Muammar Gaddafi - Knowledge

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Restrictions were placed on the activities of the Revolutionary Committees; in March 1988, their role was narrowed by the newly created Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership to restrict their violence and judicial role, while in August 1988 Gaddafi publicly criticized them. In March, hundreds of political prisoners were freed, with Gaddafi falsely claiming that there were no further political prisoners in Libya. In June, Libya's government issued the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses, in which 27 articles laid out goals, rights, and guarantees to improve the situation of human rights in Libya, restricting the use of the death penalty and calling for its eventual abolition. Many of the measures suggested in the charter would be implemented the following year, although others remained inactive. Also in 1989, the government founded the

2257:—were called to meet RCC representatives. The UK and the US quickly extended diplomatic recognition, hoping to secure the position of their military bases in Libya and fearing further instability. Hoping to ingratiate themselves with Gaddafi, in 1970 the US informed him of at least one planned counter-coup. Such attempts to form a working relationship with the RCC failed; Gaddafi was determined to reassert national sovereignty and expunge what he described as foreign colonial and imperialist influences. His administration insisted that the US and the UK remove their military bases from Libya, with Gaddafi proclaiming that "the armed forces which rose to express the people's revolution tolerate living in their shacks while the bases of imperialism exist in Libyan territory." The British left in March and the Americans in June 1970. 1779:, Benghazi, alongside several like-minded friends from Misrata. The armed forces offered the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognized it as a potential instrument of political change. Under Idris, Libya's armed forces were trained by the British military; this angered Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists, and accordingly, he refused to learn English and was rude to the British officers, ultimately failing his exams. British trainers reported him for insubordination and abusive behaviour, stating their suspicion that he was involved in the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963. Such reports were ignored, and Gaddafi quickly progressed through the course. 3101:(NFSL), which orchestrated militant attacks against Libya's government. Another, al-Borkan, began killing Libyan diplomats abroad. Following Gaddafi's command to kill these "stray dogs", the Revolutionary Committees set up overseas branches to suppress counter-revolutionary activity, assassinating dissidents. Although Syria and Israel also employed hit squads, Gaddafi was unusual in publicly bragging about his use of them; in April 1980, he ordered all dissidents to return home by June 10 or be "liquidated wherever you are". Within a three months period in 1980, at least ten Libyan dissidents were murdered in Europe, including ex-diplomats, ex-army officers, businessmen, journalists, and student activists in disparate locations such as 4540: 3971:. These reforms encouraged private investment in Libya's economy. By 2004, there was US$ 40 billion of direct foreign investment in Libya, a six-fold rise over 2003. Sectors of Libya's population reacted against these reforms with public demonstrations, and in March 2006, revolutionary hard-liners took control of the GPC cabinet; although scaling back the pace of the changes, they did not halt them. In 2010, plans were announced that would have seen half the Libyan economy privatized over the following decade, these plans appear to have been soon abandoned however, as the companies that the government stated they were going to float on the stock market, among them the National Commercial Bank and the 4422:, for he subordinated religion to the political system rather than seeking to Islamicise the state as Islamists sought to do. He was driven by a sense of "divine mission", believing himself a conduit of God's will, and thought that he must achieve his goals "no matter what the cost". His interpretation of Islam was nevertheless idiosyncratic, and he clashed with conservative Libyan clerics. Many criticized his attempts to encourage women to enter traditionally male-only sectors of society, such as the armed forces. Gaddafi was keen to improve women's status, although saw the sexes as "separate but equal" and therefore felt women should usually remain in traditional roles. 4439:

orientation, by 1978 he believed that private ownership of the means of production was exploitative and thus he sought to move Libya away from capitalism and towards socialism. Private enterprise was largely eliminated in favour of a centrally controlled economy. The extent to which Libya became socialist under Gaddafi is disputed. Bearman suggested that while Libya did undergo "a profound social revolution", he did not think that "a socialist society" was established in Libya. Conversely, St. John expressed the view that "if socialism is defined as a redistribution of wealth and resources, a socialist revolution clearly occurred in Libya" under Gaddafi's regime.

4023: 4235:, and then broke out of Sirte's District 2 in a joint civilian-military convoy. According to Dhao, it was a "suicide mission" as Gaddafi wanted to die in the Jarref Valley, close to where he was born. At around 08:30, NATO bombers attacked, destroying at least 14 vehicles and killing at least 53 people. The convoy scattered, and Gaddafi and those closest to him fled to a nearby villa, which was shelled by rebel militia from Misrata. Fleeing to a construction site, Gaddafi and his inner cohort hid inside drainage pipes while his bodyguards battled the rebels; in the conflict, Gaddafi suffered head injuries from a grenade blast while Jabr was killed. 3086:. Gaddafi was frustrated by the slow pace of social reform on women's issues, and in 1979 launched a Revolutionary Women's Formation, to replace the more gradualist Libyan General Women's Federation. In 1978 he had established a Women's Military Academy in Tripoli, encouraging all women to enlist for training. The measure was hugely controversial and voted down by the GPC in February 1983. Gaddafi remained adamant, and when it was again voted down by the GPC in March 1984, he refused to abide by the decision, declaring that "he who opposes the training and emancipation of women is an agent of imperialism, whether he likes it or not." 1925:. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all". Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this. 2090:. For Gaddafi, this was an essential step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $ 3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $ 13.7 billion in 1974, and $ 24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $ 8,170, up from $ 40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the UK. In 1969, the government also declared that all foreign owned banks must either close down or convert to joint-stock operations. 20602: 20257: 20610: 20265: 3893:—signifying improved relations between Libya and the EU—and the EU dropped its sanctions on Libya. As a strategic player in Europe's attempts to stem illegal migration from Africa, in October 2010, the EU paid Libya over €50 million to stop African migrants passing into Europe; Gaddafi encouraged the move, saying that it was necessary to prevent the loss of European cultural identity to a new "Black Europe". Gaddafi also completed agreements with the Italian government that they would invest in various infrastructure projects as reparations for past Italian colonial policies in Libya. Italian Prime Minister 20618: 20273: 807: 794: 2932: 1954: 25945: 22081: 4967: 18127: 3817: 4641: 4677:. He enjoyed attending lengthy public sessions where people were invited to question him; these were often televised. Throughout Libya, crowds of supporters would arrive at public events where he appeared. Described as "spontaneous demonstrations" by the government, there are recorded instances of groups being coerced or paid to attend. He was typically late to public events, and would sometimes fail to arrive. Although Bianco thought he had a "gift for oratory", he was considered a poor orator by Blundy and Lycett. The biographer 2928:(BPCs), where all adult Libyans participated and voted on national decisions. These then sent members to the annual General People's Congress, which was broadcast live on television. In principle, the People's Congresses were Libya's highest authority, with major decisions proposed by government officials or with Gaddafi himself requiring the consent of the People's Congresses. Gaddafi became General Secretary of the GPC, although he stepped down from this position in early 1979 and appointed himself "Leader of the Revolution". 1622:

despite the financial strain. During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and only at weekends and holidays walked 20 miles (32 km) to visit his parents. Even though Gaddafi's father was not educated, he made great sacrifices to send his son to school. As an impoverished Bedouin, he faced bullying and discrimination from his city-dwelling classmates. However, he had many Egyptian teachers who informed him of the dramatic events occurring in their homeland. From Sirte, he and his family moved to the market town of

760: 127: 929: 3301:; both agreed to withdraw from Chad. Oueddei broke with Gaddafi in 1985 due to the former's intentions to negotiate a truce with Habré. Consequently, he was placed under house arrest by Gaddafi and allegedly arrested by Libyan police and shot in the stomach. Oueddei survived the shooting and fled to Algeria, but continued to claim he and Gaddafi enjoyed a good relationship. When Gaddafi ordered the remnant of GUNT to attack Habré in February 1986 in violation of his agreement with Mitterrand, France launched 4489: 4414:

world's Christian minority to convert to Islam. He insisted that Islamic law should be the basis for the law of the state, blurring any distinction between the religious and secular realms. He desired unity across the Islamic world, and encouraged the propagation of the faith elsewhere; on a 2010 visit to Italy, he paid a modelling agency to find 200 young Italian women for a lecture he gave urging them to convert. According to the Gaddafi biographer Jonathan Bearman, in Islamic terms Gaddafi was a

3657: 3604:, the United Nations (UN) imposed Resolution 748 in March 1992, initiating economic sanctions against Libya which had deep repercussions for the country's economy. The country suffered an estimated US$ 900 million financial loss as a result. On 5 November 1995, US President Bill Clinton declared the US would continue to induce pressure on Libya, also recognizing that Libyan terrorists were responsible for the Lockerbie bombing. Further problems arose with the West when in January 1989, 2026: 2094: 2009:, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In July 1972, amid widespread speculation that Gaddafi had been ousted or jailed by his political opponents, a new 18-man cabinet was formed with only two of them, Jalloud and 25913: 25011: 23263: 22058: 22048: 20594: 20249: 4050:, purging the army leadership of potential defectors, and releasing several Islamist prisoners. This proved ineffective, and on 17 February 2011, major protests broke out against Gaddafi's government. Unlike Tunisia or Egypt, Libya was largely religiously homogeneous and had no strong Islamist movement, but there was widespread dissatisfaction with the corruption and entrenched systems of patronage, while unemployment had reached around 30 percent. 2050:

food. The hope was to make Libya self-sufficient in food production. All land that had either been expropriated from Italian settlers or which was not in use was repossessed and redistributed. Irrigation systems were established along the northern coastline and around various inland oases. Production costs often surpassed the value of the produce and thus Libyan agricultural production remained in deficit, relying heavily on state subsidies.

4239: 20626: 20281: 22069: 25047: 781: 25969: 1638: 25035: 3245:; although designed to be finished by the end of the decade, it remained incomplete at the start of the 21st century. Military spending increased, while other administrative budgets were cut. Foreign debt rose, and austerity measures were introduced to promote self-reliance; in 1985 there was a mass deportation of foreign workers, mostly Egyptian and Tunisian. Domestic threats continued to plague Gaddafi; in May 1984, his 2321:. He believed that Palestinian violence against Israeli and Western targets was the justified response of an oppressed people who were fighting against the colonization of their homeland. Calling on the Arab states to wage "continuous war" against Israel, in 1970 he initiated a Jihad Fund to finance anti-Israeli militants. In June 1972 Gaddafi created the First Nasserite Volunteers Centre to train anti-Israeli guerrillas. 25981: 3869: 25993: 3066:, starting October 1980 they took control of the press. Responsible for perpetuating the revolution, they performed ideological surveillance, adopting a significant security role, making arrests and putting people on trial according to the "law of the revolution". With no legal or safeguards, the administration of revolutionary justice was largely arbitrary and resulted in widespread abuse and the suppression of 2199: 4728:, who passed through Gaddafi's Libya on their way to Europe. During the Civil War, various leftist groups endorsed the anti-Gaddafist rebels—but not the Western military intervention—by arguing that Gaddafi had become an ally of Western imperialism by cooperating with the War on Terror and efforts to block African migration to Europe. Gaddafi was widely perceived as a terrorist, especially in the US and UK. 2722: 25023: 2477: 4127:

events, portraying the protest movement as entirely peaceful and repeatedly suggesting that the regime's security forces were unaccountably massacring unarmed demonstrators". In July, over 30 governments recognized the NTC as the legitimate government of Libya; Gaddafi called on his supporters to "Trample on those recognitions, trample on them under your feet ... They are worthless". In August, the

2526:. He hoped that the councils would mobilize the people behind the RCC, erode the power of the traditional leaders and the bureaucracy, and allow for a new legal system chosen by the people. Many such committees were established in schools and colleges, where they were responsible for vetting staff, courses, and textbooks to determine if they were compatible with the country's revolutionary ideology. 2793:. Between 1973 and 1979, Libya provided $ 500 million in aid to African countries, namely to Zaire and Uganda, and founded joint-venture companies throughout the countries to aid trade and development. Gaddafi was also keen on reducing Israeli influence within Africa, using financial incentives to successfully convince eight African states to break off diplomatic relations with Israel in 1973. 1854:

regime, the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all. At a single blow our gallant army has toppled these idols and has destroyed their images. By a single stroke it has lightened the long dark night in which the Turkish domination was followed first by Italian rule, then by this reactionary and decadent regime which was no more than a hotbed of extortion, faction, treachery and treason.

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adopted the title of "Leader of the Revolution" and continued as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Historian Dirk Vandewalle stated that despite the Jamahariya's claims to being a direct democracy, Libya remained "an exclusionary political system whose decision-making process" was "restricted to a small cadre of advisers and confidantes" surrounding Gaddafi.

4657:. According to Hinnebusch, the foundations of Gaddafi's "personal charismatic authority" in Libya stemmed from the blessing he had received from Nasser coupled with "nationalist achievements" such as the expulsion of foreign military bases, the extraction of higher prices for Libyan oil, and his vocal support for the Palestinian and other anti-imperialist causes. 3468:, in which two US soldiers died, Reagan decided to retaliate. The CIA was critical of the move, believing Syria was a greater threat and that an attack would strengthen Gaddafi's reputation; however, Libya was recognized as a "soft target". Reagan was supported by the UK, but opposed by other European allies, who argued it contravened international law. In 2621:. Volume one was devoted to the issue of democracy, outlining the flaws of representative systems in favour of direct, participatory GPCs. The second dealt with Gaddafi's beliefs regarding socialism, while the third explored social issues regarding the family and the tribe. While the first two volumes advocated radical reform, the third adopted a 2285:'s Maltese administration, and under Libya's urging Malta did not renew the UK's airbases on the island in 1980. Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union. The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the US, which was then engaged in the 2293: 2492:. He initiated this with a five-point plan, the first point of which dissolved all existing laws, to be replaced by revolutionary enactments. The second point proclaimed that all opponents of the revolution had to be removed, while the third initiated an administrative revolution that Gaddafi proclaimed would remove all traces of 2948:

proclaimed that the People's Congresses provided for Libya's every political need, rendering other political organizations unnecessary; all non-authorized groups, including political parties, professional associations, independent trade unions, and women's groups, were banned. Despite these restrictions, St. John noted that the

1790:, pooling their salaries into a single fund. Gaddafi travelled around Libya collecting intelligence and developing connections with sympathizers, but the government's intelligence services ignored him, considering him little threat. Graduating in August 1965, Gaddafi became a communications officer in the army's signal corps. 3097:. In February 1978, Gaddafi discovered that his head of military intelligence was plotting to kill him and increasingly entrusted security to his Qadhadfa tribe. Many who had seen their wealth confiscated turned against the administration, and Western-funded opposition groups were founded by exiles. Most prominent was the 4470:, Gaddafi believed that socialism would be achieved through overturning "unnatural" capitalism and returning society to its "natural equilibrium". In this, he sought to replace a capitalist economy with one based on his own romanticized ideas of a traditional, pre-capitalist past. This owed much to the Islamic belief in 8825: 3997:, who was openly critical of Libya's human rights record. He led a group who proposed the drafting of a new constitution, although it was never adopted. Involved in encouraging tourism, Saif founded several privately run media channels in 2008, but after criticizing the government, they were nationalized in 2009. 2246:. In February 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger, but it was never implemented because relations broke down the following year. Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya's radical direction, and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken. 3669:, emphasizing Libya's African identity. In a 1998 interview, Gaddafi claimed that "the Arab world is finished" and expressed his wish for Libya to become a "black country." From 1997 to 2000, Libya initiated cooperative agreements or bilateral aid arrangements with 10 African states, and in 1999 joined the 1630:, south-central Libya, where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done. Gaddafi was popular at this school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend, 4526:

Gaddafi regarded personal appearance as important, with Blundy and Lycett referring to him as "extraordinarily vain." Gaddafi had a large wardrobe, and sometimes changed his outfit multiple times a day. He favoured either a military uniform or traditional Libyan dress, tending to eschew Western-style

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belief in the need for unity across the Arab world, combining the Arab nation under a single nation-state. To this end, he had proposed a political union with five neighbouring Arab states by 1974, although without success. In keeping with his views regarding Arabs, his political stance was described

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We call it the Third Theory to indicate that there is a new path for all those who reject both materialist capitalism and atheist communism. The path is for all the people of the world who abhor the dangerous confrontation between the Warsaw and North Atlantic military alliances. It is for all those

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published their report, finding that Gaddafi's forces were responsible for numerous war crimes but added that a number of allegations of human rights abuses lacked credible evidence. The report added that "much Western media coverage has from the outset presented a very one-sided view of the logic of

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rather than leave Libya. As he announced that the rebels would be "hunted down street by street, house by house and wardrobe by wardrobe", the army opened fire on protesters in Benghazi, killing hundreds. Shocked at the government's response, a number of senior politicians resigned or defected to the

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The late 1980s saw a series of liberalizing economic reforms within Libya designed to cope with the decline in oil revenues. In May 1987, Gaddafi announced the start of the "Revolution within a Revolution", which began with reforms to industry and agriculture and saw the re-opening of small business.

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condemned it as the first time in Gaddafist Libya that dissenters had been executed for purely political crimes. Dissent also arose from conservative clerics and the Muslim Brotherhood, who accused Gaddafi of moving towards Marxism and criticized his abolition of private property as being against the

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Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC. Some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on

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People of Libya! In response to your own will, fulfilling your most heartfelt wishes, answering your most incessant demands for change and regeneration, and your longing to strive towards these ends: listening to your incitement to rebel, your armed forces have undertaken the overthrow of the corrupt

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Gaddafi organized demonstrations and distributed posters criticizing the monarchy. In October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting against Syria's secession from the UAR and raised funds to send cables of support to Nasser. Twenty students were arrested as a result of the disorder. Gaddafi and his

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The purpose of the socialist society is the happiness of man, which can only be realized through material and spiritual freedom. Attainment of such freedom depends on the extent of man's ownership of his needs; ownership that is personal and sacredly guaranteed, i.e. your needs must neither be owned

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approach to Arab nationalism that had been pervasive in Syria, with his revolutionary movement placing a far stronger emphasis on Islam than previous Arab nationalist movements had done. He deemed Arabism and Islam to be inseparable, referring to them as "one and indivisible", and called on the Arab

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The Libyan studies specialist Ronald Bruce St. John regarded Arab nationalism as Gaddafi's "primordial value", stating that during the early years of his government, Gaddafi was "the Arab nationalist par excellence". Gaddafi called for the Arab world to regain its dignity and assert a major place on

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If socialism is defined as a redistribution of wealth and resources, a socialist revolution clearly occurred in Libya after 1969 and most especially in the second half of the 1970s. The management of the economy was increasingly socialist in intent and effect with wealth in housing, capital and land

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was healthier for children, the GPC rejected the idea. In other instances, Gaddafi pushed through laws without the GPC's support, such as when he desired to allow women into the armed forces. At other times, he ordered snap elections when it appeared that the GPC would enact laws he opposed. Gaddafi

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In September 1975, Gaddafi purged the army, arresting around 200 senior officers, and in October he founded the clandestine Office for the Security of the Revolution. In April 1976, he called upon his supporters in universities to establish "revolutionary student councils" and drive out "reactionary

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The People's Committees led to a high percentage of public involvement in decision making, within the limits permitted by the RCC, but exacerbated tribal divisions and tensions. They also served as a surveillance system, aiding the security services in locating individuals with views critical of the

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in orientation. Many initiatives were established to aid entrepreneurs and develop a Libyan bourgeoisie. Seeking to expand the cultivatable acreage in Libya, in September 1969 the government launched a "Green Revolution" to increase agricultural productivity so that Libya could rely less on imported

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and (*) indicate that a person was convicted by the ICC and that the conviction remains valid; a name in (parentheses) indicates that charges were dropped or a conviction was overturned; † indicates a person deceased before or during trial; (x) after a name indicates that the case was closed by the

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Supporters praised Gaddafi's administration for the creation of a more equal society through domestic reform. They stressed the regime's achievements in combating homelessness, ensuring access to food and safe drinking water, and to dramatic improvements in education. Supporters have also applauded

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appeared on a wide variety of places, from street walls to airports and pens, and were put to pop music for public release. In private, Gaddafi often complained that he disliked this personality cult surrounding him, but that he tolerated it because the people of Libya adored him. The cult served a

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Gaddafi described his approach to economics as "Islamic socialism". For him, a socialist society could be defined as one in which men controlled their own needs, either through personal ownership or through a collective. Although the early policies pursued by his government were state capitalist in

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While there was no accompanying political liberalization, with Gaddafi retaining predominant control, in March 2010, the government devolved further powers to the municipal councils. Rising numbers of reformist technocrats attained positions in the country's governance; best known was Gaddafi's son

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in their bank account saw that extra money expropriated. The following year, the GPC announced that the government would take control of all import, export and distribution functions, with state supermarkets replacing privately owned businesses; this led to a decline in the availability of consumer

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Libya turned towards socialism. In March 1978, the government issued guidelines for housing redistribution, attempting to ensure every adult owned their own home. Most families were banned from owning more than one house, while former rental properties were expropriated by the state and sold to the

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To combat the country's strong regional and tribal divisions, the RCC promoted the idea of a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity.

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Along with Arab nationalism, anti-imperialism was also a defining feature of Gaddafi's regime during its early years. He believed in opposing Western imperialism and colonialism in the Arab world, including any Western expansionism through the form of Israel. He offered support to a broad range of

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home was unsuccessfully attacked by a militia—linked to the NFSL or Muslim Brotherhood—and in the aftermath 5,000 dissidents were arrested. In spring 1985, members of the military tried to assassinate Gaddafi twice. The first was a plot by conservative officers to assassinate him at a villa on the

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to encourage reform. In 1970, a law was introduced affirming equality of the sexes and insisting on wage parity. In 1971, Gaddafi sponsored the creation of a Libyan General Women's Federation. In 1972, a law was passed criminalizing the marriage of any females under the age of sixteen and ensuring

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At the third AU summit, held in Tripoli, Libya, in July 2005, Gaddafi called for greater integration, advocating a single AU passport, a common defence system, and a single currency, using the slogan: "The United States of Africa is the hope." His proposal for a Union of African States, a project

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Although all political control was officially vested in the People's Congresses, in reality Libya's existing political leadership continued to exercise varying degrees of power and influence. Debate remained limited, and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with

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on foreign trade. Its increasingly radical reforms, coupled with the large amount of oil revenue being spent on foreign causes, generated discontent in Libya, particularly among the country's merchant class. In 1974, Libya saw its first civilian attack on Gaddafi's government when a Benghazi army

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published a book alleging that Gaddafi had had sexual relations with women, some in their early teenage years, who had been specially selected for him. One of those Cojean interviewed, a woman named Soraya, claimed that Gaddafi kept her imprisoned in a basement for six years, where he repeatedly

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The Misrata militia took Gaddafi prisoner, causing serious injuries as they tried to apprehend him; the events were filmed on a mobile phone. A video appears to picture Gaddafi being poked or stabbed in the anus "with some kind of stick or knife" or possibly a bayonet. Pulled onto the front of a

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retaining a 70% share in Libya's oil industry, the government also imposed a 93% tax on all oil that foreign companies produced in Libya. Price controls and subsidies over oil and food remained in place, and state-provided benefits such as free education, universal healthcare, free housing, free

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in 2005, of being created by Britain and protected by the US. Alluding to their 2003 altercation, Gaddafi taunted Abdullah for ostensibly avoiding a confrontation with him for six years and quoted Abdullah's 2003 "grave awaits you" threat back at him before storming out of the meeting to visit a

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was killed, although her existence has since been questioned. Gaddafi retreated to the desert to meditate. There were sporadic clashes between Gaddafists and army officers who wanted to overthrow the government. Although the US was condemned internationally, Reagan received a popularity boost at

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In December 1978, Gaddafi stepped down as Secretary-General of the GPC, announcing his new focus on revolutionary rather than government activities; this was part of his new emphasis on separating the apparatus of the revolution from government. Although no longer in a formal government post, he

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cease allowing NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering Malta foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO to use the island, but only on the condition that NATO would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory. Over the coming decade, Gaddafi's

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as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and threatened to decrease production. In December Jalloud successfully increased the price of

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In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece amid widespread rumors of an abdication or a British-backed coup by the Shalhi brothers on 5 September. Gaddafi's Free Officers, recognizing this as their last chance to preempt the Shelhis in overthrowing the monarchy,

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Gaddafi's government's treatment of non-Arab Libyans came in for criticism from human rights activists, with native Berbers, Italian colonists, Jews, refugees, and foreign workers all facing persecution in Gaddafist Libya. Human rights groups also criticized the treatment of migrants, including

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He was preoccupied with his own security, regularly changing where he slept and sometimes grounding all other planes in Libya when he was flying. He made particular requests when travelling to foreign countries. During his trips to Rome, Paris, Madrid, Moscow, and New York City, he resided in a

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and lambasting it as "the embodiment of evil". He sought to distinguish "oriental" Jews who had lived in the Middle East for generations from the European Jews who had migrated to Palestine during the 20th century, calling the latter "vagabonds" and "mercenaries" who should return to Europe. He

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captured, along with 600-700 Libyan soldiers. Gaddafi disavowed Haftar and the other prisoners; one possible contributing factor to this repudiation may have been that Gaddafi had signed an agreement to withdraw Libyan forces, and Haftar's operations had been in violation of this. An embittered

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with Egypt, in which the Egyptians defeated Libya despite their technological inferiority. The conflict lasted one week before both sides agreed to sign a peace treaty that was brokered by several Arab states. Both Egypt and Sudan had aligned themselves with the US, and this pushed Libya into a

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ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East. In December 1969, Libya signed the Tripoli Charter alongside Egypt and Sudan. This established the Arab Revolutionary Front, a pan-national union designed as a first step towards the eventual

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states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement of 20 March 1971, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $ 1 billion in

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Gaddafi's earliest education was of a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher. Subsequently, moving to nearby Sirte to attend elementary school, he progressed through six grades in four years. Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son

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stance, support for Arab—and then African—unity, as well as for significant development to the country following the discovery of oil reserves. Conversely, many Libyans strongly opposed Gaddafi's social and economic reforms; he was posthumously accused of various human rights violations. He was

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A very private individual, Gaddafi was given to rumination and solitude and could be reclusive. Gaddafi described himself as a "simple revolutionary" and "pious Muslim" called upon by God to continue Nasser's work. Gaddafi was an austere and devout Muslim, although according to Vandewalle, his

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was a fundamental component of Gaddafi's ideology. He believed that the state of Israel should not exist and that any Arab compromise with the Israeli government was a betrayal of the Arab people. In large part due to their support of Israel, Gaddafi despised the United States, considering the

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In March 1979, the GPC announced the separation of government and revolution, the latter being represented by new Revolutionary Committees, who operated with the People's Committees in schools, universities, unions, the police force, and the military. Dominated by revolutionary zealots, mostly

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devoted to Gaddafi existed in Libya through most of his rule. His biographer Alison Pargeter noted that "he filled every space, moulding the entire country around himself." Depictions of his face could be found throughout the country, including on postage stamps, watches, and school satchels.

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visited Gaddafi in March 2004; the pair developed close personal ties. In 2003, Libya paid US$ 2.7 billion to the families of the victims of the Lockerbie bombing as it was the condition the US and UK had made for terminating the remaining UN sanctions. Libya continued to deny any role in the

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publicly revealed the news of Gaddafi's death. His corpse was placed in the freezer of a local market alongside the corpses of Yunis Jabr and Mutassim; the bodies were publicly displayed for four days, with Libyans from all over the country coming to view them. Footage of Gaddafi's death was

3062:

youths, the Revolutionary Committees were based in Tripoli and met with Gaddafi annually. Membership was drawn from within the BPCs. The revolutionary committee system became "a key—if not the main—mechanism through which exercises political control in Libya". Publishing a weekly magazine,

3873: 2167:, providing employment for thousands. These early social programs proved popular within Libya. This popularity was partly due to Gaddafi's personal charisma, youth and underdog status as a Bedouin, as well as his rhetoric emphasizing his role as the successor to the anti-Italian fighter 4271:

broadcast extensively across media networks internationally. In response to international calls, on 24 October Jibril announced that a commission would investigate Gaddafi's death. On 25 October, the NTC announced that Gaddafi had been buried at an unidentified location in the desert.

3870: 4114:

and three of his grandsons in Tripoli. This Western military intervention was criticized by various leftist governments, including those that had criticized Gaddafi's response to the protests, because they regarded it as an imperialist attempt to secure control of Libya's resources.

3215:

shared an enmity with Israel and Egypt's Sadat. In 1980, they proposed a political union, with Libya promising to pay off Syria's £1-billion debt to the Soviet Union; although pressures led Assad to pull out, they remained allies. Another key ally was Uganda, and in 1979, during the

3054:

tenants at a heavily subsidized price. In September, Gaddafi called for the People's Committees to eliminate the "bureaucracy of the public sector" and the "dictatorship of the private sector"; the People's Committees took control of several hundred companies, converting them into

2550:. Above these remained Gaddafi and the RCC, who remained responsible for all major decisions. In crossing regional and tribal identities, the committee system aided national integration and centralization and tightened Gaddafi's control over the state and administrative apparatus. 3472:, orchestrated on 15 April 1986, US military planes launched air-strikes, bombing military installations, killing around 100 Libyans, including civilians. One target had been Gaddafi's home. Himself unharmed, two of Gaddafi's sons were injured, and he claimed his adopted daughter 3804:

museum. Abdullah also left the meeting hall in anger. A Saudi official later claimed that Gaddafi and Abdullah had held a 30 minutes meeting at the sideline of the summit and that the "personal problem" between them was "over." However, Gaddafi had gave weapons and money to the

3321:

Many African nations were tired of Libya's interference in their affairs; by 1980, nine African states had severed diplomatic relations, while in 1982 the OAU cancelled its scheduled conference in Tripoli to prevent Gaddafi gaining chairmanship. Some African states, such as

8817: 4648:

According to Vandewalle, Gaddafi "dominated political life" during his period in power. The sociologist Raymond A. Hinnebusch described the Libyan as "perhaps the most exemplary contemporary case of the politics of charismatic leadership", displaying all of the traits of

1581:

noted that it could have been pre-1940. His parents' only surviving son, he had three older sisters. Gaddafi's upbringing in Bedouin culture influenced his personal tastes for the rest of his life; he preferred the desert over the city and would retreat there to meditate.

2183:

of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country. It remained heavily bureaucratic and failed to mobilize mass support in the way Gaddafi had envisioned.

4311:, the thought of the Egyptian President Nasser, whom Gaddafi regarded as his hero; Nasser privately described Gaddafi as "a nice boy, but terribly naïve". During the early 1970s, Gaddafi formulated his own particular approach to Arab nationalism and socialism, known as 1457:("state of the masses"). He officially adopted a symbolic role in governance but remained head of both the military and the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing dissent. During the 1970s and 1980s, Libya's unsuccessful border conflicts with 3456:

and associate of Wilson named Eugene Tafoya. Zagallai survived the attack and Tafoya was convicted of third-degree assault and conspiracy to commit assault. Wilson was lured back to the US and sentenced to 32 years due to his ties to Gaddafi. In 1984, Gaddafi publicly

2175:

Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, yet the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the

3975:

were never floated and remained 100% state-owned. Many socialist policies remained however, with subsidiaries of logistics company HB Group being nationalized in 2007. Agriculture remained largely untouched by the reforms, with farms remaining cooperatives, the

3553:, while in September 1995, Islamists launched an insurgency in Benghazi, and in July 1996 an anti-Gaddafist football riot broke out in Tripoli. In March 1996, Haftar again briefly returned to Libya to instigate an uprising against Gaddafi in the mountains of 3872: 4105:

to protect the civilian population from aerial bombardment, calling on foreign nations to enforce it; it also specifically prohibited foreign occupation. Ignoring this, Qatar sent hundreds of troops to support the dissidents and, along with France and the

4370:

as a model for the Arab, Islamic, and non-aligned worlds to follow, and in his speeches declared that his Third International Theory would eventually guide the entire planet. He nevertheless had minimal success in exporting the ideology outside of Libya.

3428:

in Paris. In March 1982, the US implemented an embargo of Libyan oil, and in January 1986 ordered all US companies to cease operating in the country, although several hundred workers remained when the Libyan government doubled their pay. In spring 1986,

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initiated "Operation Jerusalem". If Gaddafi's Free Officers had not preempted the Shelhis, they would have almost certainly been defeated by the combined forces of Abdul Aziz Shelhi, the deputy commander of Libya's army, and the prominent families in

3250:

outskirts of Tripoli; the second was an assault on his convoy. In November 1985, Colonel Hassan Ishkal, the third most powerful man in Libya, head of the military region of Sirte, died in a suspicious car accident. Ishkal's death was attributed to

3664:

During the final years of the 20th century, Gaddafi—frustrated by the failure of his pan-Arab ideals and the refusal of the Arab world to challenge the international air embargo imposed on Libya—increasingly rejected Arab nationalism in favour of

3240:

The early 80s saw economic trouble in Libya; from 1982 to 1986, annual oil revenues dropped from $ 21 to $ 5.4 billion. Focusing on irrigation projects, 1983 saw construction start on Libya's largest and most expensive infrastructure project, the

2669:

elements". During that year, anti-Gaddafist student demonstrations broke out at the universities of Tripoli and Benghazi, resulting in clashes with both Gaddafist students and police. The RCC responded with mass arrests and introduced compulsory

2133:

From 1969 to 1973, it used oil money to fund social welfare programs, which led to housebuilding projects and improved healthcare and education. House building became a major social priority, designed to eliminate homelessness and to replace the

2125:, introduced statutory price controls, and implemented compulsory rent reductions of between 30 and 40 per cent. Gaddafi also wanted to combat the strict social restrictions that had been imposed on women by the previous regime, establishing the 2295: 13430:

Secretary of the GPC, Shukri Muhammad Ghanem.... claimed that compensation was being paid to the families of the Lockerbie victims in order to 'buy peace' and avoid sanctions and that the country did not accept responsibility for the Lockerbie

4615:

and Milad Gaddafi. Several of his sons gained a reputation for lavish and anti-social behaviour in Libya, which proved a source of resentment toward his administration. At least three of his cousins were prominent figures in Gaddafi's regime.

9424: 4154:, ending the last vestiges of Gaddafist power. It is probable that without the NATO air strikes supporting the rebels, they would not have been able to advance west and Gaddafi's forces would have ultimately retaken control of eastern Libya. 1872:

to take advantage of the country's oil wealth. Corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the

4739:

Following his defeat in the civil war, Gaddafi's system of governance was dismantled and replaced by the interim government of the NTC, which legalized trade unions and freedom of the press. In January 2013, the GNC officially renamed the

2943:

cursorily; the GPC largely remained "a rubber stamp" for Gaddafi's policies. On rare occasions, the GPC opposed Gaddafi's suggestions, sometimes successfully; notably, when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished, believing that

4450:, or global Islamic community. Nevertheless, Blundy and Lycett noted that Gaddafi's socialism had a "curiously Marxist undertone", with political scientist Sami Hajjar arguing that Gaddafi's model of socialism offered a simplification of 2130:

that a woman's consent was a necessary prerequisite for a marriage. Gaddafi's regime opened up a wide range of educational and employment opportunities for women, although these primarily benefited a minority in the urban middle-classes.

3505:

at a facility in Rabta, although publicly denied it was stockpiling chemical weapons, and unsuccessfully attempted to develop nuclear weapons. The period also saw a growth in domestic Islamist opposition, formulated into groups like the

2074:'s share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to see 51 per cent of their operation nationalized, including the stake of 1962:

10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.

4058:

protesters' side. The uprising spread quickly through Libya's less economically developed eastern half. By February's end, eastern cities such as Benghazi, Misrata, al-Bayda, and Tobruk were controlled by rebels, and the Benghazi-based

3643:, in a process overseen by Mandela. As a result of the trial, Fhimah was acquitted and al-Megrahi convicted. Privately, Gaddafi maintained that he knew nothing about who perpetrated the bombing and that Libya had nothing to do with it. 2997:

strategic, although not political, alignment with the Soviet Union. In recognition of the growing commercial relationship between Libya and the Soviets, Gaddafi was invited to visit Moscow in December 1976; there, he entered talks with

1715:, which outlined how to initiate a coup. One of Gaddafi's Egyptian teachers, Mahmoud Efay, was reportedly sympathetic towards the youth's political ideas, and advised him that a successful revolution would need the support of the army. 23829: 2629:, such as "Representation is Fraud", as slogans. Meanwhile, in September 1975, Gaddafi implemented further measures to increase popular mobilization, introducing objectives to improve the relationship between the Councils and the ASU. 1905:

that supported the Shelhi family. On 1 September, Gaddafi's Free Officers occupied airports, police depots, radio stations, and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while

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and becoming commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Jalloud became Prime Minister, while a civilian Council of Ministers headed by Sulaiman Maghribi was founded to implement RCC policy. Libya's administrative capital was moved from

5091:

On 15 July 2011, at a meeting in Istanbul, more than 30 governments, including the United States, withdrew recognition from Gaddafi's government and recognized the National Transitional Council (NTC) as the legitimate government of

4583:. They met in 1969, following his ascension to power, when he was hospitalized with appendicitis; he claimed that it was love at first sight. The couple remained married until his death. Together they had seven biological children: 3717:, Ethiopia. That same month, Gaddafi was elected as the chairperson of the African Union, a position he retained for one year. In October 2010, Gaddafi apologized to African leaders for the historical enslavement of Africans by the 4531:

barracks, a 6-square-kilometre (2.3 square miles) fortified compound located 3.2 kilometres (2 miles) from the centre of Tripoli. In the 1980s, his lifestyle was considered modest in comparison to those of many other Arab leaders.

3967:, government figures asserted that they were forging "people's socialism" rather than capitalism. Gaddafi welcomed these reforms, calling for wide-scale privatization in a March 2003 speech; he promised that Libya would join the 3341:, forming the Arab–African Union; such a union was considered surprising due to the political differences and longstanding enmity that existed between the two. In a sign of warming relations, Gaddafi promised to stop funding the 11634: 4298:

Gaddafi's ideological worldview was molded by his environment, namely his Islamic faith, his Bedouin upbringing, and his disgust at the actions of Italian colonialists in Libya. As a schoolboy, Gaddafi adopted the ideologies of

1565:

in heritage. His mother was named Aisha bin Niran (died 1978), and his father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985); the latter earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder.

13052: 3514:. Several assassination attempts against Gaddafi were foiled, and in turn, 1989 saw the security forces raid mosques believed to be centres of counter-revolutionary preaching. In December 1993, former Libyan foreign minister 2733:

against Israel without consulting him and was angered when Egypt conceded to peace talks rather than continuing the war. Gaddafi became openly hostile to Egypt's leader, calling for Sadat's overthrow. When Sudanese President

2138:

created by Libya's growing urbanization. The health sector was also expanded; by 1978, Libya had 50 per cent more hospitals than it had in 1968, while the number of doctors had increased from 700 to over 3000 in that decade.

2336:

Palestinian groups. As the years progressed however, Gaddafi's relationship with Arafat became strained, with Gaddafi considering him too moderate and calling for more violent action. Instead, he supported militias like the

23824: 1813:. The Bovington signal course's director reported that Gaddafi successfully overcame problems learning English, displaying a firm command of voice procedure. Noting that Gaddafi's favourite hobbies were reading and playing 3349:

to Libya, where he was immediately killed. But relations deteriorated, particularly due to Morocco's friendship with the US and Israel; in August 1986, Hassan abolished the union. Angered by the snub, Gaddafi plotted with

3296:

In 1982, the GUNT government was overthrown by Habré's forces and Oueddei fled to Libya, where Gaddafi provided him with arms to continue to guerrilla war against Habré. In November 1984, Gaddafi met with French President

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home. Publicly lambasting US imperialism, Gaddafi's reputation as an anti-imperialist was strengthened domestically and across the Arab world, and, in June 1986, he ordered the names of the month to be changed in Libya.

23819: 4231:, Gaddafi continually changed residences to escape NATO and NTC shelling, devoting his days to prayer and reading the Qur'an. On 20 October, Gaddafi recorded a farewell audio message for his family, later publicized by 2296: 4968: 3685:(AU), initiated in July 2002 to replace the OAU. At the opening ceremonies, he called for African states to reject conditional aid from the developed world, a direct contrast to the message of South African President 1998:

In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing

12532: 23372: 15150: 4446:, and in 1973 declared that "it is the duty of every Muslim to combat" Marxism because it promotes atheism. In his view, ideologies like Marxism and Zionism were alien to the Islamic world and were a threat to the 1825:

wearing traditional Libyan robes. He later related that while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya, he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character".

2542:. Operating in a pyramid structure, the base form of these Committees were local working groups, who sent elected representatives to the district level, and from there to the national level, divided between the 4685:

described his speeches as being "an inexhaustible flow; didactic, at times incoherent; peppered with snatches of half-formed opinions; admonitions; confidences; some sound common sense, and as much prejudice".

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as a progressive force and advocated the creation of a pan-Arab state which would lead the Islamic and Third Worlds against imperialism. Gaddafi saw Islam as having a key role in this ideology, calling for an

13022: 4559:, part of a team investigating sexual offences during the civil war, stated that five of the guards told her they had been raped by Gaddafi and senior officials. After Gaddafi's death, the French journalist 4536:

bulletproof tent, following his Bedouin traditions. Gaddafi was notably confrontational in his approach to foreign powers and generally shunned Western ambassadors and diplomats, believing them to be spies.

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Many Arab and African states opposed the UN sanctions, with Mandela criticizing them on a visit to Gaddafi in October 1997, when he praised Libya for its work in fighting apartheid and awarded Gaddafi the

16352: 15039: 14597: 16457: 3369:. The Soviets were nevertheless cautious of Gaddafi, seeing him as an unpredictable extremist. In August 1981, the US staged military exercises in the Gulf of Sirte – an area which Libya claimed. The US 24952: 3697:

in the 1960s, was rejected at the 2001 Assembly of Heads of States and Government (AHSG) summit in Lusaka by African leaders who thought it "unrealistic" and "utopian". In June 2005, Libya joined the

1893:'s Black Boots revolutionary group. Shalhi, who effectively served as Idris' chief of staff, and his brother Omar were the sons of Idris' former chief advisor Ibrahim Shalhi, who had been murdered by 14727: 13670: 9416: 4527:

suits. He saw himself as a fashion icon, stating "Whatever I wear becomes a fad. I wear a certain shirt and suddenly everyone is wearing it." Following his ascension to power, Gaddafi moved into the

14538: 3497:

In the aftermath of the 1986 US attack, the army was purged of perceived disloyal elements, and in 1988, Gaddafi announced the creation of a popular militia to replace the army and police. In 1987,

8627:"Refworld | Libya: The role of Omar al-Meheshi in Colonel Qaddafi's revolution; his activities in the 1975 coup attempt and in developing opposition movements in Morocco and Egypt (1969 - present)" 3871: 3732:. Abdullah responded that Gaddafi was a "liar" and an "agent of colonizers" and threatened Gaddafi that "your grave awaits you." Two weeks after the summit, Gaddafi allegedly plotted with the Emir 13876: 13555:"Ratifica ed esecuzione del Trattato di amicizia, partenariato e cooperazione tra la Repubblica italiana e la Grande Giamahiria araba libica popolare socialista, fatto a Bengasi il 30 August 2008" 12992: 4568:

and Mabrouka Sherif. Gaddafi also hired several Ukrainian nurses to care for him; one described him as kind and considerate and was surprised that allegations of abuse had been made against him.

3187:

when visiting Libya; the Lebanese accused Gaddafi of having him killed or imprisoned, a charge he denied. Relations with Pakistan broke down in this period. Despite Gaddafi's repeated appeals to

16629: 3689:. There was speculation that Gaddafi wanted to become the AU's first chair, raising concerns within Africa that this would damage the Union's international standing, particularly with the West. 26283: 2696:. Sadat was perturbed by Gaddafi's unpredictability and insistence that Egypt required a cultural revolution akin to that being carried out in Libya. In February 1973, Israeli forces shot down 2504:, to expunge the country of "poisonous" foreign influences. He began to lecture on this new phase of the revolution in Libya, Egypt, and France. As a process, it had many similarities with the 17057: 3377:

planes which were on an intercept course. Closing down Libya's embassy in Washington, Reagan advised US companies operating in Libya to reduce Americans stationed there. In December 1981, the

2645:

and Awad Ali Hamza, he began plotting a coup against Gaddafi. In 1975, their plot was exposed and Muhayshi fled to Tunisia, eventually receiving asylum from Sadat's Egypt. Hawaadi, Hamza, and

1573:

tribes, the family were illiterate and did not keep any birth records. His birthday is not known with certainty and sources have set it in 1942 or the spring of 1943, although his biographers

21894: 14930: 3564:, uniting Libya in an economic pact with Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria, viewing it as beginnings of a new pan-Arab union. Gaddafi was able to recover some influence in Chad after 1267: 12962: 10442: 17018: 4564:

raped her, urinated on her, and forced her to watch pornography, drink alcohol, and snort cocaine. The alleged sexual abuse was said to have been facilitated by Gaddafi's Chief of Protocol

1423: 1232: 15821: 9816: 6921: 4263:. Official NTC accounts claimed that Gaddafi was caught in a crossfire and died from bullet wounds. Other eye-witness accounts claimed that rebels had fatally shot Gaddafi in the stomach. 3932:

for the first time on 23 September 2009, using it to condemn "Western aggression," and spoke for just over 90 minutes instead of the allotted 15. In the Spring of 2010, Gaddafi proclaimed

1727:, there attending Misrata Secondary School. Maintaining his interest in Arab nationalist activism, he refused to join any of the banned political parties active in the city—including the 4393:". As Pan-Africanism increasingly became his focus in the early 21st century, Gaddafi became less interested in the Israel-Palestine issue, calling for the two communities to form a new 23118: 15100: 11618: 2342: 11556: 5314: 5187: 3897:

gave Libya an official apology in 2006, after which Gaddafi called him the "iron man" for his courage in doing so. In August 2008, Gaddafi and Berlusconi signed a historic cooperation

3724:

Meanwhile, Gaddafi continued to have testy relationships with most of his fellow Arab leaders. In the 2003 Arab League summit, Gaddafi was involved in a public verbal altercation with

24860: 23814: 23136: 22363: 15008: 13044: 4551:

In the 1970s and 1980s, there were reports of his making sexual advances toward female reporters and members of his entourage. Starting in the 1980s, he travelled with his all-female

3928:, held in Venezuela in September 2009, he called for a military alliance across Africa and Latin America to rival NATO. That same month he traveled to New York City and addressed the 3760:. Amoudi was sentenced to 23 years in prison in the US and stripped of his American citizenship. Ismail was arrested by Saudi Arabia, pardoned by Abdullah in 2005, and later acquired 16995: 12860: 10915: 26278: 22393: 15276: 14899: 13730: 13112: 11973: 4765: 4146:, who had long been persecuted as non-Arabic speakers under Gaddafi, the NTC armies surrounded Gaddafi loyalists in several key areas of western Libya. In August, the rebels seized 2762:

and was tasked by Gaddafi with Hussein's assassination. Shennib instead informed Hussein of the plot and defected to Jordan. Relations with Syria also soured over the events in the

2625:

stance, proclaiming that while men and women were equal, they were biologically designed for different roles in life. During the years that followed, Gaddafists adopted quotes from

1965:

The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris'

1597:

it witnessed conflict between Italian and British forces. According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the

26288: 11271: 3148:. Libyan fighters began intercepting US fighter jets flying over the Mediterranean, signalling the collapse of relations between the countries. Italian media have alleged that the 2854:, the move was deeply unpopular in Tunisia, and it was soon abandoned. Retaliating, Gaddafi sponsored anti-government militants in Tunisia into the 1980s. Turning his attention to 2226:, implemented in April 1971; in doing so, Egypt, Syria, and Sudan received large grants of Libyan oil money. In July 1971, Gaddafi sided with Sadat against the Soviet Union in the 24870: 16387: 4246:

handgun. Of the few created, one of these models was in the possession of Gaddafi during the attack and later appropriated by rebels after his death. The engraving references the

3228:

from Tanzanian invaders. The mission failed; 400 Libyans were killed, and Libya was forced to retreat. Gaddafi came to regret his alliance with Amin, openly criticizing him as a "

2781:

Intent on propagating Islam, in 1973 Gaddafi founded the Islamic Call Society, which had opened 132 centres across Africa within a decade. In 1973 he converted Gabonese President

2163:

were expanded. In doing so, the government helped to integrate the poorer strata of Libyan society into the education system. Through these measures, the RCC greatly expanded the

17597:

Karniel, Yuval; Lavie-Dinur, Amit; Azran, Tal (2015). "Broadcast Coverage of Gaddafi's Final Hours in Images and Headlines: A Brutal Lynch or the Desired Death of a Terrorist?".

16336: 12014: 3433:; the Libyan military retaliated, but failed as the US sank Libyan ships. Diplomatic relations also broke down with the UK, after Libyan diplomats were accused in the killing of 16192: 14214: 2896: 2294: 2121:

were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, and Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs. The RCC doubled the

26193: 12893: 6444: 1601:. At the end of the Second World War in 1945, Libya was occupied by British and French forces. Britain and France considered dividing the nation between their empires, but the 26113: 18249: 13617: 12379: 12273: 10288: 16964: 13997: 8795: 15146: 12516: 17088: 10356: 1557:, Italian western Libya. Gaddafi was the only son of his parents and the youngest of four siblings. His family came from a small, relatively uninfluential tribe called the 26218: 17114: 16652: 5337: 15406: 10873: 23308: 16253: 13906: 12932: 3980:

remaining wholly state-owned and state interventionist policies and price controls remaining. The oil industry remained largely state-owned, with the wholly state-owned

3490:, to be awarded to figures from the Third World who had struggled against colonialism and imperialism; the first year's winner was South African anti-apartheid activist 3221: 13082: 10850: 3865:

bombing. In 2009, Gaddafi attempted to strong-arm global energy companies operating in Libya to cover Libya's settlement with the families of the victims of Lockerbie.

1473:

left it increasingly isolated on the world stage. A particularly hostile relationship developed with Israel, the United States and the United Kingdom, resulting in the

24831: 23123: 2272:

known as "Vengeance Day". Italy complained that this was in contravention of the 1956 Italo-Libyan Treaty, although no UN sanctions were forthcoming. Aiming to reduce

14810: 2500:. The fourth point announced that the population must form People's Committees and be armed to defend the revolution, while the fifth proclaimed the beginning of the 24942: 24875: 18538: 18414: 13014: 10318: 5473: 3518:, a leader of an anti-Gaddafi coalition in exile, was abducted in Cairo. His body was not found until 2012 in a morgue that belonged to Gaddafi's intelligence chief 2515:

as conduits for raising political consciousness. Although offering little guidance for how to set up these councils, Gaddafi claimed that they would offer a form of

14152: 11302: 24865: 21867: 14757: 14671: 12766: 7231: 5410: 4695: 2468:" by critics of their activities, Gaddafi rejected this characterization, instead considering them to be revolutionaries who were engaged in liberation struggles. 16344: 14589: 13258: 3036:

significantly redistributed or in the process of redistribution. Private enterprise was virtually eliminated, largely replaced by a centrally controlled economy.

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against Switzerland after Swiss police accused two of his family members of criminal activity in the country, resulting in the breakdown of bilateral relations.

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Aided by NATO air cover, the rebel militia pushed westward, defeating loyalist armies and securing control of the centre of the country. Gaining the support of

2692:

Following Anwar Sadat's ascension to the Egyptian presidency, Libya's relations with Egypt deteriorated. Over the coming years, the two slipped into a state of

26038: 24855: 18179: 15209: 12830: 12235: 12165: 12053: 11595: 8149: 1070: 257: 13846: 11084: 5088:

For purposes of this article, 20 October 2011—the date on which Gaddafi died—is considered to be the date he left office. Other dates might have been chosen:

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International reactions to Gaddafi's death were divided. Gaddafi was mourned as a hero by many across sub-Saharan Africa but was widely condemned elsewhere.

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political groups abroad that called themselves "anti-imperialist", especially those that set themselves in opposition to the United States. For many years,

26223: 23671: 23429: 23208: 21882: 20887: 14530: 10606: 9371: 3021:, Gaddafi once exclaimed to Ceaușescu, "My brother! You are my brother for the rest of my life!" After Pacepa defected to the US in July 1978, Gaddafi and 2774:

of "national treason"; he was the only Arab leader to criticize Syria's actions. In late 1972 and early 1973, Libya invaded Chad to annex the uranium-rich

2210:

by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Sudan, with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC. Gaddafi propounded

1973:

were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, many of whom were imprisoned, although none executed. Idris was sentenced to execution

1782:

With a group of loyal cadres, in 1964, Gaddafi established the Central Committee of the Free Officers Movement, a revolutionary group named after Nasser's

19627: 18631: 13142: 12196: 7193: 4458:'s theories. While acknowledging the Marxist influence on Gaddafi's thought, Bearman stated that the Libyan leader rejected Marxism's core tenet, that of 3269:

militia in neighbouring Chad, but FROLINAT became divided over its ties to Libya in 1976. In January 1978, the anti-Libya faction within FROLINAT, led by

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had been killed by a NATO airstrike on 29 August. In the weeks that followed, Gaddafi continued to broadcast defiant audio messages through Syria-based

1821:

officers had racially insulted him and finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around

25672: 23637: 23223: 23153: 20506: 20136: 19743: 16619: 13967: 2718:

for Israel's 25th anniversary. Gaddafi ordered an Egyptian submarine to target the ship, but Sadat cancelled the order, fearing a military escalation.

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clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged.

24957: 24826: 23781: 23075: 22381: 20211: 17049: 14183: 10395: 9276: 8701: 6831: 6291: 3365:

of the Soviet Union. Gaddafi played up his commercial relationship with the Soviets, revisiting Moscow in 1981 and 1985, and threatening to join the

2151:

greatly curtailed. Compulsory education was expanded from 6 to 9 years, while adult literacy programs and free university education were introduced.

14922: 14244: 13937: 26143: 24899: 23299: 23158: 20896: 20609: 20601: 20264: 20256: 18380: 16483: 12954: 3836:

against militant Islamism. His government continued suppressing domestic Islamism, at the same time as Gaddafi called for the wider application of

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in Scotland, killing 243 passengers and 16 crew members, plus 11 people on the ground. British police investigations identified two Libyans –

3413:, who was Jewish, was urgently recalled due to threats against his life. Gaddafi denied the allegations. Gaddafi was accused of having ties to the 3286: 2346: 2193: 1274: 17026: 13289: 10946: 5241: 4341:

as political inspirations. He regarded this system as a practical alternative to the then-dominant international models of Western capitalism and

3916:

After the US removed Libya from its list of state sponsors of terrorism in 2006, Gaddafi nevertheless continued his anti-Western rhetoric. At the

3728:, then the Crown Prince. Gaddafi accused Saudi Arabia of having made an "alliance with the devil" when it invited the US to intervene in the 1991 26168: 24977: 24972: 24967: 24962: 23901: 23148: 23131: 23100: 23095: 23090: 23085: 23080: 18518: 17578: 15813: 9800: 9243: 8764: 6905: 5433: 4501:

enthusiast and enjoyed both playing the sport and horse riding as a means of recreation. He regarded himself as an intellectual; he was a fan of

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as the main engine of social development. Instead of embracing the Marxist idea that a socialist society emerged from class struggle between the

4102: 4090: 4073:

In the conflict's early months it appeared that Gaddafi's government—with its greater fire-power—would be victorious. Both sides disregarded the

3701:(COMESA). In March 2008 in Uganda, Gaddafi gave a speech once again urging Africa to reject foreign aid. In August 2008, Gaddafi was proclaimed " 3487: 20073: 19708: 19687: 19564: 19378: 19203: 6959: 4110:, provided weaponry and military training to the NTC. NATO announced that it would enforce the no-fly zone. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed 26068: 24200: 22423: 10540: 3600: – as the chief suspects, and in November 1991 issued a declaration demanding that Libya hand them over. When Gaddafi refused, citing the 2448:. Gaddafi was indiscriminate in the causes which he funded, sometimes switching from supporting one side in a conflict to the other, as in the 16426: 15092: 9952: 5179: 2766:. Initially, both Libya and Syria had contributed troops to the Arab League's peacekeeping force, although after the Syrian army attacked the 26238: 26123: 25702: 25149: 23862: 11548: 6321: 3698: 2800:'s Pakistani government, with the two countries exchanging nuclear research and military assistance. In recognition of Gaddafi's support of 2338: 1649:

Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian, and for the first time, Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts, especially the

20066: 19599: 19501: 15000: 13460: 4065: 26243: 24780: 24034: 18533: 18275: 12852: 10907: 4681:

noted that Gaddafi was famed for his "lengthy, wandering" speeches, which typically involved criticizing Israel and the US. The journalist

3293:(OAU) rejected this and called for a Libyan withdrawal, which came in November 1981. The civil war resumed, and Libya sent troops back in. 1326: 1192: 1058: 811: 141: 105: 18852: 18089: 15280: 14883: 13722: 13104: 11701: 9992: 3195:'s life, Bhutto was executed in 1979. In retaliation and for Zia's refusal to share Pakistan's nuclear technology, Gaddafi began training 1864:

Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by

24882: 23213: 23049: 23044: 23002: 21812: 11267: 11132: 9348: 8216: 6809: 5264:"After Much Wrangling, General Assembly Seats National Transitional Council of Libya as Country's Representative for Sixty-Sixth Session" 1918:

and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance and wielded little violence against the monarchists.

20052: 17744:

Sacerdoti, Giorgio; Acconci, Pia (2011). "The Security Council's Asset Freeze against Gaddafi's Libya and its Implementation in Libya".

10516: 3989:, with Gaddafi condemning the WTO as a neocolonial terrorist organisation, and urging African and Third World countries not to join it. 3824:

In 1999, Libya began secret talks with the British government to normalize relations. In September 2001, Gaddafi publicly condemned the

3494:. From 1994 through to 1997, the government initiated cleansing committees to root out corruption, particularly in the economic sector. 1877:

with Israel; Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli due to its alliance with the Western powers. Anti-Western riots broke out in

25657: 25085: 23869: 23182: 23110: 22386: 19673: 19224: 16987: 16328: 16188: 15698: 12006: 8757:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–9, Part 1, Documents on North Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian" 4325:, Arab nationalism, and the Third World revolutionary theory that was in vogue at the time". In addition to Nasser, Gaddafi also cited 2684:; these forces were then persecuted as anti-revolutionary, while all privately owned Islamic colleges and universities were shut down. 1793:

In April 1966, he was assigned to the United Kingdom for further training; over nine months he underwent an English-language course at

1095: 853: 16524: 14206: 11165: 5304: 4366:. Gaddafi also had international ambitions, wanting to export his revolutionary ideas throughout the world. Gaddafi saw his socialist 3121:

in Cairo; Bakkhoush not only turned up alive but held a press conference with Egypt's Interior Minister. In 1979, Gaddafi created the

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achievements in medical care, praising the universal free healthcare provided under the Gaddafist administration, with diseases like

3542: 3315: 3098: 18768: 17530: 13773: 13627: 12371: 12257: 10280: 8856: 2899:" at Gaddafi's behest. Dissolving the Libyan Arab Republic, it was replaced by the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ( 26073: 26033: 25782: 25712: 25677: 25026: 23189: 23032: 21270: 20880: 16956: 13989: 10637: 8787: 8734: 4357:

rule, European colonialism and imperialism, and corrupt and repressive monarchies. Gaddafi's Arab nationalist views led him to the

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plain, continuing through 1981. In May 1980, measures to redistribute and equalize wealth were implemented; anyone with over 1000

1885:(CIA) was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's 1817:, he thought of him as an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious". Gaddafi disliked England, claiming 26133: 26063: 25642: 22989: 22914: 19350: 18954: 18803: 18421: 18375: 13315: 11232: 10340: 9703: 5377: 4706: 3458: 1003: 17110: 9801:"Ion Mihai Pacepa, Romanian spy and star defector who revealed the sordid reality of the Ceausescus and their regime – obituary" 2916:, a "state of the masses" conceptualized by Gaddafi. A new, all-green banner was adopted as the country's flag. Officially, the 26163: 25154: 23809: 20637: 20617: 20499: 20292: 20272: 18370: 16245: 15396: 9930: 9928: 4780: 2925: 1922: 1835: 1431: 1172: 1050: 395: 21888: 16687: 13898: 12916: 5267: 2665:. Thus, power was further concentrated in Gaddafi's hands. This ultimately led to the RCC's official abolition in March 1977. 2202:

Gaddafi (left) with Egyptian President Nasser in 1969. Nasser privately described Gaddafi as "a nice boy, but terribly naïve".

24937: 23774: 22118: 21766: 20204: 20087: 18656: 18132: 18037: 18010: 17983: 17910: 17862: 17803: 17777: 17697: 17678: 17659: 17640: 17524: 17458: 17379: 17302: 17280: 17199: 17169: 17150: 16558: 15330: 14977: 13074: 12410: 11059: 10834: 9342: 9031: 7529: 5153: 4790: 4513: 3498: 3414: 1732: 1508:(NTC). Gaddafi's government was overthrown; he retreated to Sirte only to be captured, tortured and killed by NTC militants. 1397: 1212: 1197: 25280: 19613: 19571: 19487: 18761: 17080: 16596: 15069: 14848: 9925: 8634: 3530: 2615:

Gaddafi summarized Third International Theory in three short volumes published between 1975 and 1979, collectively known as

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in April 2002. However, relations with China became strained in May 2006 due to a visit to Tripoli by Taiwanese President

2218:

Nasser died unexpectedly in September 1970, with Gaddafi playing a prominent role at his funeral. Nasser was succeeded by

26263: 26088: 26028: 25692: 25637: 25004: 24098: 23054: 23014: 22949: 20873: 19736: 14144: 13168: 11294: 5481: 4012: 3781: 3469: 2874:. Seeking to diversify Libya's economy, Gaddafi's government began purchasing shares in major European corporations like 2708:. Gaddafi was infuriated that Egypt had not done more to prevent the incident, and in retaliation planned to destroy the 1501: 1474: 1159: 1141: 903: 25038: 19936: 19336: 19252: 19238: 18968: 18782: 18617: 14749: 14663: 12758: 9016: 7321: 7215: 5715: 1979:. Three months after Gaddafi came to power, the army minister and interior minister, both of whom were from the eastern 26103: 25632: 24137: 22453: 22368: 22199: 22003: 21817: 20752: 20387: 17929: 17398: 13591: 13250: 8248: 3985:

water and free electricity remained in place. Libya also changed its stance on the WTO after the removal of technocrat

3925: 3430: 3141: 2354: 2126: 2082:, who had played a key role in the discovery of oil in Libya. Among the companies that were partially nationalized was 1426:, and implement social programs emphasizing housebuilding, healthcare and education projects. In 1973, he initiated a " 1135: 759: 19785: 19757: 19266: 19182: 19161: 19122: 19115: 15172: 12300: 12076: 11317: 10983: 2700:, which had strayed from Egyptian airspace into Israeli-held territory during a sandstorm. Gaddafi's foreign minister 2260:

Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated, and the 12,000-strong

1605:

of the United Nations (UN) decided that the country was to be granted political independence, and in 1951 created the

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Due to the lack of standardization of transcribing written and regionally pronounced Arabic, Gaddafi's name has been

4924: 4880: 4544: 4539: 3944: 3670: 3640: 3581: 2739: 2409: 19957: 19066: 18754: 12822: 12219: 12149: 12037: 11579: 9515: 9199: 5106:

proclaimed the anti-Gaddafi National Transitional Council to be "the legitimate representative of the Libyan state".

3612:

was blown up over the Ténéré desert in Niger, killing all 170 people on board (156 passengers and 14 crew members).

2452:. Throughout the 1970s these groups received financial support from Libya, which came to be seen as a leader in the 26268: 26173: 26118: 26098: 26093: 25562: 25554: 25218: 25014: 24894: 23852: 23767: 23243: 23238: 23228: 23218: 22614: 22333: 22313: 22308: 22184: 22179: 20900: 20197: 19859: 19108: 18431: 18403: 18307: 13838: 12759:"Muammar Gaddafi Apologized for the Cruel Treatment of Africans During the Arab Slave Trade | The African Exponent" 8515: 5923: 5099:, Gaddafi lost effective political and military control of Tripoli after his compound was captured by rebel forces. 4483: 2986:

socialism. His emphasis on placing his own work on a par with the Qur'an led conservative clerics to accuse him of

2755: 2617: 2604:; in doing so, he angered many Libyan clerics. During 1973 and 1974, his government deepened the legal reliance on 2566: 2314: 2206:

The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent. The administration was instantly

1810: 1493:, protests against widespread corruption and unemployment broke out in eastern Libya. The situation descended into 1486: 1440: 1310: 1082: 966: 440: 19585: 19343: 19038: 18989: 18933: 18859: 18810: 18733: 18705: 14779: 11469: 9151: 7965: 7766: 6354: 3444:, living in Libya as a fugitive from US justice, to plot the murder of an anti-Gaddafi Libyan graduate student at 26248: 26178: 26158: 26058: 26053: 24066: 23285: 23248: 23059: 22433: 22298: 22224: 22204: 22154: 21957: 20220: 20122: 20059: 19838: 19620: 18047:

Zoubir, Yahia H. (2009). "Libya and Europe: Economic Realism at the Rescue of the Qaddafi Authoritarian Regime".

13595: 9554: 8164: 5110: 4810: 4086: 3929: 3753: 3677:, calling for greater political and economic integration across the continent and advocating the foundation of a 3465: 2697: 1798: 1602: 1511:

A highly divisive figure, Gaddafi dominated Libya's politics for four decades and was the subject of a pervasive

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St. John, Ronald Bruce (2008). "Redefining the Libyan Revolution: The Changing Ideology of Muammar al-Qaddafi".

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pick-up truck, he fell off as it drove away. His semi-naked body was then placed into an ambulance and taken to

2827:

accusing her of aggression against Pakistan. Gaddafi's strong relationship with Pakistan ended after Bhutto was

2649:

were arrested. Most of the other conspirators were executed in March 1976. Another RCC member, foreign minister

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for young people. In January 1977, two dissenting students and a number of army officers were publicly hanged;

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of Israeli athletes in West Germany and had the killed militants' bodies flown to Libya for a hero's funeral.

1438:, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year in 26188: 24947: 24733: 23958: 22979: 22784: 22589: 22448: 22338: 22239: 22138: 22028: 21857: 21786: 21172: 19915: 19694: 19273: 19189: 18340: 5823: 5743: 5114: 5011: 4059: 3972: 3605: 3511: 3370: 3290: 3010: 2547: 2512: 2017:

per Gaddafi's insistence. In February 1973, Gaddafi resigned again, once more returning the following month.

1505: 1040: 25290: 25270: 25250: 20017: 19996: 19845: 19466: 19452: 18880: 18873: 18845: 13959: 11649: 10718: 10537: 8184: 3673:. In June 1999, Gaddafi visited Mandela in South Africa, and the following month attended the OAU summit in 2878:

as well as buying real estate in Malta and Italy, which would become a valuable source of income during the

1846: 1385: 25667: 25627: 25617: 25166: 24911: 24836: 24800: 24596: 24516: 23459: 22679: 22544: 21842: 21827: 21263: 20373: 19817: 19217: 19129: 19073: 18691: 18385: 10172: 10056: 9009:"في كتابه الجديد.. محمد عبد الهادى علام يكشف بالوثائق تفاصيل جديدة ومثيرة حول اغتيال بويصير والكيخيا (1-2)" 8057: 7297: 5688: 4753: 4098: 3789: 3425: 2501: 2449: 2417: 2362: 2265: 2223: 2106: 1207: 1187: 1026: 25183: 25050: 23352: 19459: 14175: 13195: 10379: 9266: 8688: 7869: 6835: 6404: 6275: 4022: 3089:

The Jamahiriya's radical direction earned the government many enemies. Most internal opposition came from

1995:

was foiled in August and Ahmed was sentenced to death (commuted in 1988 and pardoned by Gaddafi in 2001).

1585:

From childhood, Gaddafi was aware of the involvement of European colonial powers in Libya; his nation was

1400:

and ejected its Western military bases. He strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments—particularly

26083: 25792: 25622: 25612: 24790: 24189: 23874: 23199: 22268: 22169: 21972: 21506: 19929: 19666: 19508: 19392: 18940: 18747: 18740: 18663: 18208: 14458: 14236: 13929: 13692: 9059: 6874: 6129: 6093: 5787: 5474:"The Prosecutor v. Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi and Abdullah al-Senussi" 3920:, held in Syria, he warned fellow Arab leaders that they could be overthrown and executed by the US like 3765: 3757: 3639:. They would only be suspended in 1998 when Libya agreed to allow the extradition of the suspects to the 3550: 3137: 2836: 2176: 1882: 1668: 1462: 825: 563: 16479: 14116: 11196: 8101: 26253: 26213: 26208: 26198: 26183: 26128: 26048: 25935: 25763: 25756: 25687: 25366: 25128: 24927: 23973: 22954: 22559: 21781: 21006: 20723: 20010: 19978: 19964: 19866: 19831: 19771: 19729: 19550: 19529: 19480: 19431: 19424: 19329: 19315: 19052: 19045: 19003: 18947: 18919: 18831: 18796: 18409: 18390: 18149: 13281: 10938: 8001: 7686: 7662: 5233: 4519: 4312: 4280: 4163: 4046:

system there. Fearing domestic protest, Libya's government implemented preventive measures by reducing

3977: 3853: 3733: 2767: 2572: 2562: 1897:'s nephew in the fall of 1954. After their father's assassination, they became the favorites of Idris. 1720: 1342: 1306: 991: 981: 539: 206: 22944: 17547: 9235: 8756: 7246: 6495: 5441: 4053:

Accusing the rebels of being "drugged" and linked to al-Qaeda, Gaddafi proclaimed that he would die a

3136:, and paying for the services of former CIA officers, but in 1979 the US placed Libya on its list of " 1775:

before dropping out to join the military. Despite his police record, in 1963 he began training at the

1477:

and United Nations–imposed economic sanctions. From 1999, Gaddafi shunned pan-Arabism, and encouraged

26153: 26078: 26043: 25916: 25717: 25607: 25504: 25193: 25171: 25071: 24805: 24556: 24511: 23953: 23891: 22927: 22901: 22463: 22214: 22111: 21837: 21802: 20593: 20248: 20080: 19922: 19908: 19880: 19873: 19764: 19722: 19680: 19659: 19606: 19578: 19438: 19399: 19308: 19196: 19087: 17468:

Haynes, Jeff (1990). "Libyan Involvement in West Africa: Qadhaffi's 'Revolutionary' Foreign Policy".

8367: 7734: 6943: 6695: 5058: 4625: 4188:

remained Gaddafist strongholds. Gaddafi was reportedly planning to catch up with his Sebha commander

4101:(ICC) investigation into the killing of unarmed civilians. In March, the Security Council declared a 3445: 3113:. At least eleven more were assassinated in 1981. In 1984, Gaddafi was tricked by Egyptian President 2809: 2397: 2261: 1937:(RCC), the government of the new republic. Lieutenant Gaddafi became RCC chairman, and therefore the 1881:

and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the US

1728: 1664: 18020:

Vandewalle, Dirk (2008b). "Libya's Revolution in Perspective 1969–2000". In Vandewalle, Dirk (ed.).

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law. Libya also cemented connections with China and North Korea, being visited by Chinese President

2317:, viewing the 1948 creation of the State of Israel as a Western colonial occupation forced upon the 26148: 26013: 25225: 24932: 24906: 24738: 24606: 24531: 24405: 24275: 24115: 24039: 23923: 23659: 22939: 22704: 22529: 22504: 22164: 21993: 21742: 21647: 21571: 21411: 20718: 20708: 20658: 20363: 19894: 19515: 19231: 19094: 19010: 18887: 18333: 16418: 5516: 5341: 5096: 4955: 4596: 4575:(born 1970), their relationship was strained, and they divorced in 1970. Gaddafi's second wife was 4260: 4173: 4151: 4118:

In June, the ICC issued arrest warrants for Gaddafi, his son Saif al-Islam, and his brother-in-law

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operations in Chad. Meanwhile, Libya stepped up its support for anti-Western militants such as the

3525:

In October 1993, elements of the increasingly marginalized army, led by officers from the powerful

3515: 3282: 2790: 2575:. This approach regarded both the US and the Soviet Union as imperialist and thus rejected Western 2523: 1984: 1970: 1422:. He nationalized the oil industry and used the increasing state revenues to bolster the military, 986: 893: 420: 292: 201: 12425: 6556: 6313: 1756: 26108: 25878: 25797: 25582: 24375: 24103: 23933: 23790: 23362: 22871: 22794: 22674: 22564: 22443: 22408: 22358: 22051: 22023: 22018: 22008: 21862: 21822: 21451: 21397: 21256: 21187: 21106: 21076: 20703: 20698: 20693: 20578: 20343: 20024: 20003: 19901: 19371: 19059: 18215: 13444: 12445: 11853: 11493: 8971: 8969: 8946: 5649: 4775: 4555:, who were allegedly sworn to a life of celibacy. After Gaddafi's death, the Libyan psychologist 4094: 4035: 4006: 3917: 3796: 3749: 3678: 3217: 3161: 3118: 2993: 2952:

system still "introduced a level of representation and participation hitherto unknown in Libya".

2693: 2519: 2235: 1992: 1787: 1606: 1494: 1458: 1153: 1123: 1076: 888: 871: 191: 186: 181: 71: 17: 15232: 15001:"Gaddafi's Emotional Farewell Message to His Family Before He was Killed | The African Exponent" 7089: 4632:

was a brigadier general and described as the second most powerful person in Libya in the 1980s.

4200:. Instead, Gaddafi retreated to his hometown of Sirte, where he convened a meeting with his son 3309:. Libya suffered a humiliating defeat as it was completely expelled from Chad and its commander 2029:

Gaddafi at an Arab summit in Libya in 1969, shortly after the September Revolution that toppled

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Hinnebusch, Raymond A. (1984). "Charisma, Revolution, and State Formation: Qaddafi and Libya".

9271: 8435: 5875: 4975: 4943: 4419: 3745: 3628: 3449: 3090: 2413: 2389: 2250: 2207: 1739:—claiming that he rejected factionalism. He read voraciously on the subjects of Nasser and the 1680: 1590: 1314: 1129: 1105: 898: 876: 569: 529: 55: 24168: 11421: 11268:"Morocco-Libya: Gaddafi Plotted to Assassinate Hassan II, CIA Reveals – The North Africa Post" 11122: 9332: 8966: 7825: 4223:

Surrounding himself with bodyguards and a small entourage, including Mutassim, security chief

3298: 2862:, a defensive alliance allegedly to counter alleged "Moroccan expansionism", also funding the 1723:. To punish Gaddafi, the authorities expelled him and his family from Sabha. Gaddafi moved to 25863: 25597: 25592: 25469: 25449: 25260: 25230: 24693: 24451: 24395: 24385: 24290: 24093: 23963: 23928: 23857: 23609: 23438: 23410: 23397: 22886: 22861: 22649: 22624: 22073: 21737: 21021: 20986: 20353: 18609: 18457: 17813: 15032:"Listen to Gaddafi's last audio recording addressed to his family hours before he was killed" 10508: 9905: 6314:"Qaddafi – The Man and His Rise to Power – Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training" 6248: 6030: 5209: 5018: 4650: 4584: 4123: 4082: 3994: 3616: 3597: 3593: 3042: 2847: 2821: 2674: 2650: 2118: 2010: 1525: 658: 17791: 17446: 17187: 15690: 10020: 7905: 6153: 4670:

political purpose, with Gaddafi helping to provide a central identity for the Libyan state.

3905:; under its terms, Italy would pay $ 5 billion to Libya as compensation for its former 3302: 2786: 26023: 26018: 25898: 25868: 25828: 25823: 25727: 25602: 25439: 24887: 24621: 24616: 24506: 24132: 23543: 23403: 23389: 23266: 22514: 22488: 22104: 21919: 21872: 21602: 21526: 21491: 21212: 21182: 21147: 21101: 21036: 20966: 20931: 20895: 20648: 20573: 20303: 19792: 18817: 18698: 18510: 18487: 17716: 16532: 16215: 11155: 7606: 7557: 6230: 6228: 5567: 5565: 5563: 4770: 4629: 4604: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4342: 4288:

who believe that all nations of the world are brothers under the aegis of the rule of God.

4111: 4107: 3857: 3825: 3800: 3761: 3334: 3242: 2642: 2401: 2087: 1814: 1676: 1322: 1182: 798: 679: 79: 17514: 13765: 12730: 10196: 5767: 4216:. On 10 September, General Massoud Abdel Hafiz announced the formation of the Republic of 3768:. After the failure of the assassination plot, Gaddafi continued to discuss instigating a 3014: 2653:, also fled to Egypt. In the aftermath, only five RCC members remained: Gaddafi, Jalloud, 2571:

In June 1973, Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution:

2481: 2309:

Gaddafi was especially critical of the US due to its support of Israel and sided with the

2215:

political unification of the three nations. In 1970 Syria declared its intention to join.

8: 26203: 25888: 25245: 25178: 24982: 24728: 24591: 24526: 24521: 24446: 24425: 24420: 24260: 24215: 23938: 23847: 23626: 22876: 22809: 22764: 22654: 22234: 22209: 22174: 21962: 21936: 21657: 21300: 20828: 20688: 20553: 20397: 20338: 18261: 17692:. Tel Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies. pp. 578–603. 16692: 16657: 15147:"Confirmed Gaddafi dead: New York Yankees baseball fan 'captured' tyrant – Mirror Online" 13558: 11377: 8848: 8696: 8303: 6580: 6189: 5982: 5070: 5007: 4661: 4617: 4363: 4228: 4039: 3910: 3624: 3601: 3192: 3188: 3145: 2832: 2828: 2797: 2654: 2622: 2580: 2505: 2373: 2222:, who suggested that rather than creating a unified state, the Arab states should create 2160: 1768: 1512: 740: 356: 249: 176: 67: 21222: 17720: 13475: 10644: 9846: 8726: 8081: 7626: 6225: 5560: 5496: 4401:". This would have led the Jewish population to become a minority within the new state. 3832:, expressing sympathy with the victims and calling for Libyan involvement in the US-led 3418: 3009:, with whom he had a much warmer relationship. He also enjoyed a warm relationship with 2488:

On 16 April 1973, Gaddafi proclaimed the start of a "Popular Revolution" in a speech at

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rallied against Jews in many of his speeches, with Blundy and Lycett claiming that his

4317: 3636: 3565: 3561: 3507: 3270: 3251: 3094: 3055: 2763: 2743: 2437: 2156: 2075: 2038: 2034: 1736: 1684: 1655: 1642: 1631: 1401: 1117: 475: 432: 297: 75: 61: 25509: 25034: 21096: 20625: 20280: 20176: 13311: 11949: 10939:"Food Scarce, Shops Shuttered : Libya Today Far Cry From Kadafi's Utopian Vision" 10806: 9479: 7125: 5540: 4122:, head of state security, for charges concerning crimes against humanity. That month, 3816: 3752:). The assassination conspiracy was foiled by Saudi intelligence with the help of the 2796:

A strong relationship was also established between Gaddafi's Libya and Prime Minister

2109:. The agreement never materialized into a federal union between the three Arab states. 1679:(UAR) between 1958 and 1961. Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the 25853: 25544: 25479: 25394: 25374: 24795: 24743: 24491: 24410: 24360: 24280: 24245: 24059: 23334: 22819: 22759: 22599: 22244: 21925: 21612: 21384: 21325: 21305: 21142: 21111: 21061: 20820: 20816: 20801: 20786: 20713: 20548: 20543: 20455: 20433: 20409: 18068: 18033: 18006: 17979: 17962: 17941: 17925: 17906: 17893: 17858: 17845: 17799: 17792: 17773: 17736: 17693: 17674: 17655: 17636: 17626: 17618: 17574: 17520: 17454: 17437: 17394: 17375: 17341: 17298: 17276: 17232: 17227: 17210: 17195: 17165: 17146: 17050:"GNC Officially Renames Libya the 'State of Libya' – Until the New Constitution" 16697: 16662: 14891: 14719: 13452: 12924: 12797: 12524: 12263: 12227: 12157: 12043: 11981: 11626: 11587: 11051: 10881: 10842: 10450: 10387: 10348: 9808: 9779: 9338: 8141: 7772: 7223: 7185: 7157: 6951: 6913: 6801: 6600: 6283: 5309: 5217: 5002: 4795: 4678: 4640: 4620:

is Libya's former Special Envoy to Egypt and a leading figure of the Gaddafi regime.

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were considered potential targets and given special security. US ambassador to Italy

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Proposing political unity with Morocco, in August 1984, Gaddafi and Moroccan monarch

3285:(FAP). In December 1980, Gaddafi reinvaded Chad at the request of the FAP-controlled 3169: 3149: 2759: 2710: 2433: 2152: 1975: 1894: 1740: 1598: 1466: 1419: 1409: 1222: 196: 21456: 21441: 18640: 18116: 17993:

Vandewalle, Dirk (2008a). "Libya in the New Millennium". In Vandewalle, Dirk (ed.).

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Davis, J. (1982). "Qaddafi's Theory and Practice of Non-Representative Government".

17188: 15762: 15454: 13164: 13015:"Gaddafi, extremist preacher discuss overthrowing Saudi, Kuwaiti governments: Audio" 9743: 9417:"Colonel Gaddafi pressurises General Zia-ul-Haq to supply Libya with nuclear weapon" 7466: 5629: 4752:. Led by Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, the Popular Front was allowed to participate in the 4571:

Gaddafi married his first wife, Fatiha al-Nuri, in 1969. Although they had one son,

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to aid in the civil war; in January 1981, Gaddafi suggested a political merger. The

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Gaddafi financially supported other militant groups across the world, including the

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Once Gaddafi removed the monarchical government, he announced the foundation of the

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Tandon, Yash (2011). "Whose Dictator Is Qaddafi? The Empire and Its Neo-Colonies".

17881: 17825: 17753: 17724: 17606: 17562: 17498: 17477: 17417: 17321: 17257: 17222: 17019:"On the First Anniversary of Qaddafi's death – Is Libya Better off a Year On?" 16882: 16880: 16878: 16554: 15326: 14973: 14478: 11127: 9771: 7075: 7073: 6735: 6536: 5263: 5145: 4895: 4831: 4745: 4592: 4588: 4572: 4560: 4455: 4300: 4205: 4201: 4143: 4119: 3718: 3615:

In 1996, Gaddafi wrote a letter to the newly elected Prime Minister of Bangladesh,

3557:. The Revolutionary Committees experienced a resurgence to combat these Islamists. 3519: 3381:

claimed Gaddafi had dispatched a hit squad to assassinate Reagan, allegedly led by

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members on a Libyan politician, perhaps even Gaddafi, flying in the same airspace.

3165: 3157: 3018: 2921: 2817: 2670: 2516: 2425: 2046: 2033:. Gaddafi sits in military uniform in the middle, surrounded by Egyptian President 1988: 1915: 1688: 1594: 1521: 1516: 1435: 1334: 1008: 971: 785: 674: 668: 663: 653: 221: 21046: 17728: 14207:"Ten Reasons Libya Under Gaddafi Was a Great Place to Live | The African Exponent" 12402: 11043: 3963:; although rejecting the socialist policies of nationalized industry advocated in 3274: 25838: 25807: 25802: 25647: 25587: 25534: 25444: 25419: 25409: 25310: 25188: 24848: 24785: 24748: 24713: 24708: 24546: 24380: 24340: 24330: 24315: 24088: 24071: 24011: 24006: 23918: 23728: 23381: 23340: 22909: 22866: 22804: 22774: 22744: 22714: 22061: 21752: 21732: 21662: 21496: 21366: 21232: 21217: 21056: 21016: 21001: 20809: 20728: 20448: 20368: 19143: 18582: 18576: 18523: 18002: 17707:

Ramutsindela, Maano (2009). "Gaddafi, Continentalism and Sovereignty in Africa".

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El-Khawas, Mohamed (1984). "The New Society in Qaddafi's Libya: Can It Endure?".

16592: 15237: 15204: 15061: 14840: 13807: 13374: 13165:"Mana'a and al-Ahmar received money from Gaddafi to shake security of KSA, Yemen" 11729: 11088: 11024: 10544: 10156: 8626: 6397: 5372: 4961: 4934: 4565: 4552: 4338: 4334: 4220:

in Sebha, where Gaddafi would be president for life. Sebha fell on 22 September.

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occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries.

1748: 1696: 1482: 1448: 1202: 211: 23307: 21481: 18029: 16875: 15890: 14923:"Libya, Gaddafi's latest message: "Tonight I will die a martyr, be proud of me"" 14430: 12675: 7070: 6762: 4042:. He suggested that Tunisia's people would be satisfied if Ben Ali introduced a 2835:

in 1977 as Zia distrusted Gaddafi and rejected further Libyan financing for the

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interpretation of Islam was "deeply personal and idiosyncratic." He was also a

4459: 4354: 4304: 4267: 4247: 4209: 3921: 3886: 3878: 3845: 3666: 3609: 3546: 3491: 3437:, a British policewoman stationed outside their London embassy, in April 1984. 3421: 3406: 3390: 3327: 3323: 3310: 3212: 3207:, expelled all 150,000 Pakistanis living in Libya, and provided asylum for the 3200: 3122: 3028: 2944: 2879: 2867: 2859: 2771: 2747: 2735: 2730: 2646: 2633: 2461: 2269: 2243: 2180: 2102: 2030: 2006: 1933:

The 12-member central committee of the Free Officers proclaimed themselves the

1889:, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were instead monitoring 1878: 1802: 1610: 1478: 1470: 1393: 1381: 1227: 1111: 866: 706: 685: 463: 312: 31: 21202: 21197: 18143: 18083: 18060: 17885: 17829: 17757: 17502: 17481: 17421: 17262: 17245: 14283: 14088: 13045:"Muammar Gaddafi accuses Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah of lying at Arab summit" 7646: 6475: 6014: 3948: 3656: 3646: 3569: 2967:

law; he proclaimed "man-made" laws unnatural and dictatorial, only permitting

1388:. After taking power, Gaddafi converted Libya into a republic governed by his 26007: 25949: 25848: 25474: 25454: 25389: 25341: 25255: 24775: 24688: 24683: 24611: 24586: 24576: 24561: 24536: 24415: 24365: 24016: 23743: 23690: 23684: 23645: 23620: 23524: 22834: 22824: 22814: 22659: 22609: 22604: 22554: 22519: 22323: 22085: 21931: 21807: 21727: 21722: 21702: 21682: 21667: 21622: 21536: 21521: 21501: 21486: 21466: 21192: 21091: 21071: 21051: 21011: 20926: 20797: 20793: 20733: 20568: 18528: 18445: 17954: 17610: 17408:

Hajjar, Sami G. (1982). "The Marxist Origins of Qadhafi's Economic Thought".

17236: 17211:"Strategic Moral Diplomacy: Mandela, Qaddafi, and the Lockerbie Negotiations" 17183: 16701: 16666: 16292: 14895: 14723: 14335: 13622: 13456: 13358: 12928: 12801: 12698: 12627: 12528: 12231: 12161: 12125: 11985: 11630: 11591: 11055: 10885: 10846: 10662: 10454: 10391: 10352: 9812: 9499: 9008: 8145: 7937: 7486: 7227: 7189: 6955: 6917: 6805: 6287: 4576: 4556: 4528: 4193: 4026:

An anti-Gaddafist placard being displayed by demonstrators in Ireland in 2011

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Gaddafi's Harem: The Story of a Young Woman and the Abuses of Power in Libya

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to assassinate Abdullah. The plot was overseen by Libyan intelligence chief

2579:

as well as Marxist–Leninist atheism. In this respect, it was similar to the

2511:

As part of this Popular Revolution, Gaddafi invited Libya's people to found

1465:, support for foreign militants, and alleged responsibility for bombings of 25997: 25973: 25883: 25524: 25384: 25379: 25235: 25161: 25113: 24662: 24657: 24581: 24501: 24320: 24285: 24026: 23704: 23584: 23571: 23557: 23454: 23346: 22719: 22594: 22574: 21712: 21637: 21426: 21310: 21081: 20971: 20840: 20768: 18599: 18121: 17787: 17765: 17179: 16784: 16388:"Book Review: Gaddafi's Harem, By Annick Cojean, Trans. Marjolijn de Jager" 11757: 11685: 10549: 9660: 9135: 8351: 7410: 7408: 6209: 5405: 5030: 4621: 4612: 4580: 4471: 4443: 4390: 4386: 4376: 4224: 4197: 4181: 4131:

recognized the NTC as "the legitimate representative of the Libyan state".

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including an interview with Gaddafi about his support for foreign militants

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The flag of republican Libya used by Gaddafi's government from 1969 to 1972

1947: 1818: 1794: 1744: 1623: 1574: 1554: 1361: 711: 23759: 21377: 20189: 16503: 16501: 14506: 14387: 11773: 10252: 8578: 8499: 3025:

contributed $ 1 million each to Ceaușescu's $ 4 million bounty on Pacepa.

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Tirmizie, Brigadier General I.A. "The Profile of Intelligence: Libyans".

5103: 4467: 4463: 4381: 4358: 4330: 4128: 4074: 4047: 4031: 3841: 3714: 3686: 3502: 3448:

named Faisal Zagallai. Zagallai was shot in the head in October 1980, in

3402: 3398: 3385:, who had been living in Libya under Gaddafi's protection after the 1975 3378: 3366: 3196: 2804:

and financial support for the "Islamic bomb," Lahore Stadium was renamed

2701: 2588: 2497: 2493: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2282: 2219: 2135: 2098: 2066:

Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of

2014: 1874: 1806: 1752: 1692: 1672: 1490: 1405: 588: 17688:

Ronen, Yehudit (1986). "Libya". In Shaked, Haim; Dishon, Daniel (eds.).

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Qaddafi, M., Jouve, E., & Parfitt, A. (2005). My Vision. John Blake.

12559: 9463: 8025: 7797: 7405: 7109: 4353:

the world stage, blaming Arab backwardness on stagnation resulting from

3480: 1914:

took over the Tripoli radio station and was sent to arrest crown prince

25434: 25351: 25346: 25275: 24295: 23007: 22754: 22539: 21687: 21597: 21227: 20991: 20976: 20781: 18111: 17362: 16498: 16072: 15714: 15618: 15502: 15372: 11295:"1987, when Muammar Gaddafi was planning to assassinate King Hassan II" 11180: 10766: 10702: 10592:

Brigadier General I.A. Tirmiz, Former Officer of Joint Technical Bureau

8041: 6346: 5847: 4682: 4644:

13th Anniversary of 1 September Revolution on postage stamp, Libya 1982

4410: 4349:, in which he sought to "explain the structure of the ideal society". 4177: 3861: 3710: 3538: 3386: 3306: 3180: 2979:

because it guaranteed the protection of private property, contravening

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took Sadat's side, Gaddafi also spoke out against him, encouraging the

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as a basis. The consumption of alcohol was prohibited, night clubs and

1869: 1822: 1704: 1660: 1613:, who banned political parties and centralized power in his own hands. 1453: 1147: 881: 732: 21895:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

17837: 17429: 16932: 10040: 8323: 6635: 6173: 5966: 5672: 5597: 3744:, Mohammed Ismail (a colonel in Gaddafi's military intelligence), and 3660:

Gaddafi wearing an insignia showing the image of the African continent

2637:

building was bombed. Much of the opposition centred around RCC member

2612:

as punishment for those convicted of adultery or homosexual activity.

2198: 25118: 24703: 24541: 24345: 23910: 21677: 21672: 21516: 21340: 21335: 21330: 21086: 20156: 17816:(1983). "The Ideology of Muammar al-Qadhdhafi: Theory and Practice". 15277:"Report: Libyan Militias Executed Dozens, Possibly Including Gadhafi" 13723:"Gaddafi Proposed the Creation of a South Atlantic Military Alliance" 13663:"Qaddafi Warns Chuckling Arab Leaders in 2008 That Their End Is Near" 12250: 12148:

Noble, Kenneth B.; Times, Special To the New York (6 December 1990).

10908:"Qaddafi aide Khalifa Hunaysh dies from cancer in hospital in Munich" 6459: 6369: 5054: 4997: 4654: 4451: 4308: 4238: 4189: 4139: 3860:. Relations with the US improved as a result. British Prime Minister 3651: 3589: 3554: 3351: 2960: 2846:; in January 1974 Libya and Tunisia announced a political union, the 2704:

was on board and allegedly targeted by Israel in retaliation for the

2597: 2465: 2405: 2385: 2358: 2079: 2054: 1902: 1809:, Kent. Despite later rumours to the contrary, he did not attend the 1708: 1558: 1529: 1377: 1368:. Within the military, he founded a revolutionary group known as the 1338: 976: 15257: 15127: 15115: 14863: 14691: 14689: 14590:"Amnesty Questions Claim That Gaddafi Ordered Rape as Weapon of War" 14446: 13507: 8407: 6794:"Gaddafi-Opfer Al-Senussi: "Gott entscheidet, was mit dir passiert"" 6077: 4345:. He laid out the principles of this Theory in the three volumes of 2955:

With preceding legal institutions abolished, Gaddafi envisioned the

2911:

al-Jamāhīrīyah al-‘Arabīyah al-Lībīyah ash-Sha‘bīyah al-Ishtirākīyah

25858: 25567: 25063: 22846: 22263: 22068: 21431: 20981: 16896: 14299: 5149: 4990: 4981: 4674: 4232: 4213: 3902: 3890: 3849: 3829: 3729: 3526: 3266: 3225: 3153: 2539: 2302: 2286: 2239: 2211: 2144: 1772: 1637: 1360:

Arab family, Gaddafi became an Arab nationalist while at school in

18325: 15542: 10833:

Miller, Judith; Times, Special To the New York (14 January 1986).

5401:"Rebel Discovers Qaddafi Passport, Real Spelling of Leader's Name" 3913:

coming from its shores and boost investment in Italian companies.

3606:

two Libyan warplanes were shot down by the US off the Libyan coast

3117:

into announcing the assassination of former Libyan Prime Minister

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National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces

22013: 21248: 18548: 15307: 14945: 14686: 14494: 13869:"Gaddafi relations haunt Sarkozy in 2007 campaign financing case" 12886:"'UAE ruler's friend' ran Libyan plot to kill Saudi crown prince" 12853:"Qatar plotted to assassinate King Abdullah: Saudi Media Advisor" 6832:"Arm us to save us: Libyan ex-prisoner appeals - Univision Wires" 5062: 4766:

Alleged Libyan financing in the 2007 French presidential election

4717: 4713: 4428:

by somebody else, nor subject to plunder by any part of society.

4398: 4256: 4135: 4078: 3674: 3623:, pleading with her to spare the lives of her father's assassins 3534: 3330:'s Burkina Faso, had warm relations with Libya during the 1980s. 3235: 3229: 3211:. Relations with Syria improved, as Gaddafi and Syrian President 3125:, through which several thousand Africans were military trained. 3110: 2871: 2855: 2843: 2535: 2489: 2333: 2140: 1966: 1942: 1786:. Led by Gaddafi, they met secretively and were organized into a 1724: 1700: 1609:, a federal state under the leadership of a pro-Western monarch, 1570: 1357: 843: 17081:"Hijacking Ends Peacefully After Libyan Airliner Lands in Malta" 15634: 13808:"French police hold ex-president Sarkozy over 'Gaddafi funding'" 12985:"Libya's Gaddafi sought to replace Saudi Arabia's ruling family" 12955:"Former Qatari Emir conspired with Qaddafi against Saudi Arabia" 12218:

Riding, Alan; Times, Special To the New York (3 December 1990).

9334:

Cold War Jet Combat: Air-to-Air Jet Fighter Operations 1950–1972

8934: 8883: 6625: 6623: 5305:"How are you supposed to spell Muammar Gaddafi/Khadafy/Qadhafi?" 4017: 3073:

In 1979, the committees began the redistribution of land in the

2553: 2471: 2281:

government developed stronger political and economic links with

2045:

The RCC's early economic policy has been characterized as being

23993: 22473: 22283: 21391: 21350: 14712:"Hunted: A first-hand account of Gaddafi's desperate last days" 13899:"Gaddafi funded 'mentally deficient' Sarkozy, interview claims" 11044:"Mitterrand meets Qaddafi even as some say Libya still in Chad" 7275: 7273: 6437:"Qaddafi collaborator Khuwaildi Al-Hamidi dies of heart attack" 4579:, née el-Brasai, a former nurse from the Obeidat tribe born in 4217: 4147: 4077:, committing human rights abuses, including arbitrary arrests, 4054: 3898: 3183:

communities deteriorated due to the 1978 disappearance of Imam

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Declaration on the Establishment of the Authority of the People

2751: 2721: 2680: 2601: 2476: 2343:

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command

2001: 1743:

of 1789, as well as the works of the Syrian political theorist

1627: 1414: 26284:

Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class

25980: 22096: 18639: 17997:. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 215–237. 16829: 16827: 16774: 16772: 16770: 16144: 16142: 16140: 16093: 16091: 14408: 14406: 14363: 11937: 10311:""No One Is Safe": Hunting the Libyan Hit Squads of the 1980s" 9595: 9593: 8276: 7596: 7594: 7592: 2729:

Gaddafi was later infuriated when Egypt and Syria planned the

1616: 30:"Gaddafi" redirects here. For other people with the name, see 25662: 13443:

Lichtblau, Eric; Rohde, David; Risen, James (24 March 2011).

12372:"Gaddafi And The Killers Of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman – Analysis" 8788:"Cancer kills top Qaddafi aide ten days before trial verdict" 6620: 6392:

Fathali, `Umar Ibrahim, `Umar Ibrahim; Palmer, Monte (1980).

5234:"Arab League Gives Its Full Backing to Libya's Rebel Council" 5025:

and the passport of Gaddafi's son Mohammed used the spelling

4910: 4673:

Several biographers and observers characterized Gaddafi as a

4447: 4185: 3795:

The Gaddafi–Abdullah feud came into public view again in the

3737: 2992:, furthering their opposition to his regime. In July 1977, a 2715: 2329: 2277: 1980: 1650: 1562: 1550: 1349: 1302: 806: 793: 780: 525: 23309:

People publicly indicted in the International Criminal Court

16308: 14323: 14104: 14036: 13105:"Libyan, Saudi leaders walk out of Arab Summit after a spat" 12587: 11925: 11885: 11673: 10980:

R. Buijtenhuijs, "Le FROLINAT à l'épreuve du pouvoir", p. 19

10443:"Relationship With CIA Aide Gave Credibility to Arms Seller" 10281:"What ever happened to the Libyan hit squad? - UPI Archives" 10240: 9617: 9175: 8606: 7953: 7517: 7270: 6391: 4849: 3029:

Revolutionary Committees and furthering socialism: 1978–1980

2895:

On 2 March 1977, the General People's Congress adopted the "

1659:. Growing up, Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the 24151: 18024:. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 9–53. 17922:

The Radical Right in Britain: Social Imperialism to the BNP

16824: 16812: 16767: 16620:"Gadhafi's Final Weeks, As Told By A Top Security Official" 16280: 16166: 16137: 16088: 15982: 15970: 15794: 15658: 15345: 14634: 14632: 14630: 14617: 14615: 14403: 14259: 14024: 13183: 11789: 11745: 10478: 10476: 10422: 10132: 9871: 9869: 9836: 9834: 9650: 9648: 9590: 9123: 8989: 8566: 8556: 8554: 7589: 7507: 7505: 6117: 6055: 6053: 4916: 4901: 4872: 4857: 4843: 4840: 4034:

in 2011, Gaddafi spoke out in favour of Tunisian President

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Pan-Africanism, reconciliation and privatization: 1999–2011

3576:

in 1990. Déby also gave Gaddafi detailed information about

3277:. Meanwhile, the pro-Libya faction within FROLINAT, led by 3173: 2971:'s law. Within a year he was backtracking, announcing that 2875: 2742:'s attempt to overthrow Nimeiry. In 1974, Gaddafi released 2273: 2264:

was expelled from Libya alongside the smaller community of

2059: 1515:. He was decorated with various awards and praised for his 1498: 16851: 16154: 16112: 16110: 16108: 16106: 16050: 16048: 16011: 16009: 15880: 15878: 15841: 15839: 14553: 14351: 13642: 13535: 12615: 12477: 12465: 12324: 12113: 11897: 11619:"It's 2 Convictions, 32 Years, And More Trials for Wilson" 11549:"Uncover the mystery of a notorious Fort Collins shooting" 9676: 9544: 9542: 9399: 9397: 8900: 8898: 8293: 8291: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7046: 6974: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6002: 5956: 5954: 5585: 4404: 3431:

the US Navy again performed exercises in the Gulf of Sirte

18145:

2009 UN Security council speech from Al jazeera (English)

17391:

Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism

17111:"In Saif Hands: Gaddafi's Son to Run for Libya President" 16739: 16727: 16624: 16480:"Gadhafi's Ukrainian Nurse Talks About Life with 'Daddy'" 16127: 16125: 15910: 15863: 15851: 15530: 10585: 10583: 9083: 7454: 7429: 7427: 7354: 7352: 7156:. Vol. 66. Cambridge University Press. p. 340. 4898: 4866: 4854: 3858:

decommissioning its chemical and nuclear weapons programs

3577: 3354:

to assassinate Hassan in 1987, but the plot was aborted.

3257: 3128:

Libya had sought to improve US relations under President

2276:

power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that

2113:

The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting

26279:

Recipients of the Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, 1st class

21868:

Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa

17855:

Qaddafi's World Design: Libyan Foreign Policy, 1969–1987

16715: 15934: 15922: 15738: 15670: 15646: 15362: 15360: 15173:"GlobalPost: Qaddafi Apparently Sodomized After Capture" 14627: 14612: 14418: 14375: 14311: 14271: 14076: 14012: 13788: 13745: 13445:"Shady Dealings Helped Qaddafi Build Fortune and Regime" 13231: 13219: 12655: 12575: 12547: 12351: 12288: 11873: 10794: 10782: 10598: 10473: 9866: 9831: 9693: 9691: 9645: 9605: 8551: 8539: 8467: 8339: 7813: 7502: 7444: 7442: 7285: 6663: 6050: 4696:

List of awards and honours bestowed upon Muammar Gaddafi

3560:

In 1989, Gaddafi was overjoyed by the foundation of the

3361:, pursued a hardline approach to Libya, viewing it as a 2522:

that was more democratic than a traditional party-based

2253:—France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the 1719:

companions also broke windows in a local hotel that was

1333:

from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to

20181: 17596: 16800: 16450:"Gaddafi formed special department to find prostitutes" 16103: 16045: 16033: 16021: 16006: 15958: 15946: 15875: 15836: 15750: 15726: 15720: 15582: 15570: 15518: 15474: 15430: 15301: 15230: 11365: 10488: 10410: 10144: 10120: 10108: 9980: 9731: 9578: 9539: 9394: 9363: 9187: 8895: 8871: 8594: 8423: 8288: 7989: 7925: 7577: 7393: 7376: 7364: 7022: 6519: 6065: 5951: 5811: 4168:

International reactions to the death of Muammar Gaddafi

2850:. Although advocated by Gaddafi and Tunisian President 2714:, a British ship chartered by American Jews to sail to 2242:, where they were promptly executed by Sudanese leader 2071: 1805:, Dorset, and an infantry signal instructors course at 20613:

Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1972 and 1977

20605:

Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1969 and 1972

20268:

Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1972 and 1977

20260:

Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1969 and 1972

16920: 16908: 16573: 16189:"Moammar Gadhafi Won't Stay in Bedford Tent After All" 16122: 15594: 14884:"In His Last Days, Qaddafi Wearied of Fugitive's Life" 14644: 13523: 13495: 13426:

The Europa World Year: Kazakhstan – Zimbabwe, Volume 2

13390: 12643: 10629: 10580: 9324: 9267:"The iconic Gaddafi Stadium | Sports | thenews.com.pk" 7893: 7722: 7710: 7424: 7349: 7058: 7034: 7010: 6998: 6986: 5228: 5226: 3877:

Video showing the meeting with Russian Prime Minister

3852:, in December 2003, Libya renounced its possession of 3318:, became a CIA asset, and was given refuge in the US. 1941:

head of state, also appointing himself to the rank of

1928: 258:

Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya

26114:

Grand Commanders of the Order of the Federal Republic

25933: 22414:

National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change

17772:(second ed.). Houndmills and London: Macmillan. 17690:

Middle East Contemporary Survey. Volume VIII: 1983–84

16268: 16060: 15606: 15558: 15442: 15357: 14048: 11220: 9688: 8455: 8204: 7439: 6651: 5863: 4925: 4913: 4881: 4869: 4000: 3885:

In 2004, Gaddafi traveled to the headquarters of the

3631:. Rahman and Rashid both had business ties to Libya. 2924:

in which the people ruled themselves through the 187

2785:, an action which he repeated three years later with 2750:, from prison and appointed him Libyan ambassador to 2324:

Like Nasser, Gaddafi favoured the Palestinian leader

1991:

tried to instigate another coup against Gaddafi; the

1545:

Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi was born near

26289:

Secretaries-general of the general People's Congress

23321:

ICC because of a national-level trial of the accused

21883:

Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes

17632:

Seeking Gaddafi: Libya, the West and the Arab Spring

17548:"Trade and Peace: The EU and Gaddafi's Final Decade" 17041: 16863: 16839: 15782: 11974:"LIBYAN DISSIDENT MISSING IN CAIRO, FEARED ABDUCTED" 6862: 6850: 4948: 4907: 4863: 3132:, for instance by courting his brother, businessman 2909: 2808:. Gaddafi also provided support for Pakistan in the 26219:

People indicted by the International Criminal Court

17652:

Africa in World Politics: A Pan-African Perspective

16367: 15994: 13442: 12676:"Gaddafi says Africans must reject conditional aid" 11123:"Is General Khalifa Hifter The CIA's Man in Libya?" 5223: 5173: 5171: 4904: 4860: 4846: 4837: 4834: 3909:. In exchange, Libya would take measures to combat 3792:, and Kuwaiti extremist preacher Hakem al-Mutairi. 3273:, switched sides and allied with Chadian President 2230:and dispatched Libyan fighter jets to force down a 1248:

1971 Libyan Federation of Arab Republics referendum

26194:Members of the General People's Committee of Libya 25673:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 17971: 17794:Libya and the West: From Independence to Lockerbie 17509: 16988:"Many in Sub-Saharan Africa Mourn Qaddafi's Death" 16525:"Libya's First Lady Owns 20 Tons of Gold: Reports" 15327:"Muammar Gaddafi 'Buried in Desert Grave at Dawn'" 15313: 15263: 15133: 15121: 15062:"Gaddafi: 'He died an angry and disappointed man'" 14951: 14869: 14841:"Libya conflict: Anti-Gaddafi fighters take Sabha" 14780:"Gaddafi broadcasts are "sacred right" - TV chief" 14695: 14500: 14488: 14472: 14452: 14440: 13251:"China blasts Libya over Taiwan president's visit" 12007:"Prominent Gaddafi opponent buried after 19 years" 10441:Tyler, Patrick E.; Kamen, Al (10 September 1981). 10341:"CAIRO FAKES PICTURES AND FOILS LIBYAN DEATH PLOT" 5480:. International Criminal Court. 11 November 2011. 3652:Links with Africa and conflicts in the Arab League 2238:and Babikir al-Nour. They were extradited back to 1065:Secretary General of the General People's Congress 334:Secretary General of the General People's Congress 24958:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/265 20897:Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity 18094:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 17164:. Translated by Lyle, Margaret. London: Longman. 14237:"Gaddafi issues warning to EU over African trade" 13839:"Sarkozy funding scandal: what does it all mean?" 13766:"Libyan Leader Delivers a Scolding in U.N. Debut" 13135:"Libyan, Saudi leaders 'make up' at Doha meeting" 11018:"Habre Policy in Chad: Name Ex-Foes to Key Posts" 9776:Red Horizons: Chronicles of a Communist Spy Chief 5338:"How Many Different Ways Can You Spell 'Gaddafi'" 5180:"West Prepares to Hand Rebels Gaddafi's Billions" 3947:. He also financed Austrian far-right politician 3811: 3764:citizenship due to his close ties with its ruler 3261:Construction for the Great Man-Made River Project 1859:—Gaddafi's radio speech after seizing power, 1969 328:(as Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution) 26005: 24861:International reactions to military intervention 20514: 18022:Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi's Revolution Revisited 17995:Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi's Revolution Revisited 17924:. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 17746:The Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 17743: 17449:Libya: Qadhafi's Revolution and the Modern State 16345:"Gaddafi and His Sons 'Raped Female Bodyguards'" 15688: 14464: 14130: 11116: 11114: 10974: 8625:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 6394:Political Development and Social Change in Libya 5168: 4474:'s natural law providing order to the universe. 3464:After the US accused Libya of orchestrating the 2347:Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine 2194:Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi 1297: – 20 October 2011) was a Libyan 961: 24978:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016 24973:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009 24968:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 24963:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 18519:Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights 16246:"When in Rome, Gaddafi Will Do as the Bedouins" 12917:"Two Said to Tell Of Libyan Plot Against Saudi" 10506: 8134:"Five Draw Long Sentences for Terrorism Scheme" 5431: 5291:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 4492:Gaddafi (right) with Nimeiry and Nasser in 1969 3488:Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights 3461:, an aeronautical engineer studying in the US. 2886:Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1762: 1418:as the basis for the legal system and promoted 1331:Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 17516:Death of a Dictator: Bloody Vengeance in Sirte 15388: 13561:press release. 6 February 2009. Archived from 12262:. OUP USA. 2 February 2012. pp. 172–173. 10835:"LIBYAN MILITARY TERMED RESTIVE UNDER QADDAFI" 3799:when Gaddafi accused Abdullah, who had become 3236:Conflict with the US and its allies: 1981–1986 3199:, an anti-Zia insurgency led by Bhutto's sons 2842:Gaddafi sought to develop closer links in the 2600:, rejecting scholarly interpretations and the 1675:of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the 1301:, politician and political theorist who ruled 26039:African politicians assassinated in the 2010s 25703:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 25150:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 25079: 23775: 23293: 22112: 21264: 20881: 20500: 20205: 18625: 18341: 16216:"Qaddafi Cancels Plans to Stay in New Jersey" 14529:Denyer, Simon; Fadel, Leila (30 April 2011). 13837:Matamoros, Cristina Abellan (20 March 2018). 13075:"Libya's Gaddafi hurls insults at Saudi king" 11111: 9233: 8846: 4018:Origins and development: February–August 2011 3699:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 2905:الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية 2464:. Though many of these groups were labelled " 2339:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 2234:jetliner carrying the leading coup plotters, 2020: 2013:, being military men; the rest were civilian 1447:In 1977 Gaddafi transformed Libya into a new 1268: 1071:Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council 396:Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council 78:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 26229:People killed in the Libyan civil war (2011) 25003:denote operations or battles related to the 24781:Fist Crushing a U.S. Fighter Plane Sculpture 18534:Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution 17818:International Journal of Middle East Studies 17706: 17393:. Durham and London: Duke University Press. 17178: 16886: 16833: 16818: 16794: 16778: 16761: 16511: 16314: 16302: 16286: 16213: 16172: 16160: 16148: 16097: 15988: 15800: 15664: 15640: 15628: 15382: 15351: 15200:"Gadafy's Killers Will Be Tried, Claims NTC" 15191: 15093:"Qaddafi's Frantic Last Days Get Reexamined" 14968: 14966: 14964: 14962: 14960: 14581: 14126: 13626:(in Italian). 30 August 2008. Archived from 12823:"Libya 'plotted to kill' Saudi Crown Prince" 12736: 12621: 12517:"LIBYA'S GADHAFI SAYS HIS FUTURE IS AFRICAN" 11795: 11779: 11751: 11735: 11711: 11679: 11659: 11523: 11479: 11451: 11387: 11242: 10993: 10820: 10724: 10688: 10562: 10262: 10246: 10226: 10210: 10162: 10090: 10066: 10026: 10002: 9962: 9934: 9915: 9891: 9713: 9599: 9564: 9525: 9509: 9449: 9165: 9141: 9105: 9045: 8979: 8956: 8940: 8920: 8889: 8659: 8612: 8521: 8509: 8489: 8445: 8397: 8381: 8361: 8313: 8282: 8262: 8226: 8190: 8170: 8111: 8091: 8067: 8011: 7971: 7879: 7855: 7831: 7696: 7672: 7652: 7636: 7600: 7563: 7539: 7331: 7303: 7279: 7256: 7135: 7099: 7079: 6980: 6884: 6749: 6645: 6629: 6610: 6586: 6570: 6509: 6414: 6254: 6215: 6199: 6159: 6135: 6099: 6036: 6020: 6008: 5988: 5933: 5905: 5881: 5853: 5829: 5797: 5777: 5749: 5725: 5701: 5658: 5639: 5619: 5591: 5571: 5550: 5526: 5502: 5368:"Saif Gaddafi on How to Spell His Last Name" 5202: 4720:being contained and life expectancy raised. 4176:, only a few towns in western Libya such as 4097:, implementing sanctions and calling for an 3713:him in February 2009, in a ceremony held in 2249:After the 1969 coup, representatives of the 1059:Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution 142:Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution 26224:People indicted for crimes against humanity 23789: 20219: 18019: 17992: 17208: 16942: 16183: 16181: 15397:"What Did Qaddafi's Green Book Really Say?" 14921:Nova, Redazione Agenzia (21 October 2021). 14528: 14512: 14484: 14412: 14397: 14289: 14265: 14094: 14030: 13763: 13408: 13340: 13201: 13189: 12483: 12471: 12451: 12431: 12330: 12310: 12306: 12217: 12119: 11915: 11859: 11843: 11823: 11763: 11719: 11715: 11663: 11527: 11503: 11455: 11427: 11411: 10997: 10832: 10776: 10728: 10635: 10604: 10230: 10186: 10166: 10094: 10030: 10006: 9966: 9938: 9852: 9717: 9682: 9572: 9369: 8924: 8663: 8584: 8525: 8234: 7975: 7616: 7567: 7547: 7492: 7335: 7307: 7115: 6888: 6725: 6709: 6685: 6590: 5833: 5049:. Scientific romanizations of the name are 4611:(1983–2011). He also adopted two children, 4085:, and revenge attacks. On 26 February, the 3481:"Revolution within a Revolution": 1987–1998 3345:and Hassan II extradited former RCC member 3144:in solidarity with the perpetrators of the 1983:region, tried to overthrow him in a failed 1711:. Gaddafi was influenced by Nasser's book, 1617:Education and political activism: 1950–1963 1540: 1341:, Gaddafi later ruled according to his own 25086: 25072: 24876:International reactions to Gaddafi's death 23870:Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 23782: 23768: 23300: 23286: 22119: 22105: 21271: 21257: 20888: 20874: 20507: 20493: 20212: 20198: 18632: 18618: 18348: 18334: 18125: 17969: 17625: 17488: 16902: 16890: 16857: 16790: 16745: 16733: 16721: 16653:"Qaddafi's Authority Said to Be Weakening" 16082: 15916: 15536: 14571: 14369: 14357: 14341: 14305: 14066: 13648: 13481: 13380: 13364: 13344: 13336: 13209: 12740: 12720: 12704: 12633: 12605: 12569: 12495: 12455: 12435: 12314: 12147: 12131: 12103: 11955: 11943: 11903: 11807: 11767: 11739: 11723: 11695: 11667: 11507: 11483: 11459: 11431: 11415: 11355: 11331: 11250: 11210: 11120: 10756: 10732: 10692: 10672: 10570: 10440: 10098: 10070: 10010: 9970: 9942: 9895: 9875: 9856: 9799:Obituaries, Telegraph (25 February 2021). 9798: 9721: 9666: 9635: 9529: 9489: 9469: 9453: 9302:"Gaddafi's Mental Follies and Megalomania" 9217: 9181: 9113: 9089: 9073: 9053: 8983: 8960: 8928: 8818:"اكتشف 10 معلومات عن اللواء مصطفى الخروبي" 8667: 8588: 8529: 8401: 8266: 8238: 8230: 8194: 8174: 8115: 8071: 8031: 7979: 7883: 7859: 7835: 7803: 7748: 7700: 7676: 7656: 7640: 7612: 7543: 7496: 7476: 7414: 7339: 7311: 6729: 6713: 6705: 6681: 6669: 6513: 6469: 6422: 6379: 6258: 6242: 6238: 6219: 6203: 6163: 6143: 6107: 6059: 6044: 5992: 5941: 5913: 5885: 5837: 5801: 5781: 5757: 5733: 5705: 5662: 5643: 5603: 5575: 5554: 5534: 5506: 5466: 5037:was slightly more widespread, followed by 2802:Pakistan's right to pursue nuclear weapons 2770:, Gaddafi openly accused Syrian President 2587:. As part of this theory, Gaddafi praised 1275: 1261: 453:2 February 2009 – 31 January 2010 125: 21853:Organisation of African Trade Union Unity 18544:40th anniversary of the Libyan Revolution 17978:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 17348: 17261: 17226: 15814:"Europe Should Convert to Islam: Gaddafi" 15233:"Why Putin Is Right to Fear for His Life" 14957: 13836: 12514: 12035: 11147: 11012: 11010: 10380:"Libya: The Doublecross and the Hit Hoax" 9560: 8847:Ufheil-Somers, Amanda (4 November 1986). 8329: 8309: 7291: 7151: 7028: 4750:Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya 4069:Pro-Gaddafi protests in Tripoli, May 2011 3543:National Front for the Salvation of Libya 3316:National Front for the Salvation of Libya 3140:". Relations were further damaged when a 3099:National Front for the Salvation of Libya 2632:In 1975, Gaddafi's government declared a 2107:to form a federal Union of Arab Republics 1233:Support for rebel and paramilitary groups 1193:Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 25783:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic 25713:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 25678:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) 21813:All-African People's Revolutionary Party 18049:Journal of Contemporary European Studies 17900: 17871: 17852: 17812: 17668: 16650: 16579: 16326: 16178: 16131: 16078: 15928: 15900: 15776: 15768: 15744: 15732: 15676: 15652: 15588: 15576: 15552: 15524: 15512: 15496: 15492: 15480: 15468: 15464: 15460: 15436: 15029: 14650: 14638: 14621: 14587: 14575: 14516: 14468: 14436: 14424: 14393: 14381: 14345: 14329: 14317: 14293: 14277: 14110: 14098: 14082: 14070: 14042: 14018: 13930:"Ties That Bind Kadafi and Neo-Fascists" 13794: 13751: 13660: 13582: 13580: 13513: 13489: 13485: 13412: 13384: 13368: 13348: 13237: 13225: 13213: 13205: 12744: 12724: 12708: 12661: 12637: 12609: 12593: 12581: 12565: 12553: 12499: 12459: 12439: 12401:Ahsan, Syed Badrul (21 September 2011). 12357: 12318: 12294: 12135: 12107: 11959: 11931: 11919: 11891: 11879: 11867: 11863: 11847: 11831: 11827: 11811: 11783: 11580:"DEFENDANT DESCRIBES SHOOTING OF LIBYAN" 11531: 11487: 11463: 11435: 11407: 11391: 11371: 11359: 11351: 11335: 11327: 11292: 11254: 11246: 11214: 11206: 11190: 11186: 11156:"The Unravelling: Libya's New Strongman" 11153: 11001: 10874:"Libya Seen Weighing Government Changes" 10800: 10788: 10760: 10736: 10696: 10668: 10574: 10566: 10482: 10416: 10234: 10190: 10102: 10074: 10062: 10050: 10034: 10014: 9974: 9946: 9919: 9899: 9887: 9860: 9840: 9757: 9753: 9725: 9670: 9654: 9639: 9623: 9584: 9568: 9533: 9493: 9473: 9457: 9221: 9213: 9193: 9169: 9145: 9117: 9109: 9077: 9049: 8686: 8671: 8560: 8545: 8533: 8493: 8473: 8449: 8417: 8385: 8345: 8317: 8270: 8242: 8198: 8178: 8119: 8095: 8075: 8051: 8035: 8019: 8015: 8007: 7983: 7959: 7947: 7943: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7887: 7863: 7839: 7819: 7807: 7771:. Indiana University Press. p. 88. 7758: 7752: 7704: 7680: 7620: 7571: 7551: 7523: 7511: 7480: 7418: 7343: 7315: 7264: 7260: 7139: 7119: 7103: 7083: 6892: 6689: 6614: 6594: 6574: 6550: 6542: 6530: 6262: 6167: 6147: 6123: 6111: 6087: 6071: 5996: 5976: 5960: 5945: 5917: 5889: 5841: 5817: 5805: 5761: 5737: 5709: 5682: 5666: 5623: 5607: 5579: 5510: 5021:confirms that Saif spelled his own name 4950:Muʿammar Muḥammad ʾAbū Minyār al-Qaḏḏāfī 4748:then founded a new political party, the 4731: 4639: 4538: 4487: 4237: 4064: 4021: 3867: 3815: 3705:" by a committee of traditional African 3655: 3440:In 1980, Gaddafi hired former CIA agent 3256: 3172:fighters in an assassination attempt by 3082:goods and the development of a thriving 2930: 2720: 2475: 2291: 2197: 2179:(ASU) in June 1971, a mass mobilization 2092: 2024: 1952: 1916:Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi 1636: 1535: 270:1 September 1969 – 2 March 1977 26144:Libyan Arab Socialist Union politicians 25658:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) 25643:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 24871:U.S. reactions to military intervention 21572:I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson 20137:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024) 19744:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004) 18748:Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965) 17599:The International Communication Gazette 17388: 17140: 16954: 16757: 16342: 16329:"Gaddafi 'Raped' His Female Bodyguards" 16116: 16054: 16039: 16027: 16015: 15976: 15964: 15952: 15940: 15884: 15845: 15772: 15756: 15231:Sebag-Montefiore, Simon (18 May 2023). 13764:MacFarquhar, Neil (23 September 2009). 13547: 11707: 11655: 11519: 11499: 11475: 11447: 11403: 11323: 11238: 10989: 10937:Wallace, Charles P. (17 January 1986). 10936: 10905: 10812: 10748: 10708: 10684: 10494: 10428: 10258: 10222: 10202: 10178: 10150: 10138: 10126: 10114: 10086: 10046: 9998: 9986: 9958: 9911: 9749: 9737: 9709: 9548: 9521: 9485: 9445: 9403: 9205: 9157: 9129: 9101: 9065: 9037: 8995: 8952: 8916: 8904: 8877: 8655: 8600: 8572: 8505: 8441: 8429: 8373: 8333: 8297: 8254: 8222: 8107: 8087: 8063: 8047: 7995: 7931: 7899: 7875: 7851: 7740: 7728: 7716: 7692: 7668: 7632: 7583: 7535: 7460: 7433: 7399: 7387: 7370: 7358: 7327: 7252: 7216:"Occidental-Libya Exploration Pact Set" 7131: 7095: 7064: 7052: 7040: 7016: 7004: 6992: 6741: 6657: 6562: 6546: 6501: 6481: 6375: 6179: 5929: 5901: 5793: 5773: 5546: 5522: 5288: 4707:Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi 4700: 4405:Islamic modernism and Islamic socialism 3681:. He became one of the founders of the 2820:and penned a strongly worded letter to 2725:Gaddafi in 1976 with a child on his lap 2063:additional revenues in its first year. 1829: 1767:Gaddafi briefly studied history at the 1524:administration systematically violated 410:16 January 1970 – 16 July 1972 154:2 March 1979 – 20 October 2011 14: 26169:Libyan politicians convicted of crimes 26006: 25653:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 25046: 24866:Protests against military intervention 18371:History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi 18046: 17938: 17786: 17764: 17649: 17467: 17444: 17407: 17289: 17270: 17243: 17159: 17047: 17016: 16938: 16926: 16914: 16845: 16507: 16379: 16373: 16339:from the original on 13 February 2012. 16298: 16274: 16066: 16000: 15904: 15869: 15857: 15624: 15612: 15600: 15564: 15548: 15508: 15448: 15378: 15366: 15279:. CNN. 17 October 2012. Archived from 15197: 15090: 14750:"Gaddafi taunts NATO in new broadcast" 14706: 14704: 14559: 14173: 14122: 13541: 13529: 13501: 13396: 12880: 12878: 12787: 12649: 12510: 12508: 12343:"Despair As Visit Banned By Gaddafi". 12186: 12150:"In Chad, Talk of a Libyan Resurgence" 11971: 11691: 11542: 11540: 11383: 11347: 11226: 11202: 11154:Anderson, Jon Lee (23 February 2015). 11007: 10871: 10816: 10772: 10752: 10712: 10377: 10347:. Associated Press. 18 November 1984. 10275: 10273: 10271: 10206: 10182: 9770: 9697: 9611: 9505: 9330: 9296: 9294: 9264: 9209: 9161: 9069: 9041: 8975: 8682: 8680: 8485: 8461: 8413: 8377: 8258: 8210: 7744: 7472: 7448: 6880: 6868: 6856: 6745: 6701: 6641: 6606: 6566: 6505: 6489: 6485: 6465: 6418: 6410: 6234: 6195: 6183: 6139: 6103: 6083: 6040: 6024: 5972: 5937: 5909: 5869: 5857: 5753: 5729: 5721: 5697: 5678: 5635: 5530: 5398: 5335: 5210:"Tuesday, 23 August 2011 – 16:19" 4989: 4980: 4960: 4781:History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi 4624:was his chief of security and led the 4157: 2687: 2583:developed by China's political leader 1836:History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi 1520:condemned by many as a dictator whose 1404:'s Egypt—and unsuccessfully advocated 1288:Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi 1051:History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi 495:Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi 26069:Assassinated heads of state in Africa 25067: 24938:Libyan Freedom and Democracy Campaign 23763: 23281: 22100: 21252: 20869: 20488: 20193: 20180: 18613: 18329: 18084:Torture and assassination of Gaddaffi 17919: 17798:. Oxford: Centre for Libyan Studies. 17687: 17545: 17453:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 17410:The Journal of Modern African Studies 17369: 17311: 17091:from the original on 23 December 2016 17078: 16967:from the original on 23 December 2011 16869: 16806: 16599:from the original on 29 November 2019 16486:from the original on 24 February 2013 16385: 16320: 15896: 15788: 15721:Karniel, Lavie-Dinur & Azran 2015 15394: 15302:Karniel, Lavie-Dinur & Azran 2015 15103:from the original on 21 February 2023 15072:from the original on 21 February 2023 15042:from the original on 21 February 2023 15030:Akhalbey, Francis (22 October 2018). 15011:from the original on 21 February 2023 14998: 14933:from the original on 21 February 2023 14881: 14851:from the original on 21 February 2023 14821:from the original on 22 February 2023 14790:from the original on 21 February 2023 14760:from the original on 21 February 2023 14730:from the original on 23 February 2023 14674:from the original on 26 February 2023 14600:from the original on 18 February 2017 14204: 14176:"Libya oil eyed by Western companies" 14054: 13733:from the original on 18 February 2010 13577: 13517: 13352: 13171:from the original on 10 February 2013 12914: 12673: 12400: 12238:from the original on 19 November 2018 12220:"REBELS IN CONTROL OF CHAD'S CAPITAL" 12180: 12074: 12039:Libya: Background and U. S. Relations 11616: 11546: 10872:Dickey, Christopher (27 April 1986). 10461:from the original on 22 December 2020 9819:from the original on 11 February 2023 9265:Faridi, Dr. Salman (4 October 2020). 8828:from the original on 10 February 2023 8737:from the original on 10 February 2023 8357: 8152:from the original on 11 December 2008 7196:from the original on 17 December 2021 7145: 6924:from the original on 12 February 2023 6791: 6447:from the original on 10 February 2023 6341: 6339: 6324:from the original on 10 February 2023 6294:from the original on 10 February 2023 5484:from the original on 13 November 2016 5336:Gibson, Charles (22 September 2009). 5293:. Vol. 3. Brill. pp. 52–58. 5289:Pereira, Christophe (2008). "Libya". 5266:. United Nations. 16 September 2011. 5006:lists 32 spellings known from the US 4791:Libya and weapons of mass destruction 4689: 4274: 3959:Libya's economy witnessed increasing 3780:, including Qatar's Foreign Minister 3415:Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Factions 3093:, inspired by the events of the 1979 2870:in its independence struggle against 2070:, starting with the expropriation of 1198:1970 expulsion of Italians from Libya 26124:Heroes of the Republic (North Korea) 25093: 25022: 24734:Prince Idris bin Abdullah al-Senussi 22404:Syrian Revolution General Commission 21848:International African Service Bureau 18573:(Gaddafi National Mosque, 2007–2013) 17874:The Journal of North African Studies 17673:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 16985: 16957:"Obama: Gadhafi Regime Is 'No More'" 16632:from the original on 24 January 2023 16460:from the original on 6 February 2023 16447: 16429:from the original on 7 February 2023 16417:Cojean, Annick (22 September 2013). 16256:from the original on 11 October 2009 16195:from the original on 9 February 2011 15689:Gaddafi, Muammar (22 January 2009). 15333:from the original on 1 November 2011 15179:from the original on 9 February 2017 15153:from the original on 21 January 2012 14980:from the original on 2 February 2013 14920: 14808: 14186:from the original on 27 October 2011 14142: 14000:from the original on 4 February 2023 13970:from the original on 4 February 2023 13940:from the original on 4 February 2023 13909:from the original on 4 February 2023 13879:from the original on 4 February 2023 13849:from the original on 4 February 2023 13673:from the original on 4 February 2023 13610: 13588:"Gaddafi to Rome for Historic Visit" 13436: 13318:from the original on 3 February 2023 13292:from the original on 3 February 2023 13261:from the original on 3 February 2023 13145:from the original on 4 February 2023 13115:from the original on 4 February 2023 13085:from the original on 4 February 2023 13055:from the original on 4 February 2023 13025:from the original on 4 February 2023 12995:from the original on 4 February 2023 12965:from the original on 4 February 2023 12935:from the original on 4 February 2023 12896:from the original on 4 February 2023 12863:from the original on 4 February 2023 12833:from the original on 4 February 2023 12756: 12515:Schneider, Howard (4 October 1998). 12413:from the original on 6 February 2023 12382:from the original on 6 February 2023 12369: 12189:"Why the World Won't Criticize Chad" 11598:from the original on 7 February 2023 11274:from the original on 2 February 2023 11082:"Chad said to win vast Libyan booty" 11062:from the original on 3 February 2023 10949:from the original on 7 February 2023 10918:from the original on 7 February 2023 10853:from the original on 7 February 2023 10589: 10398:from the original on 7 February 2023 10321:from the original on 7 February 2023 9427:from the original on 6 February 2023 9351:from the original on 7 February 2023 9312:from the original on 6 February 2023 9279:from the original on 6 February 2023 9019:from the original on 2 February 2023 8859:from the original on 2 February 2023 8798:from the original on 2 February 2023 8767:from the original on 1 February 2023 8707:from the original on 1 February 2023 8637:from the original on 2 February 2023 8624: 7764: 7234:from the original on 11 October 2022 6357:from the original on 9 February 2023 5432:Anil Kandangath (25 February 2011). 5317:from the original on 5 February 2017 5177: 5017:A 2007 interview with Gaddafi's son 4543:Gaddafi with Spanish Prime Minister 3748:(an American citizen and founder of 3314:Haftar then joined the anti-Gaddafi 3142:demonstration torched the US embassy 2596:that returned to the origins of the 2394:Sandinista National Liberation Front 2187: 1840: 1313:in 2011. He came to power through a 346:2 March 1977 – 2 March 1979 38: 26244:People stripped of honorary degrees 25693:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 21889:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain 20182:Articles related to Muammar Gaddafi 18355: 17905:(rev. ed.). Oxford: Oneworld. 17671:Libya: The Rise and Fall of Qaddafi 17654:. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. 17584:from the original on 27 August 2019 17117:from the original on 6 October 2018 16998:from the original on 2 January 2012 16617: 16214:O'Connor, Anahad (29 August 2009). 15824:from the original on 9 January 2011 15409:from the original on 29 August 2020 14902:from the original on 2 October 2018 14701: 13960:"Austria investigates Haider links" 13927: 13312:"Taiwan's Chen stops over in Libya" 12875: 12535:from the original on 28 August 2017 12505: 12394: 12363: 11972:Murphy, Caryle (14 December 1993). 11637:from the original on 28 August 2017 11577: 11537: 11135:from the original on 27 August 2014 10969:Nimeiry face aux crises tchadiennes 10643:. Peoples' Relation. Archived from 10291:from the original on 12 August 2022 10268: 9291: 8785: 8687:Anderson, Jack (13 November 1985). 8677: 6812:from the original on 31 August 2011 6434: 4938: 4505:and said his favourite novels were 4266:That afternoon, NTC Prime Minister 4013:2011 military intervention in Libya 3782:Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani 3459:executed Al-Sadek Hamed Al-Shuwehdy 2904: 2890: 2472:The "Popular Revolution": 1973–1977 2365:whose members perpetrated the 1972 1929:Consolidating leadership: 1969–1973 1549:, a rural area outside the town of 1398:deported Libya's Italian population 904:2011 military intervention in Libya 24: 25633:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) 25155:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 22454:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 22369:Society for Development and Change 21818:All-African Trade Union Federation 21278: 20624: 20621:Flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 20616: 20608: 20600: 20592: 20279: 20276:Flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 20271: 20263: 20255: 20247: 18755:Central African Republic (1965–66) 18252:General People's Congress of Libya 18198:General People's Congress of Libya 17709:South African Geographical Journal 17326:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1982.tb00679.x 17297:. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. 17079:Walsh, Declan (23 December 2016). 17060:from the original on 23 March 2013 16955:Jackson, David (20 October 2011). 16593:"Gaddafi cousin arrested in Egypt" 16561:from the original on 18 April 2016 16355:from the original on 21 March 2017 16226:from the original on 31 March 2011 15701:from the original on 1 August 2022 15198:Chulov, Martin (28 October 2011). 14588:Cockburn, Patrick (24 June 2011). 13818:from the original on 20 March 2018 13463:from the original on 28 March 2022 12915:Tyler, Patrick E. (10 June 2004). 12276:from the original on 20 April 2021 12199:from the original on 16 April 2021 12036:Blanchard, Christopher M. (2010). 11168:from the original on 15 March 2015 10607:"Gaddafi is gone, long live Libya" 10519:from the original on 25 April 2015 9372:"Gaddafi is gone, long live Libya" 9234:Murtaza Razvi (25 February 2011). 8689:"Fighter Against Qaddafi Betrayed" 8131: 6906:"COUNCIL IN LIBYA FORMS A CABINET" 6336: 5434:"How Do You Spell Gaddafi's Name?" 5156:from the original on 24 March 2016 5014:identified 112 possible spellings. 5000:in various ways. A 1986 column by 4208:and learned that his youngest son 4001:Libyan Civil War and assassination 3954: 3926:Second Africa-South America Summit 3848:. Influenced by the events of the 3179:Libyan relations with Lebanon and 3017:. According to Romanian spy chief 2355:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front 1504:on the side of the anti-Gaddafist 25: 26300: 25698:Palestine Liberation Organization 21878:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 18135:collected news and commentary at 18119:collected news and commentary at 18101:collected news and commentary at 18077: 17194:. Boston: Little Brown & Co. 17190:Qaddafi and the Libyan Revolution 16419:"Muammar Gaddafi's sexual crimes" 16398:from the original on 4 March 2016 16327:Micallef, Mark (28 August 2011). 15149:. Mirror.co.uk. 20 October 2011. 14882:Fahim, Kareem (22 October 2011). 14541:from the original on 13 July 2017 14247:from the original on 14 July 2022 14217:from the original on 14 July 2022 14155:from the original on 14 July 2022 13928:Lee, Martin A. (13 August 2000). 13703:from the original on 22 July 2017 13618:"Italia-Libia, firmato l'accordo" 13279: 12890:Middle East Eye édition française 12769:from the original on 14 July 2022 12686:from the original on 14 July 2022 12168:from the original on 17 June 2019 12085:from the original on 7 March 2023 12056:from the original on 7 March 2023 12017:from the original on 5 March 2023 11559:from the original on 7 March 2023 11305:from the original on 9 March 2018 10906:Cousins, Michel (19 March 2012). 10378:Murphy, Jamie (3 December 1984). 10359:from the original on 15 June 2018 9246:from the original on 7 April 2011 7785:from the original on 7 March 2023 6962:from the original on 6 March 2023 6792:Stock, Jonathan (13 March 2011). 6773:from the original on 19 July 2021 6347:"For Amal, life (re)begins at 75" 5244:from the original on 3 March 2016 3945:2007 French presidential election 3671:Community of Sahel-Saharan States 3641:Scottish Court in the Netherlands 2410:Provisional Irish Republican Army 1489:from 2009 to 2010. Amid the 2011 27:Leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011 26259:Politicians assassinated in 2011 26239:People of the Chadian–Libyan War 25991: 25979: 25967: 25955: 25943: 25912: 25911: 25638:Arabian Peninsula People's Union 25321:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 25045: 25033: 25021: 25010: 25009: 23373:Democratic Republic of the Congo 23262: 23261: 22079: 22067: 22057: 22056: 22047: 22046: 18308:Chairperson of the African Union 18240:as Chairman of the Revolutionary 17903:Libya: From Colony to Revolution 17770:Libya: The Struggle for Survival 17228:10.1111/j.1743-8594.2005.00004.x 17103: 17072: 17017:Zaptia, Sami (20 October 2012). 17010: 16979: 16948: 16680: 16644: 16611: 16585: 16547: 16517: 16472: 16441: 16410: 16386:Sanai, Leyla (25 October 2013). 16343:Squires, Nick (29 August 2011). 16238: 16207: 15806: 15682: 15421: 15319: 15269: 15245:from the original on 18 May 2023 15224: 15212:from the original on 5 July 2015 15165: 15139: 15091:Hayden, Erik (31 October 2011). 15084: 15054: 15023: 14992: 14914: 14875: 14833: 14802: 14772: 14742: 14656: 14522: 14229: 14198: 14167: 14136: 13982: 13952: 13921: 13891: 13861: 13830: 13800: 13776:from the original on 6 June 2017 13757: 13715: 13685: 13661:Friedman, Uri (24 August 2011). 13654: 13418: 13304: 13273: 13243: 13157: 13127: 13097: 13067: 13037: 13007: 12977: 12947: 12908: 12845: 12815: 12788:Ghabra, Shafeeq (9 March 2003). 12781: 12750: 12674:Kwera, Francis (17 March 2008). 12667: 12336: 12211: 12187:Chutel, Lynsey (14 April 2021). 12141: 12068: 12029: 11999: 11965: 11610: 11571: 11286: 11260: 11104:M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld, 11098: 11074: 11036: 10961: 10930: 10899: 10865: 10826: 10531: 10507:Thomas Van Hare (27 June 2012). 10500: 10434: 10371: 10333: 10303: 9792: 9778:. Regnery Gateway. p. 101. 9763: 9409: 9258: 9227: 9001: 8840: 8810: 8779: 8749: 8719: 8618: 8125: 7208: 7170: 5270:from the original on 1 June 2022 5190:from the original on 12 May 2012 4894: 4830: 4484:Personal life of Muammar Gaddafi 4477: 4062:(NTC) formed to represent them. 3693:originally conceived by Ghana's 3058:run by elected representatives. 2756:Royal Military Academy Sandhurst 2567:The Green Book (Muammar Gaddafi) 2480:Gaddafi with Romanian President 1811:Royal Military Academy Sandhurst 1569:Like other contemporary nomadic 1487:Chairperson of the African Union 1366:Royal Military Academy, Benghazi 1325:from 1969 to 1977 and then the ' 1083:Chairperson of the African Union 927: 805: 792: 779: 758: 746:Royal Military Academy, Benghazi 604: 441:Chairperson of the African Union 58:to read and navigate comfortably 43: 26074:Assassinated Libyan politicians 26034:20th-century Libyan politicians 25281:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 24067:Battle of the Misrata frontline 23055:Libyan civil war (2011–present) 22434:Constitutional Democratic Rally 22299:National Association for Change 22126: 22004:All-African Peoples' Conference 20004:Central African Republic (2021) 19902:Central African Republic (2013) 19688:Central African Republic (2003) 19674:Central African Republic (2001) 19225:Central African Republic (1982) 19204:Central African Republic (1981) 19144:Central African Republic (1979) 17901:St. John, Ronald Bruce (2012). 17853:St. John, Ronald Bruce (1987). 17533:from the original on 3 May 2015 17133: 17113:. The New Arab. 19 March 2018. 17048:Zaptia, Sami (9 January 2013). 16651:Woodward, Bob (29 April 1984). 14811:"Middle-east Arab News Opinion" 13990:"Gaddafi backs 'friend' Haider" 13693:"Gaddafi condemns Arab leaders" 12790:"An Arab House, Openly Divided" 12259:Dictionary of African Biography 12078:Country Reports on Human Rights 11617:Smith, Philip (14 March 1983). 6936: 6898: 6834:. 23 March 2012. Archived from 6824: 6785: 6755: 6428: 6385: 6306: 6268: 5448: 5425: 5392: 5360: 5117:as Libya's official delegation. 5113:sat the representatives of the 5111:United Nations General Assembly 4822: 4811:West Berlin discotheque bombing 4321:described as a combination of " 4087:United Nations Security Council 3930:United Nations General Assembly 3466:1986 Berlin discotheque bombing 3357:In 1981, the new US president, 3220:, Gaddafi sent 2,500 troops to 2698:Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 2554:Third International Theory and 2127:Revolutionary Women's Formation 1987:. In 1970, Idris' great nephew 1218:West Berlin discotheque bombing 624: 600: 60:. When this tag was added, its 26134:Leaders who took power by coup 26064:Anti-Zionism in the Arab world 25723:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 25485:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz 25005:military intervention in Libya 24121:Second Gulf of Sidra offensive 22705:Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 17445:Harris, Lillian Craig (1986). 16986:Kron, Josh (22 October 2011). 16531:. 6 March 2011. Archived from 15395:Bazzi, Mohamad (27 May 2011). 14974:"Muammar Gaddafi: How He Died" 14664:"Negotiations over Bani Walid" 13594:. 10 June 2009. Archived from 10605:Nazar Abbas (26 August 2011). 9769:Muammar Gaddafi, as quoted in 9370:Nazar Abbas (26 August 2011). 9337:. Pen and Sword. p. 112. 8849:"Libya's Revolution Revisited" 5399:Fisher, Max (24 August 2011). 5376:. 1 March 2011. Archived from 5329: 5297: 5282: 5256: 5146:"Muammar Gaddafi: How He Died" 5138: 5095:On 23 August 2011, during the 5082: 4962:[muˈʕamːaralqaˈðːaːfi] 4939:مُعمّر محمد أبو منيار القذّافي 4635: 4307:, influenced in particular by 3812:Rebuilding links with the West 3772:in Saudi Arabia with multiple 3254:, Khalifa Hunaysh or Gaddafi. 2740:Sudan People's Liberation Army 2608:, for instance by introducing 2530:RCC, leading to the arrest of 2442:Moro National Liberation Front 2382:Almighty Black P. Stone Nation 2301:A 1973 anti-Gaddafist British 2101:, Libya's Gaddafi and Syria's 1142:United States bombing of Libya 549:In an unknown location in the 13: 1: 26164:Libyan political philosophers 24948:National Transitional Council 23969:Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road 23959:First Gulf of Sidra offensive 22449:Tunisian General Labour Union 22339:National Transitional Council 22139:Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam 22029:United States of Latin Africa 21858:Organisation of African Unity 21787:African Leadership University 20477:indicate interim officeholder 20067:Burkina Faso (September 2022) 18180:Chairman of the Revolutionary 17729:10.1080/03736245.2009.9725324 17372:Libya: The Elusive Revolution 17244:Castro, Jose Esteban (2011). 17162:Gadafi: Voice from the Desert 16557:. BBC News. 20 October 2011. 15329:. BBC News. 21 October 2011. 14976:. BBC News. 22 October 2011. 7178:"The Riddle of Armand Hammer" 5178:Vela, Justin (16 July 2011). 5126: 5115:National Transitional Council 4060:National Transitional Council 3973:Libyan Iron and Steel Company 3541:allegedly with help from the 3512:Libyan Islamic Fighting Group 3397:, Counselor to the President 3291:Organisation of African Unity 3265:Libya had long supported the 3001:. In August 1977, he visited 2963:for legal guidance, adopting 2839:in favor of Saudi financing. 1935:Revolutionary Command Council 1801:signal instructors course in 1645:was Gaddafi's political hero. 1506:National Transitional Council 1390:Revolutionary Command Council 1291: 1034:Revolutionary Command Council 498: 25668:Federation of Arab Republics 25628:Arab Socialist Union (Libya) 25618:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) 25219:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 25167:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 24912:Afriqiyah Airways Flight 209 24801:Mitiga International Airport 24791:Green Square/Martyrs' Square 24597:Mohamed Abu al-Qasim al-Zwai 24517:Mohammed Abdullah al-Senussi 22680:Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf 22378:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 21843:First Pan-African Conference 20858:indicate acting officeholder 20597:Flag of the Kingdom of Libya 20516:Heads of government of Libya 20252:Flag of the Kingdom of Libya 20074:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) 19709:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) 19628:Republic of the Congo (1998) 19565:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) 19502:Sierra Leone (December 1992) 19379:São Tomé and Príncipe (1988) 19351:Republic of the Congo (1987) 18955:Republic of the Congo (1972) 18853:Republic of the Congo (1968) 18804:Republic of the Congo (1966) 18657:Republic of the Congo (1960) 18003:10.1007/978-0-230-61386-7_10 14465:Sacerdoti & Acconci 2011 14131:Sacerdoti & Acconci 2011 12757:Chiwanza, Takudzwa Hillary. 11834:, pp. 194–195, 199–200. 11121:Russ Baker (22 April 2014). 10638:"Pakistan - Libya Relations" 10636:Shahid Amin (26 July 2011). 8173:, pp. 78–81, 150, 185; 6396:. Lexington, Massachusetts: 5131: 4653:outlined by the sociologist 4545:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 4099:International Criminal Court 4093:, suspending Libya from the 3881:and Muammar Gaddafi, in 2008 3790:Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah 3405:, and deputy chief of staff 2502:Cultural Revolution in Libya 2450:Eritrean War of Independence 2363:Black September Organization 2361:Organization. He funded the 2315:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2037:(left) and Syrian President 1763:Military training: 1963–1966 1713:Philosophy of the Revolution 1424:fund foreign revolutionaries 1188:Federation of Arab Republics 7: 25793:Flag of the Arab Federation 25623:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) 25613:Arab Socialist Action Party 24883:Factional violence in Libya 24190:Operation Unified Protector 23060:Egyptian crisis (2011–2014) 22269:February 14 Youth Coalition 20053:Burkina Faso (January 2022) 19246:Upper Volta (February 1983) 18209:Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi 18196:as Secretary General of the 18090:U.S. Policy Towards Qaddafi 18030:10.1007/978-0-230-61386-7_2 17246:"Gaddafi and Latin America" 13428:. Routledge. p. 2655. 12403:"Gaddafi and the assassins" 8786:Ash, Nigel (17 July 2015). 8727:"Libya - Exiled Opposition" 6763:"Reuters Archive Licensing" 6435:Ash, Nigel (27 July 2015). 5456:"Google Books Ngram Viewer" 5220:. Retrieved 23 August 2011. 4949: 4759: 4242:A gold-plated and engraved 4030:Following the start of the 3939:Gaddafi allegedly financed 3854:weapons of mass destruction 3766:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan 3305:, which escalated into the 3138:State Sponsors of Terrorism 2910: 2858:, in 1975 Libya signed, in 2754:. Shennib had attended the 2513:General People's Committees 2058:Libyan oil. In 1970, other 1883:Central Intelligence Agency 1733:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 1691:; the rejection of Western 1669:Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1434:, presented as a system of 1213:Weapons of mass destruction 1136:Action in the Gulf of Sidra 386:Head of Government of Libya 70:content into sub-articles, 10: 26305: 26264:Politicians killed in wars 26089:Deaths by firearm in Libya 26029:20th-century Libyan people 25764:On the Way of Resurrection 25757:The Battle for One Destiny 25688:Lebanese National Movement 25129:Third International Theory 24928:Belarus in Libyan conflict 24729:Prince Mohammed El Senussi 21782:African Leadership Academy 19600:Sierra Leone (August 1996) 18391:Third International Theory 18278:of the Revolution of Libya 18276:Brotherly Leader and Guide 17389:Gardell, Matthias (2003). 17374:. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 17141:Bearman, Jonathan (1986). 16448:IANS (24 September 2013). 16191:. ABC. 23 September 2009. 13282:"China's African mischief" 12370:SAAG (20 September 2011). 9240:Indian Express (newspaper) 9236:"A stadium called Gaddafi" 5109:On 16 September 2011, the 4704: 4693: 4481: 4313:Third International Theory 4281:Third International Theory 4278: 4196:forces and seek asylum in 4164:Killing of Muammar Gaddafi 4161: 4010: 4004: 3978:Agricultural Bank of Libya 3734:Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani 3529:tribe, initiated a failed 3470:Operation El Dorado Canyon 3005:, where he met its leader 2975:was inappropriate for the 2768:Lebanese National Movement 2641:. With fellow RCC members 2573:Third International Theory 2563:Third International Theory 2560: 2548:General People's Committee 2191: 2021:Economic and social reform 1844: 1833: 1721:accused of serving alcohol 1683:under his hero, President 1532:in the region and abroad. 1475:1986 U.S. bombing of Libya 1343:Third International Theory 1041:General People's Committee 982:Third International Theory 207:Muhammad Ahmad al-Mangoush 29: 26104:Executed military leaders 25907: 25816: 25773: 25741: 25718:Unified Political Command 25608:Arab Nationalist Movement 25553: 25505:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 25365: 25334: 25301:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 25172:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 25137: 25101: 24996: 24920: 24895:2014–2020 civil war 24814: 24761: 24676: 24640: 24557:Hasan al-Kabir al-Gaddafi 24512:Ahmed al-Gaddafi al-Qahsi 24434: 24208: 24199: 24150: 24025: 23992: 23954:Second Battle of Benghazi 23909: 23900: 23892:Revolutionary Guard Corps 23840: 23797: 23714: 23670: 23636: 23594: 23533: 23507: 23479: 23428: 23371: 23353:Patrice-Edouard Ngaïssona 23326: 23315: 23257: 23198: 23167: 23109: 23068: 22900: 22497: 22484:General People's Congress 22464:Alliance of Yemeni Tribes 22304:National Democratic Party 22253: 22147: 22134: 22074:Pan-Africanism portal 22042: 21981: 21950: 21912: 21838:Economic Freedom Fighters 21828:Convention People's Party 21803:African Unification Front 21795: 21774: 21765: 21580: 21419: 21410: 21359: 21293: 21286: 21125: 20907: 20853: 20751: 20677: 20647: 20636: 20590: 20522: 20472: 20386: 20322: 20302: 20291: 20245: 20227: 20187: 20146: 19988: 19809: 19651: 19416: 19253:Upper Volta (August 1983) 19153: 18897: 18648: 18596: 18557: 18503: 18430: 18363: 18314: 18305: 18297: 18292: 18284: 18273: 18268: 18258: 18247: 18232: 18222: 18213: 18205: 18188: 18177: 18162: 18157: 18108:The Muammar Gaddafi story 18061:10.1080/14782800903339354 17974:A History of Modern Libya 17970:Vandewalle, Dirk (2006). 17886:10.1080/13629380701742819 17830:10.1017/S0020743800051394 17758:10.1163/22116133-90000210 17503:10.1080/01436598408419755 17482:10.1080/13600829008442987 17422:10.1017/s0022278x00056871 17314:Government and Opposition 17275:. New York: Grove Press. 17263:10.1007/s12115-011-9442-7 17209:Boyd-Judson, Lyn (2005). 16555:"The Gaddafi Family Tree" 16482:. CNN. 4 September 2011. 16250:The Sydney Morning Herald 13079:The Sydney Morning Herald 11958:, pp. 166–167, 236; 11334:, pp. 115–116, 120; 11048:Christian Science Monitor 10538:The Mystery of Flight 870 10005:, pp. 116–117, 127; 9965:, pp. 116–117, 127; 9937:, pp. 116–117, 127; 8197:, pp. 34–35, 40–53; 8177:, pp. 34–35, 40–53; 7768:Assassination in Khartoum 7154:International Law Reports 7152:Greenwood, C. J. (1984). 6767:Reuters Archive Licensing 4744:as the "State of Libya". 4038:, then threatened by the 3446:Colorado State University 2926:Basic People's Congresses 2837:Pakistani nuclear program 2812:; he reportedly deployed 2810:Bangladesh Liberation War 2544:General People's Congress 2332:, over more militant and 2228:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 1729:Arab Nationalist Movement 1432:Basic People's Congresses 1364:, later enrolling in the 1241:Elections and referendums 914: 859: 849: 839: 831: 821: 771: 766: 754: 731: 721: 637: 579: 556: 545: 536:Manner of death 535: 515: 490: 485: 481: 469: 457: 446: 438: 426: 414: 403: 391: 384: 374: 362: 350: 339: 332: 319: 306: 274: 263: 256: 243: 230: 158: 147: 140: 136: 124: 115: 103: 26274:Prime ministers of Libya 26234:People murdered in Libya 26139:Libyan Arab nationalists 25226:1952 Egyptian revolution 24933:Democratic Party (Libya) 24907:Manchester Arena bombing 24739:Hussein Sadiq al Musrati 24532:Abdel Rahman Abdel Hamid 24406:Ali Abd-al-Aziz al-Isawi 24276:Daou al-Salhine al-Jadak 24050:Nafusa Mountain Campaign 23924:First Battle of Benghazi 23853:National Liberation Army 23660:al-Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz 23327:Central African Republic 23142:death of Muammar Gaddafi 22530:Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa 22505:Women in the Arab Spring 22334:National Liberation Army 22314:Revolutionary Socialists 22309:National Salvation Front 21994:African-American leftism 21743:Henry Sylvester Williams 21507:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo 19737:Equatorial Guinea (2004) 19137:Equatorial Guinea (1979) 18250:Secretary General of the 18242:Command Council of Libya 18182:Command Council of Libya 17955:10.1177/0975087814411129 17669:Pargeter, Alice (2012). 17611:10.1177/1748048514562686 17160:Bianco, Mirella (1975). 16905:, pp. 202–203, 209. 16887:Blundy & Lycett 1987 16834:Blundy & Lycett 1987 16819:Blundy & Lycett 1987 16795:Blundy & Lycett 1987 16779:Blundy & Lycett 1987 16762:Blundy & Lycett 1987 16688:"Gaddafi's inner circle" 16512:Blundy & Lycett 1987 16315:Blundy & Lycett 1987 16303:Blundy & Lycett 1987 16287:Blundy & Lycett 1987 16173:Blundy & Lycett 1987 16161:Blundy & Lycett 1987 16149:Blundy & Lycett 1987 16098:Blundy & Lycett 1987 15989:Blundy & Lycett 1987 15801:Blundy & Lycett 1987 15691:"The One-State Solution" 15665:Blundy & Lycett 1987 15641:Blundy & Lycett 1987 15629:Blundy & Lycett 1987 15383:Blundy & Lycett 1987 15352:Blundy & Lycett 1987 15175:. CBS. 24 October 2011. 14308:, pp. 216, 227–228. 14127:Blundy & Lycett 1987 11796:Blundy & Lycett 1987 11780:Blundy & Lycett 1987 11752:Blundy & Lycett 1987 11736:Blundy & Lycett 1987 11712:Blundy & Lycett 1987 11680:Blundy & Lycett 1987 11660:Blundy & Lycett 1987 11578:Upi (26 November 1981). 11524:Blundy & Lycett 1987 11480:Blundy & Lycett 1987 11452:Blundy & Lycett 1987 11388:Blundy & Lycett 1987 11243:Blundy & Lycett 1987 10994:Blundy & Lycett 1987 10821:Blundy & Lycett 1987 10725:Blundy & Lycett 1987 10689:Blundy & Lycett 1987 10594:. Congress Publications. 10563:Blundy & Lycett 1987 10263:Blundy & Lycett 1987 10247:Blundy & Lycett 1987 10227:Blundy & Lycett 1987 10211:Blundy & Lycett 1987 10163:Blundy & Lycett 1987 10091:Blundy & Lycett 1987 10067:Blundy & Lycett 1987 10027:Blundy & Lycett 1987 10003:Blundy & Lycett 1987 9963:Blundy & Lycett 1987 9935:Blundy & Lycett 1987 9916:Blundy & Lycett 1987 9892:Blundy & Lycett 1987 9714:Blundy & Lycett 1987 9600:Blundy & Lycett 1987 9565:Blundy & Lycett 1987 9526:Blundy & Lycett 1987 9510:Blundy & Lycett 1987 9450:Blundy & Lycett 1987 9166:Blundy & Lycett 1987 9142:Blundy & Lycett 1987 9106:Blundy & Lycett 1987 9046:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8980:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8957:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8941:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8921:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8890:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8660:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8613:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8522:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8510:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8490:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8446:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8398:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8382:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8362:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8314:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8283:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8263:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8227:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8191:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8171:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8112:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8092:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8068:Blundy & Lycett 1987 8012:Blundy & Lycett 1987 7972:Blundy & Lycett 1987 7880:Blundy & Lycett 1987 7856:Blundy & Lycett 1987 7832:Blundy & Lycett 1987 7697:Blundy & Lycett 1987 7673:Blundy & Lycett 1987 7653:Blundy & Lycett 1987 7637:Blundy & Lycett 1987 7601:Blundy & Lycett 1987 7564:Blundy & Lycett 1987 7540:Blundy & Lycett 1987 7332:Blundy & Lycett 1987 7304:Blundy & Lycett 1987 7280:Blundy & Lycett 1987 7257:Blundy & Lycett 1987 7136:Blundy & Lycett 1987 7100:Blundy & Lycett 1987 7080:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6981:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6885:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6750:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6646:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6630:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6611:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6587:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6571:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6510:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6415:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6276:"LIBYA: Family Troubles" 6255:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6216:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6200:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6160:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6136:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6100:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6037:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6021:Blundy & Lycett 1987 6009:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5989:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5934:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5906:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5882:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5854:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5830:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5798:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5778:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5750:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5726:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5702:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5659:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5640:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5620:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5592:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5572:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5551:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5527:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5503:Blundy & Lycett 1987 5208:Staff (23 August 2011). 4816: 4597:Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi 4083:extrajudicial executions 3982:National Oil Corporation 3969:World Trade Organization 3820:Gaddafi at the AU summit 3808:to attack Saudi Arabia. 3726:Abdullah of Saudi Arabia 3516:Mansour Rashid El-Kikhia 3417:, which had murdered US 3041:—Libyan Studies scholar 2791:Central African Republic 2643:Bashir Saghir al-Hawaadi 1703:; and a transition from 1599:Italian invasion of 1911 1541:Childhood: 1940s to 1950 1430:" with the formation of 1406:pan-Arab political union 936:This article is part of 894:First Liberian Civil War 421:Mahmud Suleiman Maghribi 293:Mahmud Suleiman Maghribi 252:(as Chairman of the NTC) 239:(as Chairman of the RCC) 116: 26269:Politicide perpetrators 26174:Libyan Quranist Muslims 26119:Heads of state of Libya 26099:Executed mass murderers 26094:Executed heads of state 25879:Palestinian nationalism 25798:Flag of the Arab Revolt 25291:1966 Syrian coup d'état 25271:1963 Syrian coup d'état 25251:1961 Syrian coup d'état 24856:International reactions 24832:Human rights violations 24376:Mustafa A. G. Abushagur 24104:Second Battle of Zawiya 24099:Rebel coastal offensive 23791:Libyan civil war (2011) 23363:Mahamat Said Abdel Kani 23111:International reactions 22872:Abdul Majeed al-Zindani 22795:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 22675:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 22565:Mohamed Hussein Tantawy 22409:Syrian National Council 22359:Women to drive movement 22052:Pan-Africanism category 22024:United States of Africa 22019:Union of African States 22009:East African Federation 21958:Ethnic groups of Africa 21863:Pan African Association 21452:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 21398:United States of Africa 20221:Heads of state of Libya 18769:Burundi (November 1966) 18415:international reactions 18216:Prime Minister of Libya 17567:10.1111/1468-2346.12602 17546:Kamel, Amir M. (2016). 17271:Cojean, Annick (2013). 17215:Foreign Policy Analysis 16454:Business Standard India 15314:Human Rights Watch 2012 15264:Human Rights Watch 2012 15134:Human Rights Watch 2012 15122:Human Rights Watch 2012 14999:Ebatamehi, Sebastiane. 14952:Human Rights Watch 2012 14870:Human Rights Watch 2012 14696:Human Rights Watch 2012 14501:Human Rights Watch 2012 14489:Human Rights Watch 2012 14473:Human Rights Watch 2012 14453:Human Rights Watch 2012 14441:Human Rights Watch 2012 13255:The Mail & Guardian 11553:Fort Collins Coloradoan 10509:"Italy's Darkest Night" 9331:Bowman, Martin (2016). 8193:, pp. 78–81, 150; 8132:Ap (31 December 1987). 7765:Korn, David A. (1993). 5102:On 25 August 2011, the 4828:English pronunciation: 4754:future general election 4261:he was found to be dead 4227:, and defense minister 4204:and intelligence chief 4095:UN Human Rights Council 4036:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 4007:Libyan Civil War (2011) 3918:2008 Arab League summit 3797:2009 Arab League summit 3750:American Muslim Council 3679:United States of Africa 3608:and in September 1989, 3152:was shot down during a 3119:Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush 3091:Islamic fundamentalists 2520:political participation 2236:Farouk Osman Hamadallah 2005:into the legal system. 1847:1969 Libyan coup d'état 1788:clandestine cell system 1607:United Kingdom of Libya 1481:and rapprochement with 1077:Prime Minister of Libya 997:International reactions 192:Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi 187:Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab 182:Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi 26249:Political philosophers 26179:Libyan revolutionaries 26159:Libyan pan-Africanists 26059:Anti-Zionism in Africa 26054:Anti-Italian sentiment 25306:1969 Libyan revolution 25184:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 24844:Humanitarian situation 24806:People's Hall, Tripoli 24668:J. Christopher Stevens 24627:Abdulqadir al-Baghdadi 24602:Salih Rajab al-Mismari 24183:Operation Odyssey Dawn 24138:Second Tripoli clashes 24045:First Battle of Zawiya 23979:Fourth Battle of Brega 23944:Second Battle of Brega 23652:Ahmad al-Faqi al-Mahdi 22892:Mohammed Ali al-Houthi 22750:Muhammad Naji al-Otari 22349:February 25th Movement 22279:April 6 Youth Movement 21833:East African Community 21472:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof 21321:Anti-Western sentiment 20679:Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 20630: 20622: 20614: 20606: 20598: 20324:Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 20285: 20277: 20269: 20261: 20253: 20039:Sudan (September 2021) 18874:Libya (September 1969) 18790:Nigeria (January 1966) 18571:Uganda National Mosque 17857:. London: Saqi Books. 17814:St. John, Ronald Bruce 17519:. Human Rights Watch. 14815:eng-archive.aawsat.com 11714:, pp. 2–3, 7–12; 10611:THe News International 9376:The News International 9272:The News International 8982:, pp. 74, 93–94; 6023:, pp. 46, 48–49; 4645: 4548: 4493: 4442:Gaddafi was staunchly 4430: 4290: 4251: 4070: 4027: 3882: 3821: 3746:Abdul Rahman al-Amoudi 3661: 3629:Khandaker Abdur Rashid 3499:Libya began production 3450:Fort Collins, Colorado 3262: 3070:: the "Green Terror". 3038: 2939: 2760:King Hussein of Jordan 2726: 2508:implemented in China. 2485: 2390:19th of April Movement 2306: 2224:a political federation 2203: 2110: 2042: 1958: 1887:Free Officers Movement 1856: 1797:, Buckinghamshire, an 1777:Royal Military Academy 1681:Arab Republic of Egypt 1646: 1591:North African Campaign 1370:Free Officers movement 1319:Revolutionary Chairman 1160:NATO invasion of Libya 1154:First Libyan Civil War 899:First Libyan Civil War 812:Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 688:(deceased)(disputed) 25864:Jordanian nationalism 25598:Arab Islamic Republic 25593:Arab Higher Committee 25470:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 25450:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 25261:North Yemen civil war 25194:Arab–Israeli conflict 24694:Abdel Rahman Shalgham 24452:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi 24396:Abdel-Hakim al-Hasidi 24386:Al-Mahdi Al-Barghathi 24291:Abdel Moneim al-Houni 24035:First Tripoli clashes 23964:Third Battle of Brega 23929:First Battle of Brega 23858:Free Libyan Air Force 23610:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi 23411:Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui 23398:Callixte Mbarushimana 23137:military intervention 22887:Abdul-Malik al-Houthi 22862:Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi 22842:United Arab Emirates: 22650:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi 21738:Frances Cress Welsing 20628: 20620: 20612: 20604: 20596: 20283: 20275: 20267: 20259: 20251: 19530:Bophuthatswana (1994) 18888:Libya (December 1969) 18678:French Algeria (1961) 18458:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi 17555:International Affairs 17491:Third World Quarterly 17145:. London: Zed Books. 14847:. 22 September 2011. 14786:. 16 September 2011. 14756:. 20 September 2011. 13729:. 28 September 2009. 13347:, pp. 162, 184; 12989:The Africa Report.com 12075:Helms, Jesse (1995). 12042:. DIANE. p. 12. 11023:13 April 2020 at the 5724:, pp. 5–6, 8–9; 5700:, pp. 5–6, 8–9; 5019:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi 4732:Posthumous assessment 4651:charismatic authority 4643: 4585:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi 4542: 4491: 4425: 4409:Gaddafi rejected the 4285: 4241: 4142:) communities of the 4124:Amnesty International 4068: 4025: 4011:Further information: 3995:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi 3876: 3819: 3659: 3617:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 3598:Lamin Khalifah Fhimah 3594:Abdelbaset al-Megrahi 3424:and Israeli diplomat 3389:. Secretary of State 3283:People's Armed Forces 3260: 3043:Ronald Bruce St. John 3033: 2934: 2848:Arab Islamic Republic 2822:Indian Prime Minister 2724: 2675:Amnesty International 2623:socially conservative 2524:representative system 2479: 2408:in South Africa, the 2404:in the fight against 2300: 2201: 2192:Further information: 2096: 2028: 2011:Abdel Moneim al-Houni 1956: 1851: 1834:Further information: 1757:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1665:1948 Arab–Israeli War 1640: 1536:Early life and career 1502:intervened militarily 832:Years of service 26189:Libyan Sunni Muslims 25899:Tunisian nationalism 25869:Lebanese nationalism 25829:Egyptian nationalism 25824:Algerian nationalism 25728:United Arab Republic 25603:Arab Liberation Army 25583:Arab Ba'ath Movement 25440:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 24888:2012 Benghazi attack 24622:Bashir Saghir Hawadi 24617:Sayyid Gaddaf al-Dam 24607:Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud 24507:Saif al-Arab Gaddafi 24133:Battle of Bani Walid 23934:Battle of Ra's Lanuf 23830:16 August–23 October 23815:15 February–18 March 23404:Sylvestre Mudacumura 23390:Thomas Lubanga Dyilo 22785:Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb 22590:Khaled Mohamed Saeed 22515:Abdelaziz Bouteflika 21920:Black Star of Africa 21873:Pan-African Congress 21823:Conseil de l'Entente 21603:Edward Wilmot Blyden 21527:Abdias do Nascimento 21492:Toussaint Louverture 20649:Libyan Arab Republic 20304:Libyan Arab Republic 20123:Guinea-Bissau (2023) 20060:Guinea-Bissau (2022) 20046:Sudan (October 2021) 19895:Libya (October 2013) 19853:Guinea-Bissau (2012) 19839:Guinea-Bissau (2011) 19702:Guinea-Bissau (2003) 19681:Côte d'Ivoire (2002) 19660:Côte d'Ivoire (2001) 19642:Côte d'Ivoire (1999) 19621:Guinea-Bissau (1998) 19176:Guinea-Bissau (1980) 18643:in Africa since 1960 18488:Saif al-Arab Gaddafi 18422:Reception and legacy 18364:History and politics 17920:Sykes, Alan (2005). 17650:Martin, Guy (2002). 17635:. London: Biteback. 17370:First, Ruth (1974). 15304:, pp. 171, 176. 15005:The African Exponent 14243:. 29 November 2010. 14211:The African Exponent 14205:Gwaambuka, Tatenda. 14125:, pp. 467–489; 13383:, pp. 240–241; 13367:, pp. 178–179; 13167:. 4 September 2011. 12763:The African Exponent 12636:, pp. 190–191; 12458:, pp. 146–148; 12317:, pp. 133–140; 11738:, pp. 13, 210; 11526:, pp. 175–178; 11502:, pp. 294–295; 11486:, pp. 117–118; 11482:, pp. 27, 208; 11454:, pp. 207–208; 11434:, pp. 117–118; 11406:, pp. 230–231; 11326:, pp. 228–229; 11241:, pp. 261–262; 11087:7 March 2023 at the 10996:, pp. 187–190; 10992:, pp. 211–222; 10691:, pp. 185–186; 10565:, pp. 157–158; 10543:7 March 2023 at the 10229:, pp. 133–137; 10205:, pp. 248–249; 10181:, pp. 247–248; 10165:, pp. 127–128; 9961:, pp. 187–189; 9918:, pp. 110–111; 9712:, pp. 170–171; 9571:, pp. 166–168; 9524:, pp. 154–155; 9448:, pp. 100–101; 9423:. 13 November 2013. 9208:, pp. 107–109; 9168:, pp. 93, 122; 9164:, pp. 103–104; 9160:, pp. 106–107; 9040:, pp. 114–115; 8959:, pp. 122–123; 8923:, pp. 119–120; 8822:www.afrigatenews.net 8731:www.country-data.com 7538:, pp. 136–137; 7184:. 29 November 1981. 6421:, pp. 177–178; 5912:, pp. 171–172; 5756:, pp. 170–171; 5665:, pp. 7–9, 14; 5444:on 28 February 2011. 4991:[ɡəˈdːaːfiː] 4982:[ɡəˈðːaːfiː] 4771:Disarmament of Libya 4701:Reception and legacy 4630:Sayyid Gaddaf al-Dam 4605:Saif al-Arab Gaddafi 4108:United Arab Emirates 3826:September 11 attacks 3801:King of Saudi Arabia 3788:'s foreign minister 3574:Libya-sponsored coup 3393:, Defense Secretary 3243:Great Man-Made River 3232:" and a "show-off". 2994:border war broke out 2746:, a commander under 2456:'s struggle against 2430:Armenian Secret Army 2402:liberation movements 2177:Arab Socialist Union 2143:was eradicated, and 2105:signed an agreement 2088:Occidental Petroleum 1923:Libyan Arab Republic 1830:Libyan Arab Republic 1784:Egyptian predecessor 1687:. Nasser argued for 1677:United Arab Republic 1528:and financed global 1323:Libyan Arab Republic 1305:from 1969 until his 1183:Libyan Arab Republic 1027:Arab Socialist Union 1004:Reception and legacy 799:Libyan Arab Republic 603: 1969; 564:Arab Socialist Union 369:Position established 202:Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud 25889:Sahrawi nationalism 25246:1959 Mosul uprising 25179:Great Syrian Revolt 24983:Voice of Free Libya 24592:Abdul Ati al-Obeidi 24527:Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam 24522:Bashir Saleh Bashir 24447:Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr 24426:Mahmoud al-Werfalli 24421:Mehdi Mohammed Zeyo 24261:Mohammed Ali Madani 24216:Mustafa Abdul Jalil 24169:Opération Harmattan 23939:Battle of Bin Jawad 23627:Mahmoud al-Werfalli 23460:Abdel Rahim Hussein 22877:Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar 22810:Rashid al-Ghannushi 22765:Wael Nader al-Halqi 22655:Mustafa Abdul-Jelil 22545:Ali Jawad al-Sheikh 21973:Conflicts in Africa 21963:Languages of Africa 21937:Pan-African colours 21658:Yosef Ben-Jochannan 21301:African nationalism 20753:Transitional period 20638:Libya under Gaddafi 20388:Transitional period 20293:Libya under Gaddafi 20116:Sierra Leone (2023) 20109:Burkina Faso (2023) 19944:Burkina Faso (2016) 19937:Burkina Faso (2015) 19716:Burkina Faso (2003) 19614:Sierra Leone (1997) 19572:Sierra Leone (1996) 19488:Sierra Leone (1992) 19386:Burkina Faso (1989) 19337:Burkina Faso (1987) 18839:Sierra Leone (1968) 18797:Nigeria (July 1966) 18762:Burundi (July 1966) 18386:Cultural Revolution 18262:Abdul Ati al-Obeidi 17721:2009SAfGJ..91....1R 16893:, pp. 196–200. 16693:The Washington Post 16658:The Washington Post 15979:, pp. 104–105. 15643:, pp. 19, 197. 15068:. 30 October 2011. 14562:, pp. 308–309. 14535:The Washington Post 14372:, pp. 242–243. 14348:, pp. 279–281. 14332:, pp. 282–283. 14296:, pp. 249–269. 14174:Hargreaves, Steve. 14133:, pp. 312–313. 14113:, pp. 263–264. 14101:, pp. 249–250. 14045:, pp. 101–102. 13994:www.telegraph.co.uk 13905:. 28 January 2014. 13559:Parliament of Italy 13544:, pp. 410–411. 13387:, pp. 240–241. 13049:www.telegraph.co.uk 12711:, pp. 270–271. 12596:, pp. 227–228. 12442:, pp. 205–206. 12434:, pp. 73, 83; 12321:, pp. 205–207. 12138:, pp. 216–218. 12013:. 2 December 2012. 11962:, pp. 221–222. 11946:, pp. 180–181. 11934:, pp. 201–204. 11894:, pp. 197–198. 11870:, pp. 197–198. 11726:, pp. 127–129. 11698:, pp. 123–125. 11510:, pp. 121–122. 11462:, pp. 117–18; 11418:, pp. 118–119. 11362:, pp. 210–211. 11354:, pp. 71, 78; 11338:, pp. 179–180. 11217:, pp. 190–191. 11004:, pp. 189–190. 10711:, pp. 112–13; 10431:, pp. 227–228. 10193:, pp. 173–174. 10141:, pp. 241–243. 10017:, pp. 169–171. 9977:, pp. 169–171. 9949:, pp. 169–171. 9902:, pp. 171–172. 9642:, pp. 166–168. 9626:, pp. 133–134. 9536:, pp. 166–168. 9512:, pp. 199–201. 9132:, pp. 165–166. 9080:, pp. 182–183. 9068:, pp. 99–100; 8998:, pp. 166–167. 8943:, pp. 121–122. 8892:, pp. 118–119. 8697:The Washington Post 8575:, pp. 145–146. 8536:, pp. 161–165. 8524:, pp. 96–100; 8452:, pp. 157–158. 8364:, pp. 103–104. 7986:, pp. 150–152. 7962:, pp. 144–145. 7950:, pp. 144–145. 7922:, pp. 150–151. 7866:, pp. 141–143. 7842:, pp. 140–141. 7755:, pp. 151–152. 7526:, pp. 154–155. 7222:. 8 February 1974. 7106:, pp. 145–146. 7086:, pp. 145–146. 7055:, pp. 130–132. 6944:"New Cabinet Meets" 6353:. 19 October 2011. 6265:, pp. 139–140. 6186:, pp. 178–179. 6126:, pp. 138–139. 5685:, pp. 135–136. 5152:. 31 October 2011. 5065:) or (rarely used) 5008:Library of Congress 4994:(western dialects). 4985:(eastern dialects) 4776:Egyptian–Libyan War 4662:cult of personality 4618:Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam 4229:Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr 4158:Capture and killing 4112:Gaddafi's sixth son 4040:Tunisian Revolution 3911:illegal immigration 3907:military occupation 3625:Syed Faruque Rahman 3602:Montreal Convention 3299:François Mitterrand 3218:Uganda–Tanzania War 3193:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 3189:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 3146:Iran hostage crisis 3056:worker cooperatives 2833:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 2798:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 2789:, president of the 2655:Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr 2651:Abdul-Munim al-Huni 2581:Three Worlds Theory 2506:Cultural Revolution 2428:in Europe, and the 2374:Black Panther Party 2268:. The day became a 2161:Benghazi University 2155:was founded, while 1769:University of Libya 1747:and biographies of 1632:Abdul Salam Jalloud 1513:cult of personality 1208:Cultural Revolution 1124:Egyptian–Libyan War 889:Uganda–Tanzania War 872:Egyptian–Libyan War 854:Libyan Armed Forces 741:University of Libya 380:Abdul Ati al-Obeidi 357:Abdul Ati al-Obeidi 250:Mustafa Abdul Jalil 177:Abdul Ati al-Obeidi 62:readable prose size 26084:Critics of Marxism 25894:Syrian nationalism 25874:Libyan nationalism 25834:Greater Mauritania 25750:The Arab Awakening 25733:United Arab States 25708:Rejectionist Front 25515:Gamal Abdel Nasser 25326:Yemeni unification 25316:Lebanese Civil War 25296:17 July Revolution 25266:Ramadan Revolution 25241:14 July Revolution 24953:Topple the Tyrants 24827:Domestic responses 24699:Abdessalam Jalloud 24648:James G. Stavridis 24567:Massoud Abdelhafid 24482:Ali Sharif al-Rifi 24326:Ali Attalah Obeidi 24301:Abdurrahim El-Keib 24266:Mustafa Bin Dardef 24236:Abdelhakim Belhadj 24226:Abdul Fatah Younis 24082:Battle of Tawergha 23974:Cyrenaica campaign 23949:Battle of Ajdabiya 23734:Maria Lvova-Belova 23183:domestic responses 23168:Domestic reactions 22857:Ali Abdullah Saleh 22800:Mohamed Ghannouchi 22289:Muslim Brotherhood 21989:African philosophy 21968:Religion in Africa 21693:Zephania Mothopeng 21643:Amy Ashwood Garvey 21618:John Henrik Clarke 21608:Stokely Carmichael 21593:Molefi Kete Asante 21547:John Nyathi Pokela 21532:Gamal Abdel Nasser 20631: 20623: 20615: 20607: 20599: 20286: 20278: 20270: 20262: 20254: 19239:Upper Volta (1982) 19183:Upper Volta (1980) 19081:Uganda (June 1977) 18969:Upper Volta (1974) 18783:Upper Volta (1966) 18440:Fathia Nuri Khalid 18318:Bingu wa Mutharika 18287:Position abolished 18226:Abdessalam Jalloud 18158:Political offices 18138:The New York Times 18103:Al Jazeera English 17627:Kawczynski, Daniel 17511:Human Rights Watch 17085:The New York Times 17029:on 5 December 2013 16992:The New York Times 16301:, pp. 53–54; 16220:The New York Times 15872:, pp. 33, 53. 15860:, pp. 45, 50. 15820:. 31 August 2010. 15818:The Times of India 15695:The New York Times 15515:, pp. 19, 49. 15402:The New York Times 15283:on 26 January 2013 14888:The New York Times 14809:Al-awsat, Asharq. 14467:, pp. 61–62; 14143:Oliveira, Ingrid. 13770:The New York Times 13630:on 3 December 2013 13449:The New York Times 13019:Al Arabiya English 12959:Al Arabiya English 12921:The New York Times 12454:, pp. 83–88; 12347:. 5 November 1995. 12309:, pp. 80–81; 12224:The New York Times 12154:The New York Times 11866:, pp. 97–98; 11862:, pp. 45–46; 11718:, pp. 79–80; 11584:The New York Times 11350:, pp. 98–99; 11253:, pp. 72–75; 11249:, pp. 66–67; 11093:The New York Times 11030:The New York Times 10839:The New York Times 10695:, pp. 78–79; 10671:, pp. 61–62; 10650:on 9 November 2013 10573:, pp. 70–71; 10345:The New York Times 10009:, pp. 25–26; 9969:, pp. 25–26; 9941:, pp. 25–26; 9724:, pp. 67–68; 9669:, pp. 27–28; 9532:, pp. 26–27; 9456:, pp. 71–72; 9116:, pp. 79–80; 9048:, pp. 82–83; 8448:, pp. 86–87; 8265:, pp. 85–86; 8138:The New York Times 8070:, pp. 69–70; 8050:, pp. 64–65; 7974:, pp. 70–71; 7946:, pp. 74–75; 7918:, pp. 87–88; 7886:, pp. 21–22; 7854:, pp. 76–77; 7655:, pp. 62–63; 7615:, pp. 79–80; 7495:, pp. 31–32; 7220:The New York Times 7182:The New York Times 7102:, pp. 66–67; 7098:, pp. 80–88; 7082:, pp. 66–67; 6948:The New York Times 6910:The New York Times 6887:, pp. 63–64; 6512:, pp. 59–60; 6417:, pp. 57–59; 6162:, pp. 49–50; 6138:, pp. 49–50; 6102:, pp. 49–50; 6039:, pp. 47–48; 5975:, pp. 46–47; 5908:, pp. 42–43; 5888:, pp. 11–12; 5884:, pp. 42–43; 5840:, pp. 11–12; 5804:, pp. 11–12; 5780:, pp. 39–40; 5760:, pp. 10–11; 5661:, pp. 38–39; 5622:, pp. 35–37; 5348:on 6 February 2012 5240:. 26 August 2011. 4801:SNC-Lavalin affair 4786:HIV trial in Libya 4690:Awards and honours 4646: 4549: 4494: 4318:The New York Times 4275:Political ideology 4252: 4071: 4028: 3993:and heir apparent 3951:starting in 2000. 3883: 3822: 3662: 3637:Order of Good Hope 3588:was blown up over 3568:was overthrown by 3562:Arab Maghreb Union 3508:Muslim Brotherhood 3303:Operation Épervier 3263: 3095:Iranian Revolution 2940: 2787:Jean-Bédel Bokassa 2764:Lebanese Civil War 2744:Abdul-Aziz Shennib 2727: 2486: 2484:in Bucharest, 1974 2438:Free Aceh Movement 2396:in Nicaragua, the 2307: 2289:with the Soviets. 2204: 2157:Tripoli University 2119:Christian churches 2111: 2076:Nelson Bunker Hunt 2043: 2039:Nureddin al-Atassi 2035:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1959: 1737:Muslim Brotherhood 1685:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1656:Voice of the Arabs 1647: 1553:in the deserts of 1428:Popular Revolution 1402:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1372:which deposed the 1130:Chadian–Libyan War 1118:Lebanese Civil War 1106:Libyan coup d'état 877:Chadian–Libyan War 476:Bingu wa Mutharika 433:Abdessalam Jalloud 315:(as King of Libya) 298:Abdessalam Jalloud 26254:Political writers 26214:People from Sirte 26209:Pan Am Flight 103 26199:Muslim socialists 26184:Libyan socialists 26129:Islamic socialism 26049:Anti-imperialists 25931: 25930: 25925: 25924: 25854:Iraqi nationalism 25545:Constantin Zureiq 25395:Abdul Rahman Arif 25375:Butrus al-Bustani 25061: 25060: 24796:Maydan al Shajara 24762:Places, buildings 24757: 24756: 24744:Mustafa Ben Halim 24492:Abuzed Omar Dorda 24411:Mohammed Magariaf 24361:Sadiq Al-Ghariani 24281:Jalal al-Digheily 24246:Abdul Hafiz Ghoga 24146: 24145: 24116:Battle of Tripoli 24111:Ras Ajdir clashes 24060:Battle of Gharyan 24040:Battle of Misrata 23757: 23756: 23515:Charles Blé Goudé 23335:Jean-Pierre Bemba 23275: 23274: 22820:Beji Caid Essebsi 22760:Riyad Farid Hijab 22600:Mohamed ElBaradei 22148:Events by country 22094: 22093: 22086:Africa portal 21926:Le Marron Inconnu 21908: 21907: 21761: 21760: 21557:Ahmed Sékou Touré 21406: 21405: 21326:Black nationalism 21306:African socialism 21246: 21245: 20863: 20862: 20747: 20746: 20709:U. M. Al Muntasir 20482: 20481: 20382: 20381: 20174: 20173: 20151:: successful coup 19923:The Gambia (2014) 19860:Mali (April 2012) 19846:Mali (March 2012) 19818:Madagascar (2010) 19800:Madagascar (2009) 19786:Mauritania (2008) 19772:Madagascar (2006) 19758:Mauritania (2005) 19695:Mauritania (2003) 19267:Mauritania (1984) 19218:Seychelles (1981) 19190:Mauritania (1981) 19162:Mauritania (1980) 19123:Mauritania (1979) 19116:Mauritania (1978) 19067:Seychelles (1977) 18607: 18606: 18381:Foreign relations 18376:Domestic politics 18324: 18323: 18315:Succeeded by 18293:Diplomatic posts 18285:Succeeded by 18259:Succeeded by 18245: 18223:Succeeded by 18201: 18189:Succeeded by 18175: 18039:978-0-230-33750-3 18012:978-0-230-33750-3 17985:978-0-521-61554-9 17942:Insight on Africa 17912:978-1-85168-919-4 17864:978-0-86356-161-0 17805:978-1-86064-988-2 17779:978-0-23038-011-0 17699:978-965-224-006-4 17680:978-0-300-13932-7 17661:978-0-865-43858-3 17642:978-1-84954-148-0 17526:978-1-56432-952-3 17460:978-0-8133-0075-7 17381:978-0-14-041040-2 17304:978-0-283-98944-5 17282:978-1-611-85610-1 17201:978-0-316-10042-7 17171:978-0-582-78062-0 17152:978-0-86232-434-6 16809:, pp. 22–23. 16595:. 19 March 2013. 16305:, pp. 22–23. 15499:, pp. 26–27. 15266:, pp. 28–29. 15136:, pp. 26–27. 15124:, pp. 24–25. 14872:, pp. 21–22. 14668:www.aljazeera.com 14455:, pp. 17–18. 13964:www.aljazeera.com 13934:Los Angeles Times 13875:. 20 March 2018. 13814:. 20 March 2018. 13697:www.aljazeera.com 13286:www.aljazeera.com 13141:. 31 March 2009. 13111:. 30 March 2009. 13081:. 30 March 2009. 13051:. 30 March 2009. 12737:Ramutsindela 2009 12622:Ramutsindela 2009 11547:Marmaduke, Jacy. 11394:, pp. 77–78. 11106:A Study of Crisis 11033:, 18 August 1987. 10943:Los Angeles Times 10675:, pp. 68–69. 9772:Pacepa, Ion Mihai 9614:, pp. 67–68. 9575:, pp. 19–20. 9344:978-1-4738-7463-3 9184:, pp. 77–78. 9056:, pp. 66–67. 8963:, pp. 29–30. 8761:history.state.gov 7463:, pp. 74–75. 6732:, pp. 21–23. 6632:, pp. 91–92. 6245:, pp. 16–17. 6206:, pp. 15–16. 6047:, pp. 12–13. 5380:on 6 October 2017 5310:The Straight Dope 5097:Battle of Tripoli 5003:The Straight Dope 4947: 4796:Pan Am Flight 103 4746:Gaddafi loyalists 4679:Daniel Kawczynski 4607:(1982–2011), and 4508:Uncle Tom's Cabin 4327:Charles de Gaulle 4323:utopian socialism 4244:Browning Hi-Power 3895:Silvio Berlusconi 3874: 3586:Pan Am Flight 103 3426:Yacov Barsimantov 3401:, chief of staff 3395:Caspar Weinberger 3383:Carlos the Jackal 3281:, renamed itself 3170:Italian Air Force 3150:Itavia Flight 870 3015:Nicolae Ceaușescu 2959:as following the 2711:Queen Elizabeth 2 2688:Foreign relations 2482:Nicolae Ceaușescu 2434:Japanese Red Army 2298: 2262:Italian community 2188:Foreign relations 2097:In 1971, Egypt's 2072:British Petroleum 1891:Abdul Aziz Shalhi 1841:Coup d'état: 1969 1741:French Revolution 1589:, and during the 1587:occupied by Italy 1467:Pan Am Flight 103 1420:Islamic socialism 1410:Islamic modernist 1327:Brotherly Leader' 1317:, first becoming 1285: 1284: 1223:Lockerbie bombing 954: 953: 918: 917: 523:(aged 68–69) 197:Abuzed Omar Dorda 97: 96: 64:was 16,000 words. 16:(Redirected from 26296: 26154:Libyan Islamists 26079:Burials in Libya 26044:Anti-Americanism 25996: 25995: 25994: 25984: 25983: 25972: 25971: 25970: 25960: 25959: 25958: 25948: 25947: 25946: 25939: 25915: 25914: 25788:Eagle of Saladin 25495:Amin al-Husseini 25460:Faisal I of Iraq 25430:Sultan al-Atrash 25425:Mansur al-Atrash 25400:Abdul Salam Arif 25209:War of Attrition 25095:Arab nationalism 25088: 25081: 25074: 25065: 25064: 25049: 25048: 25037: 25025: 25024: 25013: 25012: 24837:Rape allegations 24771:Abu Salim prison 24719:Mohammed Nabbous 24653:Charles Bouchard 24632:Mustafa Kharoubi 24497:Baghdadi Mahmudi 24477:Abdullah Senussi 24467:Al-Saadi Gaddafi 24462:Mutassim Gaddafi 24391:Salwa Bughaighis 24356:Ismail al-Salabi 24311:Ahmed al-Senussi 24306:Osama al-Juwaili 24251:Suleiman Mahmoud 24206: 24205: 24176:Operation Mobile 24162:Operation Ellamy 24094:Msallata clashes 24077:Battle of Zliten 24055:Battle of Wazzin 23907: 23906: 23880:Libyan Air Force 23784: 23777: 23770: 23761: 23760: 23724:Valery Gerasimov 23615:Abdullah Senussi 23565:Francis Muthaura 23499:Hamlet Guchmazov 23494:Mikhail Mindzaev 23302: 23295: 23288: 23279: 23278: 23265: 23264: 22830:Mohamed Bouazizi 22735:Hassan al-Turabi 22710:Khaled al-Johani 22665:Mohammed Nabbous 22630:Marouf al-Bakhit 22625:King Abdullah II 22424:Foreign fighters 22399:Free Syrian Army 22387:National Command 22382:Regional Command 22121: 22114: 22107: 22098: 22097: 22084: 22083: 22082: 22072: 22071: 22060: 22059: 22050: 22049: 21942:Pan-African flag 21772: 21771: 21718:Randall Robinson 21653:Leonard Jeffries 21633:W. E. B. Du Bois 21628:Cheikh Anta Diop 21623:Martin R. Delany 21447:David Comissiong 21417: 21416: 21316:Anti-imperialism 21291: 21290: 21273: 21266: 21259: 21250: 21249: 20890: 20883: 20876: 20867: 20866: 20844: 20823: 20804: 20645: 20644: 20524:Kingdom of Libya 20509: 20502: 20495: 20486: 20485: 20458: 20443: 20300: 20299: 20229:Kingdom of Libya 20214: 20207: 20200: 20191: 20190: 20178: 20177: 20167: 20159: 20152: 20139: 20132: 20125: 20118: 20111: 20104: 20097: 20090: 20083: 20076: 20069: 20062: 20055: 20048: 20041: 20034: 20027: 20020: 20013: 20006: 19999: 19981: 19974: 19967: 19960: 19953: 19946: 19939: 19932: 19925: 19918: 19911: 19904: 19897: 19890: 19883: 19876: 19869: 19862: 19855: 19848: 19841: 19834: 19827: 19820: 19802: 19795: 19788: 19781: 19774: 19767: 19760: 19753: 19746: 19739: 19732: 19725: 19718: 19711: 19704: 19697: 19690: 19683: 19676: 19669: 19662: 19644: 19637: 19630: 19623: 19616: 19609: 19602: 19595: 19588: 19581: 19574: 19567: 19560: 19553: 19546: 19539: 19532: 19525: 19518: 19511: 19504: 19497: 19490: 19483: 19476: 19469: 19462: 19455: 19448: 19441: 19434: 19427: 19409: 19402: 19395: 19388: 19381: 19374: 19367: 19360: 19353: 19346: 19339: 19332: 19325: 19318: 19311: 19304: 19297: 19290: 19283: 19276: 19269: 19262: 19255: 19248: 19241: 19234: 19227: 19220: 19213: 19206: 19199: 19192: 19185: 19178: 19171: 19164: 19146: 19139: 19132: 19125: 19118: 19111: 19104: 19097: 19090: 19083: 19076: 19069: 19062: 19055: 19048: 19041: 19034: 19027: 19020: 19013: 19006: 18999: 18992: 18985: 18978: 18971: 18964: 18957: 18950: 18943: 18936: 18929: 18922: 18915: 18908: 18890: 18883: 18876: 18869: 18862: 18855: 18848: 18841: 18834: 18827: 18820: 18813: 18806: 18799: 18792: 18785: 18778: 18771: 18764: 18757: 18750: 18743: 18736: 18729: 18722: 18715: 18708: 18701: 18694: 18687: 18680: 18673: 18666: 18659: 18634: 18627: 18620: 18611: 18610: 18476:Hannibal Gaddafi 18470:Mutassim Gaddafi 18464:Al-Saadi Gaddafi 18452:Muhammad Gaddafi 18350: 18343: 18336: 18327: 18326: 18298:Preceded by 18237: 18233:Preceded by 18206:Preceded by 18193: 18172:as King of Libya 18169: 18163:Preceded by 18155: 18154: 18146: 18129: 18086:– ABC News video 18072: 18043: 18016: 17989: 17977: 17966: 17935: 17916: 17897: 17868: 17849: 17809: 17797: 17783: 17761: 17740: 17703: 17684: 17665: 17646: 17622: 17593: 17591: 17589: 17583: 17552: 17542: 17540: 17538: 17506: 17485: 17464: 17452: 17441: 17404: 17385: 17366: 17345: 17308: 17295:Libyan Sandstorm 17286: 17267: 17265: 17240: 17230: 17205: 17193: 17175: 17156: 17127: 17126: 17124: 17122: 17107: 17101: 17100: 17098: 17096: 17076: 17070: 17069: 17067: 17065: 17045: 17039: 17038: 17036: 17034: 17025:. Archived from 17014: 17008: 17007: 17005: 17003: 16983: 16977: 16976: 16974: 16972: 16952: 16946: 16943:Boyd-Judson 2005 16936: 16930: 16924: 16918: 16912: 16906: 16900: 16894: 16884: 16873: 16867: 16861: 16855: 16849: 16843: 16837: 16831: 16822: 16816: 16810: 16804: 16798: 16788: 16782: 16776: 16765: 16755: 16749: 16743: 16737: 16731: 16725: 16719: 16713: 16712: 16710: 16708: 16684: 16678: 16677: 16675: 16673: 16648: 16642: 16641: 16639: 16637: 16618:Peralta, Eyder. 16615: 16609: 16608: 16606: 16604: 16589: 16583: 16577: 16571: 16570: 16568: 16566: 16551: 16545: 16544: 16542: 16540: 16521: 16515: 16505: 16496: 16495: 16493: 16491: 16476: 16470: 16469: 16467: 16465: 16445: 16439: 16438: 16436: 16434: 16414: 16408: 16407: 16405: 16403: 16383: 16377: 16371: 16365: 16364: 16362: 16360: 16340: 16324: 16318: 16312: 16306: 16296: 16290: 16284: 16278: 16272: 16266: 16265: 16263: 16261: 16252:. 11 June 2009. 16242: 16236: 16235: 16233: 16231: 16211: 16205: 16204: 16202: 16200: 16185: 16176: 16170: 16164: 16158: 16152: 16146: 16135: 16129: 16120: 16114: 16101: 16095: 16086: 16076: 16070: 16064: 16058: 16052: 16043: 16037: 16031: 16025: 16019: 16013: 16004: 15998: 15992: 15986: 15980: 15974: 15968: 15962: 15956: 15950: 15944: 15938: 15932: 15926: 15920: 15914: 15908: 15894: 15888: 15882: 15873: 15867: 15861: 15855: 15849: 15843: 15834: 15833: 15831: 15829: 15810: 15804: 15798: 15792: 15786: 15780: 15766: 15760: 15754: 15748: 15742: 15736: 15730: 15724: 15718: 15712: 15710: 15708: 15706: 15686: 15680: 15674: 15668: 15662: 15656: 15650: 15644: 15638: 15632: 15622: 15616: 15610: 15604: 15598: 15592: 15586: 15580: 15574: 15568: 15562: 15556: 15546: 15540: 15534: 15528: 15522: 15516: 15506: 15500: 15490: 15484: 15478: 15472: 15458: 15452: 15446: 15440: 15434: 15428: 15425: 15419: 15418: 15416: 15414: 15392: 15386: 15376: 15370: 15364: 15355: 15349: 15343: 15342: 15340: 15338: 15323: 15317: 15311: 15305: 15299: 15293: 15292: 15290: 15288: 15273: 15267: 15261: 15255: 15254: 15252: 15250: 15228: 15222: 15221: 15219: 15217: 15195: 15189: 15188: 15186: 15184: 15169: 15163: 15162: 15160: 15158: 15143: 15137: 15131: 15125: 15119: 15113: 15112: 15110: 15108: 15088: 15082: 15081: 15079: 15077: 15058: 15052: 15051: 15049: 15047: 15036:Face2Face Africa 15027: 15021: 15020: 15018: 15016: 14996: 14990: 14989: 14987: 14985: 14970: 14955: 14949: 14943: 14942: 14940: 14938: 14918: 14912: 14911: 14909: 14907: 14879: 14873: 14867: 14861: 14860: 14858: 14856: 14837: 14831: 14830: 14828: 14826: 14817:(in Ukrainian). 14806: 14800: 14799: 14797: 14795: 14776: 14770: 14769: 14767: 14765: 14746: 14740: 14739: 14737: 14735: 14708: 14699: 14693: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14679: 14660: 14654: 14648: 14642: 14636: 14625: 14619: 14610: 14609: 14607: 14605: 14585: 14579: 14569: 14563: 14557: 14551: 14550: 14548: 14546: 14526: 14520: 14513:Vandewalle 2008a 14510: 14504: 14498: 14492: 14485:Vandewalle 2008a 14482: 14476: 14462: 14456: 14450: 14444: 14434: 14428: 14422: 14416: 14413:Vandewalle 2008a 14410: 14401: 14398:Vandewalle 2008a 14391: 14385: 14379: 14373: 14367: 14361: 14355: 14349: 14339: 14333: 14327: 14321: 14315: 14309: 14303: 14297: 14290:Vandewalle 2008a 14287: 14281: 14275: 14269: 14266:Vandewalle 2008a 14263: 14257: 14256: 14254: 14252: 14233: 14227: 14226: 14224: 14222: 14202: 14196: 14195: 14193: 14191: 14171: 14165: 14164: 14162: 14160: 14140: 14134: 14120: 14114: 14108: 14102: 14095:Vandewalle 2008a 14092: 14086: 14080: 14074: 14064: 14058: 14052: 14046: 14040: 14034: 14031:Vandewalle 2008a 14028: 14022: 14016: 14010: 14009: 14007: 14005: 13996:. 16 June 2000. 13986: 13980: 13979: 13977: 13975: 13956: 13950: 13949: 13947: 13945: 13925: 13919: 13918: 13916: 13914: 13895: 13889: 13888: 13886: 13884: 13865: 13859: 13858: 13856: 13854: 13834: 13828: 13827: 13825: 13823: 13804: 13798: 13792: 13786: 13785: 13783: 13781: 13761: 13755: 13749: 13743: 13742: 13740: 13738: 13719: 13713: 13712: 13710: 13708: 13689: 13683: 13682: 13680: 13678: 13658: 13652: 13646: 13640: 13639: 13637: 13635: 13614: 13608: 13607: 13605: 13603: 13584: 13575: 13574: 13572: 13570: 13551: 13545: 13539: 13533: 13527: 13521: 13511: 13505: 13499: 13493: 13479: 13473: 13472: 13470: 13468: 13440: 13434: 13433: 13422: 13416: 13409:Boyd-Judson 2005 13406: 13400: 13394: 13388: 13378: 13372: 13362: 13356: 13341:Vandewalle 2008a 13334: 13328: 13327: 13325: 13323: 13308: 13302: 13301: 13299: 13297: 13277: 13271: 13270: 13268: 13266: 13247: 13241: 13235: 13229: 13223: 13217: 13202:Vandewalle 2008a 13199: 13193: 13190:Vandewalle 2008a 13187: 13181: 13180: 13178: 13176: 13161: 13155: 13154: 13152: 13150: 13131: 13125: 13124: 13122: 13120: 13101: 13095: 13094: 13092: 13090: 13071: 13065: 13064: 13062: 13060: 13041: 13035: 13034: 13032: 13030: 13021:. 25 July 2020. 13011: 13005: 13004: 13002: 13000: 12981: 12975: 12974: 12972: 12970: 12951: 12945: 12944: 12942: 12940: 12912: 12906: 12905: 12903: 12901: 12882: 12873: 12872: 12870: 12868: 12859:. 17 June 2017. 12849: 12843: 12842: 12840: 12838: 12819: 12813: 12812: 12810: 12808: 12785: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12774: 12754: 12748: 12734: 12728: 12718: 12712: 12702: 12696: 12695: 12693: 12691: 12671: 12665: 12659: 12653: 12647: 12641: 12631: 12625: 12619: 12613: 12603: 12597: 12591: 12585: 12579: 12573: 12563: 12557: 12551: 12545: 12544: 12542: 12540: 12512: 12503: 12493: 12487: 12484:Boyd-Judson 2005 12481: 12475: 12472:Boyd-Judson 2005 12469: 12463: 12452:Boyd-Judson 2005 12449: 12443: 12432:Boyd-Judson 2005 12429: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12418: 12398: 12392: 12391: 12389: 12387: 12367: 12361: 12355: 12349: 12348: 12340: 12334: 12331:Vandewalle 2008b 12328: 12322: 12311:Vandewalle 2008b 12307:Boyd-Judson 2005 12304: 12298: 12292: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12281: 12254: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12243: 12215: 12209: 12208: 12206: 12204: 12184: 12178: 12177: 12175: 12173: 12145: 12139: 12129: 12123: 12120:Vandewalle 2008b 12117: 12111: 12101: 12095: 12094: 12092: 12090: 12081:(994 ed.). 12072: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12061: 12033: 12027: 12026: 12024: 12022: 12003: 11997: 11996: 11994: 11992: 11969: 11963: 11953: 11947: 11941: 11935: 11929: 11923: 11916:Vandewalle 2008b 11913: 11907: 11901: 11895: 11889: 11883: 11877: 11871: 11860:Vandewalle 2008b 11857: 11851: 11844:Vandewalle 2008b 11841: 11835: 11824:Vandewalle 2008b 11821: 11815: 11805: 11799: 11793: 11787: 11777: 11771: 11764:Boyd-Judson 2005 11761: 11755: 11749: 11743: 11733: 11727: 11720:Vandewalle 2008b 11716:Boyd-Judson 2005 11705: 11699: 11689: 11683: 11677: 11671: 11664:Boyd-Judson 2005 11662:, pp. 4–5; 11653: 11647: 11646: 11644: 11642: 11614: 11608: 11607: 11605: 11603: 11575: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11564: 11544: 11535: 11528:Vandewalle 2008b 11517: 11511: 11504:Boyd-Judson 2005 11497: 11491: 11473: 11467: 11456:Vandewalle 2008b 11445: 11439: 11428:Vandewalle 2008b 11425: 11419: 11412:Vandewalle 2008b 11401: 11395: 11381: 11375: 11369: 11363: 11345: 11339: 11321: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11290: 11284: 11283: 11281: 11279: 11264: 11258: 11236: 11230: 11224: 11218: 11200: 11194: 11184: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11173: 11151: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11128:Business Insider 11118: 11109: 11102: 11096: 11078: 11072: 11071: 11069: 11067: 11040: 11034: 11014: 11005: 10998:Vandewalle 2008b 10987: 10981: 10978: 10972: 10965: 10959: 10958: 10956: 10954: 10934: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10923: 10903: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10892: 10869: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10858: 10830: 10824: 10810: 10804: 10798: 10792: 10786: 10780: 10777:Vandewalle 2008b 10770: 10764: 10746: 10740: 10729:Vandewalle 2008b 10722: 10716: 10706: 10700: 10682: 10676: 10666: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10655: 10649: 10642: 10633: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10622: 10617:on 9 August 2013 10613:. Archived from 10602: 10596: 10595: 10587: 10578: 10560: 10554: 10535: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10524: 10504: 10498: 10492: 10486: 10480: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10438: 10432: 10426: 10420: 10414: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10326: 10307: 10301: 10300: 10298: 10296: 10277: 10266: 10256: 10250: 10244: 10238: 10231:Vandewalle 2008b 10220: 10214: 10200: 10194: 10187:Vandewalle 2008b 10176: 10170: 10167:Vandewalle 2008b 10160: 10154: 10148: 10142: 10136: 10130: 10124: 10118: 10112: 10106: 10095:Vandewalle 2008b 10084: 10078: 10060: 10054: 10044: 10038: 10031:Vandewalle 2008b 10024: 10018: 10007:Vandewalle 2008b 9996: 9990: 9984: 9978: 9967:Vandewalle 2008b 9956: 9950: 9939:Vandewalle 2008b 9932: 9923: 9909: 9903: 9885: 9879: 9873: 9864: 9853:Vandewalle 2008b 9850: 9844: 9838: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9824: 9796: 9790: 9789: 9767: 9761: 9747: 9741: 9735: 9729: 9718:Vandewalle 2008b 9707: 9701: 9695: 9686: 9683:Vandewalle 2008b 9680: 9674: 9664: 9658: 9652: 9643: 9633: 9627: 9621: 9615: 9609: 9603: 9597: 9588: 9582: 9576: 9573:Vandewalle 2008b 9558: 9552: 9546: 9537: 9519: 9513: 9503: 9497: 9483: 9477: 9467: 9461: 9443: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9413: 9407: 9401: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9382:on 9 August 2013 9378:. Archived from 9367: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9328: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9308:. 9 March 2016. 9298: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9284: 9262: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9231: 9225: 9203: 9197: 9191: 9185: 9179: 9173: 9155: 9149: 9139: 9133: 9127: 9121: 9099: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9063: 9057: 9035: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9005: 8999: 8993: 8987: 8973: 8964: 8950: 8944: 8938: 8932: 8925:Vandewalle 2008b 8914: 8908: 8902: 8893: 8887: 8881: 8875: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8844: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8783: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8723: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8706: 8693: 8684: 8675: 8664:Vandewalle 2008b 8653: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8585:Vandewalle 2008b 8582: 8576: 8570: 8564: 8558: 8549: 8543: 8537: 8526:Vandewalle 2008b 8519: 8513: 8503: 8497: 8483: 8477: 8471: 8465: 8459: 8453: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8411: 8405: 8395: 8389: 8371: 8365: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8327: 8321: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8286: 8285:, p. 93–94. 8280: 8274: 8252: 8246: 8235:Vandewalle 2008b 8220: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8188: 8182: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8129: 8123: 8105: 8099: 8085: 8079: 8061: 8055: 8045: 8039: 8029: 8023: 8005: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7976:Vandewalle 2008b 7969: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7873: 7867: 7849: 7843: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7762: 7756: 7738: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7708: 7690: 7684: 7666: 7660: 7650: 7644: 7630: 7624: 7617:Vandewalle 2008b 7610: 7604: 7598: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7568:Vandewalle 2008b 7561: 7555: 7548:Vandewalle 2008b 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7500: 7493:Vandewalle 2008b 7490: 7484: 7470: 7464: 7458: 7452: 7446: 7437: 7431: 7422: 7412: 7403: 7397: 7391: 7385: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7347: 7336:Vandewalle 2008b 7325: 7319: 7308:Vandewalle 2008b 7301: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7268: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7149: 7143: 7129: 7123: 7116:Vandewalle 2008b 7113: 7107: 7093: 7087: 7077: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7008: 7002: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6950:. 18 July 1972. 6940: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6912:. 17 July 1972. 6902: 6896: 6889:Vandewalle 2008b 6878: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6838:on 23 March 2012 6828: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6759: 6753: 6739: 6733: 6726:Vandewalle 2008b 6723: 6717: 6710:Vandewalle 2008b 6699: 6693: 6686:Vandewalle 2008b 6679: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6618: 6604: 6598: 6591:Vandewalle 2008b 6584: 6578: 6560: 6554: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6517: 6499: 6493: 6479: 6473: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6432: 6426: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6389: 6383: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6343: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6272: 6266: 6252: 6246: 6232: 6223: 6213: 6207: 6193: 6187: 6177: 6171: 6157: 6151: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6097: 6091: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6048: 6034: 6028: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5986: 5980: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5949: 5927: 5921: 5899: 5893: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5851: 5845: 5834:Vandewalle 2008b 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5791: 5785: 5771: 5765: 5747: 5741: 5719: 5713: 5695: 5686: 5676: 5670: 5656: 5647: 5633: 5627: 5617: 5611: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5569: 5558: 5544: 5538: 5520: 5514: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5460:books.google.com 5452: 5446: 5445: 5440:. Archived from 5438:Doublespeak Blog 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5409:. Archived from 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5344:. Archived from 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5238:The Taipei Times 5230: 5221: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5175: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5142: 5120: 5086: 5075: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4964: 4959: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4826: 4665:Quotations from 4593:Mutassim Gaddafi 4589:Al-Saadi Gaddafi 4573:Muhammad Gaddafi 4456:Friedrich Engels 4434: 4433:—Muammar Gaddafi 4397:that he termed " 4343:Marxism–Leninism 4301:Arab nationalism 4294: 4293:—Muammar Gaddafi 4259:; upon arrival, 4206:Abdullah Senussi 4144:Nafusa Mountains 4120:Abdullah Senussi 3875: 3719:Arab slave trade 3520:Abdullah Senussi 3419:military attaché 3279:Goukouni Oueddei 3045: 3019:Ion Mihai Pacepa 2985: 2922:direct democracy 2913: 2906: 2891:Foundation: 1977 2671:national service 2663:Kweldi al-Hamidi 2426:Red Army Faction 2299: 2270:national holiday 2232:British Airlines 2153:Beida University 2047:state capitalist 2007:Ruling by decree 1989:Ahmed al-Senussi 1860: 1689:Arab nationalism 1663:, including the 1643:President Nasser 1603:General Assembly 1595:Second World War 1517:anti-imperialist 1436:direct democracy 1412:, he introduced 1394:Ruling by decree 1335:Arab nationalism 1296: 1293: 1277: 1270: 1263: 1176: 1099: 1009:Gaddafi loyalism 972:Arab nationalism 950: 949: 947: 940: 939: 931: 924: 923: 920: 919: 810: 809: 797: 796: 786:Kingdom of Libya 784: 783: 767:Military service 762: 701: 691:Milad (adopted) 648: 628: 626: 608: 606: 602: 522: 503: 500: 486:Personal details 472: 460: 451: 429: 417: 408: 377: 365: 353: 344: 322: 309: 287: 277: 268: 246: 233: 222:Baghdadi Mahmudi 171: 161: 152: 129: 119: 106:Brotherly Leader 101: 100: 92: 89: 83: 47: 46: 39: 21: 26304: 26303: 26299: 26298: 26297: 26295: 26294: 26293: 26149:Libyan colonels 26014:Muammar Gaddafi 26004: 26003: 26002: 25992: 25990: 25978: 25968: 25966: 25956: 25954: 25944: 25942: 25934: 25932: 25927: 25926: 25921: 25903: 25839:Greater Morocco 25812: 25808:Pan-Arab colors 25803:Hawk of Quraish 25769: 25737: 25588:Arab Federation 25549: 25535:Abdullah Rimawi 25510:Mostéfa Merarda 25465:Muammar Gaddafi 25445:Ahmed Ben Bella 25420:Jamal al-Atassi 25410:Bashar al-Assad 25361: 25330: 25311:Black September 25189:Anglo-Iraqi War 25133: 25097: 25092: 25062: 25057: 24992: 24916: 24810: 24786:Giuliana Bridge 24763: 24753: 24749:Ihab Al-Mismari 24714:Nuri al-Mismari 24709:Imbarek Shamekh 24672: 24636: 24547:Khweldi Hameidi 24442:Muammar Gaddafi 24430: 24381:Ahmed Omar Bani 24341:Yousef Mangoush 24331:Mahdi al-Harati 24316:Hussein Darbouk 24195: 24142: 24126:Battle of Sirte 24089:Zawiya skirmish 24072:Zliten uprising 24021: 24012:Battle of Sabha 24007:Fezzan campaign 23988: 23984:Ra's Lanuf raid 23919:Battle of Bayda 23896: 23836: 23820:19 March–31 May 23793: 23788: 23758: 23753: 23729:Sergey Kobylash 23710: 23666: 23632: 23604:Muammar Gaddafi 23590: 23529: 23503: 23475: 23424: 23382:Germain Katanga 23367: 23341:Noureddine Adam 23322: 23311: 23306: 23276: 23271: 23253: 23194: 23163: 23105: 23064: 22980:Iraqi Kurdistan 22910:Occupy movement 22896: 22867:Tawakkol Karman 22805:Moncef Marzouki 22775:Burhan Ghalioun 22745:Bashar al-Assad 22715:Manal al-Sharif 22645:Muammar Gaddafi 22493: 22249: 22143: 22130: 22125: 22095: 22090: 22080: 22078: 22066: 22062:Africa category 22038: 21977: 21946: 21904: 21791: 21757: 21753:Omali Yeshitela 21733:Issa Laye Thiaw 21663:Maulana Karenga 21648:John G. Jackson 21576: 21497:Patrice Lumumba 21462:Muammar Gaddafi 21402: 21367:African century 21355: 21282: 21277: 21247: 21242: 21121: 20909: 20908:Organisation of 20903: 20894: 20864: 20859: 20849: 20833: 20814: 20791: 20755: 20743: 20681: 20673: 20651: 20640: 20632: 20588: 20526: 20518: 20513: 20483: 20478: 20468: 20453: 20438: 20390: 20378: 20326: 20318: 20306: 20295: 20287: 20243: 20231: 20223: 20218: 20183: 20175: 20170: 20162: 20155: 20150: 20142: 20135: 20128: 20121: 20114: 20107: 20100: 20093: 20086: 20079: 20072: 20065: 20058: 20051: 20044: 20037: 20030: 20023: 20016: 20009: 20002: 19995: 19984: 19979:Ethiopia (2019) 19977: 19970: 19963: 19958:Zimbabwe (2017) 19956: 19949: 19942: 19935: 19928: 19921: 19914: 19907: 19900: 19893: 19886: 19879: 19872: 19865: 19858: 19851: 19844: 19837: 19830: 19823: 19816: 19805: 19798: 19791: 19784: 19777: 19770: 19763: 19756: 19749: 19742: 19735: 19728: 19721: 19714: 19707: 19700: 19693: 19686: 19679: 19672: 19665: 19658: 19647: 19640: 19633: 19626: 19619: 19612: 19605: 19598: 19591: 19584: 19577: 19570: 19563: 19556: 19549: 19542: 19535: 19528: 19521: 19514: 19507: 19500: 19493: 19486: 19479: 19472: 19465: 19458: 19451: 19444: 19437: 19430: 19423: 19412: 19405: 19398: 19393:Ethiopia (1989) 19391: 19384: 19377: 19370: 19365:Transkei (1987) 19363: 19356: 19349: 19342: 19335: 19328: 19321: 19314: 19307: 19300: 19293: 19286: 19279: 19274:Cameroon (1984) 19272: 19265: 19258: 19251: 19244: 19237: 19230: 19223: 19216: 19209: 19202: 19195: 19188: 19181: 19174: 19167: 19160: 19149: 19142: 19135: 19128: 19121: 19114: 19107: 19100: 19093: 19086: 19079: 19072: 19065: 19058: 19051: 19044: 19037: 19030: 19023: 19016: 19009: 19002: 18995: 18990:Ethiopia (1974) 18988: 18981: 18974: 18967: 18960: 18953: 18946: 18939: 18932: 18925: 18918: 18911: 18904: 18893: 18886: 18879: 18872: 18865: 18858: 18851: 18844: 18837: 18830: 18823: 18816: 18809: 18802: 18795: 18788: 18781: 18774: 18767: 18760: 18753: 18746: 18739: 18732: 18725: 18718: 18711: 18704: 18697: 18690: 18683: 18676: 18669: 18664:Ethiopia (1960) 18662: 18655: 18644: 18638: 18608: 18603: 18592: 18583:Tragedy Khadafi 18577:Gaddafi Stadium 18553: 18524:Amazonian Guard 18499: 18426: 18359: 18357:Muammar Gaddafi 18354: 18320: 18311: 18303: 18288: 18281: 18277: 18264: 18255: 18251: 18241: 18236: 18228: 18219: 18211: 18197: 18192: 18185: 18181: 18168: 18144: 18133:Muammar Gaddafi 18117:Muammar Gaddafi 18099:Muammar Gaddafi 18080: 18075: 18040: 18013: 17986: 17932: 17913: 17865: 17806: 17780: 17700: 17681: 17662: 17643: 17587: 17585: 17581: 17550: 17536: 17534: 17527: 17461: 17401: 17382: 17305: 17291:Cooley, John K. 17283: 17202: 17172: 17153: 17143:Qadhafi's Libya 17136: 17131: 17130: 17120: 17118: 17109: 17108: 17104: 17094: 17092: 17077: 17073: 17063: 17061: 17046: 17042: 17032: 17030: 17015: 17011: 17001: 16999: 16984: 16980: 16970: 16968: 16953: 16949: 16937: 16933: 16925: 16921: 16913: 16909: 16903:Kawczynski 2011 16901: 16897: 16891:Kawczynski 2011 16885: 16876: 16868: 16864: 16858:Kawczynski 2011 16856: 16852: 16844: 16840: 16832: 16825: 16817: 16813: 16805: 16801: 16791:Hinnebusch 1984 16789: 16785: 16777: 16768: 16760:, p. 283; 16756: 16752: 16746:Hinnebusch 1984 16744: 16740: 16734:Hinnebusch 1984 16732: 16728: 16722:Vandewalle 2006 16720: 16716: 16706: 16704: 16686: 16685: 16681: 16671: 16669: 16649: 16645: 16635: 16633: 16616: 16612: 16602: 16600: 16591: 16590: 16586: 16578: 16574: 16564: 16562: 16553: 16552: 16548: 16538: 16536: 16535:on 9 March 2011 16529:Al Arabiya News 16523: 16522: 16518: 16506: 16499: 16489: 16487: 16478: 16477: 16473: 16463: 16461: 16446: 16442: 16432: 16430: 16416: 16415: 16411: 16401: 16399: 16392:The Independent 16384: 16380: 16372: 16368: 16358: 16356: 16325: 16321: 16313: 16309: 16297: 16293: 16285: 16281: 16273: 16269: 16259: 16257: 16244: 16243: 16239: 16229: 16227: 16212: 16208: 16198: 16196: 16187: 16186: 16179: 16171: 16167: 16159: 16155: 16147: 16138: 16130: 16123: 16115: 16104: 16096: 16089: 16083:Vandewalle 2006 16081:, p. 145; 16077: 16073: 16065: 16061: 16053: 16046: 16038: 16034: 16026: 16022: 16014: 16007: 15999: 15995: 15987: 15983: 15975: 15971: 15963: 15959: 15951: 15947: 15943:, p. xvii. 15939: 15935: 15927: 15923: 15917:Hinnebusch 1984 15915: 15911: 15903:, p. 482; 15899:, p. 255; 15895: 15891: 15883: 15876: 15868: 15864: 15856: 15852: 15844: 15837: 15827: 15825: 15812: 15811: 15807: 15799: 15795: 15787: 15783: 15775:, p. 161; 15771:, p. 476; 15767: 15763: 15755: 15751: 15743: 15739: 15731: 15727: 15719: 15715: 15704: 15702: 15687: 15683: 15675: 15671: 15663: 15659: 15651: 15647: 15639: 15635: 15623: 15619: 15611: 15607: 15599: 15595: 15587: 15583: 15575: 15571: 15563: 15559: 15547: 15543: 15537:Hinnebusch 1984 15535: 15531: 15523: 15519: 15507: 15503: 15495:, p. 474; 15491: 15487: 15479: 15475: 15463:, p. 473; 15459: 15455: 15447: 15443: 15435: 15431: 15426: 15422: 15412: 15410: 15393: 15389: 15377: 15373: 15365: 15358: 15350: 15346: 15336: 15334: 15325: 15324: 15320: 15312: 15308: 15300: 15296: 15286: 15284: 15275: 15274: 15270: 15262: 15258: 15248: 15246: 15229: 15225: 15215: 15213: 15205:The Irish Times 15196: 15192: 15182: 15180: 15171: 15170: 15166: 15156: 15154: 15145: 15144: 15140: 15132: 15128: 15120: 15116: 15106: 15104: 15089: 15085: 15075: 15073: 15060: 15059: 15055: 15045: 15043: 15028: 15024: 15014: 15012: 14997: 14993: 14983: 14981: 14972: 14971: 14958: 14950: 14946: 14936: 14934: 14919: 14915: 14905: 14903: 14880: 14876: 14868: 14864: 14854: 14852: 14839: 14838: 14834: 14824: 14822: 14807: 14803: 14793: 14791: 14778: 14777: 14773: 14763: 14761: 14748: 14747: 14743: 14733: 14731: 14716:Washington Post 14710: 14709: 14702: 14694: 14687: 14677: 14675: 14662: 14661: 14657: 14649: 14645: 14637: 14628: 14620: 14613: 14603: 14601: 14594:The Independent 14586: 14582: 14574:, p. 257; 14572:Kawczynski 2011 14570: 14566: 14558: 14554: 14544: 14542: 14527: 14523: 14515:, p. 236; 14511: 14507: 14499: 14495: 14487:, p. 236; 14483: 14479: 14471:, p. 284; 14463: 14459: 14451: 14447: 14439:, p. 286; 14435: 14431: 14423: 14419: 14411: 14404: 14396:, p. 284; 14392: 14388: 14380: 14376: 14370:Kawczynski 2011 14368: 14364: 14358:Kawczynski 2011 14356: 14352: 14344:, p. 231; 14342:Kawczynski 2011 14340: 14336: 14328: 14324: 14316: 14312: 14306:Kawczynski 2011 14304: 14300: 14292:, p. 225; 14288: 14284: 14276: 14272: 14264: 14260: 14250: 14248: 14235: 14234: 14230: 14220: 14218: 14203: 14199: 14189: 14187: 14172: 14168: 14158: 14156: 14141: 14137: 14129:, p. 156; 14121: 14117: 14109: 14105: 14097:, p. 228; 14093: 14089: 14081: 14077: 14069:, p. 180; 14067:Kawczynski 2011 14065: 14061: 14053: 14049: 14041: 14037: 14029: 14025: 14017: 14013: 14003: 14001: 13988: 13987: 13983: 13973: 13971: 13958: 13957: 13953: 13943: 13941: 13926: 13922: 13912: 13910: 13897: 13896: 13892: 13882: 13880: 13867: 13866: 13862: 13852: 13850: 13835: 13831: 13821: 13819: 13806: 13805: 13801: 13793: 13789: 13779: 13777: 13762: 13758: 13750: 13746: 13736: 13734: 13721: 13720: 13716: 13706: 13704: 13691: 13690: 13686: 13676: 13674: 13659: 13655: 13649:Kawczynski 2011 13647: 13643: 13633: 13631: 13616: 13615: 13611: 13601: 13599: 13598:on 16 June 2009 13586: 13585: 13578: 13568: 13566: 13565:on 18 June 2009 13553: 13552: 13548: 13540: 13536: 13528: 13524: 13516:, p. 274; 13512: 13508: 13500: 13496: 13488:, p. 101; 13484:, p. 175; 13482:Kawczynski 2011 13480: 13476: 13466: 13464: 13441: 13437: 13424: 13423: 13419: 13407: 13403: 13395: 13391: 13381:Kawczynski 2011 13379: 13375: 13365:Kawczynski 2011 13363: 13359: 13351:, p. 244; 13345:Kawczynski 2011 13343:, p. 217; 13337:Vandewalle 2006 13335: 13331: 13321: 13319: 13314:. 11 May 2006. 13310: 13309: 13305: 13295: 13293: 13280:Koike, Yuriko. 13278: 13274: 13264: 13262: 13257:. 11 May 2006. 13249: 13248: 13244: 13236: 13232: 13224: 13220: 13212:, p. 176; 13210:Kawczynski 2011 13208:, p. 101; 13204:, p. 220; 13200: 13196: 13188: 13184: 13174: 13172: 13163: 13162: 13158: 13148: 13146: 13133: 13132: 13128: 13118: 13116: 13103: 13102: 13098: 13088: 13086: 13073: 13072: 13068: 13058: 13056: 13043: 13042: 13038: 13028: 13026: 13013: 13012: 13008: 12998: 12996: 12991:. 27 May 2020. 12983: 12982: 12978: 12968: 12966: 12961:. 8 June 2017. 12953: 12952: 12948: 12938: 12936: 12913: 12909: 12899: 12897: 12884: 12883: 12876: 12866: 12864: 12851: 12850: 12846: 12836: 12834: 12827:The Irish Times 12821: 12820: 12816: 12806: 12804: 12794:Washington Post 12786: 12782: 12772: 12770: 12755: 12751: 12743:, p. 190; 12741:Kawczynski 2011 12735: 12731: 12723:, p. 190; 12721:Kawczynski 2011 12719: 12715: 12707:, p. 188; 12705:Kawczynski 2011 12703: 12699: 12689: 12687: 12672: 12668: 12660: 12656: 12648: 12644: 12634:Kawczynski 2011 12632: 12628: 12620: 12616: 12608:, p. 190; 12606:Kawczynski 2011 12604: 12600: 12592: 12588: 12580: 12576: 12570:Kawczynski 2011 12564: 12560: 12552: 12548: 12538: 12536: 12521:Washington Post 12513: 12506: 12498:, p. 142; 12496:Kawczynski 2011 12494: 12490: 12482: 12478: 12470: 12466: 12456:Kawczynski 2011 12450: 12446: 12438:, p. 147; 12436:Kawczynski 2011 12430: 12426: 12416: 12414: 12399: 12395: 12385: 12383: 12368: 12364: 12356: 12352: 12342: 12341: 12337: 12329: 12325: 12315:Kawczynski 2011 12305: 12301: 12293: 12289: 12279: 12277: 12270: 12256: 12255: 12251: 12241: 12239: 12216: 12212: 12202: 12200: 12185: 12181: 12171: 12169: 12146: 12142: 12134:, p. 188; 12132:Kawczynski 2011 12130: 12126: 12118: 12114: 12106:, p. 166; 12104:Kawczynski 2011 12102: 12098: 12088: 12086: 12073: 12069: 12059: 12057: 12050: 12034: 12030: 12020: 12018: 12005: 12004: 12000: 11990: 11988: 11978:Washington Post 11970: 11966: 11956:Kawczynski 2011 11954: 11950: 11944:Kawczynski 2011 11942: 11938: 11930: 11926: 11914: 11910: 11904:Kawczynski 2011 11902: 11898: 11890: 11886: 11878: 11874: 11858: 11854: 11842: 11838: 11822: 11818: 11810:, p. 225; 11808:Kawczynski 2011 11806: 11802: 11794: 11790: 11778: 11774: 11768:Kawczynski 2011 11762: 11758: 11750: 11746: 11740:Kawczynski 2011 11734: 11730: 11724:Kawczynski 2011 11710:, p. 287; 11706: 11702: 11696:Kawczynski 2011 11694:, p. 102; 11690: 11686: 11682:, pp. 5–6. 11678: 11674: 11668:Kawczynski 2011 11658:, p. 287; 11654: 11650: 11640: 11638: 11623:Washington Post 11615: 11611: 11601: 11599: 11576: 11572: 11562: 11560: 11545: 11538: 11522:, p. 250; 11518: 11514: 11508:Kawczynski 2011 11498: 11494: 11484:Kawczynski 2011 11478:, p. 294; 11474: 11470: 11460:Kawczynski 2011 11450:, p. 231; 11446: 11442: 11432:Kawczynski 2011 11426: 11422: 11416:Kawczynski 2011 11402: 11398: 11390:, p. 183; 11382: 11378: 11370: 11366: 11358:, p. 115; 11356:Kawczynski 2011 11346: 11342: 11332:Kawczynski 2011 11322: 11318: 11308: 11306: 11299:en.yabiladi.com 11291: 11287: 11277: 11275: 11266: 11265: 11261: 11251:Kawczynski 2011 11245:, p. 214; 11237: 11233: 11225: 11221: 11211:Kawczynski 2011 11209:, p. 102; 11205:, p. 103; 11201: 11197: 11189:, p. 101; 11185: 11181: 11171: 11169: 11152: 11148: 11138: 11136: 11119: 11112: 11103: 11099: 11095:, 1 April 1987. 11089:Wayback Machine 11079: 11075: 11065: 11063: 11042: 11041: 11037: 11025:Wayback Machine 11015: 11008: 10988: 10984: 10979: 10975: 10966: 10962: 10952: 10950: 10935: 10931: 10921: 10919: 10904: 10900: 10890: 10888: 10878:Washington Post 10870: 10866: 10856: 10854: 10831: 10827: 10815:, p. 250; 10811: 10807: 10799: 10795: 10787: 10783: 10775:, p. 116; 10771: 10767: 10759:, p. 224; 10757:Kawczynski 2011 10755:, p. 119; 10751:, p. 274; 10747: 10743: 10735:, p. 104; 10733:Kawczynski 2011 10723: 10719: 10707: 10703: 10693:Kawczynski 2011 10687:, p. 112; 10683: 10679: 10673:Kawczynski 2011 10667: 10663: 10653: 10651: 10647: 10640: 10634: 10630: 10620: 10618: 10603: 10599: 10588: 10581: 10571:Kawczynski 2011 10561: 10557: 10545:Wayback Machine 10536: 10532: 10522: 10520: 10505: 10501: 10493: 10489: 10481: 10474: 10464: 10462: 10447:Washington Post 10439: 10435: 10427: 10423: 10415: 10411: 10401: 10399: 10376: 10372: 10362: 10360: 10339: 10338: 10334: 10324: 10322: 10309: 10308: 10304: 10294: 10292: 10279: 10278: 10269: 10261:, p. 246; 10257: 10253: 10245: 10241: 10225:, p. 246; 10221: 10217: 10201: 10197: 10177: 10173: 10161: 10157: 10149: 10145: 10137: 10133: 10125: 10121: 10113: 10109: 10101:, p. 220; 10099:Kawczynski 2011 10089:, p. 195; 10085: 10081: 10073:, p. 221; 10071:Kawczynski 2011 10069:, p. 128; 10065:, p. 484; 10061: 10057: 10049:, p. 275; 10045: 10041: 10029:, p. 117; 10025: 10021: 10011:Kawczynski 2011 10001:, p. 189; 9997: 9993: 9985: 9981: 9971:Kawczynski 2011 9957: 9953: 9943:Kawczynski 2011 9933: 9926: 9914:, p. 191; 9910: 9906: 9898:, p. 221; 9896:Kawczynski 2011 9894:, p. 111; 9890:, p. 484; 9886: 9882: 9876:Vandewalle 2006 9874: 9867: 9857:Kawczynski 2011 9851: 9847: 9839: 9832: 9822: 9820: 9797: 9793: 9786: 9768: 9764: 9752:, p. 169; 9748: 9744: 9736: 9732: 9722:Kawczynski 2011 9716:, p. 105; 9708: 9704: 9696: 9689: 9681: 9677: 9667:Kawczynski 2011 9665: 9661: 9653: 9646: 9636:Kawczynski 2011 9634: 9630: 9622: 9618: 9610: 9606: 9598: 9591: 9583: 9579: 9559: 9555: 9547: 9540: 9530:Kawczynski 2011 9528:, p. 105; 9520: 9516: 9508:, p. 114; 9504: 9500: 9490:Kawczynski 2011 9488:, p. 170; 9484: 9480: 9470:Kawczynski 2011 9468: 9464: 9454:Kawczynski 2011 9444: 9440: 9430: 9428: 9415: 9414: 9410: 9402: 9395: 9385: 9383: 9368: 9364: 9354: 9352: 9345: 9329: 9325: 9315: 9313: 9300: 9299: 9292: 9282: 9280: 9263: 9259: 9249: 9247: 9232: 9228: 9218:Kawczynski 2011 9204: 9200: 9192: 9188: 9182:Kawczynski 2011 9180: 9176: 9156: 9152: 9144:, p. 181; 9140: 9136: 9128: 9124: 9114:Kawczynski 2011 9108:, p. 185; 9104:, p. 167; 9100: 9096: 9090:Kawczynski 2011 9088: 9084: 9074:Kawczynski 2011 9064: 9060: 9054:Kawczynski 2011 9036: 9032: 9022: 9020: 9007: 9006: 9002: 8994: 8990: 8984:Kawczynski 2011 8974: 8967: 8961:Kawczynski 2011 8955:, p. 162; 8951: 8947: 8939: 8935: 8929:Kawczynski 2011 8919:, p. 148; 8915: 8911: 8903: 8896: 8888: 8884: 8876: 8872: 8862: 8860: 8845: 8841: 8831: 8829: 8816: 8815: 8811: 8801: 8799: 8784: 8780: 8770: 8768: 8755: 8754: 8750: 8740: 8738: 8725: 8724: 8720: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8691: 8685: 8678: 8668:Kawczynski 2011 8662:, p. 118; 8658:, p. 146; 8654: 8650: 8640: 8638: 8623: 8619: 8611: 8607: 8599: 8595: 8589:Kawczynski 2011 8583: 8579: 8571: 8567: 8559: 8552: 8544: 8540: 8530:Kawczynski 2011 8520: 8516: 8508:, p. 163; 8504: 8500: 8492:, p. 122; 8484: 8480: 8472: 8468: 8460: 8456: 8444:, p. 150; 8440: 8436: 8428: 8424: 8412: 8408: 8402:Kawczynski 2011 8400:, p. 104; 8396: 8392: 8384:, p. 116; 8376:, p. 141; 8372: 8368: 8356: 8352: 8344: 8340: 8328: 8324: 8308: 8304: 8296: 8289: 8281: 8277: 8267:Kawczynski 2011 8257:, p. 140; 8253: 8249: 8239:Kawczynski 2011 8231:Vandewalle 2006 8225:, p. 139; 8221: 8217: 8209: 8205: 8195:Kawczynski 2011 8189: 8185: 8175:Kawczynski 2011 8169: 8165: 8155: 8153: 8130: 8126: 8116:Kawczynski 2011 8110:, p. 114; 8106: 8102: 8094:, p. 150; 8090:, p. 116; 8086: 8082: 8072:Kawczynski 2011 8066:, p. 116; 8062: 8058: 8046: 8042: 8032:Kawczynski 2011 8030: 8026: 8010:, p. 478; 8006: 8002: 7994: 7990: 7980:Kawczynski 2011 7970: 7966: 7958: 7954: 7942: 7938: 7930: 7926: 7914:, p. 475; 7910: 7906: 7898: 7894: 7884:Kawczynski 2011 7874: 7870: 7860:Kawczynski 2011 7850: 7846: 7836:Kawczynski 2011 7830: 7826: 7818: 7814: 7804:Kawczynski 2011 7802: 7798: 7788: 7786: 7779: 7763: 7759: 7749:Kawczynski 2011 7739: 7735: 7727: 7723: 7715: 7711: 7701:Kawczynski 2011 7691: 7687: 7677:Kawczynski 2011 7667: 7663: 7657:Kawczynski 2011 7651: 7647: 7641:Kawczynski 2011 7631: 7627: 7613:Vandewalle 2006 7611: 7607: 7599: 7590: 7582: 7578: 7562: 7558: 7544:Vandewalle 2006 7534: 7530: 7522: 7518: 7510: 7503: 7497:Kawczynski 2011 7491: 7487: 7477:Kawczynski 2011 7471: 7467: 7459: 7455: 7447: 7440: 7432: 7425: 7415:Kawczynski 2011 7413: 7406: 7398: 7394: 7386: 7377: 7369: 7365: 7357: 7350: 7340:Kawczynski 2011 7326: 7322: 7312:Kawczynski 2011 7302: 7298: 7290: 7286: 7278: 7271: 7263:, p. 116; 7251: 7247: 7237: 7235: 7214: 7213: 7209: 7199: 7197: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7164: 7150: 7146: 7130: 7126: 7114: 7110: 7094: 7090: 7078: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7051: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7027: 7023: 7015: 7011: 7003: 6999: 6991: 6987: 6979: 6975: 6965: 6963: 6942: 6941: 6937: 6927: 6925: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6879: 6875: 6867: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6841: 6839: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6815: 6813: 6790: 6786: 6776: 6774: 6761: 6760: 6756: 6740: 6736: 6730:Kawczynski 2011 6724: 6720: 6714:Kawczynski 2011 6706:Vandewalle 2006 6700: 6696: 6682:Vandewalle 2006 6680: 6676: 6670:Kawczynski 2011 6668: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6640: 6636: 6628: 6621: 6605: 6601: 6585: 6581: 6561: 6557: 6545:, p. 472; 6541: 6537: 6529: 6520: 6514:Kawczynski 2011 6500: 6496: 6480: 6476: 6470:Kawczynski 2011 6468:, p. 178; 6464: 6460: 6450: 6448: 6433: 6429: 6423:Kawczynski 2011 6409: 6405: 6398:Lexington Books 6390: 6386: 6380:Kawczynski 2011 6374: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6345: 6344: 6337: 6327: 6325: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6297: 6295: 6282:. 4 July 1955. 6274: 6273: 6269: 6259:Kawczynski 2011 6253: 6249: 6243:Kawczynski 2011 6239:Vandewalle 2006 6237:, p. 175; 6233: 6226: 6220:Kawczynski 2011 6214: 6210: 6204:Kawczynski 2011 6194: 6190: 6178: 6174: 6164:Kawczynski 2011 6158: 6154: 6144:Kawczynski 2011 6142:, p. 174; 6134: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6108:Kawczynski 2011 6106:, p. 174; 6098: 6094: 6086:, p. 174; 6082: 6078: 6070: 6066: 6060:Kawczynski 2011 6058: 6051: 6045:Kawczynski 2011 6043:, p. 173; 6035: 6031: 6019: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5993:Kawczynski 2011 5987: 5983: 5971: 5967: 5959: 5952: 5942:Kawczynski 2011 5940:, p. 172; 5928: 5924: 5914:Kawczynski 2011 5900: 5896: 5886:Kawczynski 2011 5880: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5852: 5848: 5838:Kawczynski 2011 5828: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5802:Kawczynski 2011 5792: 5788: 5782:Kawczynski 2011 5772: 5768: 5758:Kawczynski 2011 5748: 5744: 5734:Kawczynski 2011 5732:, p. 170; 5720: 5716: 5706:Kawczynski 2011 5696: 5689: 5677: 5673: 5663:Kawczynski 2011 5657: 5650: 5644:Kawczynski 2011 5634: 5630: 5618: 5614: 5604:Kawczynski 2011 5602: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5576:Kawczynski 2011 5570: 5561: 5555:Kawczynski 2011 5545: 5541: 5535:Kawczynski 2011 5533:, p. 170; 5521: 5517: 5507:Kawczynski 2011 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5478:ICC-01/11-01/11 5472: 5471: 5467: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5413:on 5 April 2013 5397: 5393: 5383: 5381: 5373:The Daily Beast 5366: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5271: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5245: 5232: 5231: 5224: 5214:Libya Live Blog 5207: 5203: 5193: 5191: 5184:The Independent 5176: 5169: 5159: 5157: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5123: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5029:. According to 4986: 4974: 4966: 4965: 4956:Standard Arabic 4954: 4927: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4882: 4853: 4833: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4762: 4734: 4709: 4703: 4698: 4692: 4638: 4566:Nuri al-Mismari 4553:Amazonian Guard 4486: 4480: 4436: 4432: 4407: 4339:Josip Broz Tito 4335:Abraham Lincoln 4296: 4292: 4283: 4277: 4174:fall of Tripoli 4170: 4162:Main articles: 4160: 4091:Resolution 1970 4020: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3957: 3955:Economic reform 3941:Nicolas Sarkozy 3868: 3814: 3654: 3649: 3584:, and in 1988, 3582:Provisional IRA 3483: 3442:Edwin P. Wilson 3435:Yvonne Fletcher 3411:Maxwell M. Rabb 3343:Polisario Front 3287:GUNT government 3238: 3068:civil liberties 3064:The Green March 3047: 3040: 3031: 3007:Josip Broz Tito 2999:Leonid Brezhnev 2983: 2893: 2888: 2880:1980s oil slump 2864:Polisario Front 2852:Habib Bourguiba 2806:Gaddafi Stadium 2706:Munich massacre 2690: 2659:Mustafa Kharubi 2594:Islamic revival 2569: 2561:Main articles: 2559: 2474: 2378:Nation of Islam 2367:Munich massacre 2328:and his group, 2292: 2196: 2190: 2068:nationalization 2023: 1993:monarchist plot 1971:People's Courts 1931: 1912:Khweldi Hameidi 1862: 1858: 1849: 1843: 1838: 1832: 1765: 1749:Abraham Lincoln 1697:neo-colonialism 1619: 1543: 1538: 1483:Western nations 1449:socialist state 1294: 1281: 1252: 1237: 1203:1973 oil crisis 1170: 1165: 1093: 1088: 1046: 1015: 946:Muammar Gaddafi 945: 943: 942: 941: 937: 935: 934: 910: 817: 804: 791: 778: 750: 717: 703: 702: 699: 694: 650: 649: 646: 633: 630: 627: 1970) 622: 618: 610: 607: 1970) 598: 594: 591: 575: 557:Political party 524: 520: 519:20 October 2011 504: 501: 497: 496: 470: 458: 452: 447: 427: 415: 409: 404: 399: 375: 363: 351: 345: 340: 320: 307: 302: 289: 288: 283: 275: 269: 264: 244: 231: 226: 212:Imbarek Shamekh 173: 172: 167: 159: 153: 148: 132: 131:Gaddafi in 1970 120: 117: 111: 110:Muammar Gaddafi 108: 93: 87: 84: 65: 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 26302: 26292: 26291: 26286: 26281: 26276: 26271: 26266: 26261: 26256: 26251: 26246: 26241: 26236: 26231: 26226: 26221: 26216: 26211: 26206: 26201: 26196: 26191: 26186: 26181: 26176: 26171: 26166: 26161: 26156: 26151: 26146: 26141: 26136: 26131: 26126: 26121: 26116: 26111: 26109:Gaddafi family 26106: 26101: 26096: 26091: 26086: 26081: 26076: 26071: 26066: 26061: 26056: 26051: 26046: 26041: 26036: 26031: 26026: 26021: 26016: 26001: 26000: 25988: 25976: 25964: 25952: 25929: 25928: 25923: 25922: 25920: 25919: 25908: 25905: 25904: 25902: 25901: 25896: 25891: 25886: 25881: 25876: 25871: 25866: 25861: 25856: 25851: 25846: 25841: 25836: 25831: 25826: 25820: 25818: 25817:Related topics 25814: 25813: 25811: 25810: 25805: 25800: 25795: 25790: 25785: 25779: 25777: 25771: 25770: 25768: 25767: 25760: 25753: 25745: 25743: 25739: 25738: 25736: 25735: 25730: 25725: 25720: 25715: 25710: 25705: 25700: 25695: 25690: 25685: 25683:Islamic Legion 25680: 25675: 25670: 25665: 25660: 25655: 25650: 25645: 25640: 25635: 25630: 25625: 25620: 25615: 25610: 25605: 25600: 25595: 25590: 25585: 25580: 25575: 25573:Al-Mourabitoun 25570: 25565: 25559: 25557: 25551: 25550: 25548: 25547: 25542: 25540:Hamdeen Sabahi 25537: 25532: 25530:Fuad al-Rikabi 25527: 25522: 25520:Adnan Pachachi 25517: 25512: 25507: 25502: 25497: 25492: 25490:Saddam Hussein 25487: 25482: 25480:Sati' al-Husri 25477: 25472: 25467: 25462: 25457: 25452: 25447: 25442: 25437: 25432: 25427: 25422: 25417: 25415:Hafez al-Assad 25412: 25407: 25405:Zaki al-Arsuzi 25402: 25397: 25392: 25387: 25382: 25377: 25371: 25369: 25363: 25362: 25360: 25359: 25354: 25349: 25344: 25338: 25336: 25332: 25331: 25329: 25328: 25323: 25318: 25313: 25308: 25303: 25298: 25293: 25288: 25286:Aden Emergency 25283: 25278: 25273: 25268: 25263: 25258: 25253: 25248: 25243: 25238: 25233: 25231:Iraqi Intifada 25228: 25223: 25222: 25221: 25216: 25214:Yom Kippur War 25211: 25206: 25201: 25191: 25186: 25181: 25176: 25175: 25174: 25164: 25159: 25158: 25157: 25147: 25141: 25139: 25135: 25134: 25132: 25131: 25126: 25121: 25116: 25111: 25109:Arab socialism 25105: 25103: 25099: 25098: 25091: 25090: 25083: 25076: 25068: 25059: 25058: 25056: 25055: 25043: 25031: 25019: 25007: 24997: 24994: 24993: 24991: 24990: 24985: 24980: 24975: 24970: 24965: 24960: 24955: 24950: 24945: 24940: 24935: 24930: 24924: 24922: 24918: 24917: 24915: 24914: 24909: 24904: 24903: 24902: 24892: 24891: 24890: 24880: 24879: 24878: 24873: 24868: 24863: 24853: 24852: 24851: 24841: 24840: 24839: 24829: 24824: 24818: 24816: 24812: 24811: 24809: 24808: 24803: 24798: 24793: 24788: 24783: 24778: 24773: 24767: 24765: 24764:and structures 24759: 24758: 24755: 24754: 24752: 24751: 24746: 24741: 24736: 24731: 24726: 24724:Iman al-Obeidi 24721: 24716: 24711: 24706: 24701: 24696: 24691: 24686: 24680: 24678: 24674: 24673: 24671: 24670: 24665: 24660: 24655: 24650: 24644: 24642: 24638: 24637: 24635: 24634: 24629: 24624: 24619: 24614: 24609: 24604: 24599: 24594: 24589: 24584: 24579: 24574: 24572:Mahdi al-Arabi 24569: 24564: 24559: 24554: 24552:Muftah Anaqrat 24549: 24544: 24539: 24534: 24529: 24524: 24519: 24514: 24509: 24504: 24499: 24494: 24489: 24487:Moussa Ibrahim 24484: 24479: 24474: 24472:Ayesha Gaddafi 24469: 24464: 24459: 24457:Khamis Gaddafi 24454: 24449: 24444: 24438: 24436: 24432: 24431: 24429: 24428: 24423: 24418: 24413: 24408: 24403: 24401:Kais al-Hilali 24398: 24393: 24388: 24383: 24378: 24373: 24371:Fathi Bashagha 24368: 24363: 24358: 24353: 24351:Abdullah Naker 24348: 24343: 24338: 24336:Khalid Shahmah 24333: 24328: 24323: 24318: 24313: 24308: 24303: 24298: 24293: 24288: 24283: 24278: 24273: 24268: 24263: 24258: 24256:Omar El-Hariri 24253: 24248: 24243: 24241:Ali al-Sallabi 24238: 24233: 24231:Khalifa Haftar 24228: 24223: 24221:Mahmoud Jibril 24218: 24212: 24210: 24203: 24197: 24196: 24194: 24193: 24186: 24179: 24172: 24165: 24157: 24155: 24148: 24147: 24144: 24143: 24141: 24140: 24135: 24130: 24129: 24128: 24118: 24113: 24108: 24107: 24106: 24096: 24091: 24086: 24085: 24084: 24079: 24074: 24064: 24063: 24062: 24057: 24047: 24042: 24037: 24031: 24029: 24023: 24022: 24020: 24019: 24014: 24009: 24004: 23998: 23996: 23990: 23989: 23987: 23986: 23981: 23976: 23971: 23966: 23961: 23956: 23951: 23946: 23941: 23936: 23931: 23926: 23921: 23915: 23913: 23904: 23898: 23897: 23895: 23894: 23889: 23888: 23887: 23882: 23877: 23867: 23866: 23865: 23860: 23855: 23844: 23842: 23838: 23837: 23835: 23834: 23833: 23832: 23827: 23825:June–15 August 23822: 23817: 23806: 23805: 23798: 23795: 23794: 23787: 23786: 23779: 23772: 23764: 23755: 23754: 23752: 23751: 23749:Viktor Sokolov 23746: 23741: 23739:Vladimir Putin 23736: 23731: 23726: 23720: 23718: 23712: 23711: 23709: 23708: 23702: 23698:Dominic Ongwen 23694: 23688: 23682: 23676: 23674: 23668: 23667: 23665: 23664: 23656: 23648: 23642: 23640: 23634: 23633: 23631: 23630: 23624: 23618: 23612: 23607: 23600: 23598: 23592: 23591: 23589: 23588: 23582: 23575: 23568: 23561: 23554: 23551:Uhuru Kenyatta 23547: 23539: 23537: 23531: 23530: 23528: 23527: 23522: 23520:Laurent Gbagbo 23517: 23511: 23509: 23505: 23504: 23502: 23501: 23496: 23491: 23489:David Sanakoev 23485: 23483: 23477: 23476: 23474: 23473: 23468: 23462: 23457: 23452: 23450:Omar al-Bashir 23447: 23445:Abdallah Banda 23442: 23439:Bahr Abu Garda 23434: 23432: 23426: 23425: 23423: 23422: 23418:Bosco Ntaganda 23414: 23407: 23401: 23394: 23386: 23377: 23375: 23369: 23368: 23366: 23365: 23360: 23358:Alfred Yekatom 23355: 23350: 23343: 23338: 23330: 23328: 23324: 23323: 23316: 23313: 23312: 23305: 23304: 23297: 23290: 23282: 23273: 23272: 23270: 23269: 23258: 23255: 23254: 23252: 23251: 23246: 23241: 23236: 23231: 23226: 23221: 23216: 23211: 23205: 23203: 23196: 23195: 23193: 23192: 23187: 23186: 23185: 23177: 23171: 23169: 23165: 23164: 23162: 23161: 23156: 23151: 23146: 23145: 23144: 23139: 23134: 23126: 23121: 23115: 23113: 23107: 23106: 23104: 23103: 23098: 23093: 23088: 23083: 23078: 23072: 23070: 23069:UN Resolutions 23066: 23065: 23063: 23062: 23057: 23052: 23047: 23045:United Kingdom 23042: 23041: 23040: 23035: 23027: 23022: 23017: 23012: 23011: 23010: 23005: 22997: 22992: 22987: 22982: 22977: 22972: 22971: 22970: 22965: 22957: 22952: 22947: 22942: 22937: 22936: 22935: 22930: 22922: 22917: 22912: 22906: 22904: 22898: 22897: 22895: 22894: 22889: 22884: 22882:Sadiq al-Ahmar 22879: 22874: 22869: 22864: 22859: 22850: 22849: 22844: 22838: 22837: 22832: 22827: 22822: 22817: 22812: 22807: 22802: 22797: 22788: 22787: 22782: 22780:Moaz al-Khatib 22777: 22772: 22770:Maher al-Assad 22767: 22762: 22757: 22752: 22747: 22738: 22737: 22732: 22730:Omar al-Bashir 22723: 22722: 22717: 22712: 22707: 22698: 22697: 22695:Abbas El Fassi 22692: 22683: 22682: 22677: 22668: 22667: 22662: 22657: 22652: 22647: 22638: 22637: 22632: 22627: 22618: 22617: 22615:Bassem Youssef 22612: 22607: 22602: 22597: 22592: 22587: 22585:Kamal Ganzouri 22582: 22577: 22572: 22567: 22562: 22557: 22548: 22547: 22542: 22537: 22535:Hasan Mushaima 22532: 22523: 22522: 22517: 22508: 22507: 22501: 22499: 22498:Notable people 22495: 22494: 22492: 22491: 22486: 22481: 22476: 22471: 22466: 22457: 22456: 22451: 22446: 22441: 22436: 22427: 22426: 22421: 22419:Hizb ut-Tahrir 22416: 22411: 22406: 22401: 22396: 22391: 22390: 22389: 22384: 22372: 22371: 22366: 22361: 22352: 22351: 22342: 22341: 22336: 22327: 22326: 22321: 22316: 22311: 22306: 22301: 22296: 22286: 22281: 22272: 22271: 22266: 22257: 22255: 22251: 22250: 22248: 22247: 22242: 22240:Western Sahara 22237: 22232: 22227: 22222: 22217: 22212: 22207: 22202: 22197: 22192: 22187: 22182: 22177: 22172: 22167: 22162: 22157: 22151: 22149: 22145: 22144: 22135: 22132: 22131: 22124: 22123: 22116: 22109: 22101: 22092: 22091: 22089: 22088: 22076: 22064: 22054: 22043: 22040: 22039: 22037: 22036: 22034:Year of Africa 22031: 22026: 22021: 22016: 22011: 22006: 22001: 21999:Africanization 21996: 21991: 21985: 21983: 21979: 21978: 21976: 21975: 21970: 21965: 21960: 21954: 21952: 21948: 21947: 21945: 21944: 21939: 21934: 21929: 21922: 21916: 21914: 21910: 21909: 21906: 21905: 21903: 21902: 21897: 21892: 21885: 21880: 21875: 21870: 21865: 21860: 21855: 21850: 21845: 21840: 21835: 21830: 21825: 21820: 21815: 21810: 21805: 21799: 21797: 21793: 21792: 21790: 21789: 21784: 21778: 21776: 21769: 21763: 21762: 21759: 21758: 21756: 21755: 21750: 21748:Amos N. Wilson 21745: 21740: 21735: 21730: 21725: 21720: 21715: 21710: 21708:Runoko Rashidi 21705: 21700: 21698:George Padmore 21695: 21690: 21685: 21680: 21675: 21670: 21665: 21660: 21655: 21650: 21645: 21640: 21635: 21630: 21625: 21620: 21615: 21610: 21605: 21600: 21595: 21590: 21584: 21582: 21578: 21577: 21575: 21574: 21569: 21567:Robert Sobukwe 21564: 21562:Haile Selassie 21559: 21554: 21552:Thomas Sankara 21549: 21544: 21542:Julius Nyerere 21539: 21534: 21529: 21524: 21519: 21514: 21509: 21504: 21499: 21494: 21489: 21484: 21479: 21477:Kenneth Kaunda 21474: 21469: 21464: 21459: 21457:Anténor Firmin 21454: 21449: 21444: 21442:Amílcar Cabral 21439: 21437:Nnamdi Azikiwe 21434: 21429: 21423: 21421: 21414: 21408: 21407: 21404: 21403: 21401: 21400: 21395: 21388: 21381: 21374: 21369: 21363: 21361: 21357: 21356: 21354: 21353: 21348: 21346:Uhuru Movement 21343: 21338: 21333: 21328: 21323: 21318: 21313: 21308: 21303: 21297: 21295: 21288: 21284: 21283: 21280:Pan-Africanism 21276: 21275: 21268: 21261: 21253: 21244: 21243: 21241: 21240: 21235: 21230: 21225: 21220: 21215: 21210: 21205: 21200: 21195: 21190: 21185: 21180: 21175: 21170: 21165: 21160: 21155: 21150: 21145: 21140: 21135: 21129: 21127: 21123: 21122: 21120: 21119: 21114: 21109: 21104: 21099: 21094: 21089: 21084: 21079: 21074: 21069: 21064: 21059: 21054: 21049: 21044: 21039: 21034: 21029: 21024: 21019: 21014: 21009: 21004: 20999: 20994: 20989: 20984: 20979: 20974: 20969: 20964: 20959: 20954: 20949: 20944: 20939: 20934: 20929: 20924: 20919: 20913: 20911: 20905: 20904: 20893: 20892: 20885: 20878: 20870: 20861: 20860: 20854: 20851: 20850: 20848: 20847: 20846: 20845: 20826: 20825: 20824: 20807: 20806: 20805: 20784: 20779: 20772: 20765: 20759: 20757: 20756:(2011–present) 20749: 20748: 20745: 20744: 20742: 20741: 20736: 20731: 20726: 20721: 20716: 20711: 20706: 20701: 20696: 20691: 20685: 20683: 20675: 20674: 20672: 20671: 20666: 20661: 20655: 20653: 20642: 20634: 20633: 20591: 20589: 20587: 20586: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20566: 20564:M. al-Muntasir 20561: 20556: 20551: 20546: 20541: 20536: 20534:M. al-Muntasir 20530: 20528: 20520: 20519: 20512: 20511: 20504: 20497: 20489: 20480: 20479: 20473: 20470: 20469: 20467: 20466: 20461: 20460: 20459: 20446: 20445: 20444: 20431: 20424: 20419: 20412: 20407: 20400: 20394: 20392: 20391:(2011–present) 20384: 20383: 20380: 20379: 20377: 20376: 20371: 20366: 20361: 20356: 20351: 20346: 20341: 20336: 20330: 20328: 20320: 20319: 20317: 20316: 20310: 20308: 20297: 20289: 20288: 20246: 20244: 20242: 20241: 20235: 20233: 20225: 20224: 20217: 20216: 20209: 20202: 20194: 20188: 20185: 20184: 20172: 20171: 20169: 20168: 20165:attempted coup 20160: 20153: 20147: 20144: 20143: 20141: 20140: 20133: 20130:Nigeria (2024) 20126: 20119: 20112: 20105: 20098: 20091: 20084: 20077: 20070: 20063: 20056: 20049: 20042: 20035: 20028: 20025:Tunisia (2021) 20021: 20014: 20007: 20000: 19992: 19990: 19986: 19985: 19983: 19982: 19975: 19968: 19961: 19954: 19947: 19940: 19933: 19930:Burundi (2015) 19926: 19919: 19916:Lesotho (2014) 19912: 19905: 19898: 19891: 19884: 19877: 19874:Eritrea (2013) 19870: 19863: 19856: 19849: 19842: 19835: 19828: 19821: 19813: 19811: 19807: 19806: 19804: 19803: 19796: 19789: 19782: 19775: 19768: 19761: 19754: 19747: 19740: 19733: 19726: 19719: 19712: 19705: 19698: 19691: 19684: 19677: 19670: 19667:Burundi (2001) 19663: 19655: 19653: 19649: 19648: 19646: 19645: 19638: 19631: 19624: 19617: 19610: 19603: 19596: 19589: 19586:Burundi (1996) 19582: 19575: 19568: 19561: 19558:Comoros (1995) 19554: 19551:Liberia (1994) 19547: 19544:Lesotho (1994) 19540: 19533: 19526: 19523:Nigeria (1993) 19519: 19512: 19509:Burundi (1993) 19505: 19498: 19495:Algeria (1992) 19491: 19484: 19477: 19474:Lesotho (1991) 19470: 19463: 19456: 19449: 19442: 19435: 19432:Nigeria (1990) 19428: 19420: 19418: 19414: 19413: 19411: 19410: 19403: 19396: 19389: 19382: 19375: 19368: 19361: 19358:Tunisia (1987) 19354: 19347: 19344:Burundi (1987) 19340: 19333: 19326: 19323:Lesotho (1986) 19319: 19316:Liberia (1985) 19312: 19305: 19298: 19295:Nigeria (1985) 19291: 19284: 19277: 19270: 19263: 19260:Nigeria (1983) 19256: 19249: 19242: 19235: 19228: 19221: 19214: 19207: 19200: 19193: 19186: 19179: 19172: 19169:Liberia (1980) 19165: 19157: 19155: 19151: 19150: 19148: 19147: 19140: 19133: 19126: 19119: 19112: 19105: 19102:Comoros (1978) 19098: 19095:Somalia (1978) 19091: 19084: 19077: 19070: 19063: 19056: 19049: 19046:Nigeria (1976) 19042: 19039:Burundi (1976) 19035: 19032:Comoros (1976) 19028: 19021: 19018:Nigeria (1975) 19014: 19007: 19000: 18997:Comoros (1975) 18993: 18986: 18979: 18972: 18965: 18958: 18951: 18948:Morocco (1972) 18944: 18937: 18934:Dahomey (1972) 18930: 18923: 18920:Morocco (1971) 18916: 18909: 18906:Lesotho (1970) 18901: 18899: 18895: 18894: 18892: 18891: 18884: 18881:Somalia (1969) 18877: 18870: 18863: 18860:Dahomey (1969) 18856: 18849: 18842: 18835: 18832:Algeria (1967) 18828: 18821: 18814: 18811:Dahomey (1967) 18807: 18800: 18793: 18786: 18779: 18772: 18765: 18758: 18751: 18744: 18741:Burundi (1965) 18737: 18734:Dahomey (1965) 18730: 18727:Algeria (1965) 18723: 18716: 18709: 18706:Dahomey (1963) 18702: 18699:Algeria (1962) 18695: 18692:Senegal (1962) 18688: 18685:Somalia (1961) 18681: 18674: 18667: 18660: 18652: 18650: 18646: 18645: 18637: 18636: 18629: 18622: 18614: 18605: 18604: 18597: 18594: 18593: 18591: 18590: 18585: 18580: 18574: 18568: 18565:Gaddafi Mosque 18561: 18559: 18555: 18554: 18552: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18526: 18521: 18516: 18507: 18505: 18504:Related topics 18501: 18500: 18498: 18497: 18494:Khamis Gaddafi 18491: 18485: 18482:Ayesha Gaddafi 18479: 18473: 18467: 18461: 18455: 18449: 18443: 18436: 18434: 18428: 18427: 18425: 18424: 18419: 18418: 18417: 18407: 18404:The Green Book 18400: 18397:Escape to Hell 18393: 18388: 18383: 18378: 18373: 18367: 18365: 18361: 18360: 18353: 18352: 18345: 18338: 18330: 18322: 18321: 18316: 18313: 18304: 18301:Jakaya Kikwete 18299: 18295: 18294: 18290: 18289: 18286: 18283: 18272: 18266: 18265: 18260: 18257: 18246: 18234: 18230: 18229: 18224: 18221: 18212: 18207: 18203: 18202: 18190: 18187: 18176: 18164: 18160: 18159: 18153: 18152: 18141: 18130: 18114: 18105: 18096: 18087: 18079: 18078:External links 18076: 18074: 18073: 18055:(3): 401–415. 18044: 18038: 18017: 18011: 17990: 17984: 17967: 17936: 17931:978-0333599242 17930: 17917: 17911: 17898: 17869: 17863: 17850: 17824:(4): 471–490. 17810: 17804: 17784: 17778: 17762: 17741: 17704: 17698: 17685: 17679: 17666: 17660: 17647: 17641: 17623: 17605:(2): 171–188. 17594: 17561:(3): 683–702. 17543: 17525: 17507: 17486: 17465: 17459: 17442: 17416:(3): 361–375. 17405: 17400:978-0822330714 17399: 17386: 17380: 17367: 17346: 17309: 17303: 17287: 17281: 17268: 17256:(4): 307–311. 17241: 17206: 17200: 17184:Lycett, Andrew 17176: 17170: 17157: 17151: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17129: 17128: 17102: 17071: 17040: 17009: 16978: 16947: 16941:, p. 58; 16931: 16929:, p. 309. 16919: 16917:, p. 409. 16907: 16895: 16889:, p. 19; 16874: 16862: 16860:, p. 191. 16850: 16838: 16823: 16811: 16799: 16793:, p. 61; 16783: 16766: 16750: 16738: 16726: 16714: 16679: 16643: 16610: 16584: 16572: 16546: 16516: 16510:, p. 53; 16497: 16471: 16440: 16409: 16378: 16366: 16319: 16317:, p. 112. 16307: 16291: 16279: 16267: 16237: 16206: 16177: 16165: 16153: 16136: 16121: 16119:, p. 285. 16102: 16087: 16071: 16059: 16057:, p. 284. 16044: 16042:, p. 160. 16032: 16030:, p. 159. 16020: 16018:, p. 158. 16005: 15993: 15981: 15969: 15967:, p. 105. 15957: 15955:, p. 104. 15945: 15933: 15931:, p. 484. 15921: 15909: 15889: 15887:, p. 157. 15874: 15862: 15850: 15848:, p. 164. 15835: 15805: 15793: 15781: 15761: 15759:, p. 161. 15749: 15747:, p. 473. 15737: 15725: 15723:, p. 177. 15713: 15681: 15679:, p. 100. 15669: 15657: 15655:, p. 478. 15645: 15633: 15627:, p. 54; 15617: 15605: 15603:, p. 402. 15593: 15581: 15569: 15557: 15551:, p. 59; 15541: 15529: 15517: 15511:, p. 59; 15501: 15485: 15473: 15467:, p. 21; 15453: 15441: 15429: 15420: 15387: 15381:, p. 43; 15371: 15356: 15344: 15318: 15306: 15294: 15268: 15256: 15223: 15190: 15164: 15138: 15126: 15114: 15083: 15053: 15022: 14991: 14956: 14944: 14913: 14874: 14862: 14832: 14801: 14771: 14741: 14700: 14685: 14655: 14643: 14641:, p. 286. 14626: 14624:, p. 285. 14611: 14580: 14578:, p. 286. 14564: 14552: 14521: 14519:, p. 284. 14505: 14493: 14477: 14457: 14445: 14429: 14427:, p. 284. 14417: 14415:, p. 236. 14402: 14400:, p. 236. 14386: 14384:, p. 283. 14374: 14362: 14360:, p. 242. 14350: 14334: 14322: 14320:, p. 278. 14310: 14298: 14282: 14280:, p. 257. 14270: 14268:, p. 231. 14258: 14228: 14197: 14166: 14151:(in Spanish). 14135: 14115: 14103: 14087: 14085:, p. 248. 14075: 14073:, p. 248. 14059: 14057:, p. 697. 14047: 14035: 14033:, p. 224. 14023: 14021:, p. 250. 14011: 13981: 13951: 13920: 13890: 13860: 13829: 13799: 13797:, p. 274. 13787: 13756: 13754:, p. 276. 13744: 13714: 13684: 13653: 13651:, p. 176. 13641: 13609: 13576: 13557:(in Italian). 13546: 13534: 13532:, p. 410. 13522: 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11948: 11936: 11924: 11922:, p. 200. 11918:, p. 38; 11908: 11906:, p. 130. 11896: 11884: 11882:, p. 199. 11872: 11852: 11850:, p. 222. 11846:, p. 45; 11836: 11830:, p. 97; 11826:, p. 29; 11816: 11814:, p. 194. 11800: 11788: 11786:, p. 196. 11782:, p. 15; 11772: 11770:, p. 130. 11766:, p. 80; 11756: 11744: 11742:, p. 130. 11728: 11722:, p. 37; 11700: 11684: 11672: 11670:, p. 122. 11666:, p. 79; 11648: 11609: 11570: 11536: 11534:, p. 209. 11530:, p. 37; 11512: 11506:, p. 79; 11492: 11490:, p. 176. 11468: 11466:, p. 181. 11458:, p. 37; 11440: 11438:, p. 180. 11430:, p. 37; 11420: 11414:, p. 36; 11410:, p. 84; 11396: 11386:, p. 97; 11376: 11364: 11340: 11330:, p. 81; 11316: 11293:Yabiladi.com. 11285: 11259: 11257:, p. 216. 11231: 11219: 11213:, p. 81; 11195: 11193:, p. 189. 11179: 11161:The New Yorker 11146: 11110: 11097: 11080:James Brooke, 11073: 11035: 11016:James Brooke, 11006: 11000:, p. 35; 10982: 10973: 10960: 10929: 10898: 10864: 10825: 10823:, p. 178. 10819:, p. 70; 10805: 10803:, p. 122. 10793: 10791:, p. 121. 10781: 10765: 10763:, p. 249. 10741: 10739:, p. 192. 10731:, p. 23; 10727:, p. 31; 10717: 10715:, p. 105. 10701: 10699:, p. 189. 10677: 10661: 10628: 10597: 10579: 10577:, p. 239. 10569:, p. 41; 10555: 10553:, 21 July 2006 10530: 10513:Historic Wings 10499: 10497:, p. 228. 10487: 10485:, p. 179. 10472: 10433: 10421: 10409: 10370: 10332: 10302: 10267: 10265:, p. 138. 10251: 10249:, p. 138. 10239: 10237:, p. 171. 10233:, p. 27; 10215: 10213:, p. 156. 10209:, p. 79; 10195: 10189:, p. 32; 10185:, p. 79; 10171: 10155: 10153:, p. 246. 10143: 10131: 10129:, p. 241. 10119: 10117:, p. 199. 10107: 10105:, p. 172. 10097:, p. 21; 10093:, p. 28; 10079: 10077:, p. 172. 10055: 10053:, p. 172. 10039: 10037:, p. 174. 10033:, p. 28; 10019: 10013:, p. 31; 9991: 9989:, p. 189. 9979: 9973:, p. 31; 9951: 9945:, p. 31; 9924: 9922:, p. 168. 9904: 9880: 9865: 9863:, p. 169. 9855:, p. 26; 9845: 9843:, p. 173. 9830: 9791: 9784: 9762: 9760:, p. 180. 9756:, p. 76; 9742: 9740:, p. 168. 9730: 9728:, p. 183. 9720:, p. 35; 9702: 9687: 9675: 9673:, p. 167. 9659: 9657:, p. 134. 9644: 9638:, p. 27; 9628: 9616: 9604: 9589: 9577: 9567:, p. 29; 9563:, p. 27; 9561:El-Khawas 1984 9553: 9551:, p. 155. 9538: 9514: 9498: 9496:, p. 183. 9492:, p. 71; 9478: 9476:, p. 183. 9472:, p. 72; 9462: 9460:, p. 183. 9452:, p. 76; 9438: 9408: 9406:, p. 169. 9393: 9362: 9343: 9323: 9306:Israel Defense 9290: 9257: 9226: 9224:, p. 184. 9220:, p. 77; 9216:, p. 94; 9212:, p. 88; 9198: 9186: 9174: 9172:, p. 186. 9150: 9148:, p. 187. 9134: 9122: 9120:, p. 191. 9112:, p. 62; 9094: 9082: 9076:, p. 67; 9072:, p. 87; 9058: 9052:, p. 55; 9044:, p. 87; 9030: 9000: 8988: 8978:, p. 88; 8965: 8945: 8933: 8927:, p. 18; 8909: 8907:, p. 148. 8894: 8882: 8880:, p. 147. 8870: 8839: 8809: 8778: 8748: 8718: 8676: 8674:, p. 165. 8670:, p. 23; 8666:, p. 18; 8648: 8617: 8615:, p. 114. 8605: 8603:, p. 146. 8593: 8587:, p. 18; 8577: 8565: 8563:, p. 165. 8550: 8548:, p. 162. 8538: 8532:, p. 24; 8528:, p. 19; 8514: 8512:, p. 112. 8498: 8496:, p. 159. 8488:, p. 49; 8478: 8476:, p. 158. 8466: 8454: 8434: 8432:, p. 141. 8422: 8420:, p. 163. 8416:, p. 64; 8406: 8390: 8388:, p. 157. 8380:, p. 18; 8366: 8360:, p. 78; 8350: 8348:, p. 157. 8338: 8336:, p. 140. 8332:, p. 20; 8330:El-Khawas 1984 8322: 8320:, p. 156. 8316:, p. 86; 8312:, p. 20; 8310:El-Khawas 1984 8302: 8300:, p. 140. 8287: 8275: 8273:, p. 156. 8269:, p. 22; 8261:, p. 18; 8247: 8245:, p. 156. 8241:, p. 22; 8237:, p. 12; 8233:, p. 82; 8229:, p. 85; 8215: 8203: 8201:, p. 151. 8183: 8181:, p. 151. 8163: 8124: 8122:, p. 178. 8118:, p. 38; 8114:, p. 78; 8100: 8080: 8078:, p. 178. 8074:, p. 37; 8056: 8040: 8038:, p. 151. 8034:, p. 37; 8024: 8022:, p. 185. 8018:, p. 36; 8014:, p. 71; 8000: 7998:, p. 114. 7988: 7982:, p. 64; 7978:, p. 34; 7964: 7952: 7936: 7934:, p. 117. 7924: 7904: 7892: 7890:, p. 142. 7882:, p. 64; 7878:, p. 72; 7868: 7862:, p. 19; 7858:, p. 61; 7844: 7838:, p. 18; 7834:, p. 65; 7824: 7822:, p. 140. 7812: 7810:, p. 182. 7806:, p. 66; 7796: 7777: 7757: 7751:, p. 65; 7747:, p. 87; 7743:, p. 97; 7733: 7721: 7709: 7707:, p. 186. 7703:, p. 65; 7699:, p. 75; 7695:, p. 64; 7685: 7683:, p. 186. 7679:, p. 65; 7675:, p. 75; 7671:, p. 96; 7661: 7645: 7639:, p. 60; 7635:, p. 55; 7625: 7623:, p. 137. 7605: 7588: 7586:, p. 138. 7576: 7574:, p. 155. 7570:, p. 11; 7566:, p. 91; 7556: 7554:, p. 155. 7550:, p. 11; 7546:, p. 83; 7542:, p. 91; 7528: 7516: 7514:, p. 154. 7501: 7485: 7483:, p. 149. 7479:, p. 22; 7475:, p. 19; 7465: 7453: 7438: 7423: 7421:, p. 149. 7417:, p. 23; 7404: 7402:, p. 197. 7392: 7390:, p. 198. 7375: 7373:, p. 196. 7363: 7348: 7346:, p. 134. 7342:, p. 21; 7338:, p. 31; 7334:, p. 64; 7330:, p. 72; 7320: 7318:, p. 134. 7314:, p. 21; 7310:, p. 31; 7306:, p. 64; 7296: 7292:El-Khawas 1984 7284: 7282:, p. 107. 7269: 7267:, p. 147. 7259:, p. 68; 7255:, p. 91; 7245: 7207: 7169: 7162: 7144: 7142:, p. 147. 7138:, p. 68; 7134:, p. 90; 7124: 7122:, p. 147. 7118:, p. 15; 7108: 7088: 7069: 7067:, p. 132. 7057: 7045: 7043:, p. 129. 7033: 7029:El-Khawas 1984 7021: 7019:, p. 128. 7009: 7007:, p. 123. 6997: 6995:, p. 124. 6985: 6973: 6935: 6897: 6895:, p. 153. 6891:, p. 11; 6883:, p. 17; 6873: 6861: 6849: 6823: 6784: 6754: 6748:, p. 16; 6744:, p. 71; 6734: 6728:, p. 11; 6718: 6712:, p. 10; 6708:, p. 79; 6704:, p. 38; 6694: 6692:, p. 134. 6684:, p. 79; 6674: 6662: 6650: 6644:, p. 17; 6634: 6619: 6617:, p. 134. 6613:, p. 64; 6609:, p. 15; 6599: 6597:, p. 134. 6589:, p. 63; 6579: 6577:, p. 148. 6573:, p. 64; 6569:, p. 15; 6565:, p. 62; 6555: 6553:, p. 159. 6549:, p. 56; 6535: 6533:, p. 134. 6518: 6508:, p. 14; 6504:, p. 54; 6494: 6492:, p. 179. 6488:, p. 15; 6484:, p. 55; 6474: 6458: 6427: 6413:, p. 14; 6403: 6384: 6378:, p. 52; 6368: 6335: 6305: 6267: 6261:, p. 19; 6257:, p. 53; 6247: 6241:, p. 70; 6224: 6222:, p. 136. 6218:, p. 51; 6208: 6202:, p. 52; 6198:, p. 14; 6188: 6182:, p. 54; 6172: 6170:, p. 139. 6166:, p. 13; 6152: 6150:, p. 139. 6146:, p. 13; 6128: 6116: 6114:, p. 138. 6110:, p. 13; 6092: 6090:, p. 138. 6076: 6074:, p. 138. 6064: 6049: 6029: 6027:, p. 173. 6013: 6001: 5999:, p. 138. 5995:, p. 12; 5991:, p. 45; 5981: 5979:, p. 138. 5965: 5963:, p. 137. 5950: 5948:, p. 137. 5944:, p. 11; 5936:, p. 44; 5932:, p. 58; 5922: 5920:, p. 136. 5916:, p. 11; 5904:, p. 58; 5894: 5892:, p. 136. 5874: 5872:, p. 171. 5862: 5860:, p. 171. 5856:, p. 40; 5846: 5844:, p. 136. 5836:, p. 10; 5832:, p. 40; 5822: 5820:, p. 136. 5810: 5808:, p. 136. 5800:, p. 40; 5796:, p. 58; 5786: 5776:, p. 58; 5766: 5764:, p. 136. 5752:, p. 39; 5742: 5740:, p. 136. 5736:, p. 10; 5728:, p. 39; 5714: 5712:, p. 136. 5708:, p. 10; 5704:, p. 39; 5687: 5671: 5669:, p. 108. 5648: 5642:, p. 37; 5628: 5626:, p. 135. 5612: 5610:, p. 135. 5596: 5584: 5582:, p. 135. 5574:, p. 35; 5559: 5553:, p. 33; 5549:, p. 58; 5539: 5529:, p. 33; 5525:, p. 58; 5515: 5513:, p. 135. 5505:, p. 33; 5495: 5465: 5447: 5424: 5391: 5359: 5328: 5296: 5281: 5255: 5222: 5201: 5167: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 4978:pronunciation: 4958:pronunciation: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4806:UTA Flight 772 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4761: 4758: 4733: 4730: 4726:asylum seekers 4705:Main article: 4702: 4699: 4694:Main article: 4691: 4688: 4667:The Green Book 4637: 4634: 4626:People's Guard 4609:Khamis Gaddafi 4601:Ayesha Gaddafi 4482:Main article: 4479: 4476: 4460:class struggle 4424: 4420:fundamentalist 4418:rather than a 4406: 4403: 4380:country to be 4347:The Green Book 4305:Arab socialism 4284: 4279:Main article: 4276: 4273: 4268:Mahmoud Jibril 4248:Khamis Brigade 4159: 4156: 4019: 4016: 4005:Main article: 4002: 3999: 3965:The Green Book 3956: 3953: 3922:Saddam Hussein 3887:European Union 3879:Vladimir Putin 3846:Chen Shui-bian 3813: 3810: 3667:pan-Africanism 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3610:UTA Flight 772 3547:Khalifa Haftar 3492:Nelson Mandela 3482: 3479: 3422:Charles R. Ray 3407:Michael Deaver 3391:Alexander Haig 3328:Thomas Sankara 3324:Jerry Rawlings 3311:Khalifa Haftar 3237: 3234: 3213:Hafez al-Assad 3123:Islamic Legion 3032: 3030: 3027: 2981:The Green Book 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2868:Western Sahara 2860:Hassi Messaoud 2772:Hafez al-Assad 2736:Gaafar Nimeiry 2731:Yom Kippur War 2689: 2686: 2647:Omar El-Hariri 2634:state monopoly 2627:The Green Book 2618:The Green Book 2558: 2556:The Green Book 2552: 2473: 2470: 2462:neocolonialism 2418:Action directe 2244:Jaafar Nimeiry 2189: 2186: 2181:vanguard party 2103:Hafez al-Assad 2022: 2019: 1930: 1927: 1870:federal system 1868:the country's 1850: 1845:Main article: 1842: 1839: 1831: 1828: 1803:Bovington Camp 1799:Army Air Corps 1764: 1761: 1618: 1615: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1479:pan-Africanism 1471:UTA Flight 772 1441:The Green Book 1283: 1282: 1280: 1279: 1272: 1265: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1251: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1228:UTA Flight 772 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1112:Yom Kippur War 1109: 1102: 1101: 1087: 1086: 1080: 1074: 1068: 1062: 1055: 1054: 1045: 1044: 1037: 1030: 1023: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1001: 1000: 999: 989: 987:The Green Book 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 956: 955: 952: 951: 938:a series about 932: 916: 915: 912: 911: 909: 908: 907: 906: 896: 891: 886: 885: 884: 874: 869: 867:Yom Kippur War 863: 861: 857: 856: 851: 847: 846: 841: 837: 836: 833: 829: 828: 823: 822:Branch/service 819: 818: 816: 815: 802: 789: 775: 773: 769: 768: 764: 763: 756: 752: 751: 749: 748: 743: 737: 735: 729: 728: 723: 719: 718: 716: 715: 709: 697: 696: 695: 693: 692: 689: 683: 677: 672: 666: 661: 656: 644: 643: 642: 639: 635: 634: 632: 631: 620: 614: 613: 611: 596: 592: 587: 586: 583: 581: 577: 576: 574: 573: 567: 560: 558: 554: 553: 547: 543: 542: 537: 533: 532: 517: 513: 512: 494: 492: 488: 487: 483: 482: 479: 478: 473: 467: 466: 464:Jakaya Kikwete 461: 455: 454: 444: 443: 436: 435: 430: 424: 423: 418: 412: 411: 401: 400: 392: 389: 388: 382: 381: 378: 372: 371: 366: 360: 359: 354: 352:Prime Minister 348: 347: 337: 336: 330: 329: 323: 317: 316: 310: 304: 303: 301: 300: 295: 282: 281: 280: 278: 276:Prime Minister 272: 271: 261: 260: 254: 253: 247: 241: 240: 234: 228: 227: 225: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 166: 165: 164: 162: 160:Prime Minister 156: 155: 145: 144: 138: 137: 134: 133: 130: 122: 121: 113: 112: 109: 104: 95: 94: 74:it, or adding 51: 49: 42: 32:Gaddafi (name) 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26301: 26290: 26287: 26285: 26282: 26280: 26277: 26275: 26272: 26270: 26267: 26265: 26262: 26260: 26257: 26255: 26252: 26250: 26247: 26245: 26242: 26240: 26237: 26235: 26232: 26230: 26227: 26225: 26222: 26220: 26217: 26215: 26212: 26210: 26207: 26205: 26202: 26200: 26197: 26195: 26192: 26190: 26187: 26185: 26182: 26180: 26177: 26175: 26172: 26170: 26167: 26165: 26162: 26160: 26157: 26155: 26152: 26150: 26147: 26145: 26142: 26140: 26137: 26135: 26132: 26130: 26127: 26125: 26122: 26120: 26117: 26115: 26112: 26110: 26107: 26105: 26102: 26100: 26097: 26095: 26092: 26090: 26087: 26085: 26082: 26080: 26077: 26075: 26072: 26070: 26067: 26065: 26062: 26060: 26057: 26055: 26052: 26050: 26047: 26045: 26042: 26040: 26037: 26035: 26032: 26030: 26027: 26025: 26022: 26020: 26017: 26015: 26012: 26011: 26009: 25999: 25989: 25987: 25982: 25977: 25975: 25965: 25963: 25953: 25951: 25941: 25940: 25937: 25918: 25910: 25909: 25906: 25900: 25897: 25895: 25892: 25890: 25887: 25885: 25882: 25880: 25877: 25875: 25872: 25870: 25867: 25865: 25862: 25860: 25857: 25855: 25852: 25850: 25849:Greater Yemen 25847: 25845: 25844:Greater Syria 25842: 25840: 25837: 25835: 25832: 25830: 25827: 25825: 25822: 25821: 25819: 25815: 25809: 25806: 25804: 25801: 25799: 25796: 25794: 25791: 25789: 25786: 25784: 25781: 25780: 25778: 25776: 25772: 25766: 25765: 25761: 25759: 25758: 25754: 25752: 25751: 25747: 25746: 25744: 25740: 25734: 25731: 25729: 25726: 25724: 25721: 25719: 25716: 25714: 25711: 25709: 25706: 25704: 25701: 25699: 25696: 25694: 25691: 25689: 25686: 25684: 25681: 25679: 25676: 25674: 25671: 25669: 25666: 25664: 25661: 25659: 25656: 25654: 25651: 25649: 25646: 25644: 25641: 25639: 25636: 25634: 25631: 25629: 25626: 25624: 25621: 25619: 25616: 25614: 25611: 25609: 25606: 25604: 25601: 25599: 25596: 25594: 25591: 25589: 25586: 25584: 25581: 25579: 25576: 25574: 25571: 25569: 25566: 25564: 25561: 25560: 25558: 25556: 25555:Organizations 25552: 25546: 25543: 25541: 25538: 25536: 25533: 25531: 25528: 25526: 25523: 25521: 25518: 25516: 25513: 25511: 25508: 25506: 25503: 25501: 25498: 25496: 25493: 25491: 25488: 25486: 25483: 25481: 25478: 25476: 25475:George Habash 25473: 25471: 25468: 25466: 25463: 25461: 25458: 25456: 25455:Izzat Darwaza 25453: 25451: 25448: 25446: 25443: 25441: 25438: 25436: 25433: 25431: 25428: 25426: 25423: 25421: 25418: 25416: 25413: 25411: 25408: 25406: 25403: 25401: 25398: 25396: 25393: 25391: 25390:Yasser Arafat 25388: 25386: 25383: 25381: 25378: 25376: 25373: 25372: 25370: 25368: 25367:Personalities 25364: 25358: 25355: 25353: 25350: 25348: 25345: 25343: 25342:Arab identity 25340: 25339: 25337: 25333: 25327: 25324: 25322: 25319: 25317: 25314: 25312: 25309: 25307: 25304: 25302: 25299: 25297: 25294: 25292: 25289: 25287: 25284: 25282: 25279: 25277: 25274: 25272: 25269: 25267: 25264: 25262: 25259: 25257: 25256:Arab Cold War 25254: 25252: 25249: 25247: 25244: 25242: 25239: 25237: 25234: 25232: 25229: 25227: 25224: 25220: 25217: 25215: 25212: 25210: 25207: 25205: 25202: 25200: 25197: 25196: 25195: 25192: 25190: 25187: 25185: 25182: 25180: 25177: 25173: 25170: 25169: 25168: 25165: 25163: 25160: 25156: 25153: 25152: 25151: 25148: 25146: 25143: 25142: 25140: 25136: 25130: 25127: 25125: 25122: 25120: 25117: 25115: 25112: 25110: 25107: 25106: 25104: 25100: 25096: 25089: 25084: 25082: 25077: 25075: 25070: 25069: 25066: 25054: 25053: 25044: 25042: 25041: 25036: 25032: 25030: 25029: 25020: 25018: 25017: 25008: 25006: 25002: 24999: 24998: 24995: 24989: 24986: 24984: 24981: 24979: 24976: 24974: 24971: 24969: 24966: 24964: 24961: 24959: 24956: 24954: 24951: 24949: 24946: 24944: 24941: 24939: 24936: 24934: 24931: 24929: 24926: 24925: 24923: 24919: 24913: 24910: 24908: 24905: 24901: 24898: 24897: 24896: 24893: 24889: 24886: 24885: 24884: 24881: 24877: 24874: 24872: 24869: 24867: 24864: 24862: 24859: 24858: 24857: 24854: 24850: 24847: 24846: 24845: 24842: 24838: 24835: 24834: 24833: 24830: 24828: 24825: 24823: 24820: 24819: 24817: 24813: 24807: 24804: 24802: 24799: 24797: 24794: 24792: 24789: 24787: 24784: 24782: 24779: 24777: 24776:Bab al-Azizia 24774: 24772: 24769: 24768: 24766: 24760: 24750: 24747: 24745: 24742: 24740: 24737: 24735: 24732: 24730: 24727: 24725: 24722: 24720: 24717: 24715: 24712: 24710: 24707: 24705: 24702: 24700: 24697: 24695: 24692: 24690: 24689:Shukri Ghanem 24687: 24685: 24684:Moussa Koussa 24682: 24681: 24679: 24675: 24669: 24666: 24664: 24661: 24659: 24656: 24654: 24651: 24649: 24646: 24645: 24643: 24639: 24633: 24630: 24628: 24625: 24623: 24620: 24618: 24615: 24613: 24612:Tayeb El-Safi 24610: 24608: 24605: 24603: 24600: 24598: 24595: 24593: 24590: 24588: 24587:Safia Farkash 24585: 24583: 24580: 24578: 24577:Huda Ben Amer 24575: 24573: 24570: 24568: 24565: 24563: 24562:Mohamed Gayth 24560: 24558: 24555: 24553: 24550: 24548: 24545: 24543: 24540: 24538: 24537:Tohami Khaled 24535: 24533: 24530: 24528: 24525: 24523: 24520: 24518: 24515: 24513: 24510: 24508: 24505: 24503: 24500: 24498: 24495: 24493: 24490: 24488: 24485: 24483: 24480: 24478: 24475: 24473: 24470: 24468: 24465: 24463: 24460: 24458: 24455: 24453: 24450: 24448: 24445: 24443: 24440: 24439: 24437: 24433: 24427: 24424: 24422: 24419: 24417: 24416:Mohammed Najm 24414: 24412: 24409: 24407: 24404: 24402: 24399: 24397: 24394: 24392: 24389: 24387: 24384: 24382: 24379: 24377: 24374: 24372: 24369: 24367: 24366:Seham Sergiwa 24364: 24362: 24359: 24357: 24354: 24352: 24349: 24347: 24344: 24342: 24339: 24337: 24334: 24332: 24329: 24327: 24324: 24322: 24319: 24317: 24314: 24312: 24309: 24307: 24304: 24302: 24299: 24297: 24294: 24292: 24289: 24287: 24284: 24282: 24279: 24277: 24274: 24272: 24269: 24267: 24264: 24262: 24259: 24257: 24254: 24252: 24249: 24247: 24244: 24242: 24239: 24237: 24234: 24232: 24229: 24227: 24224: 24222: 24219: 24217: 24214: 24213: 24211: 24207: 24204: 24202: 24198: 24192: 24191: 24187: 24185: 24184: 24180: 24178: 24177: 24173: 24171: 24170: 24166: 24164: 24163: 24159: 24158: 24156: 24153: 24149: 24139: 24136: 24134: 24131: 24127: 24124: 24123: 24122: 24119: 24117: 24114: 24112: 24109: 24105: 24102: 24101: 24100: 24097: 24095: 24092: 24090: 24087: 24083: 24080: 24078: 24075: 24073: 24070: 24069: 24068: 24065: 24061: 24058: 24056: 24053: 24052: 24051: 24048: 24046: 24043: 24041: 24038: 24036: 24033: 24032: 24030: 24028: 24024: 24018: 24017:Ghadames raid 24015: 24013: 24010: 24008: 24005: 24003: 24002:Sabha clashes 24000: 23999: 23997: 23995: 23991: 23985: 23982: 23980: 23977: 23975: 23972: 23970: 23967: 23965: 23962: 23960: 23957: 23955: 23952: 23950: 23947: 23945: 23942: 23940: 23937: 23935: 23932: 23930: 23927: 23925: 23922: 23920: 23917: 23916: 23914: 23912: 23908: 23905: 23903: 23899: 23893: 23890: 23886: 23883: 23881: 23878: 23876: 23873: 23872: 23871: 23868: 23864: 23861: 23859: 23856: 23854: 23851: 23850: 23849: 23846: 23845: 23843: 23839: 23831: 23828: 23826: 23823: 23821: 23818: 23816: 23813: 23812: 23811: 23808: 23807: 23804: 23800: 23799: 23796: 23792: 23785: 23780: 23778: 23773: 23771: 23766: 23765: 23762: 23750: 23747: 23745: 23744:Sergei Shoigu 23742: 23740: 23737: 23735: 23732: 23730: 23727: 23725: 23722: 23721: 23719: 23717: 23713: 23706: 23703: 23700: 23699: 23695: 23692: 23691:Okot Odhiambo 23689: 23686: 23685:Raska Lukwiya 23683: 23681: 23678: 23677: 23675: 23673: 23669: 23662: 23661: 23657: 23654: 23653: 23649: 23647: 23646:Iyad Ag Ghaly 23644: 23643: 23641: 23639: 23635: 23628: 23625: 23622: 23621:Tohami Khaled 23619: 23616: 23613: 23611: 23608: 23605: 23602: 23601: 23599: 23597: 23593: 23586: 23583: 23580: 23576: 23573: 23569: 23566: 23562: 23559: 23555: 23552: 23548: 23545: 23541: 23540: 23538: 23536: 23532: 23526: 23525:Simone Gbagbo 23523: 23521: 23518: 23516: 23513: 23512: 23510: 23506: 23500: 23497: 23495: 23492: 23490: 23487: 23486: 23484: 23482: 23478: 23472: 23469: 23466: 23463: 23461: 23458: 23456: 23453: 23451: 23448: 23446: 23443: 23440: 23436: 23435: 23433: 23431: 23430:Darfur, Sudan 23427: 23420: 23419: 23415: 23412: 23408: 23405: 23402: 23399: 23395: 23392: 23391: 23387: 23384: 23383: 23379: 23378: 23376: 23374: 23370: 23364: 23361: 23359: 23356: 23354: 23351: 23348: 23344: 23342: 23339: 23336: 23332: 23331: 23329: 23325: 23319: 23314: 23310: 23303: 23298: 23296: 23291: 23289: 23284: 23283: 23280: 23268: 23260: 23259: 23256: 23250: 23247: 23245: 23242: 23240: 23237: 23235: 23232: 23230: 23227: 23225: 23222: 23220: 23217: 23215: 23212: 23210: 23207: 23206: 23204: 23201: 23197: 23191: 23188: 23184: 23181: 23180: 23178: 23176: 23173: 23172: 23170: 23166: 23160: 23157: 23155: 23152: 23150: 23147: 23143: 23140: 23138: 23135: 23133: 23130: 23129: 23127: 23125: 23122: 23120: 23117: 23116: 23114: 23112: 23108: 23102: 23099: 23097: 23094: 23092: 23089: 23087: 23084: 23082: 23079: 23077: 23074: 23073: 23071: 23067: 23061: 23058: 23056: 23053: 23051: 23050:United States 23048: 23046: 23043: 23039: 23036: 23034: 23031: 23030: 23028: 23026: 23023: 23021: 23018: 23016: 23013: 23009: 23006: 23004: 23001: 23000: 22998: 22996: 22993: 22991: 22988: 22986: 22983: 22981: 22978: 22976: 22973: 22969: 22966: 22964: 22961: 22960: 22958: 22956: 22953: 22951: 22948: 22946: 22943: 22941: 22938: 22934: 22931: 22929: 22926: 22925: 22923: 22921: 22918: 22916: 22913: 22911: 22908: 22907: 22905: 22903: 22899: 22893: 22890: 22888: 22885: 22883: 22880: 22878: 22875: 22873: 22870: 22868: 22865: 22863: 22860: 22858: 22855: 22852: 22851: 22848: 22845: 22843: 22840: 22839: 22836: 22835:Chokri Belaid 22833: 22831: 22828: 22826: 22825:Hamadi Jebali 22823: 22821: 22818: 22816: 22815:Fouad Mebazaa 22813: 22811: 22808: 22806: 22803: 22801: 22798: 22796: 22793: 22790: 22789: 22786: 22783: 22781: 22778: 22776: 22773: 22771: 22768: 22766: 22763: 22761: 22758: 22756: 22753: 22751: 22748: 22746: 22743: 22740: 22739: 22736: 22733: 22731: 22728: 22725: 22724: 22721: 22718: 22716: 22713: 22711: 22708: 22706: 22703: 22702:Saudi Arabia: 22700: 22699: 22696: 22693: 22691: 22688: 22685: 22684: 22681: 22678: 22676: 22673: 22670: 22669: 22666: 22663: 22661: 22660:Mahmud Gebril 22658: 22656: 22653: 22651: 22648: 22646: 22643: 22640: 22639: 22636: 22633: 22631: 22628: 22626: 22623: 22620: 22619: 22616: 22613: 22611: 22610:Hesham Qandil 22608: 22606: 22605:Mohamed Morsi 22603: 22601: 22598: 22596: 22593: 22591: 22588: 22586: 22583: 22581: 22578: 22576: 22573: 22571: 22568: 22566: 22563: 22561: 22560:Omar Suleiman 22558: 22556: 22555:Hosni Mubarak 22553: 22550: 22549: 22546: 22543: 22541: 22538: 22536: 22533: 22531: 22528: 22525: 22524: 22521: 22520:Ahmed Ouyahia 22518: 22516: 22513: 22510: 22509: 22506: 22503: 22502: 22500: 22496: 22490: 22487: 22485: 22482: 22480: 22477: 22475: 22472: 22470: 22467: 22465: 22462: 22459: 22458: 22455: 22452: 22450: 22447: 22445: 22444:Popular Front 22442: 22440: 22437: 22435: 22432: 22429: 22428: 22425: 22422: 22420: 22417: 22415: 22412: 22410: 22407: 22405: 22402: 22400: 22397: 22395: 22392: 22388: 22385: 22383: 22380: 22379: 22377: 22374: 22373: 22370: 22367: 22365: 22362: 22360: 22357: 22356:Saudi Arabia: 22354: 22353: 22350: 22347: 22344: 22343: 22340: 22337: 22335: 22332: 22329: 22328: 22325: 22324:Ultras Ahlawy 22322: 22320: 22317: 22315: 22312: 22310: 22307: 22305: 22302: 22300: 22297: 22294: 22290: 22287: 22285: 22282: 22280: 22277: 22274: 22273: 22270: 22267: 22265: 22262: 22259: 22258: 22256: 22252: 22246: 22243: 22241: 22238: 22236: 22233: 22231: 22228: 22226: 22223: 22221: 22218: 22216: 22213: 22211: 22208: 22206: 22203: 22201: 22198: 22196: 22193: 22191: 22188: 22186: 22183: 22181: 22178: 22176: 22173: 22171: 22168: 22166: 22163: 22161: 22158: 22156: 22153: 22152: 22150: 22146: 22141: 22140: 22133: 22129: 22122: 22117: 22115: 22110: 22108: 22103: 22102: 22099: 22087: 22077: 22075: 22070: 22065: 22063: 22055: 22053: 22045: 22044: 22041: 22035: 22032: 22030: 22027: 22025: 22022: 22020: 22017: 22015: 22012: 22010: 22007: 22005: 22002: 22000: 21997: 21995: 21992: 21990: 21987: 21986: 21984: 21980: 21974: 21971: 21969: 21966: 21964: 21961: 21959: 21956: 21955: 21953: 21949: 21943: 21940: 21938: 21935: 21933: 21932:Lion of Judah 21930: 21928: 21927: 21923: 21921: 21918: 21917: 21915: 21911: 21901: 21898: 21896: 21893: 21891: 21890: 21886: 21884: 21881: 21879: 21876: 21874: 21871: 21869: 21866: 21864: 21861: 21859: 21856: 21854: 21851: 21849: 21846: 21844: 21841: 21839: 21836: 21834: 21831: 21829: 21826: 21824: 21821: 21819: 21816: 21814: 21811: 21809: 21808:African Union 21806: 21804: 21801: 21800: 21798: 21794: 21788: 21785: 21783: 21780: 21779: 21777: 21773: 21770: 21768: 21767:Organizations 21764: 21754: 21751: 21749: 21746: 21744: 21741: 21739: 21736: 21734: 21731: 21729: 21728:Burning Spear 21726: 21724: 21723:Walter Rodney 21721: 21719: 21716: 21714: 21711: 21709: 21706: 21704: 21703:Motsoko Pheko 21701: 21699: 21696: 21694: 21691: 21689: 21686: 21684: 21683:Archie Mafeje 21681: 21679: 21676: 21674: 21671: 21669: 21668:Alice Kinloch 21666: 21664: 21661: 21659: 21656: 21654: 21651: 21649: 21646: 21644: 21641: 21639: 21636: 21634: 21631: 21629: 21626: 21624: 21621: 21619: 21616: 21614: 21611: 21609: 21606: 21604: 21601: 21599: 21596: 21594: 21591: 21589: 21586: 21585: 21583: 21579: 21573: 21570: 21568: 21565: 21563: 21560: 21558: 21555: 21553: 21550: 21548: 21545: 21543: 21540: 21538: 21537:Kwame Nkrumah 21535: 21533: 21530: 21528: 21525: 21523: 21522:Robert Mugabe 21520: 21518: 21515: 21513: 21510: 21508: 21505: 21503: 21502:Samora Machel 21500: 21498: 21495: 21493: 21490: 21488: 21487:Jomo Kenyatta 21485: 21483: 21480: 21478: 21475: 21473: 21470: 21468: 21467:Marcus Garvey 21465: 21463: 21460: 21458: 21455: 21453: 21450: 21448: 21445: 21443: 21440: 21438: 21435: 21433: 21430: 21428: 21425: 21424: 21422: 21418: 21415: 21413: 21409: 21399: 21396: 21394: 21393: 21389: 21387: 21386: 21382: 21380: 21379: 21375: 21373: 21370: 21368: 21365: 21364: 21362: 21358: 21352: 21349: 21347: 21344: 21342: 21339: 21337: 21334: 21332: 21329: 21327: 21324: 21322: 21319: 21317: 21314: 21312: 21309: 21307: 21304: 21302: 21299: 21298: 21296: 21292: 21289: 21285: 21281: 21274: 21269: 21267: 21262: 21260: 21255: 21254: 21251: 21239: 21236: 21234: 21231: 21229: 21226: 21224: 21221: 21219: 21216: 21214: 21211: 21209: 21206: 21204: 21201: 21199: 21196: 21194: 21191: 21189: 21186: 21184: 21181: 21179: 21176: 21174: 21171: 21169: 21166: 21164: 21161: 21159: 21156: 21154: 21151: 21149: 21146: 21144: 21141: 21139: 21136: 21134: 21131: 21130: 21128: 21126:African Union 21124: 21118: 21115: 21113: 21110: 21108: 21105: 21103: 21100: 21098: 21095: 21093: 21090: 21088: 21085: 21083: 21080: 21078: 21075: 21073: 21070: 21068: 21065: 21063: 21060: 21058: 21055: 21053: 21050: 21048: 21045: 21043: 21040: 21038: 21035: 21033: 21030: 21028: 21025: 21023: 21020: 21018: 21015: 21013: 21010: 21008: 21005: 21003: 21000: 20998: 20995: 20993: 20990: 20988: 20985: 20983: 20980: 20978: 20975: 20973: 20970: 20968: 20965: 20963: 20960: 20958: 20955: 20953: 20950: 20948: 20945: 20943: 20940: 20938: 20935: 20933: 20930: 20928: 20925: 20923: 20920: 20918: 20915: 20914: 20912: 20910:African Unity 20906: 20902: 20901:African Union 20898: 20891: 20886: 20884: 20879: 20877: 20872: 20871: 20868: 20857: 20852: 20843: 20842: 20837: 20834:contested by 20832: 20831: 20830: 20827: 20822: 20818: 20815:contested by 20813: 20812: 20811: 20808: 20803: 20799: 20795: 20792:contested by 20790: 20789: 20788: 20785: 20783: 20780: 20778: 20777: 20773: 20771: 20770: 20766: 20764: 20761: 20760: 20758: 20754: 20750: 20740: 20737: 20735: 20732: 20730: 20727: 20725: 20722: 20720: 20717: 20715: 20712: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20695: 20692: 20690: 20687: 20686: 20684: 20680: 20676: 20670: 20667: 20665: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20656: 20654: 20650: 20646: 20643: 20639: 20635: 20629:Flag of Libya 20627: 20619: 20611: 20603: 20595: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20531: 20529: 20525: 20521: 20517: 20510: 20505: 20503: 20498: 20496: 20491: 20490: 20487: 20476: 20471: 20465: 20462: 20457: 20454:contested by 20452: 20451: 20450: 20447: 20442: 20439:contested by 20437: 20436: 20435: 20432: 20430: 20429: 20425: 20423: 20420: 20418: 20417: 20413: 20411: 20408: 20406: 20405: 20401: 20399: 20396: 20395: 20393: 20389: 20385: 20375: 20372: 20370: 20367: 20365: 20362: 20360: 20357: 20355: 20352: 20350: 20347: 20345: 20342: 20340: 20337: 20335: 20332: 20331: 20329: 20325: 20321: 20315: 20312: 20311: 20309: 20305: 20301: 20298: 20294: 20290: 20284:Flag of Libya 20282: 20274: 20266: 20258: 20250: 20240: 20237: 20236: 20234: 20230: 20226: 20222: 20215: 20210: 20208: 20203: 20201: 20196: 20195: 20192: 20186: 20179: 20166: 20161: 20158: 20154: 20149: 20148: 20145: 20138: 20134: 20131: 20127: 20124: 20120: 20117: 20113: 20110: 20106: 20103: 20099: 20096: 20092: 20089: 20085: 20082: 20081:Gambia (2022) 20078: 20075: 20071: 20068: 20064: 20061: 20057: 20054: 20050: 20047: 20043: 20040: 20036: 20033: 20032:Guinea (2021) 20029: 20026: 20022: 20019: 20015: 20012: 20008: 20005: 20001: 19998: 19994: 19993: 19991: 19987: 19980: 19976: 19973: 19969: 19966: 19962: 19959: 19955: 19952: 19948: 19945: 19941: 19938: 19934: 19931: 19927: 19924: 19920: 19917: 19913: 19910: 19906: 19903: 19899: 19896: 19892: 19889: 19885: 19882: 19878: 19875: 19871: 19868: 19864: 19861: 19857: 19854: 19850: 19847: 19843: 19840: 19836: 19833: 19829: 19826: 19822: 19819: 19815: 19814: 19812: 19808: 19801: 19797: 19794: 19790: 19787: 19783: 19780: 19779:Guinea (2008) 19776: 19773: 19769: 19766: 19762: 19759: 19755: 19752: 19748: 19745: 19741: 19738: 19734: 19731: 19727: 19724: 19720: 19717: 19713: 19710: 19706: 19703: 19699: 19696: 19692: 19689: 19685: 19682: 19678: 19675: 19671: 19668: 19664: 19661: 19657: 19656: 19654: 19650: 19643: 19639: 19636: 19632: 19629: 19625: 19622: 19618: 19615: 19611: 19608: 19607:Zambia (1997) 19604: 19601: 19597: 19594: 19590: 19587: 19583: 19580: 19579:Guinea (1996) 19576: 19573: 19569: 19566: 19562: 19559: 19555: 19552: 19548: 19545: 19541: 19538: 19537:Gambia (1994) 19534: 19531: 19527: 19524: 19520: 19517: 19513: 19510: 19506: 19503: 19499: 19496: 19492: 19489: 19485: 19482: 19478: 19475: 19471: 19468: 19464: 19461: 19457: 19454: 19453:Ciskei (1990) 19450: 19447: 19443: 19440: 19439:Zambia (1990) 19436: 19433: 19429: 19426: 19422: 19421: 19419: 19415: 19408: 19404: 19401: 19397: 19394: 19390: 19387: 19383: 19380: 19376: 19373: 19369: 19366: 19362: 19359: 19355: 19352: 19348: 19345: 19341: 19338: 19334: 19331: 19327: 19324: 19320: 19317: 19313: 19310: 19309:Guinea (1985) 19306: 19303: 19299: 19296: 19292: 19289: 19288:Uganda (1985) 19285: 19282: 19281:Guinea (1984) 19278: 19275: 19271: 19268: 19264: 19261: 19257: 19254: 19250: 19247: 19243: 19240: 19236: 19233: 19229: 19226: 19222: 19219: 19215: 19212: 19208: 19205: 19201: 19198: 19197:Gambia (1981) 19194: 19191: 19187: 19184: 19180: 19177: 19173: 19170: 19166: 19163: 19159: 19158: 19156: 19152: 19145: 19141: 19138: 19134: 19131: 19127: 19124: 19120: 19117: 19113: 19110: 19106: 19103: 19099: 19096: 19092: 19089: 19088:Angola (1977) 19085: 19082: 19078: 19075: 19071: 19068: 19064: 19061: 19057: 19054: 19050: 19047: 19043: 19040: 19036: 19033: 19029: 19026: 19022: 19019: 19015: 19012: 19008: 19005: 19001: 18998: 18994: 18991: 18987: 18984: 18980: 18977: 18976:Uganda (1974) 18973: 18970: 18966: 18963: 18962:Rwanda (1973) 18959: 18956: 18952: 18949: 18945: 18942: 18938: 18935: 18931: 18928: 18924: 18921: 18917: 18914: 18913:Uganda (1971) 18910: 18907: 18903: 18902: 18900: 18896: 18889: 18885: 18882: 18878: 18875: 18871: 18868: 18864: 18861: 18857: 18854: 18850: 18847: 18843: 18840: 18836: 18833: 18829: 18826: 18822: 18819: 18815: 18812: 18808: 18805: 18801: 18798: 18794: 18791: 18787: 18784: 18780: 18777: 18773: 18770: 18766: 18763: 18759: 18756: 18752: 18749: 18745: 18742: 18738: 18735: 18731: 18728: 18724: 18721: 18717: 18714: 18710: 18707: 18703: 18700: 18696: 18693: 18689: 18686: 18682: 18679: 18675: 18672: 18671:Rwanda (1961) 18668: 18665: 18661: 18658: 18654: 18653: 18651: 18647: 18642: 18635: 18630: 18628: 18623: 18621: 18616: 18615: 18612: 18602: 18601: 18595: 18589: 18586: 18584: 18581: 18578: 18575: 18572: 18569: 18566: 18563: 18562: 18560: 18556: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18529:Bab al-Azizia 18527: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18513: 18509: 18508: 18506: 18502: 18496:(seventh son) 18495: 18492: 18489: 18486: 18483: 18480: 18477: 18474: 18471: 18468: 18465: 18462: 18459: 18456: 18453: 18450: 18448:(second wife) 18447: 18446:Safia Farkash 18444: 18441: 18438: 18437: 18435: 18433: 18432:Personal life 18429: 18423: 18420: 18416: 18413: 18412: 18411: 18408: 18406: 18405: 18401: 18399: 18398: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18368: 18366: 18362: 18358: 18351: 18346: 18344: 18339: 18337: 18332: 18331: 18328: 18319: 18310: 18309: 18302: 18296: 18291: 18280: 18279: 18271: 18267: 18263: 18254: 18253: 18244: 18243: 18231: 18227: 18218: 18217: 18210: 18204: 18200: 18199: 18184: 18183: 18174: 18173: 18167: 18161: 18156: 18151: 18147: 18142: 18140: 18139: 18134: 18131: 18128: 18124: 18123: 18118: 18115: 18113: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18091: 18088: 18085: 18082: 18081: 18070: 18066: 18062: 18058: 18054: 18050: 18045: 18041: 18035: 18031: 18027: 18023: 18018: 18014: 18008: 18004: 18000: 17996: 17991: 17987: 17981: 17976: 17975: 17968: 17964: 17960: 17956: 17952: 17948: 17944: 17943: 17937: 17933: 17927: 17923: 17918: 17914: 17908: 17904: 17899: 17895: 17891: 17887: 17883: 17880:(1): 91–106. 17879: 17875: 17870: 17866: 17860: 17856: 17851: 17847: 17843: 17839: 17835: 17831: 17827: 17823: 17819: 17815: 17811: 17807: 17801: 17796: 17795: 17789: 17788:Simons, Geoff 17785: 17781: 17775: 17771: 17767: 17766:Simons, Geoff 17763: 17759: 17755: 17751: 17747: 17742: 17738: 17734: 17730: 17726: 17722: 17718: 17714: 17710: 17705: 17701: 17695: 17691: 17686: 17682: 17676: 17672: 17667: 17663: 17657: 17653: 17648: 17644: 17638: 17634: 17633: 17628: 17624: 17620: 17616: 17612: 17608: 17604: 17600: 17595: 17580: 17576: 17572: 17568: 17564: 17560: 17556: 17549: 17544: 17532: 17528: 17522: 17518: 17517: 17512: 17508: 17504: 17500: 17496: 17492: 17487: 17483: 17479: 17475: 17471: 17466: 17462: 17456: 17451: 17450: 17443: 17439: 17435: 17431: 17427: 17423: 17419: 17415: 17411: 17406: 17402: 17396: 17392: 17387: 17383: 17377: 17373: 17368: 17364: 17360: 17356: 17352: 17347: 17343: 17339: 17335: 17331: 17327: 17323: 17319: 17315: 17310: 17306: 17300: 17296: 17292: 17288: 17284: 17278: 17274: 17269: 17264: 17259: 17255: 17251: 17247: 17242: 17238: 17234: 17229: 17224: 17220: 17216: 17212: 17207: 17203: 17197: 17192: 17191: 17185: 17181: 17180:Blundy, David 17177: 17173: 17167: 17163: 17158: 17154: 17148: 17144: 17139: 17138: 17116: 17112: 17106: 17090: 17086: 17082: 17075: 17059: 17055: 17051: 17044: 17028: 17024: 17020: 17013: 16997: 16993: 16989: 16982: 16966: 16962: 16958: 16951: 16945:, p. 91. 16944: 16940: 16935: 16928: 16923: 16916: 16911: 16904: 16899: 16892: 16888: 16883: 16881: 16879: 16872:, p. 23. 16871: 16866: 16859: 16854: 16847: 16842: 16836:, p. 17. 16835: 16830: 16828: 16821:, p. 16. 16820: 16815: 16808: 16803: 16797:, p. 20. 16796: 16792: 16787: 16781:, p. 20. 16780: 16775: 16773: 16771: 16764:, p. 20. 16763: 16759: 16754: 16748:, p. 62. 16747: 16742: 16736:, p. 59. 16735: 16730: 16723: 16718: 16703: 16699: 16695: 16694: 16689: 16683: 16668: 16664: 16660: 16659: 16654: 16647: 16631: 16627: 16626: 16621: 16614: 16598: 16594: 16588: 16581: 16580:Pargeter 2012 16576: 16560: 16556: 16550: 16534: 16530: 16526: 16520: 16514:, p. 22. 16513: 16509: 16504: 16502: 16485: 16481: 16475: 16459: 16455: 16451: 16444: 16428: 16424: 16420: 16413: 16397: 16393: 16389: 16382: 16375: 16370: 16354: 16350: 16349:The Telegraph 16346: 16338: 16334: 16330: 16323: 16316: 16311: 16304: 16300: 16295: 16289:, p. 21. 16288: 16283: 16277:, p. 51. 16276: 16271: 16255: 16251: 16247: 16241: 16225: 16221: 16217: 16210: 16194: 16190: 16184: 16182: 16175:, p. 32. 16174: 16169: 16162: 16157: 16151:, p. 24. 16150: 16145: 16143: 16141: 16133: 16132:Pargeter 2012 16128: 16126: 16118: 16113: 16111: 16109: 16107: 16100:, p. 22. 16099: 16094: 16092: 16084: 16080: 16079:St. John 1987 16075: 16069:, p. 48. 16068: 16063: 16056: 16051: 16049: 16041: 16036: 16029: 16024: 16017: 16012: 16010: 16002: 15997: 15991:, p. 98. 15990: 15985: 15978: 15973: 15966: 15961: 15954: 15949: 15942: 15937: 15930: 15929:St. John 1983 15925: 15919:, p. 69. 15918: 15913: 15907:, p. 48. 15906: 15902: 15901:St. John 1983 15898: 15893: 15886: 15881: 15879: 15871: 15866: 15859: 15854: 15847: 15842: 15840: 15823: 15819: 15815: 15809: 15803:, p. 19. 15802: 15797: 15791:, p. 25. 15790: 15785: 15779:, p. 30. 15778: 15777:St. John 1987 15774: 15770: 15769:St. John 1983 15765: 15758: 15753: 15746: 15745:St. John 1983 15741: 15735:, p. 30. 15734: 15733:St. John 1987 15729: 15722: 15717: 15700: 15696: 15692: 15685: 15678: 15677:St. John 2008 15673: 15667:, p. 25. 15666: 15661: 15654: 15653:St. John 1983 15649: 15642: 15637: 15631:, p. 18. 15630: 15626: 15621: 15615:, p. 60. 15614: 15609: 15602: 15597: 15591:, p. 29. 15590: 15589:St. John 1987 15585: 15579:, p. 34. 15578: 15577:St. John 1987 15573: 15567:, p. 54. 15566: 15561: 15554: 15553:Pargeter 2012 15550: 15545: 15539:, p. 63. 15538: 15533: 15527:, p. 58. 15526: 15525:St. John 1987 15521: 15514: 15513:St. John 1987 15510: 15505: 15498: 15497:St. John 1987 15494: 15493:St. John 1983 15489: 15483:, p. 26. 15482: 15481:St. John 1987 15477: 15471:, p. 92. 15470: 15469:St. John 2008 15466: 15465:St. John 1987 15462: 15461:St. John 1983 15457: 15451:, p. 57. 15450: 15445: 15439:, p. 28. 15438: 15437:St. John 1987 15433: 15424: 15408: 15404: 15403: 15398: 15391: 15385:, p. 18. 15384: 15380: 15375: 15369:, p. 43. 15368: 15363: 15361: 15354:, p. 87. 15353: 15348: 15332: 15328: 15322: 15316:, p. 44. 15315: 15310: 15303: 15298: 15282: 15278: 15272: 15265: 15260: 15244: 15240: 15239: 15234: 15227: 15211: 15207: 15206: 15201: 15194: 15178: 15174: 15168: 15152: 15148: 15142: 15135: 15130: 15123: 15118: 15102: 15098: 15094: 15087: 15071: 15067: 15063: 15057: 15041: 15037: 15033: 15026: 15010: 15006: 15002: 14995: 14979: 14975: 14969: 14967: 14965: 14963: 14961: 14954:, p. 23. 14953: 14948: 14932: 14928: 14924: 14917: 14901: 14897: 14893: 14889: 14885: 14878: 14871: 14866: 14850: 14846: 14842: 14836: 14820: 14816: 14812: 14805: 14789: 14785: 14781: 14775: 14759: 14755: 14751: 14745: 14729: 14725: 14721: 14717: 14713: 14707: 14705: 14698:, p. 20. 14697: 14692: 14690: 14673: 14669: 14665: 14659: 14652: 14651:Pargeter 2012 14647: 14640: 14639:St. John 2012 14635: 14633: 14631: 14623: 14622:St. John 2012 14618: 14616: 14599: 14595: 14591: 14584: 14577: 14576:St. John 2012 14573: 14568: 14561: 14556: 14540: 14536: 14532: 14525: 14518: 14517:St. John 2012 14514: 14509: 14503:, p. 16. 14502: 14497: 14491:, p. 16. 14490: 14486: 14481: 14475:, p. 16. 14474: 14470: 14469:St. John 2012 14466: 14461: 14454: 14449: 14443:, p. 16. 14442: 14438: 14437:St. John 2012 14433: 14426: 14425:St. John 2012 14421: 14414: 14409: 14407: 14399: 14395: 14394:St. John 2012 14390: 14383: 14382:St. John 2012 14378: 14371: 14366: 14359: 14354: 14347: 14346:St. John 2012 14343: 14338: 14331: 14330:St. John 2012 14326: 14319: 14318:St. John 2012 14314: 14307: 14302: 14295: 14294:St. John 2012 14291: 14286: 14279: 14278:St. John 2012 14274: 14267: 14262: 14246: 14242: 14238: 14232: 14216: 14212: 14208: 14201: 14185: 14181: 14177: 14170: 14154: 14150: 14146: 14139: 14132: 14128: 14124: 14119: 14112: 14111:St. John 2012 14107: 14100: 14099:St. John 2012 14096: 14091: 14084: 14083:St. John 2012 14079: 14072: 14071:St. John 2012 14068: 14063: 14056: 14051: 14044: 14043:St. John 2008 14039: 14032: 14027: 14020: 14019:St. John 2012 14015: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13985: 13969: 13965: 13961: 13955: 13939: 13935: 13931: 13924: 13908: 13904: 13900: 13894: 13878: 13874: 13870: 13864: 13848: 13844: 13840: 13833: 13817: 13813: 13809: 13803: 13796: 13795:St. John 2012 13791: 13775: 13771: 13767: 13760: 13753: 13752:St. John 2012 13748: 13732: 13728: 13724: 13718: 13702: 13698: 13694: 13688: 13672: 13668: 13664: 13657: 13650: 13645: 13629: 13625: 13624: 13623:La Repubblica 13619: 13613: 13597: 13593: 13589: 13583: 13581: 13564: 13560: 13556: 13550: 13543: 13538: 13531: 13526: 13519: 13515: 13514:St. John 2012 13510: 13503: 13498: 13491: 13490:St. John 2012 13487: 13486:St. John 2008 13483: 13478: 13462: 13458: 13454: 13450: 13446: 13439: 13432: 13427: 13421: 13414: 13413:St. John 2008 13410: 13405: 13398: 13393: 13386: 13385:St. John 2012 13382: 13377: 13370: 13369:St. John 2012 13366: 13361: 13354: 13350: 13349:St. John 2012 13346: 13342: 13339:, p. 8; 13338: 13333: 13317: 13313: 13307: 13291: 13287: 13283: 13276: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13246: 13239: 13238:St. John 2012 13234: 13227: 13226:St. John 2012 13222: 13215: 13214:St. John 2012 13211: 13207: 13206:St. John 2008 13203: 13198: 13191: 13186: 13170: 13166: 13160: 13144: 13140: 13136: 13130: 13114: 13110: 13106: 13100: 13084: 13080: 13076: 13070: 13054: 13050: 13046: 13040: 13024: 13020: 13016: 13010: 12994: 12990: 12986: 12980: 12964: 12960: 12956: 12950: 12934: 12930: 12926: 12922: 12918: 12911: 12895: 12892:(in French). 12891: 12887: 12881: 12879: 12862: 12858: 12854: 12848: 12832: 12828: 12824: 12818: 12803: 12799: 12795: 12791: 12784: 12768: 12764: 12760: 12753: 12746: 12745:St. John 2012 12742: 12739:, p. 1; 12738: 12733: 12726: 12725:St. John 2012 12722: 12717: 12710: 12709:St. John 2012 12706: 12701: 12685: 12681: 12677: 12670: 12663: 12662:St. John 2012 12658: 12651: 12646: 12639: 12638:St. John 2012 12635: 12630: 12623: 12618: 12611: 12610:St. John 2012 12607: 12602: 12595: 12594:St. John 2012 12590: 12583: 12582:St. John 2012 12578: 12571: 12567: 12566:St. John 2008 12562: 12555: 12554:St. John 2012 12550: 12534: 12530: 12526: 12522: 12518: 12511: 12509: 12501: 12500:St. John 2012 12497: 12492: 12486:, p. 82. 12485: 12480: 12474:, p. 89. 12473: 12468: 12461: 12460:St. John 2012 12457: 12453: 12448: 12441: 12440:St. John 2012 12437: 12433: 12428: 12412: 12408: 12404: 12397: 12381: 12377: 12373: 12366: 12359: 12358:St. John 2012 12354: 12346: 12339: 12333:, p. 42. 12332: 12327: 12320: 12319:St. John 2012 12316: 12312: 12308: 12303: 12296: 12295:St. John 2012 12291: 12275: 12271: 12269:9780195382075 12265: 12261: 12260: 12253: 12237: 12233: 12229: 12225: 12221: 12214: 12198: 12194: 12190: 12183: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12155: 12151: 12144: 12137: 12136:St. John 2012 12133: 12128: 12122:, p. 29. 12121: 12116: 12109: 12108:St. John 2012 12105: 12100: 12084: 12080: 12079: 12071: 12055: 12051: 12049:9781437922035 12045: 12041: 12040: 12032: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12002: 11987: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11968: 11961: 11960:St. John 2012 11957: 11952: 11945: 11940: 11933: 11932:St. John 2012 11928: 11921: 11920:St. John 2012 11917: 11912: 11905: 11900: 11893: 11892:St. John 2012 11888: 11881: 11880:St. John 2012 11876: 11869: 11868:St. John 2012 11865: 11864:St. John 2008 11861: 11856: 11849: 11848:St. John 2012 11845: 11840: 11833: 11832:St. John 2012 11829: 11828:St. John 2008 11825: 11820: 11813: 11812:St. John 2012 11809: 11804: 11798:, p. 30. 11797: 11792: 11785: 11784:St. John 2012 11781: 11776: 11769: 11765: 11760: 11754:, p. 12. 11753: 11748: 11741: 11737: 11732: 11725: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11709: 11704: 11697: 11693: 11688: 11681: 11676: 11669: 11665: 11661: 11657: 11652: 11636: 11632: 11628: 11624: 11620: 11613: 11597: 11593: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11574: 11558: 11554: 11550: 11543: 11541: 11533: 11532:St. John 2012 11529: 11525: 11521: 11516: 11509: 11505: 11501: 11496: 11489: 11488:St. John 2012 11485: 11481: 11477: 11472: 11465: 11464:St. John 2012 11461: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11444: 11437: 11436:St. John 2012 11433: 11429: 11424: 11417: 11413: 11409: 11408:St. John 1987 11405: 11400: 11393: 11392:St. John 1987 11389: 11385: 11380: 11374:, p. 96. 11373: 11372:St. John 2008 11368: 11361: 11360:St. John 2012 11357: 11353: 11352:St. John 1987 11349: 11344: 11337: 11336:St. John 2012 11333: 11329: 11328:St. John 1987 11325: 11320: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11289: 11273: 11269: 11263: 11256: 11255:St. John 2012 11252: 11248: 11247:St. John 1987 11244: 11240: 11235: 11229:, p. 62. 11228: 11223: 11216: 11215:St. John 2012 11212: 11208: 11207:St. John 1987 11204: 11199: 11192: 11191:St. John 2012 11188: 11187:St. John 1987 11183: 11167: 11163: 11162: 11157: 11150: 11134: 11130: 11129: 11124: 11117: 11115: 11107: 11101: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11083: 11077: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11039: 11032: 11031: 11026: 11022: 11019: 11013: 11011: 11003: 11002:St. John 2012 10999: 10995: 10991: 10986: 10977: 10970: 10964: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10933: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10902: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10868: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10829: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10809: 10802: 10801:St. John 1987 10797: 10790: 10789:St. John 1987 10785: 10779:, p. 35. 10778: 10774: 10769: 10762: 10761:St. John 2012 10758: 10754: 10750: 10745: 10738: 10737:St. John 2012 10734: 10730: 10726: 10721: 10714: 10710: 10705: 10698: 10697:St. John 2012 10694: 10690: 10686: 10681: 10674: 10670: 10669:St. John 1987 10665: 10646: 10639: 10632: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10601: 10593: 10586: 10584: 10576: 10575:St. John 2012 10572: 10568: 10567:St. John 1987 10564: 10559: 10552: 10551: 10546: 10542: 10539: 10534: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10503: 10496: 10491: 10484: 10483:St. John 2012 10479: 10477: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10437: 10430: 10425: 10419:, p. 95. 10418: 10417:St. John 2008 10413: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10374: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10336: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10306: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10264: 10260: 10255: 10248: 10243: 10236: 10235:St. John 2012 10232: 10228: 10224: 10219: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10199: 10192: 10191:St. John 2012 10188: 10184: 10180: 10175: 10169:, p. 19. 10168: 10164: 10159: 10152: 10147: 10140: 10135: 10128: 10123: 10116: 10111: 10104: 10103:St. John 2012 10100: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10083: 10076: 10075:St. John 2012 10072: 10068: 10064: 10063:St. John 1983 10059: 10052: 10051:St. John 2012 10048: 10043: 10036: 10035:St. John 2012 10032: 10028: 10023: 10016: 10015:St. John 2012 10012: 10008: 10004: 10000: 9995: 9988: 9983: 9976: 9975:St. John 2012 9972: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9955: 9948: 9947:St. John 2012 9944: 9940: 9936: 9931: 9929: 9921: 9920:St. John 2012 9917: 9913: 9908: 9901: 9900:St. John 2012 9897: 9893: 9889: 9888:St. John 1983 9884: 9877: 9872: 9870: 9862: 9861:St. John 2012 9859:, p. 3; 9858: 9854: 9849: 9842: 9841:St. John 2012 9837: 9835: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9805:The Telegraph 9802: 9795: 9787: 9785:9780895265708 9781: 9777: 9773: 9766: 9759: 9758:St. John 2012 9755: 9754:St. John 1987 9751: 9746: 9739: 9734: 9727: 9726:St. John 2012 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9706: 9700:, p. 50. 9699: 9694: 9692: 9685:, p. 28. 9684: 9679: 9672: 9671:St. John 2012 9668: 9663: 9656: 9655:St. John 1987 9651: 9649: 9641: 9640:St. John 2012 9637: 9632: 9625: 9624:St. John 1987 9620: 9613: 9608: 9602:, p. 29. 9601: 9596: 9594: 9587:, p. 13. 9586: 9585:St. John 1987 9581: 9574: 9570: 9569:St. John 2012 9566: 9562: 9557: 9550: 9545: 9543: 9535: 9534:St. John 2012 9531: 9527: 9523: 9518: 9511: 9507: 9502: 9495: 9494:St. John 2012 9491: 9487: 9482: 9475: 9474:St. John 2012 9471: 9466: 9459: 9458:St. John 2012 9455: 9451: 9447: 9442: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9412: 9405: 9400: 9398: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9366: 9350: 9346: 9340: 9336: 9335: 9327: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9297: 9295: 9278: 9274: 9273: 9268: 9261: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9230: 9223: 9222:St. John 2012 9219: 9215: 9214:St. John 1987 9211: 9207: 9202: 9196:, p. 96. 9195: 9194:St. John 1987 9190: 9183: 9178: 9171: 9170:St. John 2012 9167: 9163: 9159: 9154: 9147: 9146:St. John 2012 9143: 9138: 9131: 9126: 9119: 9118:St. John 2012 9115: 9111: 9110:St. John 1987 9107: 9103: 9098: 9092:, p. 67. 9091: 9086: 9079: 9078:St. John 2012 9075: 9071: 9067: 9062: 9055: 9051: 9050:St. John 1987 9047: 9043: 9039: 9034: 9018: 9015:(in Arabic). 9014: 9013:بوابة الأهرام 9010: 9004: 8997: 8992: 8986:, p. 66. 8985: 8981: 8977: 8972: 8970: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8949: 8942: 8937: 8931:, p. 23. 8930: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8913: 8906: 8901: 8899: 8891: 8886: 8879: 8874: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8843: 8827: 8824:(in Arabic). 8823: 8819: 8813: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8782: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8752: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8722: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8690: 8683: 8681: 8673: 8672:St. John 2012 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8652: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8621: 8614: 8609: 8602: 8597: 8591:, p. 23. 8590: 8586: 8581: 8574: 8569: 8562: 8561:St. John 2012 8557: 8555: 8547: 8546:St. John 2012 8542: 8535: 8534:St. John 2012 8531: 8527: 8523: 8518: 8511: 8507: 8502: 8495: 8494:St. John 2012 8491: 8487: 8482: 8475: 8474:St. John 2012 8470: 8464:, p. 58. 8463: 8458: 8451: 8450:St. John 2012 8447: 8443: 8438: 8431: 8426: 8419: 8418:St. John 2012 8415: 8410: 8404:, p. 26. 8403: 8399: 8394: 8387: 8386:St. John 2012 8383: 8379: 8375: 8370: 8363: 8359: 8354: 8347: 8346:St. John 2012 8342: 8335: 8331: 8326: 8319: 8318:St. John 2012 8315: 8311: 8306: 8299: 8294: 8292: 8284: 8279: 8272: 8271:St. John 2012 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8251: 8244: 8243:St. John 2012 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8219: 8213:, p. 55. 8212: 8207: 8200: 8199:St. John 2012 8196: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8179:St. John 2012 8176: 8172: 8167: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8120:St. John 2012 8117: 8113: 8109: 8104: 8098:, p. 95. 8097: 8096:St. John 2008 8093: 8089: 8084: 8077: 8076:St. John 2012 8073: 8069: 8065: 8060: 8054:, p. 37. 8053: 8052:St. John 1987 8049: 8044: 8037: 8036:St. John 2012 8033: 8028: 8021: 8020:St. John 2012 8017: 8016:St. John 1987 8013: 8009: 8008:St. John 1983 8004: 7997: 7992: 7985: 7984:St. John 2012 7981: 7977: 7973: 7968: 7961: 7960:St. John 2012 7956: 7949: 7948:St. John 2012 7945: 7944:St. John 1987 7940: 7933: 7928: 7921: 7920:St. John 2012 7917: 7916:St. John 1987 7913: 7912:St. John 1983 7908: 7902:, p. 72. 7901: 7896: 7889: 7888:St. John 2012 7885: 7881: 7877: 7872: 7865: 7864:St. John 2012 7861: 7857: 7853: 7848: 7841: 7840:St. John 2012 7837: 7833: 7828: 7821: 7820:St. John 2012 7816: 7809: 7808:St. John 2012 7805: 7800: 7784: 7780: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7761: 7754: 7753:St. John 2012 7750: 7746: 7742: 7737: 7731:, p. 66. 7730: 7725: 7719:, p. 96. 7718: 7713: 7706: 7705:St. John 2012 7702: 7698: 7694: 7689: 7682: 7681:St. John 2012 7678: 7674: 7670: 7665: 7659:, p. 18. 7658: 7654: 7649: 7643:, p. 18. 7642: 7638: 7634: 7629: 7622: 7621:St. John 2012 7619:, p. 9; 7618: 7614: 7609: 7603:, p. 18. 7602: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7585: 7580: 7573: 7572:St. John 2012 7569: 7565: 7560: 7553: 7552:St. John 2012 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7532: 7525: 7524:St. John 2012 7520: 7513: 7512:St. John 2012 7508: 7506: 7499:, p. 22. 7498: 7494: 7489: 7482: 7481:St. John 2012 7478: 7474: 7469: 7462: 7457: 7451:, p. 38. 7450: 7445: 7443: 7436:, p. 74. 7435: 7430: 7428: 7420: 7419:St. John 2012 7416: 7411: 7409: 7401: 7396: 7389: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7372: 7367: 7361:, p. 73. 7360: 7355: 7353: 7345: 7344:St. John 2012 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7324: 7317: 7316:St. John 2012 7313: 7309: 7305: 7300: 7294:, p. 28. 7293: 7288: 7281: 7276: 7274: 7266: 7265:St. John 2012 7262: 7261:St. John 1987 7258: 7254: 7249: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7211: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7165: 7163:0-521-46411-0 7159: 7155: 7148: 7141: 7140:St. John 2012 7137: 7133: 7128: 7121: 7120:St. John 2012 7117: 7112: 7105: 7104:St. John 2012 7101: 7097: 7092: 7085: 7084:St. John 2012 7081: 7076: 7074: 7066: 7061: 7054: 7049: 7042: 7037: 7031:, p. 34. 7030: 7025: 7018: 7013: 7006: 7001: 6994: 6989: 6983:, p. 85. 6982: 6977: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6901: 6894: 6893:St. John 2012 6890: 6886: 6882: 6877: 6871:, p. 16. 6870: 6865: 6859:, p. 17. 6858: 6853: 6837: 6833: 6827: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6800:(in German). 6799: 6795: 6788: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6752:, p. 62. 6751: 6747: 6743: 6738: 6731: 6727: 6722: 6716:, p. 20. 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6698: 6691: 6690:St. John 2012 6688:, p. 9; 6687: 6683: 6678: 6672:, p. 20. 6671: 6666: 6660:, p. 71. 6659: 6654: 6648:, p. 63. 6647: 6643: 6638: 6631: 6626: 6624: 6616: 6615:St. John 2012 6612: 6608: 6603: 6596: 6595:St. John 2012 6593:, p. 9; 6592: 6588: 6583: 6576: 6575:St. John 2012 6572: 6568: 6564: 6559: 6552: 6551:St. John 2012 6548: 6544: 6543:St. John 1983 6539: 6532: 6531:St. John 2012 6527: 6525: 6523: 6516:, p. 18. 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6498: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6478: 6472:, p. 18. 6471: 6467: 6462: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6431: 6425:, p. 18. 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6407: 6400:. p. 40. 6399: 6395: 6388: 6382:, p. 18. 6381: 6377: 6372: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6340: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6309: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6264: 6263:St. John 2012 6260: 6256: 6251: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6212: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6181: 6176: 6169: 6168:St. John 2012 6165: 6161: 6156: 6149: 6148:St. John 2012 6145: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6124:St. John 2012 6120: 6113: 6112:St. John 2012 6109: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6089: 6088:St. John 2012 6085: 6080: 6073: 6072:St. John 2012 6068: 6062:, p. 13. 6061: 6056: 6054: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6026: 6022: 6017: 6011:, p. 45. 6010: 6005: 5998: 5997:St. John 2012 5994: 5990: 5985: 5978: 5977:St. John 2012 5974: 5969: 5962: 5961:St. John 2012 5957: 5955: 5947: 5946:St. John 2012 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5919: 5918:St. John 2012 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5891: 5890:St. John 2012 5887: 5883: 5878: 5871: 5866: 5859: 5855: 5850: 5843: 5842:St. John 2012 5839: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5819: 5818:St. John 2012 5814: 5807: 5806:St. John 2012 5803: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5784:, p. 11. 5783: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5763: 5762:St. John 2012 5759: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5739: 5738:St. John 2012 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5711: 5710:St. John 2012 5707: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5692: 5684: 5683:St. John 2012 5681:, p. 5; 5680: 5675: 5668: 5667:St. John 2012 5664: 5660: 5655: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5638:, p. 4; 5637: 5632: 5625: 5624:St. John 2012 5621: 5616: 5609: 5608:St. John 2012 5606:, p. 9; 5605: 5600: 5594:, p. 35. 5593: 5588: 5581: 5580:St. John 2012 5578:, p. 9; 5577: 5573: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5512: 5511:St. John 2012 5509:, p. 9; 5508: 5504: 5499: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5395: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5363: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5300: 5292: 5285: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5172: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5137: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4992: 4983: 4977: 4976:Libyan Arabic 4969: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4921: 4891: 4890: 4877: 4825: 4821: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4729: 4727: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4697: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4642: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4603:(born 1976), 4602: 4599:(born 1975), 4598: 4595:(1974–2011), 4594: 4591:(born 1973), 4590: 4587:(born 1972), 4586: 4582: 4578: 4577:Safia Farkash 4574: 4569: 4567: 4562: 4561:Annick Cojean 4558: 4557:Seham Sergewa 4554: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4529:Bab al-Azizia 4524: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4485: 4478:Personal life 4475: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4289: 4282: 4272: 4269: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4067: 4063: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4024: 4014: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3990: 3988: 3987:Shukri Ghanem 3983: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3961:privatization 3952: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3834:War on Terror 3831: 3828:on the US by 3827: 3818: 3809: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3774:power brokers 3771: 3770:regime change 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3742:Moussa Koussa 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3703:King of Kings 3700: 3696: 3695:Kwame Nkrumah 3690: 3688: 3684: 3683:African Union 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3621:Sheikh Hasina 3618: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3566:Hissène Habré 3563: 3558: 3556: 3555:eastern Libya 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3363:puppet regime 3360: 3359:Ronald Reagan 3355: 3353: 3348: 3347:Umar Muhayshi 3344: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3326:'s Ghana and 3325: 3319: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3275:Félix Malloum 3272: 3271:Hissène Habré 3268: 3259: 3255: 3253: 3248: 3247:Bab al-Azizia 3244: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3209:Bhutto family 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3162:United States 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3115:Hosni Mubarak 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3037: 3026: 3024: 3023:Yasser Arafat 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2946: 2945:homeschooling 2937: 2936:Flag of Libya 2933: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2902: 2898: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2825:Indira Gandhi 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2639:Umar Muhayshi 2635: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2478: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2326:Yasser Arafat 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2200: 2195: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2165:public sector 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2084:Armand Hammer 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1908:Umar Muhayshi 1904: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1848: 1837: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1580: 1579:Andrew Lycett 1576: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547:Qasr Abu Hadi 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1522:authoritarian 1518: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1354:Italian Libya 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1315:military coup 1312: 1308: 1307:assassination 1304: 1300: 1299:revolutionary 1289: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1256: 1255: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1021: 1020:Free Officers 1017: 1016: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1002: 998: 995: 994: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 967:Personal life 965: 963: 960: 959: 958: 957: 948: 933: 930: 926: 925: 922: 921: 913: 905: 902: 901: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 883: 880: 879: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 864: 862: 858: 855: 852: 848: 845: 842: 838: 834: 830: 827: 824: 820: 813: 808: 803: 800: 795: 790: 787: 782: 777: 776: 774: 770: 765: 761: 757: 753: 747: 744: 742: 739: 738: 736: 734: 730: 727: 726:Bab al-Azizia 724: 720: 713: 710: 708: 705: 704: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 676: 673: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 659:Saif al-Islam 657: 655: 652: 651: 640: 636: 617: 616:Safia Farkash 612: 590: 585: 584: 582: 578: 571: 568: 565: 562: 561: 559: 555: 552: 551:Libyan Desert 548: 546:Resting place 544: 541: 540:Assassination 538: 534: 531: 527: 518: 514: 511: 510:Italian Libya 507: 506:Qasr Abu Hadi 493: 489: 484: 480: 477: 474: 468: 465: 462: 456: 450: 445: 442: 437: 434: 431: 425: 422: 419: 413: 407: 402: 398: 397: 390: 387: 383: 379: 373: 370: 367: 361: 358: 355: 349: 343: 338: 335: 331: 327: 324: 318: 314: 311: 305: 299: 296: 294: 291: 290: 286: 279: 273: 267: 262: 259: 255: 251: 248: 242: 238: 235: 229: 223: 220: 218: 217:Shukri Ghanem 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 174: 170: 163: 157: 151: 146: 143: 139: 135: 128: 123: 114: 107: 102: 99: 91: 88:February 2023 81: 77: 73: 69: 63: 59: 57: 52:This article 50: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 25884:Pan-Islamism 25762: 25755: 25748: 25648:Ba'ath Party 25525:Ameen Rihani 25464: 25385:Jassem Alwan 25380:Michel Aflaq 25236:Algerian War 25162:Iraqi Revolt 25051: 25039: 25027: 25015: 25000: 24663:Rinaldo Veri 24658:Ralph Jodice 24582:Hala Misrati 24502:Mansour Dhao 24441: 24321:Fathi Terbil 24286:Ali Tarhouni 24209:Anti-Gaddafi 24188: 24181: 24174: 24167: 24160: 24027:Tripolitania 23801:Part of the 23705:Vincent Otti 23696: 23658: 23650: 23603: 23585:Paul Gicheru 23572:William Ruto 23558:Henry Kosgey 23544:Mohammed Ali 23455:Ahmed Haroun 23416: 23388: 23380: 23347:Maxime Mokom 23317: 23224:Saudi Arabia 22945:Burkina Faso 22853: 22841: 22791: 22741: 22726: 22720:Nimr al-Nimr 22701: 22686: 22671: 22644: 22641: 22621: 22595:Essam Sharaf 22575:Ahmed Shafik 22551: 22526: 22511: 22460: 22430: 22375: 22355: 22345: 22330: 22275: 22260: 22220:Saudi Arabia 22137: 21924: 21887: 21713:Paul Robeson 21638:Frantz Fanon 21613:Aimé Césaire 21482:Modibo Keïta 21461: 21427:Dennis Akumu 21390: 21383: 21376: 21311:Afrocentrism 21162: 20855: 20839: 20774: 20767: 20663: 20474: 20426: 20414: 20402: 20333: 20313: 20164: 20163:no sign for 20102:Gabon (2023) 20095:Niger (2023) 20088:Sudan (2023) 20011:Niger (2021) 19972:Sudan (2019) 19965:Gabon (2019) 19951:Libya (2016) 19909:Libya (2014) 19888:Egypt (2013) 19867:Sudan (2012) 19832:Niger (2011) 19825:Niger (2010) 19793:Sudan (2008) 19730:Sudan (2004) 19635:Niger (1999) 19593:Niger (1996) 19516:Libya (1993) 19481:Sudan (1992) 19460:Venda (1990) 19425:Sudan (1990) 19407:Sudan (1989) 19372:Benin (1988) 19302:Sudan (1985) 19232:Kenya (1982) 19211:Ghana (1981) 19130:Ghana (1979) 19109:Ghana (1978) 19074:Sudan (1977) 19060:Benin (1977) 19053:Sudan (1976) 19011:Libya (1975) 19004:Sudan (1975) 18983:Niger (1974) 18941:Ghana (1972) 18927:Sudan (1971) 18867:Sudan (1969) 18818:Ghana (1967) 18776:Ghana (1966) 18720:Gabon (1964) 18641:Coups d'état 18600:Libya portal 18598: 18511: 18472:(fourth son) 18460:(second son) 18442:(first wife) 18402: 18395: 18356: 18306: 18274: 18269: 18248: 18239: 18238: 18214: 18195: 18194: 18178: 18171: 18170: 18136: 18122:The Guardian 18120: 18052: 18048: 18021: 17994: 17973: 17946: 17940: 17921: 17902: 17877: 17873: 17854: 17821: 17817: 17793: 17769: 17752:(1): 61–84. 17749: 17745: 17712: 17708: 17689: 17670: 17651: 17631: 17602: 17598: 17586:. 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