480:
117:
469:
749:
776:, the dark patch at the posterior of the gill plate provides the illusion that the eye of the fish is larger and positioned further back on the body, thus making the fish seem up to four times larger than it actually is. When a pumpkinseed feels threatened by a predator, it flares its gills to make it seem larger in size, and shows off the flashy red coloration. Males of the species also flare their gills in the spring spawning season in a show of dominance and territoriality.
53:
72:
418:
94:
673:. They will also hit at grubs early in the winter, but are less active from mid- to late winter. They may be easy to catch and popular with the youngest anglers, but pumpkinseeds are often sought by adults as well. The fish do put up an aggressive fight on line, and they have an excellent flavor and are low in fat and high in protein.
433:. They were introduced to European waters, and could outcompete native fish. This species is included since 2019 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list). It cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.
1273:"Order CENTRARCHIFORMES: Families CENTRARCHIDAE, ELASSOMATIDAE, ENOPLOSIDAE, SINIPERCIDAE, APLODACTYLIDAE, CHEILODACTYLIDAE, CHIRONEMIDAE, CIRRHITIDAE, LATRIDAE, PERCICHTHYIDAE, DICHISTIIDAE, GIRELLIDAE, KUHLIIDAE, KYPHOSIDAE, OPLEGNATHIDAE, TERAPONTIDAE, MICROCANTHIDAE, SCORPIDIDAE, PARASCORPIDIDAE and CAESIOSCORPIDIDAE"
728:
Once released, the eggs stick to gravel, sand, or other debris in the nest, and they hatch in as few as three days. Females leave the nest immediately after spawning, but males remain and guard their offspring. The male guards them for about the first 11 days, returning them to the nest in his mouth
653:
fish, as it bites so easily and frequently when the fisherman is attempting to catch something else. The pumpkinseeds are very popular with young fishermen due to their willingness to bite, their abundance and close locations to the shore. Although many people consider the meat of a pumpkinseed to
510:
of the pumpkinseed is one of the most vibrant of any freshwater fish and can range from an olive-green or brown to bright orange and blue. The sides are covered with vertical bars that are a faint green or blue, which are typically more prevalent in female pumpkinseeds. Orange spots may cover the
779:
In the southernmost regions of its distribution, the pumpkinseed has developed a larger mouth opening and abnormally large jaw muscles to aid in feeding; its forage is small crustaceans and mollusks. The larger bite radius and enhanced jaw muscles allow the pumpkinseed to crack the shells of their
546:
Pumpkinseeds typically live in warm, calm lakes, ponds, and pools of creeks and small rivers with plenty of vegetation. They prefer clear water where they can find shelter to hide. They tend to stay near the shore and can be found in numbers within shallow and protected areas. They will feed at
716:
Nests are arranged in colonies consisting of about three to 15 nests each. Often, pumpkinseeds build their nests near bluegill colonies, and the two species interbreed. Male pumpkinseeds are vigorous and aggressive, and defend their nests by spreading their opercula. Because of this aggressive
554:
Pumpkinseeds are more tolerant of low oxygen levels than bluegills are, but less tolerant of warm water. Groups of young fish school close to shore, but adults tend to travel in groups of two to four in slightly deeper yet still covered waters. Pumpkinseeds are active throughout the day, but they
712:
Once water temperatures reach 55–63 °F (13–17 °C) in the late spring or early summer, the male pumpkinseeds will begin to build nests. Nesting sites are typically in shallow water on sand or gravel lake bottoms. The males will use their caudal fins to sweep out shallow, oval-shaped
724:
and the female releases eggs. Females may spawn in more than one nest, and more than one female may use the same nest. Also, more than one female will spawn with a male in one nest simultaneously. Females are able produce 1,500 to 1,700 eggs, depending on their size and age.
756:
The pumpkinseed sunfish has adapted in many ways to the surroundings where it lives. Its skin reflects camouflage for its habitat. The pattern that appears on the pumpkinseed resembles that of the sunlight patterns that reflect on the shallow water of bays and river beds.
704:. Spawning grounds of the pumpkinseeds can be disturbed by shoreline development and shoreline erosion from heavy lake use. Their susceptibility to silt and pollution makes the pumpkinseed a good indicator of the cleanliness and health of water.
498:), typically about 10 cm (4 in) but up to 28 cm (11 in) in length. They typically weigh less than 1 pound (450 g), with the world record being 1 pound 8 ounces (680 g) caught by Robert Warne while fishing
547:
all water levels from the surface to the bottom in the daylight, and their heaviest feeding will be in the afternoon. Pumpkinseed sunfish usually travel together in schools that can also include bluegills and other
764:
are 10 to 11 spines, and three additional spines on the anal fin. These spines are very sharp, which aid the fish in defense. The pumpkinseed has the ability to anticipate approaching predators (or prey) via a
436:
The pumpkinseed has also been introduced to the United
Kingdom, having arrived in the country around the same time as the populations in Continental Europe. Its range is believed to be restricted to
1005:"REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species"
797:
means 'humped'. The defining characteristic of a pumpkinseed sunfish is the bright red spot at the tip of the ear flap. The pumpkinseed sunfish is widely recognized by its shape of a
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506:
in 2016. They are orange, green, yellow or blue in color, with speckles over their sides and back and a yellow-orange breast and belly, and the coloration of the
713:
nesting holes that stretch about twice the length of the pumpkinseed itself. The fish will remove debris and large rocks from their nests with their mouths.
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633:
The pumpkinseed sunfish has a terminal mouth, allowing it to open at the anterior end of the snout. Pumpkinseed sunfish that live in waters with larger
523:
of a pumpkinseed can be amber or clear, while the dorsal spines are black. They have a small mouth with an upper jaw stopping right under the eye.
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on the back portion. Pumpkinseeds have seven or eight vertical, irregular bands on their sides that are duller in color compared to the bluegill.
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The brightly colored gill plates of the pumpkinseed sunfish also serve as a method of protection and dominance. Also known as an
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The pumpkinseed sunfish are typically very likely to bite on a worm bait, which makes them easy to catch while angling. Many
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665:. They will bite at most bait – including garden worms, insects, leeches, or bits of fish meat. They will also take small
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and the cheeks have blue lines across them. The pumpkinseed is noted for the orange-red spot on the margin of its black
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The young fish stay on or near the shallow breeding area and grow to about 2 in (5 cm) in their first year.
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Because pumpkinseeds tend to remain in the shallows and feed all day, pumpkinseeds are relatively easy to catch via
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390:. Pumpkinseed sunfish have however been introduced throughout most of North America. They can now be found from
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1207:"Variation in feeding morphology between pumpkinseed populations: Phenotypic plasticity or evolution?"
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Females arrive after the nests are completed, coming in from deeper waters. The male then releases
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flap, which is black in both species but the pumpkinseed has a crimson spot in the shape of a
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1023:) in Small English Streams: Interactions With Native Fishes and Possible Control Measures"
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prey to attain the soft flesh within, thus providing one common name of 'shellcracker'.
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world record for the species stands at 0.68 kg (1 lb 8 oz), caught near
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983:"List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern – Environment – European Commission"
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The pumpkinseed sunfish has developed a specific method of protection. Along the
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This article is about the fish. For the culinary edible seed of a pumpkin, see
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is usually achieved by age two. Pumpkinseeds have lived to be 12 years old in
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and more rarely in the south-central or southwestern region of the continent.
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behavior, pumpkinseeds tend to maintain larger territories than bluegills.
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382:. It then runs inland to the middle of North America, and extends through
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Invasive aquatic species of Europe: distribution, impacts, and management
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Danylchuk, A.J. (1994). "Seasonal reproductive patterns of pumpkinseed (
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both at the water surface and at the bottom. Among their favorites are
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801:, from which its common name comes. See also Wiktionary link below.
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have larger mouths and associated jaw muscles to crack the shells.
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rest at night near the bottom or in shelter areas in rocks or near
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626:. They also will readily consume human food scraps, most notably
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1117:. University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute. Archived from
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other smaller pumpkinseeds. They are effective at destroying
336:
1271:
Christopher
Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (14 June 2024).
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The pumpkinseed sunfish is very common and is not listed by
972:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. The Netherlands. pp. 156–162.
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Centre for
Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science
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The pumpkinseed's natural range in North
America is from
928:"The sun perch is an easy species to fish for beginners"
1244:) populations with varying body size characteristics".
752:
A young pumpkinseed with visible spines and gill plates
1200:
1198:
421:
Invasive range of the pumpkinseed in Europe (in red)
1279:. v. 8.1. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara
410:. Yet they are primarily found in the northeastern
1246:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
1019:"Density and Dispersal of Introduced Pumpkinseed (
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1178:"Delaware Fish Facts for The Recreational Angler"
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1277:The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database
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952:
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846:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202555A18237003.en
654:be good-tasting, it is typically not a popular
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618:and even occasionally consume small pieces of
945:
1142:. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
526:Pumpkinseeds are very similar to the larger
490:Pumpkinseeds have a body shaped much like a
34:. For the biological seed of a pumpkin, see
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791:, in Greek, means 'scaled gill cover' and
669:and can be fished for with a fly rod with
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1301:. National Marine Sanctuary Foundation.
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729:if they stray from the nesting site.
1749:Freshwater fish of the United States
1673:15F8E9D3-D785-707A-1C62-785FFC143BD6
1468:c8eefd82-4c86-47a3-8021-d5ab83210fbe
1045:
1709:IUCN Red List least concern species
1064:International Game Fish Association
832:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
444:, with stable populations found in
429:, the pumpkinseed is considered an
24:
1136:"Fishes of Minnesota: Pumpkinseed"
25:
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649:consider the pumpkinseed to be a
630:which is commonly used for bait.
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1734:Freshwater fish of North America
957:"Pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis)."
926:Duclos, Laurent (3 April 2023).
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571:and feed on a variety of small
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1299:"Sea Wonder: Pumpkinseedfish"
1211:Evolutionary Ecology Research
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328:, is a small to medium–sized
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7:
1744:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
708:Reproduction and life cycle
10:
1765:
1714:NatureServe secure species
968:Leppakoski, Erkki (1998).
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1729:Fish of the United States
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1217:: 111–128. Archived from
1205:Mittelbach, Gary (1999).
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112:Scientific classification
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915:. December 2019 version.
901:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
700:(not threatened) by the
370:Distribution and habitat
1724:Fish of the Great Lakes
658:due to its small size.
378:down the east coast to
344:(true sunfishes), from
300:), also referred to as
1719:Fish described in 1758
959:Discover the Outdoors.
839:: e.T202555A18237003.
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483:Pumpkinseed caught on
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472:Pumpkinseed caught in
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985:. European Commission
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1463:Fauna Europaea (new)
1163:Animal Diversity Web
1093:Pumpkinseed Sunfish"
821:NatureServe (2013).
1647:pumpkinseed-sunfish
1121:on 1 December 2011.
767:lateral line system
696:. It is considered
688:Conservation status
62:Conservation status
18:Pumpkinseed sunfish
868:"Lepomis gibbosus"
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620:aquatic vegetation
511:dorsal, anal, and
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259:Eupomotis gibbosus
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1655:Open Tree of Life
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682:Honeoye, New York
567:Pumpkinseeds are
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297:Lepomis gibbosus
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270:(Linnaeus, 1758)
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1502:iNaturalist
1347:Wikispecies
1182:DNREC Alpha
873:NatureServe
852:19 November
744:Adaptations
684:, in 2016.
610:, and even
585:crustaceans
569:carnivorous
513:caudal fins
496:common name
464:Description
450:West Sussex
446:East Sussex
364:Perciformes
292:pumpkinseed
169:Perciformes
102:NatureServe
1703:Categories
1225:11 January
805:References
762:dorsal fin
656:sport fish
635:gastropods
517:gill cover
494:(thus the
392:Washington
306:pond perch
937:29 August
784:Etymology
738:captivity
647:fishermen
536:half moon
532:opercular
460:as well.
359:) in the
302:sun perch
197:Species:
135:Kingdom:
129:Eukaryota
1582:2.105048
1520:11164552
1476:FishBase
1374:BioLib:
1332:Wikidata
1283:5 August
1097:rook.org
1037:15 March
912:FishBase
880:17 April
875:Explorer
794:gibbosus
774:eye spot
651:nuisance
624:detritus
608:tadpoles
602:, small
589:crawfish
581:molluscs
579:, small
528:bluegill
454:Somerset
440:and the
353:crappies
242:Synonyms
229:Linnaeus
175:Family:
149:Chordata
145:Phylum:
139:Animalia
125:Domain:
82:IUCN 3.1
1739:Lepomis
1494:2394486
1338:Q826713
1069:17 June
989:27 July
789:Lepomis
577:insects
549:sunfish
542:Habitat
519:. The
406:on the
404:Georgia
398:on the
341:Lepomis
335:of the
318:sunfish
190:Lepomis
185:Genus:
165:Order:
155:Class:
100: (
98:Secure
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36:pumpkin
1686:151290
1660:670266
1634:151290
1608:270329
1559:202555
1546:168144
1455:304846
1429:LEPMGI
1416:995125
1187:12 May
597:minnow
458:London
427:Europe
396:Oregon
346:family
326:kivver
324:, and
314:punkie
281:, 1829
279:Cuvier
1681:WoRMS
1668:Plazi
1566:NAS:
1533:77080
1515:IRMNG
1507:49614
1442:10069
1437:EUNIS
1403:3TG2F
1390:11137
1377:16119
1026:(PDF)
694:CITES
667:lures
628:bread
604:frogs
593:worms
361:order
337:genus
322:sunny
1642:ODNR
1629:OBIS
1621:2151
1603:NCBI
1554:IUCN
1541:ITIS
1489:GBIF
1481:3372
1424:EPPO
1385:BOLD
1285:2024
1227:2016
1189:2024
1071:2019
1039:2024
991:2021
939:2024
882:2024
854:2021
837:2013
722:milt
702:IUCN
678:IGFA
676:The
622:and
583:and
573:prey
452:and
394:and
384:Iowa
355:and
290:The
233:1758
1590:NBN
1569:382
1528:ISC
1411:EoL
1398:CoL
1362:ADW
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