010
5722:, published June 2011, accessed 8 November 2016
5459:
4890:
4769:"The Simple Economics of Incentive Contracting"
4552:Pliatsidis, Andreas Christos (1 January 2022).
4027:Procurement Framework has four key principles:
3375:Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment
2986:payments intended to secure contracts with the
2780:on 31 January 2020 at the same time as the UK.
2624:Slovak Official Journal for Procurement Notices
2297:have their own agencies for public purchasing.
770:international treaty under the auspices of the
8258:Ministry of Finance & Public Enterprises,
8194:, published 14 June 2016, accessed 30 May 2019
8073:TRADE POLICY REVIEW: REPORT BY KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
7955:
7953:
7951:
7893:Four sentenced for role in Innospec corruption
7354:, published June 2018, accessed 7 January 2019
7236:, published 26 April 2018, accessed 4 May 2018
6841:"Public Procurement â Germany Country Profile"
6700:, published 6 June 2018, accessed 31 July 2018
6144:, published 14 July 2020, accessed 14 May 2021
5872:Autorite de Regulation de la Commande Publique
4928:
4487:
3949:(GSA). Federal procurement is governed by the
2680:Green Procurement and Contracting Program 2030
2506:the Defence and Security Procurement Act 2013.
2398:is overseen by the Public Procurement Office (
1869:entering the European Union member state. The
1478:Autorite de Regulation de la Commande Publique
1421:to procure infrastructure development through
1115:Collusion among bidders to reduce competition.
8953:, published 9 July 2014, accessed 2 June 2018
8692:"Web Portal on Public Procurement of Ukraine"
8616:
8576:
8574:
6653:Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment,
6497:Croatia: reforms to meet the terms of the EU
5959:Public Works and Government Services Canada,
5905:, published July 2005, accessed 8 August 2021
5519:A New Role for Citizens in public Procurement
5512:
4779:(5). American Economic Association: 837â846.
4722:
4720:
2947:and the Department of Expenditure within the
2381:The Procurement Monitoring Office within the
2310:AutoritĂ per la vigilanza sui lavori pubblici
1182:
699:purchases goods, works, and services from an
669:
8866:
8830:United Nations Office for Project Services,
8820:Public Contracts (Scotland) Regulations 2016
8809:Public Contracts (Scotland) Regulations 2015
8626:, 22 February 2006, accessed 4 December 2017
8130:PPCC eProcurement Platform: Vendors Register
7986:Jamaica Urban Transit Company (JUTC) fallout
7959:Ministry of Finance and the Public Service,
7517:
7515:
7329:
7327:
7117:"Public procurement â Italy Country Profile"
6917:Hellenic Single Public Procurement Authority
6159:, 9 September 2009, accessed 6 November 2011
6026:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5008:
4733:Journal of Industrial and Business Economics
4447:Edler, Jakob; Yeow, Jillian (1 March 2016).
4337:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4293:MihĂĄly, Fazekas; Rene, Blum, Jurgen (2021).
3899:Government procurement in the United Kingdom
3705:business centre where suppliers can conduct
2120:Bundesministerium fĂŒr Wirtschaft und Energie
1988:Defence procurement for the Defence Forces,
1689:Government procurement in the European Union
1351:. The rules were revised on 1 January 2018.
945:Centralized purchasing in public procurement
8745:
8743:
8112:
8110:
7948:
6929:Public Procurement Monitoring Unit: Welcome
6901:
6899:
6866:
6864:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6592:E-Procurement Estonia: Procurement Register
5011:International Journal of Project Management
4199:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
3988:The George Washington University Law School
3941:Government procurement in the United States
2831:La Commission Nationale des Marchés Publics
2664:Ley 30/2007 de contratos del sector pĂșblico
2098:2016-247 of 3 March 2016 provides that the
8611:Constitution Seventh Amendment Act of 2001
8571:
7430:Slovenia Reforms Public Procurement System
6963:
6961:
6374:Study on Administrative Capacity in the EU
6000:
5829:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5591:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4968:Yeow, Jillian; Edler, Jakob (March 2012).
4726:
4717:
4551:
4528:"The Office of Federal Procurement Policy"
4386:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4292:
3862:Federal government procurement within the
3764:Constitution Seventh Amendment Act of 2001
3687:improper procedures for tender evaluation;
3318:, energy, transport and the postal sector.
2454:The EU Directive on public procurement is
676:
662:
8677:Public Procurement Regulatory Authority,
7918:Isle of Man Government Procurement Policy
7512:
7324:
7194:Government of the Republic of Lithuania,
7034:Decreto legislativo 12 April 2006, n. 163
6788:, 4 February 2013, accessed 1 August 2018
6306:
6304:
6237:International Review of Law and Economics
5097:
4967:
4464:
4446:
4314:
4218:
4032:the size, value, and risk of the project.
3885:10 million and in which the UAE national
3433:Rivers State Bureau on Public Procurement
1785:After the Austrian State Printing House (
892:to generate savings through a process of
30:For tendering in the public service, see
8740:
8673:
8671:
8272:
8270:
8268:
8245:International Comparative Legal Guides,
8236:, January 2018, accessed 20 January 2019
8202:
8200:
8107:
8100:Ministry of Public Works and Transport,
8083:
8081:
8037:
8035:
8027:Public Procurement Regulatory Commission
7629:
7627:
7393:, 16 April 2015, accessed 1 October 2018
7365:Sistemul Electronic de Achizitii Publice
7219:Commission of the European Communities,
6968:Act CXLIII of 2015 on Public Procurement
6896:
6889:International Comparative Legal Guides,
6861:
6672:
6555:, VozĂĄb & Co., accessed 16 June 2018
5352:"Public Procurement in Law and Practice"
4656:
3545:open procurement to foreign suppliers".
2608:Sistemul Electronic de Achizitii Publice
2322:The five regions with special autonomy (
2275:Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport
2191:The procurement impact of Greek laws on
1484:of fraudulent or delinquent businesses.
1033:
9044:, Section 14, accessed 21 December 2020
8951:New Economic Framework for the Holy See
7333:International Comparative Legal Guide,
6958:
6954:Public Procurement Authority of Hungary
6336:International Comparative Legal Guide,
6225:, June 2018, accessed 11 September 2023
5903:Burkina Faso Country Governance Profile
5663:
5314:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4295:"Improving Public Procurement Outcomes"
3857:
3460:Public Procurement Regulatory Authority
3272:has different public procurement laws.
2565:Decree-Law 223/2009 (11 September 2009)
2514:is responsible for procurement policy.
2497:the Works Procurement Regulations 2016;
2161:workshops for workers with disabilities
2074:MinistĂšre de l'Ăconomie et des Finances
2032:Supreme Administrative Court of Finland
1910:is responsible for procurement policy.
1404:àŠžàŠ°àŠàŠŸàŠ°à§ àŠà§àŠ°àŠŻàŠŒ àŠžàŠàŠà§àŠ°àŠŸàŠšà§àŠ€ àŠźàŠšà§àŠ€à§àŠ°àŠżàŠžàŠàŠŸ àŠàŠźàŠżàŠàŠż
1003:
899:
856:
14:
9070:
9008:Terms and Conditions of Using Our Site
8710:"Public Procurement Roadmap â Ukraine"
8635:South African Government News Agency,
8601:, 15 April 2014, accessed 7 April 2018
6348:
6346:
6301:
6152:
6150:
5881:
5879:
5556:
5550:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5192:from the original on 28 September 2011
4766:
4623:
4598:
4351:
4345:
3197:Procurement is decentralised, but the
2628:Official Journal of the European Union
2586:Decree-Law 111-B/2017 (31 August 2017)
2583:Decree-Law 214-G/2015 (2 October 2015)
2574:Decree-Law 131/2010 (14 December 2010)
2562:Decree-Law 59/2008 (11 September 2008)
2376:Official Journal of the European Union
2125:Gesetz gegen WettbewerbsbeschrÀnkungen
2027:Ministry of Employment and the Economy
1612:On 28 September 2023, Ronald SaborĂo,
1509:Public Services and Procurement Canada
981:between local and central government.
9042:Zambia National Tender Board Act 1982
9004:Procurement for Projects and Programs
8926:
8668:
8265:
8197:
8141:EEA Agreement: Annex XVI: Procurement
8118:Frequently Asked Questions about PPCC
8089:E-Governmental Procurement in Lao PDR
8078:
8032:
7624:
7557:Public Procurement Authority of Ghana
7468:"Konkurrenslagsstiftningens historia"
7106:, paragraph 12, accessed 24 July 2023
6453:
6451:
6054:
6052:
6050:
5897:
5895:
5256:"Standard - EN 301 549 - Mandate 376"
5156:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5080:
5078:
4813:
4811:
4809:
3373:Government Procurement Branch of the
3043:Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee
2771:Her Majesty's Government of Gibraltar
2568:Decree-Law 278/2009 (20 October 2009)
1954:. The motion was defeated by 47â105.
1573:During the period from 1949 to 1978,
1550:(consolidated version published 2011)
1086:A concern with public procurement is
8650:Suriname â Selling to the Government
8315:, pp 23 and 56, accessed 15 May 2019
8300:Rule 55: All-of-Government contracts
8221:Montenegro - General Notes - Annex 7
7803:. Ministry of Commerce and Industry
7391:Law against shell companies is empty
6471:Published new Public Procurement Act
6068:, 29 June 2002, accessed 16 May 2019
5493:"Productivity in Public Procurement"
5468:from the original on 12 October 2016
4971:"Innovation procurement as projects"
4871:, 20 May 2005, accessed 22 July 2023
4755:
4149:
3462:(PPRA), an autonomous body based in
2788:Public procurement opportunities in
2559:Decree-Law 18/2008 (29 January 2008)
2410:, under its director, Diana VilytÄ.
2085:Union des Groupements d'Achat Public
2066:Ministry for the Economy and Finance
1881:The first public procurement law in
1788:Ăsterreichische Staatsdruckerei GmbH
1661:received financing in 2020 from the
1631:
1597:The finance departments within each
1396:Cabinet Committee on Public Purchase
1289:The Office of Procurement, based in
1068:
9023:Public Procurement System in Zambia
8903:"NASA's Strategic Sourcing Program"
8622:KwaZulu Natal Provincial Treasury,
8465:Rwanda Public Procurement Authority
8247:Public Procurement 2018: Mozambique
7415:Ministry of Public Administration,
7307:Netherlands In-Depth Country Report
6343:
6147:
5876:
5720:The New Rules on Public Procurement
5658:Albania - Selling to the Government
5525:
5480:
5212:"European Commission - PP Criteria"
4235:
4071:Agreement on Government Procurement
4017:
2638:) oversees procurement operations.
1339:Government procurement in Australia
810:and fairness and because they have
764:Agreement on Government Procurement
24:
8900:
8154:Public Procurement in the Maldives
8043:Kosovo - Selling to the Government
7634:Channel Islands Procurement Portal
6448:
6312:Opinion of Advocate General Kokott
6047:
5989:Government Contracts Regulation 6b
5892:
5718:Rodrigues, A. M. and Dias, N. M.,
5296:from the original on 16 March 2018
5236:from the original on 23 March 2018
5147:
5113:
5075:
4908:10.1016/j.technovation.2018.02.015
4806:
4394:
4301:. Policy Research Working Papers.
4268:"How large is public procurement?"
4118:
3438:
3388:
3155:
2580:Decree-Law 149/2012 (12 July 2012)
2283:National Anti-Corruption Authority
60:
25:
9094:
9051:
8888:General Services Administration,
8879:. Congressional Research Service.
8782:Open Government Licence
7378:Overseas Business Risk â Slovakia
7376:Foreign and Commonwealth Office,
7335:Public Procurement 2018: Portugal
6667:Supervision of Public Procurement
5901:African Development Fund (2005),
5693:Ben Abderrahmane & Partners,
5682:Parties, observers and accessions
5266:from the original on 16 June 2017
4624:Mankiw, Nicholas Gregory (2011).
4150:Khan, Naushad (11 January 2018).
3915:
3892:
3630:procured as a financial service.
3527:Government Procurement Reform Act
3521:Public sector procurement in the
3160:Public sector procurement in the
2945:Ministry of Commerce and Industry
2702:) when it was dissolved in 2007.
2700:NÀmnden för offentlig upphandling
2571:Decree-Law 3/2010 (27 April 2010)
2435:https://marches.public.lu/fr.html
2378:when above the threshold values.
2374:(EIS) website, as well as in the
2287:AutoritĂ Nazionale AntiCorruzione
1913:
1682:
1284:
1060:and European Commission standard
921:Public procurement and innovation
329:International Chamber of Commerce
9058:How Large is Public Procurement?
9035:
9016:
8996:
8983:
8970:
8956:
8943:
8920:
8894:
8882:
8854:
8837:
8824:
8813:
8802:
8791:
8775:
8769:
8756:
8735:Ukraine Country Commercial Guide
8723:
8702:
8684:
8655:
8642:
8629:
8604:
8587:
8558:
8541:
8528:
8519:
8508:
8496:
8487:
8478:
8469:
8458:
8449:
8440:
8431:
8422:
8409:
8396:
8384:
8367:
8355:
8344:
8331:
8318:
8311:Blavatnik School of Government,
8305:
8293:
8282:
8252:
8239:
8226:
8213:
8184:
8171:
8159:
8146:
8134:
8123:
8094:
8065:
8052:
8019:
8006:
7995:
7978:
7973:Office of the Contractor-General
7966:
7935:
7923:
7911:
7898:
7885:
7839:
7793:
7782:
7771:
7760:
7745:
7729:
7713:
7701:
7688:
7675:
7662:
7650:
7639:
7611:
7598:
7585:
7573:
7561:
7550:
7537:
7486:
7460:
7447:
7435:
7422:
7409:
7396:
7383:
7370:
7357:
7340:
7312:
7299:
7286:
7274:
7261:
7250:
7239:
7226:
7213:
7200:
7188:
7175:
7162:
7150:
7137:
7109:
7093:
7076:
7063:
7037:
7028:
7007:
6986:
6973:
6947:
6934:
6922:
6910:
6883:
6833:
6808:
6791:
6779:
6767:
6741:
6729:
6716:
6711:eGovernment in Finland, May 2014
6703:
6690:
6660:
6647:
6635:
6623:
6610:
6597:
6584:
6558:
6538:
6518:
6505:
6489:
6476:
6463:
6367:"Public procurement in Bulgaria"
6338:Public Procurement 2018: Belgium
5937:Government Contracts Regulations
3934:
3852:Government Procurement Agreement
3803:Government Procurement Agreement
3788:Government Procurement Agreement
3555:Government procurement in Russia
3542:Government Procurement Agreement
3480:Government Procurement Agreement
3286:Government Procurement Agreement
3204:
3175:Lao People's Democratic Republic
2976:Government Procurement Agreement
2662:law on public sector contracts (
2577:Law 64-B/2011 (30 December 2012)
2503:the Proportionality Guide, 2016;
1587:Ninth National People's Congress
1554:Federal Accountability Act, 2006
1524:Government Procurement Agreement
1384:Government Procurement Agreement
1327:Government Procurement Agreement
1264:Government Procurement Agreement
1051:
8564:Tender Service Slovakia, k.s.,
8179:Market Access Database â Mexico
7943:Procurement and Office Services
7668:Public Procurement Commission,
6891:Public Procurement 2018: Greece
6427:
6401:
6388:
6359:
6330:
6317:
6288:
6263:
6228:
6215:
6162:
6134:
6121:
6117:Timor-Leste eProcurement Portal
6110:
6097:
6084:
6071:
6034:
5994:
5982:
5966:
5953:
5942:
5930:
5908:
5865:
5853:
5842:
5805:
5780:
5764:
5751:
5738:
5725:
5712:
5700:
5687:
5650:
5643:Public Procurement Commission,
5637:
5624:
5612:
5599:
5506:
5460:networkthoughts (6 July 2016).
5453:
5431:
5410:
5386:
5374:
5343:
5308:
5278:
5248:
5218:
5204:
5178:
5164:
5029:
5002:
4961:
4922:
4884:
4874:
4869:Office of Management and Budget
4865:Implementing Strategic Sourcing
4857:
4683:
4650:
4617:
4599:MihĂĄly, Fazekas; Blum, Jurgen.
4592:
4545:
4520:
4481:
4153:Public Procurement Fundamentals
3993:
3947:General Services Administration
3717:
2636:lâĂrad pre verejnĂ© obstarĂĄvanie
2530:Public procurement law (Poland)
1468:
1179:can incentivize cost overruns.
861:One of the consequences of the
783:Need for government procurement
8566:Tender Service Group in Serbia
7719:Tribunal Superior de Cuentas,
7523:"Procurement Regulations 2010"
7417:Public Procurement Directorate
7232:Elvinger Hoss Luxembourg Law,
7157:Elektronisko Iepirkumu SistÄma
6979:Borsy Association of Lawyers,
5746:Commonwealth Procurement Rules
5605:Agjencia e Prokurimit Publik,
5023:10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.01.003
4659:Economics of the Public Sector
4440:
4286:
4260:
4211:10.1016/j.techfore.2013.09.018
4186:
4156:. Emerald Publishing Limited.
4143:
4091:Open Contracting Data Standard
4081:Forward Commitment Procurement
3998:Purchasing is overseen by the
3951:Federal Acquisition Regulation
3801:is not a signatory to the WTO
3516:
3469:central government departments
3402:Blavatnik School of Government
3393:Blavatnik School of Government
3364:
3342:governs public procurement in
3340:Public Procurement Regulations
3228:Government procurement in the
3001:
2494:the Public Procurement Decree;
2478:
2372:Elektronisko Iepirkumu SistÄma
2100:Direction des Achats de lâEtat
1918:Government procurement in the
1266:and is negotiating accession.
1195:'s Public Procurement Agency (
1028:
925:The large buying power of the
886:federal government departments
27:Purchases by a government body
13:
1:
8927:Busch, Jason (4 March 2014).
8402:Rochabrun, M. and Casey, N.,
8041:U.S. Department of Commerce,
7646:Public Procurement Commission
7269:Commercial Sanctions Tribunal
6981:The New Civil Code of Hungary
6736:Hansel â Framework Agreements
6642:Centre for Defence Investment
5645:Public Procurement Commission
4976:Journal of Public Procurement
4558:Journal of Public Procurement
4111:
4106:Performance-based contracting
3984:Federal Acquisition Institute
3793:
3674:weak rationales invoked when
3333:
3291:
3082:Jamaica Urban Transit Company
2545:CĂłdigo dos Contratos PĂșblicos
2413:
2347:Commission v Italian Republic
2270:Codice dei contratti pubblici
2181:Public Procurement (KIMDIS).
1764:federal government of Austria
1619:
1607:
1389:
1373:King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
1213:Law No. 9874/2008 "On public
1081:
1076:
994:
863:financial crisis of 2007â2008
851:tndefinite-quantity contracts
8993:, accessed 11 September 2023
8980:, accessed 11 September 2023
8764:Doing Business in the U.A.E.
8277:Government Rules of Sourcing
8091:, accessed 23 September 2018
7621:, accessed 13 September 2022
7570:, accessed 15 September 2016
7367:, accessed on 20 August 2024
7170:Public Procurement in Latvia
5563:(7 ed.). New York, NY.
5286:"World report on disability"
5051:10.1007/978-3-030-62466-8_27
4988:10.1108/JOPP-12-04-2012-B002
4947:10.1016/j.respol.2007.03.003
4773:The American Economic Review
4694:Procurement Journey: Route 1
4506:10.1016/j.respol.2007.03.003
4466:10.1016/j.respol.2015.10.010
4358:(7 ed.). New York, NY.
3641:
2965:
2760:
2512:Ministry of Economic Affairs
2389:
1929:In May 2015, Prime Minister
1517:Financial Administration Act
1332:
1316:
1197:Agjencia e Prokurimit Publik
873:, centralized purchasing or
847:time-and-materials contracts
405:Intellectual property rights
7:
9064:, published 5 February 2022
8890:System for Award Management
8729:US Department of Commerce,
8681:, accessed 13 February 2023
8665:, accessed 29 November 2022
8373:OECD Competition Committee,
7547:, accessed 28 February 2018
7402:European Court of Justice,
6618:Public Information Act 2000
6605:Public Procurement Act 2017
5979:, accessed 9 September 2024
5839:, accessed 10 December 2018
5835:Rose Law Caribbean (2015),
5706:American Samoa Government,
5630:Public Procurement Agency,
4696:, accessed 25 December 2023
4126:"Public procurement - OECD"
4064:
4000:Secretariat for the Economy
3973:Office of Inspector General
3963:System for Award Management
3929:Office for Project Services
3819:United Republic of Tanzania
3812:
3776:
3449:
3384:State Services Commissioner
3223:
3113:Public procurement in Kenya
2848:
2783:
2641:
2613:
2534:
2431:Portail des marchés publics
1843:
1669:
1624:The Ministry of Finance in
1592:Central Military Commission
1548:Defence Production Act 1985
1423:public-private partnerships
961:Transaction costs reduction
939:Public-Private Partnerships
777:
387:Economic and monetary union
309:International Monetary Fund
246:Voluntary export restraints
10:
9099:
9032:, accessed 11 January 2017
8967:, accessed 23 January 2024
8731:Ukraine - Trade Agreements
8415:World Trade Organization,
8302:, accessed 3 November 2018
8262:, accessed on 26 June 2024
8190:World Trade Organization,
7975:, accessed 21 August 2018.
7920:, accessed 18 January 2018
7908:, accessed on 18 July 2024
7710:, accessed 20 January 2019
7685:, accessed 16 October 2018
7672:, accessed 16 October 2018
7636:, accessed 30 January 2018
7234:New Public Procurement Law
6524:Treasury of the Republic,
6356:, accessed 29 October 2018
6249:10.1016/j.irle.2014.08.004
6140:African Development Bank,
6107:, accessed 13 October 2018
5777:, accessed 21 October 2019
5697:, accessed 1 November 2018
5680:World Trade Organization,
4741:10.1007/s40812-023-00291-z
4101:Publicâprivate partnership
3938:
3896:
3833:
3817:Public procurement in the
3781:Government procurement in
3645:
3552:
3525:is required to follow the
3454:Government procurement in
3411:
3349:
3322:
3275:
3189:Government procurement in
3184:
3173:Public procurement in the
3110:
3052:
2923:
2892:
2853:Government procurement in
2765:Government procurement in
2734:
2597:
2527:
2394:Public procurement in the
2361:Government procurement in
2242:Government procurement in
2237:
2203:
2105:
1999:
1972:
1957:
1876:
1818:
1778:: this role lies with the
1754:Government procurement in
1749:
1686:
1674:Government procurement in
1648:
1513:Federal Accountability Act
1456:Government procurement in
1358:
1336:
1269:
1187:
1183:Regulation by jurisdiction
1037:
1007:
903:
382:Customs and monetary union
324:World Customs Organization
314:International Trade Centre
29:
8861:Update on FedBizOpps data
8766:, accessed 29 August 2018
8029:, accessed 5 October 2019
8016:, accessed 5 October 2019
7963:, accessed 23 August 2018
7945:, accessed 21 August 2018
7604:Government of Gibraltar,
7419:, accessed 28 August 2018
7380:, accessed 1 October 2018
7296:. accessed 14 August 2016
7196:Public Procurement Office
7185:, accessed 25 August 2018
7172:, accessed 25 August 2018
7159:, accessed 25 August 2018
6983:, accessed 13 August 2018
6970:, accessed 13 August 2018
6398:, accessed 1 October 2016
6094:, accessed 2 October 2023
6003:"The Procurement Process"
5647:, accessed 8 October 2020
5634:, accessed 8 October 2020
5609:, accessed 8 October 2020
5607:Public Procurement Agency
5290:World Health Organization
4657:Stiglitz, Joseph (2000).
4570:10.1108/JOPP-05-2022-0025
4047:
3664:Public Accounts Committee
3600:
3566:
3548:
3429:Federal Capital Territory
3255:
3124:
3090:
3020:
2799:
2685:
2602:Public sector tenders in
2555:) and other legislation:
2523:
2356:
2166:
2059:
1924:President of the Republic
1901:
1813:European Court of Justice
1502:
1451:
1428:
1403:
1303:
1163:
955:Final unit price decrease
347:Preferential trading area
32:Civil service examination
8834:, accessed 7 August 2023
8661:US Department of State,
8652:, accessed 18 March 2019
8584:, accessed 16 April 2018
8328:, accessed 29 April 2022
8289:Our Work Our Future Bill
8279:, accessed 20 April 2018
8249:, accessed 6 August 2018
8156:, accessed 26 April 2018
8120:, accessed 29 April 2018
8047:Privacy Shield Framework
7932:, accessed 11 March 2018
7904:Isle of Man Government,
7168:Gencs Valters Law Firm,
6931:, accessed 6 August 2018
6919:, accessed 6 August 2018
6531:12 February 2019 at the
6495:Madir, J. and Rimac, L.,
6340:, accessed 27 March 2018
6198:"Rules & procedures"
6064:4 September 2010 at the
5961:Statutes and Regulations
5889:, accessed 17 March 2023
5885:US Department of State,
5398:. Tender Service. 2005.
5356:American Economic Review
3728:Republic of South Africa
3106:
3037:in conjunction with the
2926:Government e Marketplace
2919:
2816:
2730:
2723:50,001 and more". Refer
2654:
2449:
2258:
1710:. Title VII of the EU's
1663:African Development Bank
1568:
1363:The Tender Board of the
1097:
821:
814:for society as a whole.
628:BalassaâSamuelson effect
623:Ricardian trade theories
510:Largest consumer markets
319:World Trade Organization
8962:Holy See Press Office,
8949:Holy See Press Office,
8908:. NASA Office of Audits
8568:, accessed 8 April 2019
8555:, accessed 8 April 2019
7906:Expressions of Interest
7757:, accessed 2 April 2019
7545:Fiji Procurement Office
7271:, accessed 3 April 2018
6738:, accessed 31 July 2018
6713:, accessed 31 July 2018
6687:, accessed 11 July 2018
6669:, accessed 30 July 2018
6657:, accessed 31 July 2018
6607:, accessed 14 June 2018
6594:, accessed 14 June 2018
6040:Wang, P. and Zhang, Z,
5773:Today Tomorrow Together
5761:, accessed 28 July 2019
5744:Department of Finance,
5731:Department of Finance,
5557:Peters, B. Guy (2018).
5260:mandate376.standards.eu
4352:Peters, B. Guy (2018).
3668:Parliament of Singapore
3485:
3239:
3168:
2988:government of Indonesia
2746:effect on 1 July 2016.
2705:
2404:VieĆĄĆłjĆł pirkimĆł tarnyba
1149:pilot project entitled
1040:Sustainable procurement
729:state-owned enterprises
711:countries. In 2021 the
643:Lerner symmetry theorem
9078:Government procurement
9028:22 August 2016 at the
8863:. Sunlight Foundation.
8582:Government Procurement
8364:, accessed 5 July 2019
8324:Knowledge Foundation,
8062:, accessed 9 July 2022
8049:, accessed 9 July 2022
7891:Serious Fraud Office,
7849:. Ministry of Finance
7608:, accessed 5 July 2016
7595:, accessed 13 May 2021
7582:, accessed 13 May 2021
7181:Tark Grunte Sutkiene,
7082:Wikimedia Foundation,
6644:, accessed 2 June 2018
6632:, accessed 2 June 2018
6535:, accessed 24 May 2018
6515:, accessed 23 May 2018
6502:, accessed 12 May 2018
6486:, accessed 23 May 2018
6473:, accessed 23 May 2018
6202:Your Europe â Business
5991:, accessed 23 May 2016
5963:, accessed 23 May 2016
5939:, accessed 23 May 2016
5849:Contractor-General Act
5748:, accessed 8 June 2018
5735:, accessed 8 June 2018
5315:SĂžreide, Tina (2002).
4849:: CS1 maint: others (
4767:McCall, J. J. (1970).
4428:Cite journal requires
4307:10.1596/1813-9450-9690
4076:Business-to-government
4052:Public procurement in
3828:
3807:US Department of State
3699:Government-to-business
3678:competitive processes;
3534:Philippines government
3394:
3244:Public procurement in
3214:European Economic Area
3117:Public procurement in
2830:
2804:Public procurement in
2741:Public procurement in
2699:
2646:Public procurement in
2635:
2618:Public procurement in
2539:Public procurement in
2403:
2263:Public procurement in
1857:along its border with
1799:for documents such as
1493:US Department of State
1417:system is utilised in
1353:States and territories
1308:Public procurement in
1252:Department of Commerce
812:positive externalities
689:Government procurement
618:Gravity model of trade
515:Leading trade partners
420:Government procurement
221:Exchange rate controls
65:
8991:Corporate Procurement
8717:ukraine.nlembassy.org
8580:Ministry of Finance,
8177:European Commission,
7941:Ministry of Justice,
7617:European Commission,
7543:Ministry of Economy,
7321:, accessed 6 May 2021
7305:European Commission,
7267:Ministry of Finance,
7210:, accessed 4 May 2018
7206:European Commission,
7021:. Retrieved from
7019:Government of Ireland
7000:. Retrieved from
6998:Government of Ireland
6940:European Commission,
6797:European Commission,
6709:European Commission,
6590:Ministry of Finance,
6457:European Commission,
6376:. European Commission
6352:Van Bael and Bellis,
6323:European Commission,
6221:European Commission,
6103:Ministry of Finance,
5973:Library of Parliament
5792:The Financial Express
5708:Office of Procurement
5684:, accessed 9 May 2019
5537:www.oecd-ilibrary.org
5441:. European Commission
5362:(4). AEA: 1091â1117.
5170:European Commission,
5090:www.oecd-ilibrary.org
4247:www.oecd-ilibrary.org
4162:10.1108/9781787546059
3971:In January 2014, the
3823:
3499:Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
3392:
3236:2.5m can be awarded.
3059:Government of Jamaica
3017:, published in 2017.
2778:Gibraltar left the EU
2727:for more information
2606:are published on the
2396:Republic of Lithuania
2324:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1936:vote of no confidence
1780:Austrian civil courts
1772:final court of appeal
1599:section of government
1408:Bangladesh government
1349:Department of Finance
1345:Australian government
1034:Environmental aspects
979:information asymmetry
839:fixed-price contracts
832:military acquisitions
598:HeckscherâOhlin model
593:Competitive advantage
588:Comparative advantage
475:Trade and development
236:Countervailing duties
64:
8875:Halchin LE. (2013).
8547:Republic of Serbia,
8232:Morocco World News,
8025:Republic of Kosovo,
8012:Republic of Kosovo,
7696:Haiti Country Report
7525:. Government of Fiji
7428:Karanovic Partners,
7015:S.I. No. 130 of 2010
6994:S.I. No. 329 of 2006
6816:"Public Procurement"
6803:{C(2017) 6654 final}
6551:16 June 2018 at the
5775:: Annual Report 2018
5770:Kingdom of Bahrain,
5757:Kingdom of Bahrain,
5368:10.1257/aer.20200738
3864:United Arab Emirates
3858:United Arab Emirates
3540:with respect to the
3478:with respect to the
3406:University of Oxford
3262:Mexican Constitution
2980:Serious Fraud Office
2974:with respect to the
2626:, as well as in the
2193:construction company
2078:la commande publique
1871:Bulgarian Parliament
1851:Bulgarian government
1838:conflict of interest
1712:Financial Regulation
1382:with respect to the
1325:with respect to the
1004:Framework agreements
911:Public e-procurement
900:Public e-procurement
875:framework agreements
871:public e-procurement
857:Strategic purchasing
613:Intra-industry trade
341:Economic integration
291:Economic integration
286:Economic nationalism
8549:Ministry of Finance
8260:Latest Bid listings
7124:European Commission
6848:European Commission
6749:"Commande publique"
6630:Defence Procurement
6620:, section 28(1)(20)
6469:Tematikon Project,
6394:Sofia News Agency,
4690:Scottish Government
4272:blogs.worldbank.org
4086:Government spending
3850:Ukraine joined the
3722:Section 217 of the
3707:electronic commerce
3703:Public eProcurement
3657:Ministry of Finance
3458:is overseen by the
3338:Decree no. 5/2016,
3282:Republic of Moldova
3212:is a member of the
3199:Ministry of Finance
3194:Vendors' Register.
3177:is governed by the
3035:Ministry of Finance
2956:government of India
2949:Ministry of Finance
2877:Decreto No. 36-2013
2861:, ONCAE), based in
2755:corruption in Ghana
2737:Corruption in Ghana
2668:European Commission
2543:is governed by the
2383:Ministry of Finance
2336:Trentino-Alto Adige
1990:Ministry of Defence
1982:Ministry of Finance
1888:Croatian Parliament
1770:and last instance (
1262:with regard to the
1177:Cost-plus contracts
1147:European Commission
1016:framework agreement
1010:Framework agreement
906:Public eProcurement
843:cost-plus contracts
241:Anti-dumping duties
181:Non-tariff barriers
126:Import substitution
9002:World Bank Group,
8989:World Bank Group,
8784:: Cabinet Office,
8060:Call(s) for Tender
7708:Haiti â Corruption
7606:Procurement Office
7389:Slovak Spectator,
7023:Irish Statute Book
7002:Irish Statute Book
6526:Public Procurement
6484:Public procurement
5381:Bosio et al (2020)
5230:www.section508.gov
4012:Vatican City State
3395:
3139:Assembly of Kosovo
2990:for the supply of
2839:GlobalSecurity.org
2833:, CNMP), based in
2823:Haitian government
1963:Economic operators
1926:on 22 April 2016.
1908:Republic of Cyprus
1365:Kingdom of Bahrain
1056:The United States
894:strategic sourcing
693:public procurement
608:Economic geography
415:Competition policy
211:Technical barriers
191:Tariff-rate quotas
136:Trade facilitation
121:Export orientation
66:
18:Public procurement
8599:Supply Management
8071:Kyrgyz Republic,
7992:, 6 December 2008
7873:Missing or empty
7827:Missing or empty
7363:ADR e-guvernare,
7292:The Law Reviews,
6683:The Law Reviews,
6415:. 14 January 2015
5859:Governo federal,
5570:978-0-415-74339-6
5060:978-3-030-62465-1
4365:978-0-415-74339-6
4274:. 5 February 2020
4171:978-1-78754-608-0
3613:was dealing with
3591:www.umucyo.gov.rw
3288:on 14 June 2016.
2913:local authorities
2717:Fijian government
2195:registration was
2087:(UGAP), based in
1797:security printing
1740:Directive 2014/24
1708:Directive 2014/25
1704:Directive 2014/24
1700:Directive 2009/81
1638:Equatorial Guinea
1632:Equatorial Guinea
1482:publish the names
1446:National Assembly
1069:Cost minimization
967:Knowledge sharing
915:barriers to entry
884:functions within
686:
685:
633:Linder hypothesis
445:Emissions trading
16:(Redirected from
9090:
9083:Public economics
9062:World Bank Blogs
9045:
9039:
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8087:United Nations,
8085:
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7990:Jamaica Observer
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6007:buyandsell.gc.ca
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4096:Output-based aid
4018:World Bank Group
3920:In 2021, the 41
3876:Zayed University
3270:Federal District
3129:The Republic of
3097:States of Jersey
3078:Governor General
2751:Sarah Adwoa Safo
2345:In case C-3/88,
2312:(1994â2006) and
2110:In Germany, the
2089:Champs-sur-Marne
1940:Bohuslav Sobotka
1809:reasoned opinion
1805:driving licences
1760:Bundesvergabeamt
1659:State of Eritrea
1579:economic reforms
1442:Governor-General
1405:
986:barrier to entry
975:Wallace E. Oates
713:World Bank Group
678:
671:
664:
638:Leontief paradox
603:New trade theory
206:Export subsidies
91:Balance of trade
39:
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21:
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7500:on 26 July 2014
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7474:on 26 July 2014
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4935:Research Policy
4927:
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4902:. 74â75: 1â17.
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4597:
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4536:
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4532:The White House
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4521:
4494:Research Policy
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4482:
4453:Research Policy
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4050:
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3996:
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3937:
3918:
3901:
3895:
3866:is governed by
3860:
3854:in March 2016.
3836:
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3796:
3779:
3720:
3650:
3644:
3603:
3595:www.rppa.gov.rw
3569:
3557:
3551:
3538:observer status
3519:
3488:
3476:observer status
3452:
3444:North Macedonia
3441:
3439:North Macedonia
3414:
3367:
3352:
3336:
3325:
3307:procurement of
3294:
3278:
3258:
3242:
3226:
3218:ILO Conventions
3207:
3187:
3171:
3162:Kyrgyz Republic
3158:
3156:Kyrgyz Republic
3127:
3115:
3109:
3093:
3055:
3023:
3004:
2992:tetraethyl lead
2972:observer status
2968:
2932:
2922:
2909:Icelandic State
2895:
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2240:
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2149:online platform
2108:
2094:Article III of
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2002:
1975:
1960:
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1691:
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1471:
1454:
1436:is a member of
1431:
1415:Swiss Challenge
1392:
1380:observer status
1361:
1341:
1335:
1323:observer status
1319:
1306:
1287:
1272:
1260:observer status
1190:
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1166:
1139:Integrity Pacts
1100:
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725:economic growth
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196:Import licenses
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9052:External links
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8901:Martin, Paul.
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8392:About Indecopi
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7683:About the NPTA
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7049:www.mit.gov.it
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6572:. 26 June 2014
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5186:"EC.europa.eu"
5177:
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5146:
5112:
5086:"SIGMA Papers"
5074:
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4982:(4): 472â504.
4960:
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4564:(4): 314â335.
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3939:Main article:
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3922:United Nations
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3897:Main article:
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3893:United Kingdom
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3872:UAE University
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3047:foreign policy
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2835:Port-au-Prince
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2725:www.fpo.gov.fj
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2675:Basque Country
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2528:Main article:
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2469:Prime Minister
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2168:
2165:
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2104:
2061:
2058:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2001:
1998:
1994:Defence League
1974:
1971:
1959:
1956:
1920:Czech Republic
1915:
1914:Czech Republic
1912:
1903:
1900:
1878:
1875:
1845:
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1768:first instance
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1687:Main article:
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1683:European Union
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1594:(Article 86).
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1337:Main article:
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1321:Argentina has
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1305:
1302:
1295:American Samoa
1286:
1285:American Samoa
1283:
1271:
1268:
1245:
1244:
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1238:
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1219:
1218:
1217:", as amended.
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1208:
1201:Prime Minister
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1046:European Union
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1008:Main article:
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993:
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904:Main article:
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820:
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781:
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697:governing body
684:
683:
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673:
666:
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648:Terms of trade
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584:
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540:Trading nation
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531:
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398:
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372:Economic union
369:
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357:Currency union
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305:
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201:Customs duties
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183:
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171:Trade barriers
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146:Domestic trade
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111:Trade creation
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26:
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8759:
8752:
8749:Lysenko, V.,
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6355:
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6339:
6333:
6326:
6320:
6313:
6307:
6305:
6297:
6294:Stalzer, J.,
6291:
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5338:
5334:
5330:
5328:82-8062-007-9
5324:
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5024:
5020:
5017:(1): 88â100.
5016:
5012:
5005:
4997:
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4989:
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4977:
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4956:
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4925:
4917:
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4909:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4877:
4870:
4866:
4863:Johnson, C.,
4860:
4852:
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4838:
4834:
4830:
4828:9789279299247
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4635:9781844808700
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4009:
4005:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3969:
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3935:United States
3932:
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3925:organizations
3923:
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3907:
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3890:
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3873:
3869:
3865:
3855:
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3848:
3846:
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3827:
3822:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3791:
3789:
3784:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3758:
3755:
3751:
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3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3715:
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3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3662:In 2014, the
3660:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3509:conglomerate
3508:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3492:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3474:Pakistan has
3472:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3416:Nigeria is a
3409:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3391:
3387:
3386:will decide.
3385:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3289:
3287:
3284:ratified the
3283:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3210:Liechtenstein
3205:Liechtenstein
3202:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2960:Make In India
2958:to include a
2957:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2879:, 1 July 2014
2878:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2821:In 2005, the
2814:
2812:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2756:
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2713:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2652:
2651:legislation.
2649:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:Decretos-Leis
2546:
2542:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2473:black listing
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2340:Valle d'Aosta
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:Consip S.p.A.
2288:
2284:
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2057:
2055:
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2035:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:Boyko Borisov
1860:
1856:
1852:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1829:Royal Decrees
1825:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
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1798:
1794:
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1781:
1777:
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1769:
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1733:
1731:procurements.
1729:
1726:
1723:
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1718:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1695:community law
1690:
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1463:Lei 14.133/21
1459:
1449:
1447:
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1426:
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1411:
1409:
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1282:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1234:partnerships;
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1074:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1052:Accessibility
1049:
1047:
1041:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1001:
992:
989:
987:
982:
980:
976:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
952:
951:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:public sector
918:
916:
912:
907:
897:
895:
891:
890:work together
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
804:private goods
801:
796:
794:
793:"free-riding"
790:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:protectionism
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
732:
730:
726:
722:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
679:
674:
672:
667:
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660:
659:
657:
656:
649:
646:
644:
641:
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634:
631:
629:
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621:
619:
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614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
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589:
586:
585:
579:
578:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
545:United States
543:
541:
538:
536:
535:Trade mission
533:
532:
529:
524:
523:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
489:
484:
483:
476:
473:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
440:Trade justice
438:
436:
433:
431:
430:Globalization
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
396:
395:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
367:Single market
365:
363:
362:Customs union
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
338:
337:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
303:Organizations
300:
299:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
276:Laissez-faire
274:
272:
271:Protectionism
269:
267:
264:
263:
260:
255:
254:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
186:Import quotas
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
165:
160:
159:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
131:Trade finance
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
75:
70:
69:
63:
59:
58:
55:
52:
51:
48:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
9061:
9037:
9018:
9007:
8998:
8985:
8978:Organization
8976:World Bank,
8972:
8958:
8945:
8933:. Retrieved
8922:
8910:. Retrieved
8896:
8884:
8856:
8848:
8839:
8826:
8815:
8804:
8793:
8771:
8758:
8734:
8725:
8716:
8704:
8695:
8686:
8679:Welcome Note
8657:
8644:
8631:
8618:
8606:
8598:
8589:
8560:
8543:
8530:
8521:
8510:
8498:
8489:
8480:
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8460:
8451:
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8433:
8424:
8411:
8398:
8386:
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8369:
8357:
8346:
8333:
8320:
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8295:
8284:
8254:
8241:
8228:
8215:
8186:
8173:
8161:
8152:World Bank,
8148:
8136:
8125:
8096:
8067:
8054:
8046:
8021:
8008:
7997:
7980:
7968:
7937:
7925:
7913:
7900:
7887:
7875:|title=
7854:. Retrieved
7846:
7841:
7829:|title=
7808:. Retrieved
7800:
7795:
7784:
7773:
7762:
7755:(in Spanish)
7747:
7740:(in Spanish)
7731:
7724:(in Spanish)
7715:
7703:
7690:
7677:
7664:
7652:
7641:
7613:
7600:
7587:
7575:
7563:
7552:
7539:
7527:. Retrieved
7502:. Retrieved
7498:the original
7488:
7476:. Retrieved
7472:the original
7462:
7449:
7437:
7424:
7411:
7398:
7385:
7372:
7359:
7347:
7342:
7314:
7301:
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7276:
7263:
7252:
7241:
7228:
7215:
7202:
7190:
7177:
7164:
7152:
7139:
7127:. Retrieved
7123:
7111:
7103:
7095:
7078:
7065:
7053:. Retrieved
7048:
7039:
7030:
7009:
6988:
6975:
6949:
6936:
6924:
6912:
6885:
6876:
6851:. Retrieved
6847:
6835:
6823:. Retrieved
6819:
6810:
6800:
6793:
6781:
6769:
6757:. Retrieved
6752:
6743:
6731:
6718:
6705:
6692:
6662:
6649:
6637:
6625:
6612:
6599:
6586:
6574:. Retrieved
6560:
6540:
6520:
6507:
6498:
6491:
6478:
6465:
6438:. Retrieved
6429:
6417:. Retrieved
6412:
6403:
6390:
6378:. Retrieved
6373:
6361:
6332:
6319:
6310:Kokott, J.,
6290:
6278:. Retrieved
6274:
6265:
6240:
6236:
6230:
6217:
6205:. Retrieved
6201:
6177:. Retrieved
6173:
6164:
6136:
6127:World Bank,
6123:
6112:
6099:
6086:
6081:, March 2015
6078:
6073:
6036:
6010:. Retrieved
6006:
5996:
5984:
5968:
5955:
5944:
5932:
5920:. Retrieved
5910:
5867:
5855:
5844:
5831:
5819:. Retrieved
5807:
5795:. Retrieved
5791:
5782:
5772:
5766:
5759:Tender Board
5753:
5740:
5727:
5714:
5702:
5689:
5652:
5639:
5626:
5614:
5601:
5559:
5552:
5540:. Retrieved
5536:
5527:
5518:
5508:
5499:
5470:. Retrieved
5455:
5443:. Retrieved
5433:
5424:
5412:
5394:
5388:
5376:
5359:
5355:
5345:
5317:
5310:
5298:. Retrieved
5289:
5280:
5268:. Retrieved
5259:
5250:
5238:. Retrieved
5229:
5220:
5206:
5194:. Retrieved
5180:
5166:
5137:. Retrieved
5133:
5103:. Retrieved
5089:
5042:
5031:
5014:
5010:
5004:
4979:
4975:
4963:
4938:
4934:
4924:
4900:Technovation
4899:
4886:
4876:
4859:
4818:
4796:. Retrieved
4776:
4772:
4732:
4710:
4685:
4658:
4652:
4625:
4619:
4601:
4594:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4535:. Retrieved
4531:
4522:
4497:
4493:
4483:
4456:
4452:
4442:
4421:cite journal
4409:. Retrieved
4407:. OECD. 2019
4396:
4354:
4347:
4333:cite journal
4298:
4288:
4276:. Retrieved
4271:
4262:
4250:. Retrieved
4246:
4237:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4152:
4145:
4133:. Retrieved
4130:www.oecd.org
4129:
4120:
4051:
4021:
3997:
3994:Vatican City
3981:
3970:
3967:
3954:
3944:
3919:
3902:
3887:shareholding
3880:
3867:
3861:
3849:
3837:
3829:
3824:
3816:
3797:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3724:Constitution
3721:
3718:South Africa
3693:
3661:
3651:
3632:
3628:
3605:The current
3604:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3558:
3531:
3520:
3489:
3473:
3453:
3442:
3415:
3399:
3396:
3380:
3368:
3353:
3339:
3337:
3326:
3309:broadcasting
3295:
3279:
3259:
3243:
3227:
3208:
3196:
3188:
3172:
3159:
3147:
3144:
3128:
3116:
3094:
3086:
3071:
3067:
3056:
3024:
3014:
3005:
2969:
2962:preference.
2953:
2933:
2896:
2876:
2867:
2858:
2852:
2820:
2803:
2787:
2775:
2764:
2748:
2740:
2709:
2689:
2679:
2672:
2663:
2658:
2645:
2623:
2617:
2607:
2601:
2592:
2589:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2482:
2453:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2417:
2406:), based in
2393:
2380:
2371:
2360:
2346:
2344:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2286:
2268:
2262:
2253:Ossian Smyth
2241:
2229:
2207:
2190:
2186:Thessaloniki
2183:
2170:
2157:
2153:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2099:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2024:
2021:
2003:
1987:
1976:
1961:
1931:Andrej BabiĆĄ
1928:
1917:
1905:
1896:Croatian law
1893:
1880:
1855:border fence
1847:
1834:
1822:
1786:
1784:
1759:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1716:
1711:
1692:
1673:
1652:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1603:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1563:
1536:
1506:
1490:
1486:
1477:
1474:Burkina Faso
1472:
1469:Burkina Faso
1455:
1432:
1412:
1393:
1378:Bahrain has
1377:
1362:
1342:
1320:
1307:
1288:
1275:Presidential
1273:
1258:Albania has
1257:
1249:
1246:
1220:
1196:
1191:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1155:
1150:
1137:
1102:Procurement
1101:
1092:
1085:
1072:
1055:
1043:
1024:
1020:
1013:
998:
990:
983:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
935:eProcurement
924:
909:
879:
860:
836:
828:public works
825:
816:
797:
789:public goods
786:
768:plurilateral
741:
733:
717:
701:organization
692:
688:
687:
458:Currency war
419:
377:Fiscal union
266:Mercantilism
164:Restrictions
42:
36:
8849:NextGov/FCW
8613:, section 6
8593:Green, W.,
7984:Brown, G.,
7801:DIPP.GOV.IN
7069:InfoCuria,
6776:(in French)
6755:(in French)
6722:Merilampi,
6544:Zeman, M.,
6482:DLA Piper,
6243:: 209â226.
6105:Procurement
6077:Covington,
5733:Procurement
5632:Main Duties
5161:ChvalkovskĂĄ
4316:10986/35727
4004:dicasteries
3711:Singaporean
3636:join the EU
3611:legislators
3523:Philippines
3517:Philippines
3505:awarded to
3423:comprising
3371:New Zealand
3365:New Zealand
3008:Isle of Man
3002:Isle of Man
2978:. The UK's
2863:Tegucigalpa
2553:decree-laws
2485:Netherlands
2479:Netherlands
2460:Maltese law
2368:real estate
2293:and larger
2050:Hansel Ltd.
1515:and in the
1367:, based in
1226:procedures;
1058:Section 508
1029:Aspirations
867:public debt
800:merit goods
754:, or local
742:To prevent
463:Trade costs
425:Outsourcing
141:Trade route
54:World trade
9072:Categories
8965:16.01.2024
8843:Boyd, A.,
8390:Indecopi,
8362:PPRA Board
7847:DOE.GOV.IN
7752:Normativas
7529:3 February
5861:Legislação
5579:1002302064
5472:26 October
4837:1044669772
4668:0393966518
4611:1289178042
4374:1002302064
4220:2086/14702
4112:References
4024:World Bank
3955:FedBizOpps
3908:, and (in
3805:, but the
3799:Tajikistan
3794:Tajikistan
3646:See also:
3615:corruption
3536:requested
3344:Mozambique
3334:Mozambique
3304:programmes
3292:Montenegro
3031:government
3011:government
2924:See also:
2843:corruption
2811:Georgetown
2735:See also:
2456:transposed
2420:Luxembourg
2414:Luxembourg
2400:Lithuanian
2351:EEC Treaty
2285:(Italian:
2232:Civil Code
2197:challenged
1793:privatised
1655:Government
1642:World Bank
1626:East Timor
1620:East Timor
1614:Costa Rica
1608:Costa Rica
1419:Bangladesh
1390:Bangladesh
1298:Government
1088:corruption
1082:Corruption
1077:Challenges
1062:EN 301 549
1038:See also:
995:Thresholds
931:innovation
752:corruption
721:innovation
695:is when a
528:By country
435:Fair trade
281:Free trade
231:Safeguards
106:Trade bloc
101:Trade pact
7593:MOPP News
7319:TenderNed
7104:InfoCuria
6257:153577844
5587:cite book
5404:23998519M
5337:474869271
5173:contracts
5069:226229398
4996:1535-0118
4955:0048-7333
4916:243901501
4845:cite book
4798:28 August
4785:0002-8282
4749:1972-4977
4644:712588185
4626:Economics
4586:253312170
4578:2150-6930
4514:0048-7333
4475:0048-7333
4411:7 October
4382:cite book
4325:236331814
4278:8 October
4229:0040-1625
4180:115362081
4059:President
3709:with the
3653:Singapore
3642:Singapore
3529:of 2003.
3511:Odebrecht
3507:Brazilian
3503:corruptly
3496:President
3494:Peruvian
3464:Islamabad
3425:36 states
2966:Indonesia
2767:Gibraltar
2761:Gibraltar
2518:TenderNed
2390:Lithuania
2210:Hungarian
2040:eAuctions
1867:illegally
1801:passports
1406:) is the
1333:Australia
1317:Argentina
1230:measures;
766:(GPA), a
550:Argentina
468:Trade war
410:Smuggling
96:Trade law
9026:Archived
8379:Indecopi
8168:(French)
8014:Contacts
7866:cite web
7820:cite web
6549:Archived
6529:Archived
6513:About us
6440:12 April
6419:12 April
6062:Archived
6022:cite web
5542:10 March
5466:Archived
5294:Archived
5264:Archived
5234:Archived
5190:Archived
5139:24 April
5105:24 April
5092:. 2019.
4677:39485400
4537:13 April
4252:10 March
4205:: 1â12.
4135:22 April
4065:See also
4008:Holy See
3910:Scotland
3845:Prozorro
3813:Tanzania
3783:Suriname
3777:Suriname
3624:Belgrade
3491:Peruvian
3456:Pakistan
3450:Pakistan
3427:and the
3421:republic
3359:Windhoek
3302:food aid
3268:and the
3230:Maldives
3224:Maldives
3135:Pristina
3101:Guernsey
3074:Kingston
2855:Honduras
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