258:
338:
129:
362:
25:
683:
observation in the hospital until successful extraction as this practice can result in dislodgement of the foreign body. Antibiotics are appropriate when an infection has developed but should not delay extraction. In fact, removal of the object may improve infection control by removing the infectious source as well as using cultures taken during the bronchoscopy to guide antibiotic choice. When airway
535:(pro-kinetic agents) to empty the stomach. In veterinary settings, emetics may be used to empty the stomach prior to sedation. Due to growing issues with patients not complying with fasting recommendations before surgery, some hospitals will now also routinely administer emetics prior to anesthesia. Newer operating rooms are often equipped with dedicated vomitoria for this purpose.
220:
In healthy people, aspiration of small quantities of material is common and rarely results in disease or injury. People with significant underlying disease or injury are at greater risk for developing respiratory complications following pulmonary aspiration, especially hospitalized patients, because
682:
may be administered when the foreign body is surrounded by inflamed tissue and extraction is difficult or impossible. In such cases, extraction may be delayed for a short course of glucocorticoids so that the inflammation may be reduced before subsequent attempts. These patients should remain under
660:
is used, rigid bronchoscope is typically on standby and readily available as this is the preferred approach for removal. Rigid bronchoscopy allows good airway control, ready bleeding management, better visualization, and ability to manipulate the aspirated object with a variety of forceps. Flexible
665:
as well as the ability to reach subsegmental bronchi which are smaller in diameter and further down the respiratory tract than the main bronchi. The main disadvantage of using a flexible scope is the risk of further dislodging the object and causing airway compromise. Bronchoscopy is successful in
554:
caused by aspiration depends on the position one is in. If one is sitting or standing up, the aspirate ends up in the posterior basal segment of the right lower lobe. If one is on one's back, it goes to the superior segment of the right lower lobe. If one is lying on the right side, it goes to the
748:
Vos, Theo; Barber, Ryan M; Bell, Brad; Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia; Biryukov, Stan; Bolliger, Ian; Charlson, Fiona; Davis, Adrian; Degenhardt, Louisa; Dicker, Daniel; Duan, Leilei; Erskine, Holly; Feigin, Valery L; Ferrari, Alize J; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Fleming, Thomas; Graetz, Nicholas; Guinovart,
698:
Patients who are clinically stable with no need for supplemental oxygen after extraction may be discharged from the hospital the same day as the procedure. Routine imaging such as a follow-up chest x-ray are not needed unless symptoms persist or worsen, or if the patient had imaging abnormalities
677:
and antibiotics are not routinely administered except in certain scenarios. These include situations such as when the foreign body is difficult or impossible to extract, when there is a documented respiratory tract infection, and when swelling within the airway occurs after removal of the object.
602:
For choking children less than 1 year of age, the child should be placed face down over the rescuer's arm. Back blows should be delivered with the heel of the hand, then the patient should be turned face-up and chest thrusts should be administered. The rescuer should alternate five back blows
546:
on an instrumental swallowing assessment. However, this does not necessarily translate into reduced risk of pneumonia in real life eating and drinking. Also, pharyngeal residue is more common with very thickened fluids: this may subsequently be aspirated and lead to a more severe pneumonia.
655:
should be applied to the patient. Efforts should be made to keep the patient calm and avoid agitating the patient to prevent further airway compromise. Flexible rather than rigid bronchoscopy might be used when the diagnosis or object location are unclear. When
623:
should be performed in unresponsive patients if non-invasive airway clearance techniques are unsuccessful. Laryngoscopy involves placing a device in the mouth to visualize the back of the airway. If the foreign body can be seen, it can be removed with
217:, to death within minutes from asphyxiation. These consequences depend on the volume, chemical composition, particle size, and presence of infectious agents in the aspirated material, and on the underlying health status of the person.
751:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
595:
An airway obstruction can be partial or complete. In partial obstruction, the patient can usually clear the foreign body with coughing. In complete obstruction, acute intervention is required to remove the foreign body.
749:
Caterina; Haagsma, Juanita; Hansen, Gillian M; Hanson, Sarah Wulf; Heuton, Kyle R; Higashi, Hideki; Kassebaum, Nicholas; Kyu, Hmwe; Laurie, Evan; Liang, Xiofeng; Lofgren, Katherine; Lozano, Rafael; et al. (2015).
1342:
1292:
988:
Robbins J, Gensler G, Hind J, Logemann JA, Lindblad AS, Brandt D, et al. Comparison of 2 interventions for fluid aspiration on pneumonia incidence: a randomised trial. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:509–18.
934:
Gomes, Guilherme F.; Pisani, Julio C.; MacEdo, Evaldo D.; Campos, Antonio C. (2003). "The nasogastric feeding tube as a risk factor for aspiration and aspiration pneumonia".
619:
In the event that the basic measures do not remove the foreign body, and adequate ventilation cannot be restored, need for treatment by trained personnel becomes necessary.
599:
If foreign body aspiration is suspected, finger sweeping in the mouth is not recommended due to the increased risk of displacing the foreign object further into the airway.
1799:
632:
should then be placed in order to prevent airway compromise from resulting inflammation after the procedure. If the foreign body cannot be visualized, intubation,
661:
bronchoscopy may be used for extraction when distal access is needed and the operator is experienced in this technique. Potential advantages include avoidance of
844:
Huxley, Eliot J.; Viroslav, Jose; Gray, William R.; Pierce, Alan K. (1978). "Pharyngeal aspiration in normal adults and patients with depressed consciousness".
976:
O'Keeffe ST. (July 2018). Use of modified diets to prevent aspiration in oropharyngeal dysphagia: is current practice justified? BMC Geriatrics. 2018;18:167
607:
should be used in choking patients older than 1 year of age to dislodge a foreign body. If the patient becomes unresponsive during physical intervention,
206:. When pulmonary aspiration occurs during eating and drinking, the aspirated material is often colloquially referred to as "going down the wrong pipe".
1418:
555:
posterior segment of the right upper lobe, or the posterior basal segment of the right upper lobe. If one is lying on the left, it goes to the
226:
2263:
581:
Treatment of foreign body aspiration is determined by the age of the patient and the severity of obstruction of the airway involved.
2018:
93:
2042:
1814:
65:
35:
270:
Pulmonary aspiration of particulate matter may result in acute airway obstruction which may rapidly lead to death from arterial
464:. Significant aspiration can only occur if the protective reflexes are absent or severely diminished (in neurological disease,
1789:
72:
576:
353:
Pulmonary aspiration resulting in pneumonia, in some patients, particularly those with physical limitations, can be fatal.
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2258:
2013:
1411:
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provides the best protection. A simpler intervention that can be implemented is to lay the patient on their side in the
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2064:
1070:
1034:
79:
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Measures to prevent aspiration depend on the situation and the patient. In patients at imminent risk of aspiration,
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61:
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1946:
1404:
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50:
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If non-invasive measures do not dislodge the foreign body, and the patient can maintain adequate ventilation,
2054:
608:
346:
203:
136:
2253:
2204:
2037:
1975:
396:
Risk factors for pulmonary aspiration include conditions which depress the level of consciousness (such as
345:, showing plant-like cells in a bronchiole. However, alveoli were clear, indicating a finding secondary to
311:
179:
1241:
Mendelson, C. L. (1946). "The aspiration of stomach contents into the lungs during obstetric anesthesia".
2214:
322:
241:, so aspirated material is more likely to end up in this bronchus or one of its subsequent bifurcations.
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2400:
417:
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previously to verify return to normal. Most children are discharged within 24 hours of the procedure.
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1898:
1872:
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1498:
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can be done to restore an airway for patients who have become unresponsive due to airway compromise.
669:
After the foreign body is removed, patients should receive nebulized beta-adrenergic medication and
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244:
About 3.6 million cases of pulmonary aspiration or foreign body in the airway occurred in 2013.
2303:
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1985:
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removing the foreign body in approximately 95% of cases with a complication rate of only 1%.
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199:
2182:
2134:
2122:
1936:
1894:
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198:(windpipe) to the lungs. A person may inhale the material, or it may be delivered into the
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221:
of certain factors such as depressed level of consciousness and impaired airway defenses (
8:
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2112:
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1027:
Current
Diagnosis & Treatment: Pediatrics, 24e, "Respiratory Tract & Mediastinum"
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500:
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307:
234:
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2129:
1961:
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195:
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at the level of the esophagus, showing pulmonary aspiration of the radiocontrast agent
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326:
257:
42:
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2347:
2235:
2186:
2107:
2023:
1831:
1366:
1063:
Current
Diagnosis & Treatment: Emergency Medicine, 8e, "Respiratory Distress"
230:
1130:
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1995:
1906:
1826:
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1232:
1215:
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128:
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519:
produced by the patient will drain out their mouth instead of back down their
2495:
2425:
2139:
1850:
1377:
1180:
904:
695:, or helium oxygen therapy may be considered as part of the management plan.
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469:
405:
369:
171:
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1700:
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912:
830:
821:
804:
784:
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568:
441:
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16:
Entry of materials into the larynx (voice box) and lower respiratory tract
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865:
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aspiration pneumonia is more often caused by mixed flora, including both
149:
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1980:
1966:
1941:
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1911:
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214:
209:
Consequences of pulmonary aspiration range from no injury at all, to
24:
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2355:
1755:
1488:
708:
647:
under general anesthesia should be performed. Supplemental oxygen,
484:, sitting patients up reduces the risk of pulmonary aspiration and
473:
457:
452:
The lungs are normally protected against aspiration by a series of
385:
1708:
1584:
723:
688:
625:
551:
520:
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342:
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followed by five chest thrusts until the object is cleared. The
1805:
1618:
1547:
1296:
373:
183:
432:
can all increase the risk of aspiration in the semiconscious.
1626:
1220:
Continuing
Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain
684:
294:, and a later secondary injury as a result of the subsequent
1128:
1575:
747:
542:, for example, after a stroke, are less likely to aspirate
465:
389:
805:"Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in anaesthesia"
512:
936:
Current
Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
843:
286:) may produce an immediate primary injury caused by the
174:
secretions, food or drink, or stomach contents from the
933:
879:
Hershcovici, T.; Mashimo, H.; Fass, R. (29 June 2011).
1426:
878:
1115:. In: UpToDate, Post, TW (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA.
237:
is more vertical and slightly wider than that of the
1274:
1216:"Pre-operative fasting—60 years on from Mendelson"
802:
282:Pulmonary aspiration of acidic material (such as
2493:
798:
796:
794:
691:. In these cases, glucocorticoids, aerosolized
227:respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system
1412:
1243:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1155:Rovin, J. D.; Rodgers, B. M. (1 March 2000).
1154:
791:
341:Histopathology of aspiration, taken from an
51:introducing citations to additional sources
1419:
1405:
591:Choking § Basic_treatment_(First aid)
127:
2019:Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
1240:
1231:
978:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-0839-7
820:
774:
1024:
687:or swelling occur, the patient may have
360:
336:
306:Pulmonary aspiration may be followed by
256:
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2043:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
1110:
1106:
1104:
1102:
803:Engelhardt, T.; Webster, N. R. (1999).
527:to neutralize the stomach's low pH and
2494:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
614:
1400:
1129:EBSCO Informational Services (2020).
1124:
1122:
1060:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
349:rather than a primary cause of death.
1213:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
885:Neurogastroenterology & Motility
577:Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support
18:
2476:Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
1157:"Pediatric Foreign Body Aspiration"
1079:
584:
265:
13:
2065:Vaping-associated pulmonary injury
1428:Diseases of the respiratory system
1207:
1148:
1119:
948:10.1097/01.mco.0000068970.34812.8b
14:
2528:
1270:
1043:
991:
170:is the entry of material such as
897:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01738.x
881:"The lower esophageal sphincter"
846:The American Journal of Medicine
34:relies largely or entirely on a
23:
1113:Airway foreign bodies in adults
673:to further protect the airway.
356:
277:
252:
247:
2481:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
982:
970:
927:
872:
837:
809:British Journal of Anaesthesia
741:
719:Salt water aspiration syndrome
444:) may also increase the risk.
1:
2055:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
1255:10.1016/S0002-9378(16)39829-5
1065:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
1029:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
767:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4
734:
675:Steroidal anti-inflammatories
609:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
562:
523:. Some anesthetists will use
447:
347:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
204:positive pressure ventilation
137:Upper gastrointestinal series
2038:Respiratory hypersensitivity
1976:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
858:10.1016/0002-9343(78)90574-0
301:
7:
1947:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
702:
424:, full stomach, as well as
412:). A decreased gag reflex,
10:
2533:
1800:Acute exacerbation of COPD
588:
418:lower esophageal sphincter
414:upper esophageal sphincter
2443:
2416:
2346:
2332:
2286:
2244:
2223:
2197:
2100:
2086:
2077:
2006:
1891:
1871:
1754:
1734:
1574:
1454:
1434:
1278:
1131:"Foreign Body Aspiration"
1025:Federico, Monica (2018).
611:(CPR) should be started.
155:
143:
135:
126:
121:
1863:Diffuse panbronchiolitis
1856:Bronchiolitis obliterans
1722:Laryngotracheal stenosis
1669:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1647:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1605:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1533:Nasal septum perforation
1233:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkl048
332:
329:and anaerobic bacteria.
2512:Intensive care medicine
1611:Retropharyngeal abscess
1061:Lucia, Dominic (2017).
422:gastroesophageal reflux
378:lower respiratory tract
366:Upper respiratory tract
188:lower respiratory tract
160:Foreign body aspiration
2304:Pulmonary hypertension
2033:Eosinophilic pneumonia
1685:Vocal cord dysfunction
1528:Nasal septum deviation
540:neurological disorders
515:classes), so that any
398:traumatic brain injury
393:
350:
262:
190:, the portions of the
180:gastrointestinal tract
62:"Pulmonary aspiration"
2431:Mediastinal emphysema
2210:Healthcare-associated
2140:Legionnaires' disease
1566:Peritonsillar abscess
1538:Nasal septal hematoma
1111:Sheperd, Wes (2019).
729:Pharyngeal aspiration
658:flexible bronchoscope
364:
340:
317:is usually caused by
296:inflammatory response
260:
200:tracheobronchial tree
2178:Mendelson's syndrome
2050:Hamman–Rich syndrome
1161:Pediatrics in Review
822:10.1093/bja/83.3.453
714:Mendelson's syndrome
538:People with chronic
402:alcohol intoxication
315:aspiration pneumonia
261:Aspiration pneumonia
211:chemical pneumonitis
168:Pulmonary aspiration
122:Pulmonary aspiration
47:improve this article
2451:Respiratory failure
2418:Mediastinal disease
1986:Bird fancier's lung
1561:Adenoid hypertrophy
1173:10.1542/pir.21-3-86
671:chest physiotherapy
615:Advanced management
569:Choking § Treatment
501:health professional
497:tracheal intubation
454:protective reflexes
434:Tracheal intubation
308:bacterial pneumonia
235:right main bronchus
2356:Pleuritis/pleurisy
2309:Pulmonary embolism
2205:Community-acquired
2130:Atypical bacterial
2029:Löffler's syndrome
1810:Status asthmaticus
1795:Chronic bronchitis
1680:Vocal fold paresis
1494:Vasomotor rhinitis
1392:Atlas of Pathology
1214:Levy, D M (2006).
663:general anesthesia
649:cardiac monitoring
645:rigid bronchoscopy
573:Basic Life Support
478:general anesthesia
410:general anesthesia
394:
351:
319:anaerobic bacteria
312:Community-acquired
290:of acid with lung
263:
192:respiratory system
2502:Airway management
2489:
2488:
2439:
2438:
2396:Empyema/pyothorax
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2282:
2281:
2215:Hospital-acquired
2073:
2072:
1937:Caplan's syndrome
1730:
1729:
1675:Vocal fold nodule
1499:Atrophic rhinitis
1387:
1386:
761:(9995): 743–800.
630:endotracheal tube
605:Heimlich maneuver
505:recovery position
436:or presence of a
323:hospital-acquired
288:chemical reaction
165:
164:
116:Medical condition
112:
111:
97:
2524:
2374:Pleural effusion
2367:Hemopneumothorax
2344:
2343:
2098:
2097:
2084:
2083:
1927:Bauxite fibrosis
1892:External agents/
1889:
1888:
1820:Exercise-induced
1776:Acute bronchitis
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876:
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869:
841:
835:
834:
824:
800:
789:
788:
778:
745:
585:Basic management
550:The location of
544:thickened fluids
440:(for example, a
266:Particle-related
186:(voice box) and
131:
119:
118:
107:
104:
98:
96:
55:
27:
19:
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2527:
2526:
2525:
2523:
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2521:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2435:
2412:
2348:Pleural disease
2337:
2320:
2278:
2240:
2224:By distribution
2219:
2198:By vector/route
2193:
2091:
2079:
2069:
2024:Pulmonary edema
2002:
1897:
1893:
1880:
1876:
1867:
1832:Cystic fibrosis
1759:
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1739:
1726:
1570:
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1388:
1383:
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1287:
1273:
1210:
1208:Further reading
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705:
680:Glucocorticoids
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102:
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56:
54:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2517:Lung disorders
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2334:Pleural cavity
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2045:
2035:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1996:Lycoperdonosis
1993:
1988:
1983:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1907:Pneumoconiosis
1903:
1901:
1886:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1835:
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1829:
1827:Bronchiectasis
1824:
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1817:
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1803:
1797:
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1656:
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1644:
1639:
1637:Laryngeal cyst
1634:
1632:Laryngomalacia
1629:
1624:
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1614:
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1608:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1590:
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1280:
1279:Classification
1272:
1271:External links
1269:
1268:
1267:
1249:(2): 191–205.
1238:
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1118:
1078:
1072:978-0071840613
1071:
1042:
1036:978-1259862908
1035:
990:
981:
969:
926:
891:(9): 819–830.
871:
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790:
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733:
732:
731:
726:
721:
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711:
704:
701:
653:pulse oximeter
638:cricothyrotomy
616:
613:
589:Main article:
586:
583:
564:
561:
529:metoclopramide
525:sodium citrate
507:(as taught in
482:intensive care
449:
446:
428:, stroke, and
358:
355:
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331:
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45:. Please help
31:
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9:
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2446:
2444:Other/general
2442:
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2427:
2426:Mediastinitis
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2170:
2169:noninfectious
2167:
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2146:
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2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
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2085:
2082:
2078:Obstructive /
2076:
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2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:Farmer's lung
1989:
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1984:
1982:
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1968:
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1864:
1861:
1857:
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1852:
1851:Bronchiolitis
1849:
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1198:
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999:
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985:
979:
973:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
942:(3): 327–33.
941:
937:
930:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
832:
828:
823:
818:
815:(3): 453–60.
814:
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777:
772:
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764:
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541:
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526:
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518:
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510:
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499:by a trained
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:drug overdose
467:
463:
459:
455:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
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411:
407:
406:drug overdose
403:
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375:
371:
367:
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95:
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81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64: –
63:
59:
58:Find sources:
52:
48:
44:
38:
37:
36:single source
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2363:Pneumothorax
2316:Lung abscess
2298:
2168:
2157:Pneumocystis
2118:Pneumococcal
1899:lung disease
1895:occupational
1873:Interstitial
1838:
1782:
1768:
1741:lung disease
1707:
1701:Epiglottitis
1691:
1659:
1653:Laryngospasm
1617:
1598:Strep throat
1583:
1546:
1522:nasal septum
1520:
1479:
1463:
1371:
1360:
1341:
1291:
1246:
1242:
1226:(6): 215–8.
1223:
1219:
1167:(3): 86–90.
1164:
1160:
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:
1112:
1062:
1026:
984:
972:
939:
935:
929:
888:
884:
874:
852:(4): 564–8.
849:
845:
839:
812:
808:
758:
754:
743:
697:
668:
642:
636:, or needle
621:Laryngoscopy
618:
601:
598:
594:
580:
566:
549:
537:
494:
488:-associated
453:
451:
442:feeding tube
438:gastric tube
395:
357:Risk factors
352:
305:
284:stomach acid
281:
278:Acid-related
269:
253:Consequences
248:Presentation
243:
219:
208:
167:
166:
113:
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
33:
2461:Common cold
2408:Fibrothorax
2391:Chylothorax
2386:Hydrothorax
2339:mediastinum
2299:circulatory
2294:Atelectasis
2101:By pathogen
2093:pneumonitis
2080:Restrictive
2060:Sarcoidosis
1932:Berylliosis
1878:restrictive
1839:unspecified
1761:obstructive
1744:(including
1661:vocal cords
1593:Pharyngitis
1556:Tonsillitis
1511:Nasal polyp
1446:common cold
1439:(including
693:epinephrine
634:tracheotomy
567:See also:
533:domperidone
182:, into the
150:Pulmonology
2507:Anesthesia
2496:Categories
2381:Hemothorax
2183:Aspiration
2145:Chlamydiae
2135:Mycoplasma
2123:Klebsiella
1981:Bagassosis
1967:Byssinosis
1942:Chalicosis
1917:Asbestosis
1912:Aluminosis
1846:Bronchitis
1717:Tracheitis
1693:epiglottis
1642:Laryngitis
1516:Rhinorrhea
1373:DiseasesDB
1140:2 November
755:The Lancet
735:References
563:Management
486:ventilator
462:swallowing
448:Prevention
321:, whereas
292:parenchyma
223:gag reflex
176:oropharynx
172:pharyngeal
73:newspapers
2456:Influenza
2401:Malignant
2164:Parasitic
2113:Bacterial
2088:Pneumonia
1957:Silicosis
1952:Siderosis
1922:Baritosis
1756:Bronchial
1504:Hay fever
1473:Sinusitis
1181:0191-9601
905:1350-1925
552:abscesses
509:first aid
490:pneumonia
430:pregnancy
302:Bacterial
272:hypoxemia
215:pneumonia
194:from the
145:Specialty
103:June 2010
43:talk page
2471:COVID-19
2264:BOOP-COP
2231:Broncho-
2174:Chemical
1962:Talcosis
1883:fibrosis
1736:Lower RT
1489:Rhinitis
1436:Upper RT
1263:20993766
1197:40614870
1189:10702322
964:12151704
956:12690267
921:38174864
913:21711416
831:10655918
785:26063472
709:Drowning
703:See also
651:, and a
474:sedation
458:coughing
456:such as
1783:chronic
1709:trachea
1585:pharynx
1465:sinuses
1367:D053120
1135:DynaMed
776:4561509
724:Choking
689:stridor
626:forceps
557:lingula
521:pharynx
517:vomitus
426:obesity
386:bronchi
382:trachea
370:pharynx
343:autopsy
327:aerobic
233:of the
229:). The
202:during
196:trachea
87:scholar
2152:Fungal
1806:Asthma
1619:larynx
1548:tonsil
1261:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1069:
1033:
962:
954:
919:
911:
903:
866:645722
864:
829:
783:
773:
480:). In
420:tone,
408:, and
388:, and
376:) and
374:larynx
184:larynx
156:Causes
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
2287:Other
2236:Lobar
2187:Lipid
2108:Viral
2007:Other
1769:acute
1746:LRTIs
1671:(LPR)
1649:(LPR)
1627:Croup
1607:(LPR)
1441:URTIs
1356:997.3
1352:668.0
1330:T17.9
1326:T17.3
1318:O89.0
1314:O74.0
1310:O29.0
1306:J95.4
1193:S2CID
960:S2CID
917:S2CID
685:edema
628:. An
333:Death
231:lumen
94:JSTOR
80:books
2466:SARS
2269:NSIP
2014:ARDS
1815:AERD
1790:COPD
1576:Neck
1481:nose
1456:Head
1362:MeSH
1347:9-CM
1259:PMID
1185:PMID
1177:ISSN
1142:2020
1067:ISBN
1031:ISBN
952:PMID
909:PMID
901:ISSN
862:PMID
827:PMID
781:PMID
511:and
466:coma
460:and
416:and
390:lung
372:and
239:left
225:and
66:news
2259:DIP
2254:UIP
2246:IIP
1378:979
1343:ICD
1337:W80
1333:W78
1322:P24
1302:J69
1293:ICD
1251:doi
1228:doi
1169:doi
944:doi
893:doi
854:doi
817:doi
771:PMC
763:doi
759:386
531:or
513:CPR
476:or
213:or
178:or
49:by
2498::
2274:RB
1376::
1365::
1354:,
1350::
1320:,
1312:,
1304:,
1300::
1297:10
1257:.
1247:52
1245:.
1222:.
1218:.
1191:.
1183:.
1175:.
1165:21
1163:.
1159:.
1133:.
1121:^
1081:^
1045:^
993:^
958:.
950:.
938:.
915:.
907:.
899:.
889:23
887:.
883:.
860:.
850:64
848:.
825:.
813:83
811:.
807:.
793:^
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769:.
757:.
753:.
575:,
571:,
559:.
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472:,
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298:.
274:.
2365:/
2336:/
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2176:/
2090:/
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1881:(
1875:/
1808:(
1802:)
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1748:)
1738:/
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1443:,
1420:e
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1335:–
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1295:-
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380:(
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101:(
91:·
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70:·
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39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
