127:
247:
175:
141:
270:
261:
209:
198:
187:
744:
153:
288:
279:
228:
711:
26:
1224:"'A collection of treaties, engagements and sanads relating to India and neighbouring countries [...] Vol XI containing the treaties, & c., relating to Aden and the south western coast of Arabia, the Arab principalities in the Persian Gulf, Muscat (Oman), Baluchistan and the North-West Frontier Province' [114r] (236/822)"
1133:"'A collection of treaties, engagements and sanads relating to India and neighbouring countries [...] Vol XI containing the treaties, & c., relating to Aden and the south western coast of Arabia, the Arab principalities in the Persian Gulf, Muscat (Oman), Baluchistan and the North-West Frontier Province' [113v] (235/822)"
642:
The primary instigator of these hostilities was identified as Ahmed bin
Mohammed Al Khalifa. In the aftermath of the attack, he was pursued by remnants of the fleeing Al Na'im tribe. They eventually confronted him in the Battle of Hamrour, where Ahmed not only suffered defeat but also lost his life.
734:
on Al Wakrah's coastline. At this location, the Qatari contingent mounted a resolute defense, successfully encircling the
Bahraini forces and capturing two of their commanders. The engagement concluded with a negotiated exchange of prisoners, following which Jassim bin Mohammed returned to his seat
702:
As both the
Bahrain and Abu Dhabi Shaikhs were bound by their engagements with the British Government to abstain from aggression of every kind by sea; to appeal to the British Resident as arbitrator; and to afford full redress for all maritime offences which could justly be charged against them or
608:
Muhammad Al
Khalifa, sent his brother, Ali bin Khalifa, with a force of 500 men in 24 boats to attack Qatar. He was joined by a force of 200 men under Ahmed Al Khalifa. Additionally, Bahrain's ally Abu Dhabi sent 2,000 troops in 70 boats. This contingent established a base in Ra’s Abū ‘Umrān, near
587:
According to the Qatari narrative, in an act of deception, the Al
Khalifa then lured Jassim to Bahrain in 1867, by writing a letter admonishing the Bahraini representative and assuring Jassim that no ill will was harbored towards him. He also released the Na'im chief, Ali bin Thamer. However, upon
574:
for assistance, who then mobilized a general levy of Qatari forces and marched on Al Wakrah, seeking to apprehend the
Bahraini representative Ahmed bin Mohammed, who took shelter in Al Wakrah Fort. The besieging forces intensified their efforts to the point where they nearly captured the fortress.
541:
paid to the
Wahhabi ruler. The battle created political enmity between Qatar and Bahrain which contributed to the start of the war. The antagonism between the Qataris and Bahrainis persisted, exacerbated by the Al Khalifa's presumption that their annual tribute of 4,000 riyals to the Wahhabis had
703:
their subjects, steps were taken to exact reparation for these outrages. Before this could be effected the tribes of Qatar retaliated by an attack on
Bahrain which proved unsuccessful; but in the naval action which took place a number of vessels were destroyed and great loss of life occurred.
566:
in what would be colloquially referred to as the "Al Wakrah
Incident". The caravan, preparing for the customary pearl diving expedition, was attacked and its goods confiscated. When resistance was offered, the Na'im leader, Ali bin Thamer, was apprehended and sent to Bahrain in chains. He was
628:(1924): "They wielded their swords against the unsuspecting inhabitants, compelling them to flee, abandoning their homes and possessions. The population dispersed, and the town of Doha, then the capital of Qatar, was laid to ruin. This incident came to be known as the
1016:
542:
effectively purchased Qatar and its tribes. They appointed Ahmed bin
Mohammed Al Khalifa as their representative in Qatar. Despite his marital ties to the Al Thani family, Ahmed's harsh and imperious treatment of the Qataris engendered widespread resentment.
495:
season, and was successful. It was renewed willingly by the Sheikhs for another eight months. The truce would then be renewed annually until 1843 when Britain proposed a 10-year truce, which the Sheikhs agreed to. During the peace, the Arab emirates of the
782:
with Muhammad Al Thani. The treaty ended the maritime warfare. As part of the treaty's conditions, Bahrain was forced to renounce claims of sovereignty on Qatari soil as well as accept several British penalties, most of which were financial.
1068:
1039:
971:
917:
643:
The historian Al-Nabhani succinctly describes the outcome of this encounter: "The two groups dispersed equally," suggesting a mutually destructive engagement that left both sides significantly weakened.
690:
Contemporary sources state the 1868 attack was particularly violent, with some 1,000 individuals killed and 60 ships destroyed. A brief account of the battle written in 1933 by
213:
629:
202:
613:
in northern Qatar, from which Bahraini and Dhabi forces advanced towards Doha, the epicenter of the insurgency. The attack on Qatar led to the sacking of Bida (
371:. The conflict was the most flagrant violation of the 1835 maritime truce, requiring British intervention. The two emirates agreed to a truce, mediated by the
637:"that the towns of Doha and Wakrah were, at the end of 1867 temporarily blotted out of existence, the houses being dismantled and the inhabitants deported"
624:
According to historical accounts, the assault on Doha was characterized by its suddenness and ferocity. As reported by Muḥammad ibn Kahlīfa al-Nabhānī in
1350:
1355:
1155:"'Persian Gulf Gazetteer, Part I Historical and Political Materials, Précis of Bahrein [Bahrain] Affairs, 1854-1904' [14] (33/204)"
460:) and those who attacked other parties' ships (the pirates would then be handed over to the country in question). In 1835, a loose coalition of
604:
The conflict failed to pacify and resulted in an escalation between the two parties in the following year. In October 1867, the Bahraini
372:
452:, as a result, the British acted differently towards pirates who attacked ships hoisting a British flag (these pirates were deported to
759:
in Bahrain, issued an ultimatum to the Bahraini Hakim, accusing him of violating the maritime law and demanding reparations of 10,000
730:
The aftermath of the Battle of Damsah saw the Qatari forces execute a strategic withdrawal, prompting a pursuit by Bahraini troops to
579:, a location in the northern part of mainland Qatar, from where he dispatched a message to the ruler of Bahrain reporting the events.
1250:
530:
537:. The next month, a peace agreement was reached which saw dominion over Qatar returned to the Bahrainis in exchange for an annual
864:
1345:
484:. The Bombay Marine was dispatched and on 16 April 1835, a decisive victory for the British was won, leaving much of the
890:
954:
900:
792:
563:
522:
419:
360:
145:
107:
31:
1277:
1177:"'Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [801] (956/1782)"
1340:
812:
589:
497:
437:
191:
1287:
1260:
822:
1335:
691:
571:
592:
began assembling a naval fleet to raid Qatar, sparking the war. Bahrain succeeded in gaining support from
1082:
1053:
985:
931:
655:
against the Bahrainis, however, they were defeated. While en route to the Bahrain islands, they chanted:
232:
1310:
747:
An agreement between Britain and Bahrain in September 1868 as an aftermath to the Qatari–Bahraini War.
473:
710:
1320:
1315:
1223:
1360:
1330:
1325:
1176:
1154:
1132:
717:
500:
experienced an economic boom, hence why, in 1853, when Britain proposed a permanent peace, the
854:
593:
485:
481:
461:
407:
364:
157:
152:
8:
751:
Prior to 1867, the British recognized Qatar as a Bahraini dependency. Lieutenant Colonel
526:
1101:"Transnational identity and the Gulf crisis: changing narratives of belonging in Qatar"
1100:
469:
411:
179:
774:
for the first time as a semi-independent political unit in Qatar. Lewis Pelly visited
1283:
1256:
950:
896:
860:
818:
432:
1112:
756:
491:
The 1835 truce initially started as a British-sponsored six-month truce during the
465:
384:
217:
103:
88:
731:
605:
534:
348:
336:
59:
1279:
Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography
518:
501:
415:
376:
368:
131:
84:
743:
1304:
1199:"Highlighted version of the Memorial of the Government of the State of Qatar"
764:
763:. On 6 September 1868, Ali al Khalifa effectively took control of Bahrain as
760:
652:
596:, as Doha and Al Wakrah have long been harbors of refuge for Omani seceders.
492:
449:
610:
529:
in June 1851 when Qatari tribes switched allegiances from the Bahrainis to
477:
445:
441:
423:
356:
575:
Lacking sufficient defensive capabilities, Ahmed was compelled to flee to
1117:
752:
695:
448:. The treaty prohibited piracy in the Persian Gulf but it did not outlaw
576:
427:
1198:
856:
Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar
480:. Britain intervened when two British flagged ships were plundered by
775:
618:
559:
396:
315:
1252:
Reports of Judgments Advisory Opinions and Orders: 2001 Bound Volume
767:
after Colonel Pelly appointed him, after his brother Mohammed fled.
387:. The conflict resulted in wide-scale destruction in both emirates.
771:
555:
551:
403:
355:), was an armed conflict that took place in 1867 and 1868 in the
140:
25:
453:
550:
Hostilities emerged when, in 1866, Bahrain arrested a Qatari
538:
457:
400:
380:
126:
55:
1017:"التاريخ يتكرر.. هكذا حاصرت أبوظبي والبحرين قطر قبل 150عاما"
626:
The Nabhani offering on the history of the Arabian Peninsula
614:
525:
deteriorated with a series of disputes, beginning with the
321:
311:
1255:. United Nations Publications. 2004. pp. 179, 180.
436:). In order to enforce a pre-existing peace treaty (the
476:
ships began to harass and plunder vessels belonging to
582:
588:
Jassim's arrival, he was imprisoned. Following this,
77:
1201:. International Court of Justice. 30 September 1996
738:
1019:(in Arabic). Al Jazeera Arabic. 18 September 2018
778:, Qatar, where he met the sheikhs and signed the
1302:
651:In June 1868, the Qataris attempted to launch a
770:The dispute led to the British recognizing the
440:), the Bombay Marine deployed squadrons to the
1275:
599:
1094:
1092:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
859:. Cambridge University Press. p. 30.
817:. University of Exeter Press. p. 54.
1218:
1216:
1116:
1089:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
725:
1098:
742:
517:In 1850s and 60s, the relations between
75:British intervention and signing of the
992:
888:
852:
570:In 1867, the tribal elders appealed to
375:, which led to Britain recognizing the
1351:Bahrain–United Arab Emirates relations
1303:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1213:
1066:
1037:
969:
944:
915:
873:
831:
646:
895:. I. B. Tauris. pp. 79, 80, 81.
810:
545:
1356:Qatar–United Arab Emirates relations
1099:Mitchell, Jocelyn Sage (July 2021).
1070:الُهَُوِّيَة الَوَطنّيّة الَقَطرّيّة
1041:الُهَُوِّيَة الَوَطنّيّة الَقَطرّيّة
973:الُهَُوِّيَة الَوَطنّيّة الَقَطرّيّة
919:الُهَُوِّيَة الَوَطنّيّة الَقَطرّيّة
657:
1238:
632:, occurring in 1283 AH (1866 CE)."
583:Imprisonment of Jassim bin Mohammed
352:
340:
13:
1067:Al-Ali, Khalid bin Ghanem (2024).
1038:Al-Ali, Khalid bin Ghanem (2024).
970:Al-Ali, Khalid bin Ghanem (2024).
916:Al-Ali, Khalid bin Ghanem (2024).
793:List of conflicts in the Near East
426:. The truce was supervised by the
14:
1372:
1282:. Psychology Press. p. 128.
892:The Gulf States: A Modern History
853:Crystal, Jill (27 January 1995).
676:Peace with us is forbidden to you
383:as the semi-independent ruler of
739:Anglo-Bahraini agreement of 1868
709:
682:With a sword of polished steel!
286:
277:
268:
259:
245:
226:
207:
196:
185:
173:
151:
139:
125:
24:
1276:Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (1999).
1269:
1191:
1169:
1147:
1125:
1111:(4). Oxford Academic: 929–944.
567:incarcerated upon his arrival.
438:General Maritime Treaty of 1820
1060:
1031:
963:
938:
909:
804:
678:As long as Jassim is in chains
635:A British record later stated
1:
814:New Arabian Studies, Volume 6
798:
507:
390:
78:Anglo-Bahraini Treaty of 1868
572:Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani
399:was agreed among individual
7:
1083:Ministry of Culture (Qatar)
1054:Ministry of Culture (Qatar)
986:Ministry of Culture (Qatar)
932:Ministry of Culture (Qatar)
786:
720:Manama harbour, circa 1870.
562:market and deported him to
10:
1377:
630:Second Destruction of Doha
600:Second Destruction of Doha
512:
345:Qatari War of Independence
949:. Routledge. p. 69.
694:, under-secretary of the
680:We must reclaim our ships
309:
296:
238:
166:
117:
38:
23:
18:
1075:Qatari National Identity
1069:
1046:Qatari National Identity
1040:
978:Qatari National Identity
972:
945:Rahman, Habibur (2006).
924:Qatari National Identity
918:
661:
1346:Bahrain–Qatar relations
1226:. Qatar Digital Library
1135:. Qatar Digital Library
889:Commins, David (2012).
663:حُرِّم عليك الصلحِ منا
341:الحرب القطرية البحرينية
83:British recognition of
1341:Wars involving Bahrain
947:The Emergence Of Qatar
748:
726:Battle of Jebel Wakrah
705:
674:
669:بالسيفِ مصقول الحديد!
665:ما دام قاسِم في الحديد
359:. The conflict pitted
167:Commanders and leaders
1105:International Affairs
746:
700:
667:لا بد ما تارِد سفنّا
353:حرب الاستقلال القطرية
343:), also known as the
297:Casualties and losses
1336:Wars involving Qatar
811:Smart, J.R. (2004).
647:Battle of Al Damsah
590:Muhammad Al Khalifa
527:Battle of Mesaimeer
333:Qatari-Bahraini War
19:Qatari-Bahraini War
1118:10.1093/ia/iiab013
749:
735:of power in Doha.
546:Al Wakrah Incident
488:vessels in ruins.
428:British Royal Navy
414:, the rest of the
395:The 1835 maritime
214:Ahmed bin Mohammed
180:Muhammad bin Thani
1311:Conflicts in 1868
988:. pp. 64–65.
866:978-0-521-46635-6
698:, is as follows:
688:
687:
329:
328:
320:1,000 killed, 60
233:Zayed bin Khalifa
162:
113:
112:
1368:
1294:
1293:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1247:
1236:
1235:
1233:
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1220:
1211:
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1123:
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1120:
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1080:
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1035:
1029:
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1026:
1024:
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942:
936:
935:
929:
913:
907:
906:
886:
871:
870:
850:
829:
828:
808:
757:British Resident
713:
658:
531:Faisal bin Turki
450:maritime warfare
354:
342:
324:destroyed (1868)
291:
290:
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192:Muhammad Khalifa
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155:
144:
143:
130:
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102:Independence of
40:
39:
28:
16:
15:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1321:1868 in Bahrain
1316:1867 in Bahrain
1301:
1300:
1297:
1290:
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1263:
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1248:
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1229:
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993:
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920:
914:
910:
903:
887:
874:
867:
851:
832:
825:
809:
805:
801:
789:
741:
732:Jebel Al Wakrah
728:
723:
722:
721:
719:
714:
684:
681:
679:
677:
671:
668:
666:
664:
649:
602:
585:
548:
535:Emirate of Nejd
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510:
393:
325:
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287:
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269:
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203:Ali bin Khalifa
197:
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186:
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174:
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150:
149:
138:
124:
98:
62:
60:Gulf of Bahrain
29:
12:
11:
5:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1268:
1261:
1237:
1212:
1190:
1168:
1146:
1124:
1088:
1059:
1030:
991:
962:
956:978-0710312136
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937:
908:
902:978-1848852785
901:
872:
865:
830:
823:
802:
800:
797:
796:
795:
788:
785:
780:Treaty of 1868
761:Iranian Tomans
740:
737:
727:
724:
716:
715:
708:
707:
706:
692:C.U. Aitchison
686:
685:
672:
648:
645:
601:
598:
584:
581:
547:
544:
514:
511:
509:
506:
502:Trucial States
474:Ras al-Khaimah
416:Trucial States
392:
389:
373:United Kingdom
327:
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310:
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44:
36:
35:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1373:
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1361:1860s in Asia
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1331:1868 in Qatar
1329:
1327:
1326:1867 in Qatar
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
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1128:
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1102:
1095:
1093:
1085:. p. 77.
1084:
1081:(in Arabic).
1076:
1072:
1063:
1056:. p. 77.
1055:
1052:(in Arabic).
1047:
1043:
1034:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
987:
984:(in Arabic).
979:
975:
966:
958:
952:
948:
941:
934:. p. 60.
933:
930:(in Arabic).
925:
921:
912:
904:
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893:
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683:
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654:
653:counterattack
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451:
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433:Bombay Marine
430:(notably the
429:
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417:
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388:
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318:sacked (1867)
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37:
33:
27:
22:
17:
1298:
1278:
1271:
1251:
1228:. Retrieved
1203:. Retrieved
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1127:
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1305:Categories
1289:0700710981
1262:9210709802
1183:16 January
1139:12 January
824:0859897060
799:References
577:Al Khuwayr
508:Chronology
391:Background
379:family of
71:Ceasefire
776:Al Wakrah
611:Ar Ru'ays
594:Abu Dhabi
560:Al Wakrah
558:tribe in
486:Abu Dhabi
482:Abu Dhabi
462:Abu Dhabi
408:Abu Dhabi
365:Abu Dhabi
283:2,000 men
158:Abu Dhabi
46:1867–1868
1179:. qdl.qa
1161:6 August
1157:. qdl.qa
787:See also
772:Al Thani
504:agreed.
493:pearling
406:such as
404:emirates
377:Al-Thani
367:against
312:Al-Bida'
292:70 dhows
274:24 dhows
239:Strength
85:Al-Thani
58:and the
51:Location
1230:18 July
1205:18 June
1023:19 July
564:Bahrain
554:of the
552:Bedouin
533:of the
523:Bahrain
513:Prelude
470:Sharjah
420:Bahrain
412:Sharjah
361:Bahrain
305:Unknown
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265:700 men
251:Unknown
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