Public toilet - Knowledge

518: 2547: 1167: 530: 2460: 2323: 186: 896:. During this period, after leaving their parents' home, women were expected to maintain careers as homemakers and wives. Thus, safe and private public toilets were rarely available for women. The result was that they were often restricted in how far they could travel away from home without returning. Alternatively, they had to make do in the public streets as best they could. They often experienced sexual harassment as men tried to "sneak a peek" or otherwise bothered them. Some females experienced even worse if they could not secure safety and privacy even at home or in their workplaces. These problems continue for women and girls in all parts of the world. 1792: 2035: 2532: 2010: 2428: 2364: 2630: 6340: 1254: 2178: 2563: 55: 2587: 346: 2496: 2599: 2480: 198: 2380: 1487: 1685: 1262: 2060: 2396: 1928: 538: 2412: 2642: 1576: 2444: 174: 2110: 849:

often been replaced with gender-neutral toilets. This places women at a significant disadvantage. While men can then use both cubicles and urinals, women can only use the former, and women also need safe spaces given their particular health and sanitary needs (for example, women who are menstruating, pregnant or at menopause, may need to use the toilet more often). Women are also likely to feel less comfortable using mixed sex facilities, and require more space.

2611: 2352: 31: 2516: 1861: 1398: 1784: 1768: 2085: 507: 358: 2135: 875: 1280: 675:) for people in 1867. But these toilets needed to cleaned and emptied manually every day and were not popular. In 1894, plague broke out in Hong Kong and 2,500 people died, especially public toilet cleaners. The government decided to act, setting up underground toilet facilities to improve this situation, though these toilets also had to be cleaned and emptied manually. 942:. It has been estimated that females can take up to 50% longer in the toilet. The reasons given include the requirement to use a cubicle rather than a urinal, pregnancy, managing menstruation, health conditions (such as cystitis), clothing design, and helping others. Women are more likely to be accompanied by very young children, disabled, or older people. 222:, "restroom" commonly denotes a facility featuring toilets and sinks designed for use by the public, but "restroom" and "bathroom" are often used interchangeably for any room with a toilet (both in public and in private homes). "Restroom" is considered by some to be slightly more formal or polite. "Bathroom" is quite common in 231:

toilet and sink facilities, something which can be seen in some movies of the time period. An example of this is the description of a "movie palace" which was opening in 1921 which was described as including " ... a rest-room for the fair sex and a lounging room for the sterner sex ... off these rooms are the toilets."

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terms are the terms typically used on floor plans for residences or other buildings. Real estate advertisements for residences often refer to "three-piece washrooms" (include a bathtub or shower) and "two-piece washrooms" (only toilet and sink). In public athletic or aquatic facilities, showers are available in

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maintenance. Each sensor views through a small window into each fixture. Sometimes the metal plates that house the sensor windows are bolted on from behind, to prevent tampering. Additionally, all of the electrical equipment is safely behind the walls, so that there is no danger of electric shock. However, a

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increases their water and sanitation requirements for several days each month. Amongst the UN sustainable development goals, there is specific reference to achieving access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls in vulnerable

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There are now durable options for restroom stall materials such as solid plastic that were designed to help fight vandalism. Solid plastic allows for scratches to be less noticeable due to the solid color throughout the product compared to powder coated steel. Powder coated steel chips easily lead to

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is used to allow closets to be flushed repeatedly without waiting for the cistern to refill. This trend of hiding cisterns and fittings behind the walls started in the late 1930s in the United States and in the United Kingdom from the 1950s, and by the late 1960s it was unusual for toilet cisterns to

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In the early days of the colony of Hong Kong, people would go to the toilet in sewers, barrels or in alleys. Once Hong Kong opened up for trade (1856–1880), the British Hong Kong government determined that the appalling hygiene situation in Hong Kong was becoming critical. Thus, the government set up

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Public toilets may be municipally owned or managed and entered directly from the street. Or they may be within a building that, while privately owned, allows public access, such as a department store, or it may be limited to the business's customers, such as a restaurant. Some public toilets are free

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Public toilets are typically found in many different places: inner-city locations, offices, factories, schools, universities and other places of work and study. Similarly, museums, cinemas, bars, restaurants, entertainment venues usually provide public toilets. Railway stations, filling stations, and

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however, many retailers pay insufficient attention to their customer toilet facilities. Due to the potential of customer toilets to increase profits and improve store image, retailers could benefit from regarding toilets as a marketing investment rather than a property expense. Some businesses, like

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Service lighting consisting of windows that run all the way around the outside of the toilet using electric lights behind the windows, to create the illusion of extensive natural light, even when the toilets are underground or otherwise do not have access to natural light. The windows are sometimes

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Sensor-operated fixtures (faucets, soap dispensers, hand dryers, paper towel dispensers) prevent the spread of disease by allowing patrons to circumvent the need to touch common surfaces. Sensor-operated toilets also help conserve water by limiting the amount used per flush, and require less routine

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The inability to satisfy essential physiological needs because no toilet is available contributes to health issues such as urinary tract infections, kidney infections, and digestive problems, which can later develop into severe health problems. Inadequate access to a public toilets when required can

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Public toilets also serve people who are "toilet challenged". First, some people need to go very frequently, including young and old people, people who are pregnant or menstruating, and those with some medical conditions. Second, some people need toilet access urgently, suddenly and without warning:

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Early in 1940, the colonial government built the first public flush toilet. In 1953, a fire broke out in Shek Kip Mei. After that, the government embarked on a major public housing project in Hong Kong including public toilets for residents. More than ten people shared each toilet and they used them

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In Britain, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, and New Zealand, the terms in use are "public toilet", "public lavatory" (abbreviated "lav"), "public convenience", and more informally, "public loo". As public toilets were traditionally signed as "gentlemen" or "ladies", the colloquial terms "the gents'

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that includes a bathtub or shower while a room with only a toilet and sink in a person's residence is typically called a "washroom" because you would wash your hands in it upon returning home or before a meal or a "powder room" because women would fix their make-up on their faces in that room. These

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are not adequately built for young children, which has resulted in the tragic consequence of children dying by falling inside the hole. Globally, about 620 million children do not have adequate toilets at school, around 900 million cannot wash their hands properly, and almost half of schools do not

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Older toilets infrequently have service ducts, and often in old toilets that have been modernized, the toilet cistern is hidden in a tiled over purpose-built 'box'. Often old toilets still have high-level cisterns in the service ducts. On the outside, the toilet is flushed by a handle (just like an

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Modern public toilets may be designed with a labyrinth entrance (doorless entry), which prevents the spread of disease that might otherwise occur when coming in contact with a door. Doorless entry provides visual privacy while simultaneously offering a measure of security by allowing the passage of

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In the UK the number of public toilets fell by nearly 20% from 3,154 in 2015/16 to 2,556 in 2020/21 This loss leads to health and mobility inequality issues for a range of people, including the homeless, disabled, outdoor workers and those whose illnesses mean that they frequently need to access a

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There needs to be proper provision of gender-specific toilets for both men and women, with a clear steer in building standards guidance. In recent years, there has been a trend towards the removal of well-established male-only/female-only spaces when premises are built or refurbished, and they have

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found that 59% of transgender Americans avoided using public facilities for fear of confrontation. This landmark study, which included 27,715 respondents, found that 24% of respondents had their presence in the restroom questioned, 12% had experienced verbal harassment, physical assault, or sexual

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Some public toilets are known for drug-taking and drug-selling, as well as vandalism. This type of criminal activity is associated with all "neglected, unsupervised buildings", not just toilets, and good cleanliness and maintenance, and ideally an attendant on the premises, can act as a protection

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emerged in the US in the late 19th century. In these spaces, public toilets could only be accessed by paying a fee. Sex-separated pay toilets were available at the Chicago World's Fair (US) in 1893. Females complained that these were practically unavailable to them; authorities allowed them to be

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In the United States, concerns over public health and sanitation spurred the sanitarian movement during the late 1800s. Reforms to standardize plumbing codes and household plumbing were advocated for; the intersection of advancements in technology and desire for cleanliness and disease-free spaces

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An additional consideration with regard to gendered public restrooms is the availability of baby changing tables. Sometimes, these tables have only been installed in women's restrooms, owing to stereotypical assumptions that only women were likely to be accompanied by babies needing to have their

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A variety of reasons have been put forward for these measures, including protecting the privacy of females, avoidance of retraumatization in females affected by male violence, and to protect females from being assaulted by males donning disguises, although there is no evidence of the latter ever

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reasons, they were viewed as offending public sensibilities. It has been said that because public facilities were associated with access to public spaces, extending these rights to women was viewed as "immoral" and an "abomination". As a result of Victorian era codes, women were delegated to the

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Customers often expect retail stores and shopping centres to offer public toilets. Customers rank complimentary toilets highly, and their availability influences shopping behaviour. By offering appropriate customer toilets, retail stores and shopping centres may enhance their profits and image;

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destroyed a toilet on the steps of the California State Capitol. By the 1990s most US jurisdictions had migrated away from pay toilets. Until 1992, U.S. female senators had to use toilets located on different floor levels than the ones they were working on, a reflection of their intrusion in an

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on the pavement. Local health boards often built underground public toilets to a high standard, although provisions were higher for men than women. Most have been closed as they did not have disabled access, and were more prone to vandalism and sexual encounters, especially in the absence of an

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states “It does not befit a modest, honourable man to prepare to relieve nature in the presence of other people, nor do up his clothes afterward in their presence. Similarly, he will not wash his hands on returning to decent society from private places, as the reason for his washing will arouse

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such as those in national parks. The term restroom derived from the fact that in the early 1900s through to the middle of the century up-scale restaurants, theatres and performing facilities would often have comfortable chairs or sofas located within or in a room directly adjacent to the actual

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Public toilets play a role in community health and individual well-being. Where toilets are available, people can enjoy outings and physical activities in their communities. By letting people get out of their cars and onto their feet, bicycles and mass transit, public toilets can contribute to

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announced plans to make provision of single-sex toilets compulsory in new public buildings above a certain size. The technical review consultation on increasing accessibility and provision of toilets for men and women in municipal and private sector locations outlined the context in a call for

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is designed to extend and retract vertically from a cylinder relative to street level depending on the time of day. It is typically installed in entertainment districts and operational only during weekends, evenings, and nights. The first such toilet was a telescopic urinal invented in the

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states that toilets should be "suitable, private and safe to use for all intended users, taking into consideration their gender, age and physical mobility (e.g. disabled, sick etc.)" and "All shared or public toilets should have doors that can be locked from the inside, and lights".

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Published in The Public Historian, ed. Randolph Bergstrom, Volume 27, Issue 4, Fall 2005, pages 11-44. Weyeneth, R. R. (2005). The architecture of racial segregation: The challenges of preserving the problematic past. The Public Historian, 27(4), 11-44. DOI: 10.1525/tph.2005.27.4.11

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in a general-purpose toilet, usage is faster and more sanitary because at the urinal there are no fecal germs, no additional doors or locks to touch, and no seat to turn up. A urinal takes less space, is simpler, and consumes less water per flush (or even no water at all) than a

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inside public toilets can be a problem in areas where the rate of such crimes in general is very high. In South Africa, for instance, many people have reported being afraid to use public toilets. There have been several highly publicized murders in public toilets, such as the

967:. Strategies to keep African-Americans out of sight included the "basement solution," which involved locating public toilets for black people in the basement next to janitor supply rooms. Black workers often had to walk long distances to get to the toilets they were assigned. 372:

Many public toilets are permanent small buildings visible to passers-by on the street. Others are underground, including older facilities in Britain and Canada. Contemporary street toilets include automatic, self-cleaning toilets in self-contained pods; an example is the

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to match the decoration of the premises. Toilet facilities for people with disabilities, especially those reliant on a wheelchair, may be either gender-specific or unisex. Gender-neutral toilets are usual in cases where sex-separated ones are not practical, such as in

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If bus and truck drivers on timed schedules have difficulty in accessing toilets, this puts them at risk of bladder and digestive health problems. Furthermore, if the concentration of a driver in urgent need is compromised, it becomes a broader public safety concern.

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features wider doors, ample space for turning, lowered sinks, and grab-bars for safety. Features above and beyond this standard are advocated by the Changing Places campaign. Features include a hoist for an adult, a full-sized changing bench, and space for up to two

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of 1851. Public toilets were also known as "retiring rooms." They included separate amenities for men and women, and were the first flush toilet facilities to introduce sex-separation to the activity. The next year, London's first public toilet facility was opened.

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hygiene management and privacy (such as the availability of functional toilet doors with locks, disposal facilities and menstrual hygiene products in schools, soap and toilet paper) can severely impact upon their well-being and is considered a form of violation of

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private sphere, away from the public, fulfilling their roles as dutiful wives and mothers where any association with sexuality or private body parts was taboo. For women, the female lavatory in a public space was associated with danger and immoral sexual conduct.

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for bathing, doing their laundry as well as going to the toilet. Finally, in the 1970s, the government decided that one toilet for four or five families was insufficient and renovated all public housing providing separate flush pedestal toilets for all residents.

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These standards were internalized at an early age. Over time, much that had to be explained earlier was no longer mentioned, due to successful social conditioning. This resulted in substantial reduction of explicit text on these topics in subsequent editions of

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exist but are rare. Urinals can be with automatic or manual flushing, or without flush water as is the case for waterless urinals. They can be arranged as single sanitary fixtures (with or without privacy walls) or in a trough design without privacy walls. The

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Sociologist Dara Blumenthal notes changing bodily habits, attitudes, and practices regarding hygiene starting in the 16th century, which eventually led to a resurgence of public toilets. While it had been perfectly acceptable to relieve oneself anywhere,

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or be inside a building, e.g. a shopping mall, department store, or railway station. The reason for charging money is usually for the maintenance of the equipment. Paying to use a toilet can be traced back almost 2,000 years — the Roman emperor

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are not legally required to provide public toilets, and while in 2008 the House of Commons Communities and Local Government Committee called for a duty on local authorities to develop a public toilet strategy, the Government rejected the proposal.

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Public toilets are known by many other names depending on the country. Examples are: restroom, bathroom, men's room, women's room, powder room in the US, washroom in Canada, and toilets, lavatories, water closet (W.C.), ladies and gents in Europe.

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found that 8% of transgender Americans reported having developed urinary tract infections, kidney infections, and other kidney-related problems as a result of avoiding, or not being granted access to, the facilities. In another survey, the group

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assault when attempting to use the restroom, and 9% were denied access entirely. Several studies have found that preventing transgender people from using public toilets has negative mental health impacts, leading to a higher risk of suicide.

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is one example of the non-euphemistic use of the term: literally, a place to rest. Historically such rooms pre-dated the washroom and washrooms were added afterwards. Subsequent integrated designs resulted in the "women's restroom lounge".

238:, public facilities are frequently called and signed as "washrooms", although usage varies regionally. The word "toilet" generally denotes the fixture itself rather than the room. The word "washroom" is rarely used to mean "utility room" or " 110:

to people with disabilities. Depending on the culture, there may be varying degrees of separation between males and females and different levels of privacy. Typically, the entire room, or a stall or cubicle containing a toilet, is lockable.

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sound. Doorless entry also helps deter vandalism; fewer audible clues to another person entering discourages some vandals. Doorless entry may also be achieved simply by keeping an existing door propped open, closed only when necessary.

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politics, they erroneously claimed that racial integration would cause them to catch syphilis from toilet seats. Similar arguments equating equal access to restrooms with contracting venereal diseases were made by white women after the

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found no significant change in the number of crimes since the passage of various laws that enable transgender public toilet usage. Transgender and gender non-conforming people are at risk of violence when using the public toilet (see:

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changed. This can be an impediment for fathers with their children and other male caregivers. Advocates have worked for changing tables to be installed in men's restrooms. Unisex washrooms would provide access to either regardless.

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Some public toilets have an automatic sensor-controlled flushing system that flushes the toilet when the user steps away from the sensor. They might also have an additional button that the user can push to provide a second flush.

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is very important, but is largely non-existent in many regions. Missing or inadequate doors and partitioning are observed in both high- and low-income countries, which can affect children's self-esteem, especially around

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published guidance in 2022 outlining scenarios where it considered exclusion of transgender people from single-sex spaces to be justifiable and proportionate. While transgender public toilet usage has been labelled as a

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Increasing public toilet provision can help to protect women from violent attacks. Research studies have found increased risk of women and girls being raped where there is limited or no access to safe toilets at night.

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have been put forward to define who can have public toilet access, and on what terms. Many of these bills seek to criminalize usage by people whose gender identity does not match the sex on their birth certificates.

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contends that the development of these new behaviours had nothing to do with problems of hygiene and bacterial infection, but rather with conforming to increasingly artificial standards of gentlemanly behaviour.

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be visible in public toilets. In some buildings such as schools, however, a cistern can still be visible, although high-level cisterns had become outdated by the 1970s. Many schools now have low-level cisterns.

1381:(used manually or with auto-sensors). Drying of washed hands is important for convenience but also because wet hands are more easily recontaminated. Paper towels are more hygienic than electric air dryers. 1039:

Public toilets have frequently been inaccessible to people with disabilities. In the United States, all public toilets in federal buildings were required to be accessible to people with disabilities by the

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After slavery ended in the United States, southern states attempted to replicate social economic oppression by passing laws requiring that blacks and whites be separated in all public and private venues.

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recalled that on cross-country road trips in the 1950s his parents were reluctant to stop the car to allow the children to relieve themselves – it just was not safe. One solution to this was to carry a

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technologies are used as public toilets. Portables can be moved into place where and when needed and are popular at outdoor festivals and events. A portable toilet can either be connected to the local

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Public toilets by their nature see heavy usage. Some high-vandalism settings, such as beaches or stadiums, will use metal toilets. Public toilets generally contain several of the following fixtures.

2307:, many cities, especially large and densely populated cities, are experiencing a severe shortage of public toilets due to lack of land for toilet construction. The general situation of toilets in 963:. Justifications provided for segregated facilities included "protection of a certain group, privacy, cleanliness, and morality.” This segregation imposed significant restrictions on the lives of 5399: 726:

in terms of access to toilet facilities. In the 1970s there were 50,000 coin-operated public restrooms in the U.S., but they were eliminated by 1980, and public facilities did not replace them.

572:. These latrines housed long benches with holes accommodating multiple simultaneous users, with no division between individuals or groups. Using the facilities was considered a social activity. 908:, claimed that such practices disadvantaged women and girls because men and boys did not have to pay for urinals. As an act of protest against this phenomenon, in 1969 California Assemblywoman 809:

is legislation several U.S. States passed that requires retail establishments with toilet facilities for employees to also allow customers to use the facilities if the customer suffers from an

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protects workers' rights to toilet breaks because of the documented health risks. This protected right to a toilet is a function of the workplace and is lost when workers leave the workplace.

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dispensing condoms, diapers (nappies), painkillers, energy drinks, perfume, breath mints, facial tissue, confectionery, undergarments, swimwear, soap, sex toys, or sanitary napkins or tampons

2793: 635:. When hygiene became a heightened concern, rapid advancements in toilet technology ensued. In the 19th century, large cities in Europe started installing modern flushing public toilets. 1891:

Several billion people lack access to improved water and sanitation and must travel long distances or wait until nighttime to defecate under cover of darkness. Women and girls managing

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of a man or a woman often suffice to indicate the facility, without explicit reference to the fixtures themselves. In restaurants and other private locations, the identifications can be

3710: 993:, an annually updated guidebook. Once the traveler found the correct "colored restroom", it could serve "as a respite from the insults of the white world", akin to what is now called 5581: 1228:, and the like, that run behind all the fixtures. Sensors are installed in a separate room, behind the fixtures. Usually, the separate room is just a narrow corridor or passageway. 416:

Private firms may maintain permanent public toilets. The companies are then permitted to use the external surfaces of the enclosures for advertising. The installations are part of a

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In some places, the provision of public toilet facilities is under great pressure. One response by public authorities is to close the buildings, often citing criminal activity. The

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use public toilet in the U.S. This toilet for supermarket customers uses very dim, blue lighting to deter heroin users from injecting. The blue gloom makes veins impossible to see.

1661:- anyone can use them, but the land ultimately belongs to the corporation in question. When toilets that have been privatised are improperly run, or closed, there may be calls to 759:, there exists no federal law or regulation that makes public toilets provision compulsory. The lack of public toilets across Brazil results in frequent acts of public urination. 970:

Those who were able to afford cars could avoid the indignities of segregated trains and buses, but they faced the difficulty of finding a public toilet they were allowed to use.

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Locations of public toilets in 18 countries. New locations and comments can be added. Detailed information includes the geographic coordinates and quality of the facility.

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Infant changing table, often fold-down (usually in women's rooms, but increasingly also in men's rooms.) They are sometimes placed within a, usually large, toilet cubicle.

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public toilets facilitate usage for people who may require assistance from a caretaker of another gender, such as people with disabilities, elderly people, and children.

123:. In many cultures, it is customary to tip the attendant, especially if they provide a specific service, such as might be the case at upscale nightclubs or restaurants. 1208:

People often expect a high level of privacy when using public toilets. Privacy expectations may include toilet cubicles, cubicle doors, urinal partitions and similar.

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room" and "the ladies' room", or simply "the gents" and "the ladies" are used to indicate the facilities themselves. The British Toilet Association, sponsor of the

3816: 1328:. Urinal setups can have individual urinals (with or without privacy partitions) or a communal urinal (also called a trough urinal) which is used by multiple men. 829:, available from Health and Safety Executive Books, outlines guidance on the number of toilets to provide and the type of washing facilities associated with them. 4157: 2562: 4018: 2741: 2459: 1135:

According to the Government of Australia, more than 3.8 million Australians of all ages are estimated to suffer continence issues. This represents 18% of the

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Deister Moreira, Fernanda; Rezende; Fabiana Passos, Sonaly (2022). "Public toilets from the perspective of users: a case study in a public place, Brazil".

2629: 2165:, have officially opted to let anyone use their toilets, without having to purchase anything. This decision was made after a highly publicized instance of 1451:

Toilet cubicle door lock sign. The toilet cubicle door lock signs are indicated in either colour: Vacant is marked in green, while Engaged is marked in red

1125: 299:— sanitary unit/hub) is sometimes used for public facilities which include a toilet, sink, and possibly a shower, bathtub, and / or bidet. Public urinals ( 5734: 4647: 98:

for use by the general public. The facilities are available to customers, travelers, employees of a business, school pupils or prisoners and are commonly

6057: 5382: 4552: 2531: 1027:, was murdered in 1966 after trying to use a "whites-only" restroom. He was the first black college student to be killed for his actions supporting the 5940: 4710:

Herman, Jody L (Spring 2013). "Gendered Restrooms and Minority Stress: The Public Regulation of Gender and its Impact on Transgender People's Lives".

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company and the city government and allow these public conveniences to be installed and maintained without requiring funds from the municipal budget.

6416: 388:. Squat toilets are common in many Asian and African countries, and, to a lesser extent, in Southern European countries. In many of those countries, 5421: 3466: 6183: 4143: 3503: 2363: 494:

needs, and use the waste bins. Public toilets may also become places for harassment of others or illegal activities, particularly if principles of

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improved environmental health. Mental well-being is enhanced when people are out with families and friends and know a place "to go" is available.

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requires businesses to provide toilets for their employees, along with washing facilities including soap or other suitable means of cleaning. The

3258: 2586: 3685: 4404: 3090: 1825:(a collection)—was coined to describe this kind of graffiti. A famous example of such artwork was featured on the album cover of the satirical 1732: 882:, London, 1904. The male facilities (left) comprise 12 cubicles and 13 urinals; whereas the female facilities (right) comprise just 5 cubicles. 5163: 3272: 2427: 1556:

obvious damage compared with solid plastic. Solid plastic is also easier to clean and maintain in public restrooms with high traffic volumes.

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US Public Health Mandates and the Restroom Problem in America, American Restroom Association, World Toilet Summit, Delhi, November 1, 2007

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is insufficient, poorly installed, and dirty. Many public places do not have toilets, leading to the situation of littering everywhere.

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Public toilets need both periodic maintenance and emergency cleaning. Volunteer-managed facilities may also be an option in some cases.

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According to World Bank data from 2017, over 500 million females lacked access to sanitation facilities to go to the bathroom or manage

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such as those with chronic conditions such as Crohn's disease and colitis, and those temporarily afflicted with food-borne illnesses.

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white women refused to share bathrooms with black women throughout the South. Engaging in numerous labor strikes and walkouts against

227: 6235: 3430: 4737: 2234:, 30% of schools do not provide adequate toilets and 37% of schools do not have access to adequate water supplies. The presence of 1884:

in South Korea in 2016. In the US, an infamous case was the murder of a 9-year-old boy in 1998 in a San Diego county public toilet.

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The presence or absence of public toilets has also long been a reflection of a society's class inequalities and social hierarchies.

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Various countries have legislation stipulating how many public toilets are required in a given area for employees or for customers.

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Lack of adequate school toilets is a very serious problem in many developing countries, and contributes to many problems from poor

1909: 1120: 5714: 5445: 1951:. The privacy and anonymity public toilets provided made them a convenient and attractive location to engage in sexual acts then. 4578: 1537:" (who is there during an entire shift) or by professional cleaning staff. They maintain and clean the facilities, ensuring that 1045: 905: 4766: 2395: 772:

Massachusetts passed the first law requiring sex separation of public toilets in 1887. By 1920, this was mandated in 43 states.

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attendant. A few remain in London, but others have been converted into alternative uses such as cafes, bars and even dwellings.

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While some public facilities were available to females in London by 1890, there were much fewer than those available to males.

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Facilities for women sometimes had a wider emphasis, providing a safe and comfortable private space in the public sphere. The

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In many places the queues for the female toilets are longer than those for the males; efforts to deal with this are known as

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Access to public toilets for transgender and gender non-conforming people is often contested. In the United States, various

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legally could meet others who they knew with certainty to be gay. Many, if not most, gay and bisexual men at the time were

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as a whole. Some of the buildings, particularly the underground ones, are sold and used for other purposes, e.g. as a bar.

1066: 6107: 6094: 5992: 4925: 4800: 3367: 3324: 2291:

to use the toilet without adequate privacy amounts to a violation of Article 8 (right to respect for private life) of the

1166: 7193: 6051: 5715:"Finding private passion in a public place; Why is it that some gay men go in search of sexual encounters in lavatories?" 2292: 2215: 381:

against open defecation, the Indian government introduced the remotely-monitored eToilet to some public spaces in 2014.

4276: 4208: 3299: 2948: 1002:

1941 executive order which prohibited “discrimination in the employment of workers in defence industries or government,”

935:

includes sex-separated toilets among its list of suggested measures to ensure the safety of women and girls in schools.

6825: 4362: 4119: 4094: 3402: 2703: 2411: 2260: 1041: 1005: 2351: 7039: 6261: 6157: 5803: 5691: 5013: 4337: 4259: 3735: 3533: 3006: 2515: 5122: 3914:

Plaskow, Judith (July 8, 2008). "Embodiment, Elimination, and the Role of Toilets in Struggles for Social Justice".

7203: 6402: 6037:

van Maanen, Peter; Shinee, Enkhtsetseg; Grossi, Valentina; Vargha, Márta; Gabriadze, Nana; Schmoll, Oliver (2016).

5754: 2771: 119:

or commercial businesses may provide public toilet facilities. Some are unattended while others are staffed by an

6791: 4043: 4019:"Lack of access to a toilet and handwashing materials hits women and girls hardest, especially when menstruating" 1958:

in the UK). It is likely that the element of risk involved in cottaging makes it an attractive activity to some.

1629: 863: 330: 5886:

Piha, Samuel; Räikkönen, Juulia (May 2017). "When nature calls: The role of customer toilets in retail stores".

1136: 529: 6095:

Building demand for sanitation - a 2015 portfolio update and overview - Water, sanitation, and hygiene strategy

5731: 4643: 3635: 2443: 2280: 1151: 708: 3846:

Carter, W. Burlette (2018). "Sexism in the 'Bathroom Debates': How Bathrooms Really Became Separated By Sex".

989: 6372: 4528: 4502: 1354:

ordinary low-level cistern toilet) although behind the wall this handle activates a chain. Sometimes a long

919:

Toilets also were assigned strong moral overtones. While public water closets were considered necessary for

594:

New instruction manuals, schoolbooks, and court regulations dictated what was appropriate. For instance, in

325:(schools), and other places Muslims gather, have public sex-separated "ablution rooms" since Islam requires 7059: 5830: 3792: 1658: 4924:, Part 1: Strategy Tools, Section 4: Plan for Operational and Financial Sustainability, also available in 3346: 2610: 1743:

an open source website which offers lectures, workshops, and design guidelines for unisex public toilets.

1533:

Thorough cleaning and maintenance are important for public toilets. This task is usually performed by a "

722:, the United States has just 8 public toilets for every 100,000 people, a rate that ties the country with 291: 3975:

Nirta, Caterina (August 3, 2014). "Trans Subjectivity and the Spatial Monolingualism of Public Toilets".

1724: 1010: 7289: 3610: 3456: 7284: 6830: 6712: 6579: 4820: 4429: 2658: 1140: 810: 569: 357: 185: 115:, if present in a male toilet, are typically mounted on a wall with or without a divider between them. 3592: 1791: 1423: 19:

This article is about a room or building available for public use. For a room in a private house, see

6346: 6339: 5795: 4302: 2641: 1212: 621: 6369:

shows the location of more than 14,000 public and private public toilet facilities across Australia.

6080: 1416:; whereas a home toilet seat has a lid, a public toilet may or may not, and may not even have a seat 7279: 7094: 7044: 6776: 6516: 5167: 5001: 3660: 1955: 1303: 1200:

usually have some form of coin operated turnstile, or they have an attendant who collects the fee.

960: 707:

claimed to have "invented the hung wall for the w.c. (easier to clean under)" when he designed the

334: 6378: 2034: 395:

Another traditional type that has been modernized is the screened French street urinal known as a

7269: 6998: 6957: 6942: 6907: 6132: 5604: 5035: 4252:

Racism in the Nation's Service: Government Workers and the Color Line in Woodrow Wilson's America

3559:. Ontario, California: International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials: 34. 2009. 1717: 1650: 1238: 421: 5144: 4938: 4158:"BBC Arts - Hay Festival, 2019 - It really is a man's world: How everyday design excludes women" 2009: 904:

free, but on Fridays only. In the twentieth century, activist groups in the U.S., including the

7228: 7213: 6646: 5496:"Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic" 2669: 2538: 256: 5835: 5187: 5077: 4384: 3859: 3568: 1520:

Sometimes showers are also present, often with soap, shampoo, or similar dispensers (often at

1171: 892:

The lack of public toilets for females reflects their exclusion from the public sphere in the

866:

as creating a “urinary leash” which restricts how far people can travel out from their homes.

7183: 7084: 7034: 6796: 4719: 4221:"The Architecture of Racial Segregation: The Challenges of Preserving the Problematical Past" 4072: 3497: 3252: 3197: 2263:

has funded several research projects for provision of community, shared or school toilets in

1849: 1796: 1689: 1374: 1028: 932: 776: 641:, the sanitary engineer, introduced public toilets, which he called "monkey closets", to the 491: 378: 5652:"Transgender college students more at risk for suicide when denied bathroom, housing rights" 5345:"'It's not safe': South Africans fear using public toilets after woman murdered - CBC Radio" 4971: 4068: 3148:

Little Vast Rooms of Undoing: Exploring Identity and Embodiment Thought Public Toilet Spaces

3109: 1638:

has led to major council cut-backs to public toilet provision, with knock-on effects on the

719: 7099: 6947: 6840: 6766: 5507: 1845: 1728: 1679: 1617: 1609: 1109: 1001: 646: 554: 212: 103: 24: 5605:"Impact of Bathroom Discrimination on Mental Health Among Transgender and Nonbinary Youth" 1499: 1290:

for males are common in public toilets as they are more space efficient than toilets (for

8: 7274: 7198: 7049: 6993: 6756: 6621: 5651: 5471:"Afraid to use the toilet? These women are vulnerable to rape, attacks while in bathroom" 4745: 2736: 806: 599: 345: 5549: 5511: 5307: 2870: 2844: 1253: 583:

in 1530 just outside a mosque's exterior courtyard wall which is still operating today.

392:

with water is also the cultural norm and easier to perform while squatting than seated.

242:" as it is in some parts of the United States. "Bathroom" is generally used to refer to 7147: 6912: 6866: 6722: 6626: 6511: 6068: 5632: 5531: 4873: 4846: 4372: 4000: 3931: 3240: 2370: 2264: 2211: 2177: 1948: 1844:, so some public street-level toilets began to make a feature of their visibility. The 1616:

to "spend a penny") The first pay toilet in the United States was installed in 1910 in

1605: 1534: 1446: 1435: 1113: 1024: 952: 879: 704: 642: 440: 263: 120: 6363:

America's advocate for the availability of clean, safe, well designed public restrooms

4477: 458:

Public toilets have frequently been inaccessible to people with certain disabilities.

54: 6871: 6861: 6746: 6702: 6609: 6589: 6574: 6544: 6489: 6047: 6001: 5899: 5807: 5799: 5777: 5695: 5687: 5636: 5624: 5620: 5523: 5391: 5363:"CNN - Suspect arrested in case of boy killed in public bathroom - November 16, 1998" 5009: 4878: 4804: 4451: 4358: 4333: 4255: 4137: 4004: 3992: 3935: 3927: 3855: 3746: 3560: 3529: 3521: 3461: 3387:

Kogan, Terry S. "Sex-Separation in Public Restrooms: Law, Architecture, and Gender."

3244: 3151: 2276: 2253: 1713: 1708: 1662: 1495: 1373:

An option for hand drying is usually provided next to the sink. This can be either a

1316: 964: 928: 832: 712: 447: 409: 362: 107: 5535: 5258: 4553:"Statistics Show Exactly How Many Times Trans People Have Attacked You in Bathrooms" 3767:"Skip to the loo? Easier said than done as Britain loses hundreds of public toilets" 2690:"Flash from the Past: Hollywood glamour appears in Kitchener when the Capitol opens" 2279:

that a lack of basic privacy is a violation of fundamental rights. For example, the

7238: 7233: 7223: 7089: 6771: 6761: 6636: 6523: 6474: 5895: 5663: 5616: 5515: 5362: 4868: 4858: 4767:"Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Standard Number: 1910.141(c)(1)(i)" 4629:"Trans people can be excluded from single-sex services if 'justifiable', says EHRC" 4232: 3984: 3923: 3407: 3232: 2506: 2166: 1829: 1592: 1505: 1020: 1014: 971: 700: 692: 417: 306: 235: 219: 128: 5941:"Starbucks changes bathroom policy after Philadelphia arrest: Anyone may use them" 4847:"The Hygienic Efficacy of Different Hand-Drying Methods: A Review of the Evidence" 1939:

movement, public toilets were amongst the few places where men too young to enter

329:

before prayer. These rooms normally adjoin the toilets, which are also subject to

7008: 6967: 6962: 6881: 6835: 6666: 6641: 6615: 6604: 6569: 6528: 5966: 5789: 5761: 5738: 5680: 5209:"From Jim Crow to transgender ban: the bathroom as battleground for civil rights" 5194: 4863: 4723: 4457:(Press release). Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). 4 January 1966 4183:"Workplace restroom policies in light of New Jersey's gender identity protection" 3893:"Social inclusion, toilet rights, and legal protection for transgender Americans" 2895: 2819: 2794:"Clean sweep: How digital solutions like e-toilets are taking on open-defecation" 1700: 1486: 1474: 1465: 1355: 980: 827:

Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Approved Code of Practice and Guidance L24

638: 428: 286: 178: 155:. In the most basic form, a public toilet may just be a street urinal known as a 140: 136: 116: 99: 35: 5860: 5422:"Why access to decent toilets could help reduce sexual violence in South Africa" 4220: 1746:

In addition to accommodating transgender and gender non-conforming individuals,

1684: 624:

is reduced from 208 words in the 1729 edition, to 74 words in the 1774 edition.

7264: 6812: 6501: 5873: 3435: 3061: 2109: 1936: 1852:, designed by an Austrian artist and viewed as a tourist draw in a small town. 1747: 1654: 1511: 1439: 1261: 1225: 1129: 604: 580: 579:

in 1348, in London in 1383, and in Basel in 1455. A public toilet was built in

487: 432: 197: 6119: 4744:. Australian Government: Department of Health and Ageing. 2006. Archived from 4529:"Tennessee is a few steps away from passing an anti-transgender bathroom bill" 3988: 3817:"The urinary leash: how the death of public toilets traps and trammels us all" 1727:, some initiatives have called for gender-neutral public toilets, also called 1612:, who invented a door lock requiring the insertion of a penny coin, hence the 7258: 7208: 7079: 7003: 6902: 6806: 6559: 6005: 5527: 5519: 5395: 4236: 3996: 3564: 2871:"UriLift Triple: retractable unit featuring 3 self-sanitising gents' urinals" 2470: 2450: 2059: 1905: 1876: 1808: 1736: 1646: 1639: 1307: 1295: 1274: 1074:, the ongoing discourse continues to have significant impacts on this group. 1057: 909: 893: 840: 780: 672: 654: 632: 591:

increasingly required the removal of waste product from contact with others.

575:

By the Middle Ages public toilets became uncommon, with only few attested in

467: 385: 248: 147:

of charge while others charge a fee. In the latter case they are also called

20: 3686:"UK ministers to make single-sex toilets compulsory in new public buildings" 1927: 1377:(sometimes they have auto-sensors for touchless dispensing) or a mechanical 537: 7162: 6983: 6876: 6845: 6820: 6751: 6717: 6697: 6692: 6599: 6554: 6506: 6459: 6454: 6389: 5628: 5495: 4943: 4882: 2732:"Pinoy English guide: Amalayer, major major, weather weather, comfort room" 2617: 2569: 2248: 2239: 2231: 2203: 2199: 2195: 1954:

Sexual acts in public toilets are outlawed in many jurisdictions (e.g. the

1892: 1546: 1538: 1461:

Faucets (taps); some are at a lower level for children and wheelchair users

1419: 1325: 1312: 1299: 1101: 939: 887: 862:

toilet. The decline of the great British public toilet is described by the

739: 628: 511: 483: 436: 389: 314: 282: 132: 6097:, June 2015. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA 4069:"Six steps to stop violence against schoolgirls, Document ACT 77/008/2007" 3236: 1931:

Graffiti on the side of a cubicle in a male toilet. Sydney, Australia 2024

1575: 1051: 945: 7157: 7142: 7127: 7122: 7069: 6687: 6671: 6661: 6484: 6479: 6184:"Doanh nghiệp khốn khổ vì 'làm cách mạng' nhà vệ sinh công cộng ở TP.HCM" 3095: 2973: 2329: 1600:

is believed to have begun charging his citizens to use toilet facilities

1521: 1413: 1338: 1197: 1071: 984: 658: 173: 6469: 6464: 6311: 6287:"Thanh Hóa: Đùn đẩy quản lý nhà vệ sinh công cộng, dân phóng uế bừa bãi" 5682:

Prejudice and Pride: Discrimination Against Gay People in Modern Britain

5494:

Sommer, Marni; Ferron, Suzanne; Cavill, Sue; House, Sarah (2015-04-01).

5383:"How increasing the number of toilets can reduce violence against women" 4686: 4503:"A history of bathroom battles in the U.S.: Racism, sexism, transphobia" 3220: 1947:, and almost no public gay social groups were available for those under 653:

Underground public toilets were introduced in the United Kingdom in the

7218: 7167: 7152: 6988: 6801: 6786: 6656: 6651: 6584: 6108:

MEDS Convening 2018 - Conversations about Sanitation, SDGs and Research

5667: 4897:"Should men's restrooms have diaper changing tables? New bill says yes" 4405:"The Anti-Trans Bathroom Nightmare Has Its Roots in Racial Segregation" 2664: 2573: 2466: 2334: 2223: 2218:. Such situations are common in many parts of the world, especially in 1841: 1826: 1813: 1570: 1378: 1368: 1342: 1150:

during their work day. In the United States, the Department of Labor's

994: 920: 900: 699:

A notable early example of a public toilet in the United States is the

550: 479: 366: 278: 190: 148: 47: 30: 3487: 2267:

since 2011, when they launched their "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge".

1860: 1807:, often of a transgressive, gossipy, or low-brow humorous nature (cf. 384:

Public toilets may use seated toilets—as in most Western countries—or

7137: 7064: 7029: 7013: 6952: 6932: 6886: 6681: 2621: 2577: 2522: 2434: 2162: 1922: 1833: 1704: 1613: 1597: 1580: 1320: 1291: 1105: 735: 613: 576: 522: 475: 452: 374: 259:, refers to public toilets collectively as "away-from-home" toilets. 206: 152: 59: 6209: 5915:"Starbucks chairman says coffee shop 'toilets are open to everyone'" 1397: 631:

had been invented in 1596, but it did not gain popularity until the

7117: 7054: 6922: 6549: 6439: 5993:"Lack of toilets and water at school puts girls' education at risk" 5574:"When A Transgender Person Uses A Public Bathroom, Who Is At Risk?" 5064:"The smelly, snobbish death of the public loo | the Spectator" 4570: 4303:"Driving While Black: The Car and Race Relations in Modern America" 3150:. London & New York: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 71–91. 2635:

Welsh Dragon Bar, Wellington, New Zealand; formerly a public toilet

2486: 2386: 2288: 2227: 2189: 1944: 1804: 1097: 956: 813:

or other medical condition requiring immediate access to a toilet.

723: 588: 321: 243: 239: 63: 4044:"The unexpected link between access to toilets and women's rights" 2896:"Amsterdam is home to the world's first retractable female toilet" 1783: 1767: 1044:. These requirements were extended to all public buildings by the 281:"W.C.", an abbreviation for "water closet", an older term for the 7132: 6917: 6781: 6727: 6707: 6631: 6594: 6564: 5603:

Price-Feeney, Myeshia; Green, Amy E.; Dorison, Samuel H. (2021).

5446:"Creating safe and empowering public spaces with women and girls" 4644:"Stalled Out: How Social Bias is Segregating America's Bathrooms" 2553: 2402: 2343: 2339: 2308: 2304: 2244: 2182: 2118: 2068: 2043: 2018: 1993: 1966: 1940: 1772: 542: 397: 350: 301: 157: 112: 6344:

Knowledge's health care articles can be viewed offline with the

5078:"Council could close 'cottaging' toilets in Lincoln city centre" 506: 6937: 6927: 6496: 6444: 6425: 2219: 2210:

The situation of inadequate school toilets violates children's

2084: 1865: 1776: 1755: 1693: 1409: 1287: 1270: 1139:. Therefore, the Department of Health and Ageing maintains the 756: 471: 223: 91: 87: 6366: 6360: 5233: 5006:

The Rise of the Indian Rope Trick, (The Biography of a Legend)

4921: 4579:"Debunking The Big Myth About Transgender-Inclusive Bathrooms" 3403:"The Glamorous, Sexist History of the Women's Restroom Lounge" 1703:. In many cultures, this separation is so characteristic that 1498:(almost exclusively in public toilets for males; although see 1082: 435:

or store the waste in a holding tank until it is emptied by a

269:

Some European languages use words cognate with "toilet" (e.g.

6449: 4668:"Give us a (Loo) break!" (8 March 2010) Trade Union Congress 3736:"The Restroom Revolution: Unisex toilets and campus politics" 3614: 3593:"The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992" 2552:

Inside of cubicle in public toilet in informal settlement in

2502: 2093: 1584: 596:

Galateo: or, A Treatise on Politeness and Delicacy of Manners

413:

Netherlands, which now also offers pop-up toilets for women.

266:, "comfort room", or "C.R.", is the most common term in use. 39: 6354: 6036: 5743:

Cottaging and cruising: your safety, your rights and the law

2134: 874: 4355:

Toilet. ; Public Restrooms and the Politics of Sharing

3457:"S. Africa Abolishes 1953 Law Segregating Public Amenities" 2235: 1542: 1279: 931:. Risk of sexual assault is high, in India as high as 50%. 443:

require removal of the container to a composting facility.

326: 106:, especially for small or single-occupancy public toilets, 95: 6394: 2845:"London's West End: Man crushed by telescopic urinal dies" 470:, a public toilet can provide far more than access to the 6262:"Lúng túng trong việc xử phạt hành vi "phóng uế" bừa bãi" 6210:"Noi-am-anh-nha-ve-sinh-cong-congTin, ảnh clip video tin" 4845:

Huang, Cunrui; Ma, Wenjun; Stack, Susan (1 August 2012).

4669: 3110:"Visit the oldest public toilet in Bosnia - Touring Bird" 1468:, pump bottles or auto dispensers (not commonly supplied) 1442:

and be subject to special regulations concerning disposal

43: 6383: 5602: 5308:"Latrinalia - Learning From the Scrawls in the Bathroom" 5281:"Are changing tables in all public men's restrooms now?" 1608:, or by a coin-operated turnstile or cubicle door. (see 618:

Les règles de la bienséance et de la civilité Chrétienne

533:

The wash-basins of a 19th-century facility, still in use

5493: 4243: 3711:"Toilet provision for men and women: call for evidence" 1688:

Gender neutral toilet sign at department of sociology,

1663:

take them back into the control of the public authority

1528: 1052:

Access for transgender and gender non-conforming people

946:

Access for African-American people (racial segregation)

823:

Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992

779:

in the U.S., sex separation is a legal mandate via the

498:(CPTED) are not applied in the design of the facility. 377:, which first became popular in France. As part of its 5123:"Inconvenienced: how the cuts have hit public toilets" 5100:"Public toilets face closure amid sordid sex sessions" 4277:"Black Highways: Thirty Years Ago We Didn't Dare Stop" 4095:"Why queues for women's toilets are longer than men's" 1034: 786: 6040:

Prioritizing pupils' education, health and well-being

5164:"Operators shouldn't get potty over bathroom symbols" 2592:

Instructions posted in women's public toilet, Germany

1855: 1224:

Modern public toilets often have a service entrance,

5197:

at Adept Safety Online (informative commercial site)

5161: 3743:

Toilet: Public Restrooms and the Politics of Sharing

3526:

Toilet: public restrooms and the politics of sharing

3091:"Das große Latrinum: 155 Jahre öffentliche Toilette" 3030:

Toilet: Public Restrooms and the Politics of Sharing

2922:"Explosion may have caused pop-up urinal to elevate" 2604:

Gents' toilets in Harrods department store in London

211:

Public toilets are known by many names in different

16:

Room or building with toilets for the general public

6110:. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA 5420:Gibbs, Andrew; Reddy, Tarylee (17 September 2020). 4254:. University of North Carolina. pp. 117, 119. 1787:

Graffiti at Meilahti Yläaste Helsinki Finland. 2006

1143:to enable the public to find the closest facility. 1011:

1954 court ruling against segregated public schools

510:Public toilet remnants from Ancient Roman times in 327:

specific procedures for cleansing parts of the body

6122:, European Court of Human Rights, 15 December 2015 5991: 5381: 4604:"Stop Using Women's Safety To Justify Transphobia" 2150: 1392: 987:of the car. This treatment led to the creation of 742:, public toilets were usually segregated by race. 226:. "Comfort station" sometimes refers to a visitor 5686:by Bruce Galloway; Published by Routledge, 1983; 4430:"Younge, Samuel ("Sammy") Leamon Jr. (1944–1966)" 4120:"Why women wait longer for the bathroom than men" 3176:The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800 2226:, but also in other regions. For example, in the 1799:, seen as a tourist attraction in their own right 201:Entrance to an underground public toilet in Japan 7256: 6236:"Hà Nội: Nhà vệ sinh công cộng bất cập đủ đường" 6158:"Nhà vệ sinh công cộng - tưởng nhỏ mà không nhỏ" 5912: 5863:. Range: 1F680–1F6FF. (accessed 6 November 2012) 5155: 4712:Journal of Public Management & Social Policy 3661:"Government Response to Public Toilet Provision" 1657:are. The toilets may fall under the category of 1241:must be used for all such electrical equipment. 1015:desegregation of Little Rock Central High School 5712: 3389:Michigan Journal of Gender & Law; Ann Arbor 3221:""The First Public Toilet?: Rose Street, Soho"" 2357:Typical male public toilet in the United States 521:Example of a book that explained proper public 6312:"Khi nhà vệ sinh công cộng thiếu nghiêm trọng" 5817: 4821:"Show Me the Science – How to Wash Your Hands" 3727: 1899:A study conducted by the UCLA School of Law's 1803:Public toilets have long been associated with 1549:, and other necessary items are kept stocked. 1455: 1128:found that 54% of its respondents (located in 6410: 6357:Campaigning for Better Public Toilets for All 5885: 4427: 4353:Molotch, ed. by Harvey; Norén, Laura (2010). 2275:It is today accepted in the countries of the 1969:provides several symbols for public toilets. 1636:United Kingdom government austerity programme 1623: 1096:lead to substantial problems for people with 616:literature; for example, the same passage in 496:Crime prevention through environmental design 143:are often available at large outdoor events. 6181: 5876:Range: 2600–26FF. (accessed 6 November 2012) 4889: 4844: 4813: 4352: 4332:. Harvard University Press. pp. 75–76. 4142:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3745:. New York City: New York University Press. 3502:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3085: 3083: 3081: 3028:Molotch, Harvey; Noren, Laura, eds. (2010). 3027: 1591:Toilets that require the user to pay may be 839:In 2022 the UK Government Equality Minister 603:disagreeable thoughts in people.” Historian 6386:Volunteer advocacy group for public toilets 6379:Needaloo The Uk Online Disabled Loo Locator 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 5938: 5162:Michael, Jane; Michael Stern (1999-09-13). 4092: 4086: 3741:. In Molotch, Harvey; Norén, Laura (eds.). 3524:. In Molotch, Harvey; Norén, Laura (eds.). 3257:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3218: 1723:In the 21st century, with support from the 1294:). Urinals in public toilets are common in 1083:Health problems from lack of public toilets 983:(a sort of bucket-like arrangement) in the 688:spurred the development of public toilets. 289:, such as Russian and Belarusian, the term 6417: 6403: 5888:Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 5855: 5853: 5419: 5166:. Nation's Restaurant News. Archived from 5145:"Let's privatise the loos. Yes, seriously" 5028: 4825:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4703: 3875:"Why Don't We Have Pay Toilets in America" 3733: 3145: 1762: 1673: 1283:A trough urinal in a male public restroom. 490:(e.g. refilling water bottles), attend to 6259: 4872: 4862: 4838: 4475: 4421: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3528:. New York: NYU Press. pp. 145–164. 3515: 3513: 3078: 2940: 1739:, and legal scholar Terry Kogan launched 1315:for users of urinals is specifically the 750: 139:usually provide toilets for general use. 6207: 6023: 5823: 5674: 5278: 5206: 5031:"Pay toilet movement attacks capitalism" 4994: 4939:"Pay-Per-Poop: A History of Pay Toilets" 4730: 4641: 4218: 3431:"Where Did All the Public Bathrooms Go?" 2914: 2176: 1926: 1910:National Center for Transgender Equality 1859: 1790: 1782: 1766: 1683: 1574: 1485: 1396: 1278: 1260: 1252: 1165: 1121:National Center for Transgender Equality 873: 536: 528: 516: 505: 356: 344: 196: 184: 172: 53: 29: 5989: 5964: 5850: 5120: 5029:Gruenstein, Peter (September 4, 1975). 4357:. New York: New York University Press. 4307:Automobile in American Life and Society 4268: 4180: 3913: 3907: 3885: 3273:"Tales of the toilet: a historical A–Z" 2966: 2946: 2863: 2485:Public toilet at Jozankei Hot Springs, 1583:, a freestanding, free toilet stall in 1046:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 906:Committee to End Pay Toilets in America 108:public toilets are sometimes accessible 7257: 7189:History of water supply and sanitation 7075:Sulabh International Museum of Toilets 6367:Australia's National Public Toilet Map 5967:"Why children are drowning in toilets" 5866: 5649: 5331:Inclusive Urban Design: Public Toilets 5256: 5000: 4969: 4963: 4709: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4497: 4495: 4476:Summerlin, Donnie (2 September 2008). 4398: 4396: 4394: 4274: 3963:Inclusive Urban Design: Public Toilets 3872: 3845: 3834: 3510: 3169: 3167: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3056: 3054: 3042: 2949:"The loo that rises out of the ground" 2888: 2839: 2837: 2812: 2055:public toilet or unisex public toilet 1668: 1559: 1362: 1192: 1065:having occurred in the past. The UK's 878:Section and plan of public toilets in 559:History of water supply and sanitation 100:separated into male and female toilets 6398: 5566: 5550:"Target 6.2 – Sanitation and hygiene" 5379: 5328: 5305: 5022: 4936: 4930: 4916: 4914: 4803:. Geneva: World Health Organization, 4635: 4526: 4402: 3974: 3968: 3519: 3319: 3317: 3294: 3292: 3173: 2761: 1961: 1882:Seocho-dong public toilet murder case 1653:is provided by a contractor, just as 1604:74 AD. The payment may be taken by a 955:included public toilets, mandated by 869: 853: 4650:from the original on August 18, 2017 4444: 3469:from the original on 16 October 2012 3428: 3400: 3178:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1529:Cleaning, maintenance and management 1067:Equality and Human Rights Commission 486:, use the mirrors for grooming, get 168: 7244:Workers' right to access the toilet 7194:Human right to water and sanitation 6233: 5824:Kirchick, James (1 November 2009). 5207:La Ganga, Maria L (30 March 2016). 4801:Guidelines on Sanitation and Health 4674: 4492: 4469: 4428:Bourlin, Olga (30 September 2014). 4391: 4275:Milloy, Courtland (June 21, 1987). 3611:"Health and Safety Executive Books" 3550:"2009 UNIFORM PLUMBING CODE, 412.3" 3401:Yuko, Elizabeth (3 December 2018). 3347:"Apple Daily Shek Kip Mei was fire" 3164: 3126: 3051: 2999:"What are Changing Places Toilets?" 2834: 2672:, a method of professional cleaning 2293:European Convention on Human Rights 2261:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2155: 1348: 1035:Access for people with disabilities 793:Workers' right to access the toilet 787:Toilets for employees and customers 448:wheelchair-accessible public toilet 349:Squat toilet at a train station in 13: 6826:Toilet-related injuries and deaths 6133:"Đỏ mắt tìm nhà vệ sinh công cộng" 6046:. WHO Regional Office for Europe. 5584:from the original on April 9, 2018 4982:from the original on March 3, 2024 4972:"The Rise and Fall of Pay Toilets" 4951:from the original on June 30, 2024 4911: 4662: 4300: 4249: 4150: 4061: 3942: 3314: 3289: 2696: 2537:Sinks in the public toilet of the 1856:Drugs, vandalism and violent crime 1837:, using felt-tip pen scribblings. 1464:Antiseptic hand-wash dispenser or 1042:Architectural Barriers Act of 1968 1006:Fair Employment Practice Committee 800: 767: 14: 7301: 7040:Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue 6332: 5713:David Northmore (11 April 1998). 5102:. Loughborough Echo. 4 March 2009 5008:(1 ed.). Time Warner Books. 4771:United States Department of Labor 4642:Wheeling, Kate (August 4, 2017). 4118:Jones, Nicole Raucheisen, Benji. 4117: 4093:O'Dwyer, Lisel (23 August 2018). 3636:"The Provision Of Public Toilets" 2764:"Public Toilets Around the World" 1424:often within a lockable dispenser 1401:A dispenser of toilet seat covers 1384: 1219: 1183: 1077: 816: 762: 570:sanitation system of ancient Rome 86:is a room or small building with 7204:Infection prevention and control 6338: 6304: 6279: 6253: 6227: 6201: 6175: 6150: 6125: 6113: 6100: 6087: 5983: 5958: 5932: 5913:Harriet Agerholm (11 May 2018). 5906: 5900:10.1016/j.jretconser.2017.01.005 5879: 5783: 5771: 5748: 5725: 5706: 5643: 5621:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.11.001 5596: 5542: 5487: 5468: 5462: 5438: 5413: 5373: 5355: 5337: 5322: 5299: 5287:. American Academy of Pediatrics 5279:Navsaria, Dipesh (7 June 2019). 5272: 5250: 5226: 5200: 4970:Tracey, Liz (December 8, 2016). 4576: 3928:10.1111/j.1939-3881.2008.00004.x 3790: 2947:Freeman, Colin (12 April 2012). 2640: 2628: 2609: 2597: 2585: 2561: 2545: 2530: 2514: 2494: 2478: 2458: 2442: 2426: 2410: 2394: 2378: 2362: 2350: 2321: 2247:; in the case of girls, lack of 2133: 2108: 2083: 2058: 2033: 2008: 1916: 1848:block is a colourful example in 682: 568:Public toilets were part of the 309:by the name of a Roman Emperor: 177:A "washroom" (public toilet) at 6792:Privatization of public toilets 6012:from the original on 2022-01-12 5402:from the original on 2022-01-12 5181: 5137: 5114: 5092: 5070: 5056: 5050: 4793: 4784: 4759: 4738:"About the National Toilet Map" 4621: 4596: 4585:from the original on 2015-03-31 4545: 4520: 4346: 4321: 4294: 4212: 4200: 4174: 4111: 4036: 4011: 3955: 3873:Gordon, Aaron (June 14, 2017). 3866: 3809: 3784: 3759: 3703: 3678: 3653: 3628: 3603: 3585: 3542: 3481: 3449: 3422: 3394: 3381: 3360: 3339: 3265: 3212: 3182: 3102: 3036: 3021: 2991: 2704:"Away from home toilet charter" 2151:Toilets in particular locations 2105:disabled accessible facilities 1630:Privatization of public toilets 1490:A foldable changing table, open 1393:In the lockable cubicle (stall) 1265:Male urinals without partitions 1148:legal rights to access a toilet 864:Royal Society for Public Health 729: 331:Muslim hygienical jurisprudence 6120:"CASE OF SZAFRAŃSKI v. POLAND" 5794:by William Leap; Published by 5380:Rigby, Jennifer (2019-06-10). 5257:Devine, Shannon (2004-03-11). 5121:Dunnico, David (1 June 2014). 4937:Ossea, Ken (August 13, 2021). 4922:Public Toilet Advocacy Toolkit 3429:Yuko, Elizabeth (2021-11-05). 2820:"Street toilets go telescopic" 2786: 2755: 2724: 2682: 2521:Public toilets near cinema in 2281:European Court of Human Rights 1445:Dispenser for flushable paper 1304:Islamic toilet etiquette rules 1170:Public toilet in city park in 1152:Occupational Health and Safety 745: 709:Larkin Administration Building 151:and sometimes have a charging 1: 6361:American Restroom Association 5965:Fihlani, Pumza (2018-06-04). 5149:Institute of Economic Affairs 4581:. Media Matters for America. 4480:. The Encyclopedia of Alabama 4403:Frank, Gillian (2015-11-10). 3368:"Hong Kong Housing Authority" 3325:"Hong Kong toilet revolution" 3219:Penner26-30, Barbara (2013). 2676: 2401:Traditional squat toilets in 2298: 2216:right to water and sanitation 1601: 990:The Negro Motorist Green Book 718:According to a 2021 study by 277:(tualet) in Russian), or the 58:A public toilet at a park in 7060:Public toilets in Bratislava 5990:Gulland, Anne (2018-08-27). 5609:Journal of Adolescent Health 5500:Environment and Urbanization 4864:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.02.019 4527:Lopez, German (2016-04-07). 4219:Weyeneth, Robert R. (2005). 3848:Yale Law & Policy Review 2433:Trough closet cubicles in a 1896:situations (indicator 6.2). 1659:privately owned public space 1564: 1481: 1438:; this may be classified as 1434:sanitary protection bin for 1257:Male urinals with partitions 665: 7: 6730:(combined toilet and bidet) 6424: 6318:(in Vietnamese). 2023-03-20 6293:(in Vietnamese). 2023-03-26 6182:thanhnien.vn (2023-02-09). 6164:(in Vietnamese). 2023-02-08 6139:(in Vietnamese). 2008-03-07 5939:Zlati Meyer (11 May 2018). 5755:Kingston Hospital NHS Trust 4327: 2652: 2385:Roadside squat toilet near 2287:(2015) that the forcing of 1725:transgender rights movement 1471:Mirror (usually over sinks) 1456:At the point of handwashing 1331: 821:In the United Kingdom, the 775:In jurisdictions using the 461: 244:the room in a person's home 10: 7306: 6831:Toilet Revolution in China 6355:British Toilet Association 2711:British Toilet Association 2659:National Public Toilet Map 2328:Gents toilets inspired by 2314: 2270: 2187: 2172: 1920: 1677: 1627: 1624:Privatization and closures 1568: 1366: 1268: 1248: 1231: 1203: 1141:National Public Toilet Map 885: 844:evidence to be submitted: 811:inflammatory bowel disease 790: 548: 501: 204: 18: 7176: 7110: 7022: 6976: 6895: 6854: 6737: 6537: 6432: 5861:Transport and Map Symbols 5796:Columbia University Press 5333:. Routledge. p. 255. 3989:10.1007/s10978-014-9141-9 3879:Pacific Standard Magazine 3734:Gershenson, Olga (2010). 3391:14.1 (2007): 1–57. Print. 3146:Blumenthal, Dara (2014). 2647:Toilet sign / AIGA badges 2141: 1699:Public toilets are often 1587:.(formerly coin-operated) 1213:World Health Organization 1161: 1100:problems, people who are 703:. The American architect 622:Jean-Baptiste de la Salle 563: 161:, after the French term. 7095:Toilets in New York City 7045:Modern Toilet Restaurant 6777:Islamic toilet etiquette 6260:congly.vn (2017-02-11). 5778:Sexual Offences Act 2003 5520:10.1177/0956247814564528 5046:– via Google News. 4452:"Murdered: Sammy Younge" 4309:. University of Michigan 4237:10.1525/tph.2005.27.4.11 3174:Stone, Lawrence (1977). 3043:Penner, Barbara (2013). 2974:"Retractable facilities" 1956:Sexual Offences Act 2003 1873:against these problems. 1840:As graffiti merged into 1771:Graffiti at a toilet in 1735:, transgender historian 1514:or odour control systems 1431:"Pull-down" purse holder 1178: 961:Civil Rights Act of 1964 340: 335:Islamic toilet etiquette 6999:Fecal sludge management 6958:Urine collection device 6943:Urinal deodorizer block 6908:Female urination device 6373:Public Toilets Database 6234:Trí, Dân (2017-03-12). 5780:, part 1, paragraph 71, 5650:Sutton, Halley (2016). 5036:The Beaver County Times 4851:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 4742:The National Toilet Map 3952:. Reaktion Books, 2013. 1908:). A 2015 study by the 1763:Graffiti and street art 1718:passenger train toilets 1674:Unisex (gender neutral) 1649:the toilets, so that a 1645:Another response is to 1535:public toilet attendant 1239:residual-current device 466:As an "away-from-home" 422:out-of-home advertising 305:) are known in several 34:A public toilet on the 7229:Sustainable sanitation 7214:Reuse of human excreta 6316:Báo điện tử Tiền Phong 5874:Miscellaneous Symbols. 5656:Campus Security Report 4691:2022 U.S. Trans Survey 4670:https://www.tuc.org.uk 4328:Wright, Gavin (2013). 4181:Griffin, C.J. (2009). 3597:www.legislation.gov.uk 3032:. New York: NYU Press. 2670:Spray-and-vac cleaning 2539:Queensland Art Gallery 2465:An outhouse toilet in 2185: 2080:baby changing station 1932: 1869: 1800: 1788: 1780: 1696: 1588: 1491: 1402: 1284: 1266: 1258: 1175: 883: 851: 751:Mandatory requirements 546: 534: 526: 514: 369: 354: 257:Loo of the Year Awards 202: 194: 182: 67: 51: 7184:Ecological sanitation 7085:Toilet History Museum 7035:Hundertwasser Toilets 6977:Feces-related aspects 6896:Urine-related aspects 6797:Swachh Bharat Mission 6347:Medical Knowledge app 5329:Greed, Clara (2007). 4073:Amnesty International 3557:Uniform Plumbing Code 3520:Kogan, Terry (2010). 3237:10.1353/vcr.2013.0011 2978:Pop-up Toilet Company 2875:Pop-up Toilet Company 2417:Modern sit toilet in 2369:Public toilet at the 2188:Further information: 2180: 1930: 1863: 1850:Kawakawa, New Zealand 1797:Hundertwasser Toilets 1794: 1786: 1770: 1729:unisex public toilets 1690:Gothenburg University 1687: 1578: 1489: 1400: 1375:paper towel dispenser 1367:Further information: 1282: 1264: 1256: 1169: 1137:Australian population 1104:or going through the 1029:Civil Rights Movement 933:Amnesty International 913:all-male profession. 886:Further information: 877: 846: 791:Further information: 777:Uniform Plumbing Code 551:Toilet § History 549:Further information: 540: 532: 520: 509: 420:contract between the 360: 348: 319:in Italian. Mosques, 205:Further information: 200: 188: 176: 57: 36:Boise River Greenbelt 33: 7100:Bryant Park restroom 6948:Urinal (health care) 6767:Honeywagon (vehicle) 5791:Public Sex/gay Space 5351:. November 15, 2016. 5080:. BBC. 2 August 2014 4225:The Public Historian 3300:"Apple Daily toilet" 3277:www.historyextra.com 3062:"Historical Context" 2501:Public toilets near 2285:Szafrański v. Poland 2265:developing countries 1846:Hundertwasser toilet 1680:Unisex public toilet 1618:Terre Haute, Indiana 1610:John Nevil Maskelyne 1119:A 2015 study by the 1023:, then a student at 647:The Great Exhibition 555:Unisex public toilet 295:(санузел; short for 213:varieties of English 25:Public Toilet (film) 23:. For the film, see 7199:Improved sanitation 7050:National Poo Museum 6994:Defecation postures 6855:Jobs and activities 6757:Bathroom privileges 6713:Urine-diverting dry 6240:Báo điện tử Dân Trí 5512:2015EnUrb..27..105S 5285:HealthyChildren.org 5259:"Inclusive toilets" 4281:The Washington Post 4023:blogs.worldbank.org 3465:. 15 October 1990. 3200:on October 25, 2016 3114:www.touringbird.com 2798:hindustantimes.com/ 2762:Mulrooney, Thomas. 2737:The Philippine STAR 2190:WASH § Schools 1714:aircraft lavatories 1669:Society and culture 1560:Costs and economics 1406:Toilet cubicle door 1363:Hand drying options 1308:Urinals for females 1193:Coin operated entry 1172:Tomaszów Mazowiecki 807:Restroom Access Act 600:Giovanni della Casa 545:in Montréal, Quebec 207:Toilet § Names 181:in Toronto, Ontario 7148:Groom of the Stool 6913:Interactive urinal 6867:Restroom attendant 5838:on 10 October 2009 5760:2013-10-04 at the 5737:2013-10-05 at the 5668:10.1002/casr.30167 5193:2012-04-16 at the 4478:"Samuel Younge Jr" 4383:has generic name ( 4301:Sugrue, Thomas J. 4190:Rutgers Law Review 3965:. Routledge, 2007. 3641:. House of Commons 2774:on 1 November 2013 2373:has recorded music 2371:Vienna State Opera 2212:right to education 2186: 1962:Symbols in unicode 1949:legal drinking age 1933: 1901:Williams Institute 1870: 1801: 1789: 1781: 1697: 1606:bathroom attendant 1589: 1492: 1447:toilet seat covers 1436:menstrual products 1403: 1285: 1267: 1259: 1176: 1126:DC Trans Coalition 1114:fecal incontinence 1108:, and people with 1025:Tuskegee Institute 959:laws prior to the 953:Racial segregation 884: 880:Charing Cross Road 870:Access for females 854:Equality of access 705:Frank Lloyd Wright 547: 535: 527: 515: 441:composting toilets 370: 355: 264:Philippine English 203: 195: 183: 68: 52: 7285:Social inequality 7252: 7251: 6872:Sanitation worker 6862:Manual scavenging 6490:Toilet seat riser 5812:978-0-231-10691-7 5700:978-0-7100-9916-7 5306:Palazzolo, Rose. 5261:. McGill Reporter 4809:978-92-4-151470-5 4330:Sharing the Prize 3948:Penner, Barbara. 3793:"Taking the P***" 3752:978-0-8147-6120-5 3462:Los Angeles Times 3194:Oxford Dictionary 3157:978-1-78348-034-0 3047:. Reaktion Books. 2928:. 1 December 2014 2851:. 27 January 2023 2822:. 1 November 2002 2692:. 16 August 2019. 2580:, the Netherlands 2568:Public toilet by 2449:Public toilet in 2277:Council of Europe 2181:School toilet in 2148: 2147: 2102:WHEELCHAIR SYMBOL 1317:standing position 1296:Western countries 1226:utilities passage 1021:Samuel Younge Jr. 1013:which led to the 965:African-Americans 929:menstrual hygiene 833:Local authorities 713:Buffalo, New York 627:The first modern 492:menstrual hygiene 410:telescopic toilet 363:telescopic urinal 307:Romance languages 169:Alternative names 131:vehicles such as 117:Local authorities 7297: 7239:World Toilet Day 7234:Waste management 7224:Sewage treatment 7111:Historical terms 7090:Toilets in Japan 6772:Incontinence pad 6762:Bathroom reading 6524:Toilet rim block 6512:Holder/dispenser 6475:Electronic bidet 6419: 6412: 6405: 6396: 6395: 6342: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6247: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6144: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6104: 6098: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6078: 6074: 6072: 6064: 6062: 6056:. 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Archived from 3607: 3601: 3600: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3573: 3567:. Archived from 3554: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3522:"Sex Separation" 3517: 3508: 3507: 3501: 3493: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3398: 3392: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3296: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3283: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3256: 3248: 3225:Victorian Review 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3196:. Archived from 3186: 3180: 3179: 3171: 3162: 3161: 3143: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3120: 3106: 3100: 3087: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3009:on 23 April 2017 3005:. Archived from 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2953:Evening Standard 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2841: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2770:. Archived from 2759: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2740:. Archived from 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2708: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2686: 2644: 2632: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2565: 2549: 2534: 2518: 2507:Himachal Pradesh 2498: 2482: 2462: 2446: 2430: 2414: 2398: 2382: 2366: 2354: 2325: 2167:racial profiling 2156:Shopping centres 2137: 2121: 2112: 2096: 2087: 2071: 2062: 2046: 2037: 2021: 2012: 1996: 1972: 1971: 1830:Broadway musical 1701:separated by sex 1603: 1593:street furniture 1506:Vending machines 1349:Cisterns (tanks) 1319:. Compared with 1302:, partly due to 1300:Muslim countries 972:Courtland Milloy 899:The practice of 701:Old School Privy 693:Ladies Rest Room 671:public toilets ( 581:Ottoman Sarajevo 484:wash their hands 418:street furniture 287:Slavic languages 236:Canadian English 220:American English 141:Portable toilets 129:public transport 7305: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7280:Equality rights 7255: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7172: 7106: 7018: 7009:Open defecation 6972: 6968:Urine diversion 6963:Urine deflector 6891: 6882:Toilet training 6850: 6836:Toilet Twinning 6739: 6733: 6684:(self-cleaning) 6647:Passenger train 6580:Container-based 6533: 6428: 6423: 6351: 6343: 6335: 6330: 6321: 6319: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6296: 6294: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6271: 6269: 6268:(in Vietnamese) 6258: 6254: 6245: 6243: 6242:(in Vietnamese) 6232: 6228: 6219: 6217: 6216:(in Vietnamese) 6206: 6202: 6193: 6191: 6190:(in Vietnamese) 6180: 6176: 6167: 6165: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6142: 6140: 6137:TUOI TRE ONLINE 6131: 6130: 6126: 6118: 6114: 6105: 6101: 6092: 6088: 6076: 6075: 6066: 6065: 6063:on Sep 1, 2022. 6060: 6054: 6053:9-789289-052009 6043: 6035: 6024: 6015: 6013: 5988: 5984: 5975: 5973: 5963: 5959: 5949: 5947: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5921: 5919:The Independent 5911: 5907: 5884: 5880: 5871: 5867: 5858: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5822: 5818: 5788: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5766:Sex and the law 5762:Wayback Machine 5753: 5749: 5739:Wayback Machine 5730: 5726: 5719:The Independent 5711: 5707: 5679: 5675: 5648: 5644: 5601: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5558: 5556: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5492: 5488: 5479: 5477: 5467: 5463: 5454: 5452: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5430: 5428: 5418: 5414: 5405: 5403: 5378: 5374: 5367:edition.cnn.com 5361: 5360: 5356: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5327: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5304: 5300: 5290: 5288: 5277: 5273: 5264: 5262: 5255: 5251: 5242: 5240: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5205: 5201: 5195:Wayback Machine 5186: 5182: 5173: 5171: 5160: 5156: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5128: 5126: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5027: 5023: 5016: 4999: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4968: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4935: 4931: 4919: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4843: 4839: 4830: 4828: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4751: 4749: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4708: 4704: 4695: 4693: 4685: 4684: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4640: 4636: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4613: 4611: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4588: 4586: 4575: 4571: 4562: 4560: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4537: 4535: 4525: 4521: 4512: 4510: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4432:. BlackPast.org 4426: 4422: 4413: 4411: 4401: 4392: 4380: 4379: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4248: 4244: 4217: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4185: 4179: 4175: 4166: 4164: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4135: 4134: 4128: 4126: 4116: 4112: 4103: 4101: 4091: 4087: 4078: 4076: 4075:. November 2007 4067: 4066: 4062: 4053: 4051: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4028: 4026: 4025:. 14 April 2017 4017: 4016: 4012: 3973: 3969: 3960: 3956: 3947: 3943: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3871: 3867: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3824: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3801: 3799: 3797:www.rsph.org.uk 3789: 3785: 3776: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3738: 3732: 3728: 3719: 3717: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3695: 3693: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3620: 3618: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3518: 3511: 3495: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3441: 3439: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3323: 3322: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3298: 3297: 3290: 3281: 3279: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3250: 3249: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3190:"Retiring room" 3188: 3187: 3183: 3172: 3165: 3158: 3144: 3127: 3118: 3116: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3068: 3060: 3059: 3052: 3041: 3037: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3003:Changing Places 2997: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2902:. 25 March 2016 2894: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2843: 2842: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2800:. 24 March 2018 2792: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2768:Plumbworld News 2760: 2756: 2747: 2745: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2655: 2648: 2645: 2636: 2633: 2624: 2614: 2605: 2602: 2593: 2590: 2581: 2566: 2557: 2550: 2541: 2535: 2526: 2519: 2510: 2499: 2490: 2483: 2474: 2463: 2454: 2447: 2438: 2431: 2422: 2419:Beijing Airport 2415: 2406: 2399: 2390: 2383: 2374: 2367: 2358: 2355: 2346: 2326: 2317: 2301: 2273: 2192: 2175: 2158: 2153: 2117: 2092: 2067: 2042: 2030:women's toilet 2017: 1992: 1964: 1925: 1919: 1858: 1765: 1682: 1676: 1671: 1655:private prisons 1632: 1626: 1573: 1567: 1562: 1531: 1484: 1475:Waste container 1466:soap dispensers 1458: 1395: 1387: 1371: 1365: 1356:flushing trough 1351: 1334: 1298:but less so in 1277: 1269:Main articles: 1251: 1234: 1222: 1206: 1195: 1186: 1181: 1164: 1085: 1080: 1054: 1037: 981:portable toilet 976:Washington Post 948: 890: 872: 856: 819: 803: 795: 789: 770: 765: 753: 748: 732: 685: 668: 639:George Jennings 566: 561: 504: 464: 429:portable toilet 343: 209: 179:York University 171: 135:, ferries, and 104:some are unisex 80:public bathroom 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7303: 7293: 7292: 7290:Women's health 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7270:Public toilets 7267: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7026: 7024: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6899: 6897: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6813:Skibidi Toilet 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6740:policy aspects 6735: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6504: 6502:Toilet cleaner 6499: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6422: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390:Urinal Dot Net 6387: 6381: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333:External links 6331: 6329: 6328: 6303: 6278: 6252: 6226: 6208:thanhnien.vn. 6200: 6174: 6149: 6124: 6112: 6099: 6086: 6077:|website= 6052: 6022: 5982: 5957: 5931: 5905: 5878: 5865: 5849: 5816: 5782: 5770: 5747: 5724: 5705: 5673: 5642: 5595: 5565: 5554:sdg6monitoring 5541: 5506:(1): 105–116. 5486: 5461: 5437: 5412: 5372: 5354: 5336: 5321: 5298: 5271: 5249: 5225: 5199: 5180: 5154: 5151:. 31 May 2016. 5136: 5113: 5091: 5069: 5055: 5049: 5021: 5014: 4993: 4962: 4929: 4926:SuSanA library 4920:PHLUSH (2015) 4910: 4899:. 25 June 2014 4888: 4857:(8): 791–798. 4837: 4812: 4792: 4783: 4758: 4729: 4702: 4687:"USTS Reports" 4673: 4661: 4634: 4620: 4595: 4577:Maza, Carlos. 4569: 4559:. 2 April 2015 4544: 4519: 4491: 4468: 4443: 4420: 4409:Slate Magazine 4390: 4364:978-0814795897 4363: 4345: 4338: 4320: 4293: 4267: 4260: 4242: 4211: 4199: 4173: 4149: 4110: 4085: 4060: 4035: 4010: 3983:(3): 271–288. 3967: 3961:Greed, Clara. 3954: 3941: 3916:Cross Currents 3906: 3884: 3865: 3854:(1): 227–297. 3833: 3808: 3783: 3758: 3751: 3726: 3702: 3677: 3652: 3627: 3602: 3584: 3541: 3534: 3509: 3490:J Water Health 3480: 3448: 3436:Bloomberg News 3421: 3393: 3380: 3359: 3338: 3313: 3288: 3264: 3211: 3181: 3163: 3156: 3125: 3101: 3099:, 22 June 2007 3077: 3050: 3035: 3020: 2990: 2965: 2939: 2913: 2887: 2862: 2833: 2811: 2785: 2754: 2723: 2695: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2667: 2662: 2661:(in Australia) 2654: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2627: 2625: 2615: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2584: 2582: 2567: 2560: 2558: 2551: 2544: 2542: 2536: 2529: 2527: 2520: 2513: 2511: 2500: 2493: 2491: 2484: 2477: 2475: 2464: 2457: 2455: 2448: 2441: 2439: 2432: 2425: 2423: 2416: 2409: 2407: 2400: 2393: 2391: 2384: 2377: 2375: 2368: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2349: 2347: 2327: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2300: 2297: 2272: 2269: 2207:provide soap. 2174: 2171: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2131: 2130:public toilet 2128: 2125: 2122: 2114: 2113: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2089: 2088: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2064: 2063: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2039: 2038: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2014: 2013: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1963: 1960: 1937:gay liberation 1921:Main article: 1918: 1915: 1857: 1854: 1764: 1761: 1748:gender-neutral 1692:, Gothenburg, 1678:Main article: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1628:Main article: 1625: 1622: 1569:Main article: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1515: 1512:Air fresheners 1509: 1503: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1462: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1443: 1440:clinical waste 1432: 1429: 1426: 1417: 1407: 1394: 1391: 1386: 1385:Other fixtures 1383: 1364: 1361: 1350: 1347: 1333: 1330: 1250: 1247: 1233: 1230: 1221: 1220:Service access 1218: 1205: 1202: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1184:Doorless entry 1182: 1180: 1177: 1163: 1160: 1130:Washington, DC 1084: 1081: 1079: 1078:Health aspects 1076: 1058:bathroom bills 1053: 1050: 1036: 1033: 1000:Following the 947: 944: 871: 868: 855: 852: 818: 817:United Kingdom 815: 802: 799: 788: 785: 769: 766: 764: 763:Sex separation 761: 752: 749: 747: 744: 731: 728: 684: 681: 667: 664: 643:Crystal Palace 605:Lawrence Stone 565: 562: 503: 500: 488:drinking water 482:. People also 463: 460: 390:anal cleansing 342: 339: 313:in French and 297:sanitarny uzel 228:welcome center 170: 167: 127:long distance 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7302: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7209:Public health 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7080:Toilet (room) 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7021: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7004:Flying toilet 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6903:Female urinal 6901: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6841:Unisex public 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6807:Toilet humour 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6736: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6529:Trap (U-bend) 6527: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6420: 6415: 6413: 6408: 6406: 6401: 6400: 6397: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6341: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6215: 6211: 6204: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6121: 6116: 6109: 6106:BMGF (2018). 6103: 6096: 6093:BMGF (2015). 6090: 6082: 6070: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6042: 6041: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5998:The Telegraph 5994: 5986: 5972: 5968: 5961: 5946: 5942: 5935: 5920: 5916: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5872:Unicode.org, 5869: 5862: 5859:Unicode.org, 5856: 5854: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5820: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5804:0-231-10691-2 5801: 5797: 5793: 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2005:men's toilet 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1959: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1929: 1924: 1917:Anonymous sex 1914: 1911: 1907: 1906:trans bashing 1902: 1897: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1877:Violent crime 1874: 1867: 1862: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1821:(toilet) and 1820: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1809:toilet humour 1806: 1798: 1793: 1785: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1760: 1757: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1737:Susan Stryker 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1599: 1594: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1500:female urinal 1497: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1477:/ rubbish bin 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1408: 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Portable 403:vespasienne 311:vespasienne 273:in French; 149:pay toilets 102:, although 7275:Sanitation 7259:Categories 7219:Sanitation 7168:Reredorter 7153:Night soil 6989:Defecation 6802:Toilet god 6787:Latrinalia 6747:Accessible 6703:Telescopic 6618:(Scouting) 6590:Dual flush 6575:Composting 6322:2024-01-04 6297:2024-01-04 6291:laodong.vn 6272:2024-01-04 6246:2024-01-04 6220:2024-01-04 6194:2024-01-04 6168:2024-01-04 6143:2024-01-04 6016:2018-11-19 5976:2018-11-19 5842:22 October 5559:2021-12-30 5480:2021-12-30 5455:2021-12-30 5431:2021-12-30 5406:2021-12-30 5314:30 October 5310:. 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