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437:, social decay, and crime. When such elements appeared, they often did so in the background or as plot devices. Race films rarely treated the subjects of social injustice and race relations, although blacks had been legally disenfranchised in the South since the turn of the century, and suffered discrimination in both the North and South.
320:, race movies were screened at designated black theaters. Though northern cities were not always formally segregated, race films were generally shown in theaters in black neighborhoods. Many large northern theaters segregated black audiences by requiring them to sit in the balconies or by attending later showtimes.
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urban values, especially education and industriousness. Common themes included the "improvement" of the black race, the tension between educated and uneducated blacks, and the tragic consequences in store for blacks who resisted liberal capitalist values. The most famous race movie,
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Race films are of great interest to students of
African-American cinema. They are historically significant due to their ability to showcase the talents of actors who otherwise were relegated to stereotypical supporting roles in mainstream studio films.
200:
African
Americans produced films for black audiences as early as 1905, but most race films were produced after 1915. As many as 500 race films were produced in the United States between 1915 and 1952. As happened later with the early
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are two of the most striking examples of talented performers who generally were given minor roles in mainstream film. A few stars from race films were able to cross over to relative stardom in mainstream works – for example,
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While it was rare for race films to be shown to white audiences, white theaters often reserved special time-slots for black moviegoers. This resulted in race films often being screened as
243:'s Chicago-based Micheaux Film Corporation, which operated from 1918–1940. On his posters, Micheaux advertised that his films were scripted and produced exclusively by African Americans.
145:
audiences, and featuring black casts. Approximately five hundred race films were produced. Of these, fewer than one hundred remain. Because race films were produced outside the
156:. In their day, race films were very popular among African-American theatergoers. Their influence continues to be felt in cinema and television marketed to African-Americans.
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for the Solax Film
Company. The Ebony Film Company of Chicago, created specifically to produce black-cast films, was also headed by a white production team.
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455:. Micheaux depicted his protagonists as educated, prosperous, and genteel. Micheaux hoped to give his audience something to help them "further the race".
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The films were produced primarily in northern cities, where the target audience consisted primarily of poor southern blacks and southerners who had
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in the 1930s and Toddy
Pictures in the 1940s. One of the earliest surviving examples of a black cast film aimed at a black audience is
209:, and scripted and directed by whites. But one producer, Alfred N. Sack, made some films written and directed by black talent such as
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The term "race film" is sometimes used to describe films of the period aimed at other minority audiences. For instance, the 1926 film
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444:(1917) was an example of a film produced by a white-owned company that was "almost as stereotypical as any Hollywood product".
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was a genre of film produced in the United States between about 1915 and the early 1950s, consisting of films produced for
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shows. During the height of their popularity, race films were shown in as many as 1,100 theaters around the country.
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According to film historian Donald Bogle, some of the earliest race films were "quite frankly, terrible".
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255:. In total, there were approximately 150 independent companies producing race movies during this period.
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152:, they were largely forgotten by mainstream film historians until they resurfaced in the 1980s on the
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found in contemporary mainstream films, or else relegated these stereotypes to supporting roles and
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major productions. Many of these focused on the serious problems of integration and racism, such as
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The
Separate Cinema Archive. A collection of posters that chronicle the history of Black Film
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911:"Race Movies and the Black-Owned Studios that Thrived Next to Hollywood, February 6, 2020"
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302:. The last known race film appears to have been an obscure adventure film of 1954 called
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The race films vanished during the early 1950s after
African-American participation in
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on television, race movies were most often financed by white-owned companies, such as
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Bogle, Donald (October 1985). "No
Business Like Micheaux Business: 'B'...for Black".
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535:. Hollywood studios often used race movies as a recruiting source of black talent.
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Many black singers and bands appeared in lead or supporting roles in race films;
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419:. Many race films, particularly those produced by white studios, expressed
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213:. Many race films were produced by white-owned film companies outside the
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contributed to the starring of black actors in lead roles in several
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2002:
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826:© Anna May Wong - Silent and Sound Film Actress - goldensilents.com
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Envisioning
Freedom: Cinema and the Building of Modern Black Life.
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Envisioning
Freedom: Cinema and the Building of Modern Black Life
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51:(1919) by film pioneer Oscar Micheaux emphasized its black cast.
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Race films typically avoided explicit depictions of poverty,
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films, reprised his character as the lead in such films as
466:, who had played supporting comedy roles in mainstream
549:(1916), first five-reel drama race film, according to
964:
Fire and Desire: Mixed-Race Movies in the Silent Era
820:"She (Wong) also appeared in a Chinese 'race' film,
447:Other race films avoided many of the popular black
902:
298:(1950), which was the debut of the notable actor
3590:
994:Oscar Micheaux and the Micheaux Film Corporation
840:: Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014; 24
851:Alice Guy Blache: Lost Visionary of the Cinema
247:also released several race films and produced
1019:
235:Some black-owned studios existed, including
196:with an elaborate and expensive train wreck.
3619:Film genres particular to the United States
178:
1026:
1012:
908:
671:(1941), first race film added to the U.S.
512:
217:-centered American film industry, such as
42:
877:: The Black Experience in Motion Pictures
762:(1953), first feature-film appearance by
403:Learn how and when to remove this message
192:, an all black romantic adventure by the
366:This article includes a list of general
338:
182:
3591:
1007:
966:. University Of Chicago Press, 2001.
893:
546:The Colored American Winning His Suit
538:
316:In the South, to comply with laws on
167:) starred the Asian-American actress
889:
887:
885:
879:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975; 45
430:, incorporated all of these themes.
352:
480:. Some black entertainers, such as
13:
3366:List of American independent films
372:it lacks sufficient corresponding
239:(1916–1921). The most notable was
14:
3630:
977:
882:
579:(1920), first surviving race film
509:, for example, made three films.
194:Norman Film Manufacturing Company
3572:
3563:
3562:
938:Harvard University Press, 2014.
853:; New York: Continuum, 2002; 148
683:Brother Martin: Servant of Jesus
357:
3604:20th century in American cinema
1033:
909:MessyNessy (February 6, 2019).
719:Dirty Gertie from Harlem U.S.A.
865:
856:
843:
830:
824:, released in June 1926 ...."
814:
237:Lincoln Motion Picture Company
1:
807:
584:The Symbol of the Unconquered
228:, directed by French emigree
7:
785:
10:
3635:
3257:Classical Hollywood cinema
2446:Commedia sexy all'italiana
1354:Exploitation film template
1298:Commedia sexy all'italiana
478:Mr Washington Goes To Town
219:Million Dollar Productions
127:, Independent Black cinema
20:
3558:
3161:
3079:
2824:German underground horror
2779:Documentary Film Movement
2687:American eccentric cinema
2672:
1918:
1044:
334:
311:
120:
110:
72:
64:
56:
41:
179:Financing and production
3614:African-American cinema
2759:Cinema of Transgression
1893:Cinema of Transgression
781:(1956), final race film
513:Historical significance
488:, starred in their own
387:more precise citations.
2979:The Prague film school
2844:Hollywood on the Tiber
673:National Film Registry
652:Harlem Rides the Range
568:The Green Eyed Monster
350:
197:
189:The Green Eyed Monster
2834:Grupo Cine LiberaciĂłn
2774:Czechoslovak New Wave
2769:Commedia all'italiana
1116:Commedia all'italiana
950:Black American Cinema
636:Harlem on the Prairie
346:The Gunsaulus Mystery
342:
186:
3361:Guerrilla filmmaking
3024:Kitchen sink realism
2909:New French Extremity
2819:German Expressionist
2727:Kitchen sink realism
2592:Contemporary Western
2372:Environmental issues
1903:New French Extremity
1861:New French Extremity
1686:Softcore pornography
1681:Hardcore pornography
1548:New French Extremity
984:95 Race Films on DVD
289:Intruder in the Dust
224:A Fool and His Money
171:and was marketed to
3097:Children and family
3071:Yugoslav Black Wave
2944:Nuevo Cine Mexicano
2829:Nigerian Golden Age
2794:European art cinema
2697:Australian New Wave
989:General information
952:. Routledge, 1993.
500:American television
442:Spying Like the Spy
292:, all in 1949; and
38:
3395:Major film studios
2989:Pure Film Movement
2969:Polish Film School
2869:Italian neorealist
2849:Hong Kong New Wave
2451:Mexican sex comedy
1508:German underground
948:Diawara, Manthia.
668:The Blood of Jesus
647:Western race movie
628:The Green Pastures
599:'s cinematic debut
539:Notable race films
417:migrated northward
351:
318:racial segregation
198:
77:Zora Neale Hurston
36:
3586:
3585:
3525:Socialist realist
3237:Behind-the-scenes
3014:Socialist realist
3009:Spaghetti Western
2999:Romanian New Wave
2874:Japanese New Wave
2540:Sword and sorcery
2456:Nazi exploitation
2038:Mumbai underworld
1794:Planetary romance
849:McMahan, Alison;
727:Boy! What a Girl!
696:Vincente Minnelli
620:The Emperor Jones
427:The Scar of Shame
413:
412:
405:
279:Home of the Brave
154:BET cable network
131:
130:
101:Maria P. Williams
81:Solomon Sir Jones
21:For films called
3626:
3576:
3566:
3565:
3545:Vulgar auteurism
3373:Interstitial art
3351:Hyperlink cinema
3066:Vulgar auteurism
3061:Toronto New Wave
3051:Telefoni Bianchi
3046:Sword-and-sandal
2864:Italian futurist
2859:Iranian New Wave
2722:British New Wave
2535:Sword-and-sandal
2416:Rape and revenge
2357:Mouth of Garbage
2203:Tentacle erotica
2151:Goona-goona epic
2131:Extraterrestrial
2018:Heroic bloodshed
1652:Occult detective
1483:Christmas horror
1335:Sword-and-sandal
1067:Hong Kong action
1062:Heroic bloodshed
1028:
1021:
1014:
1005:
1004:
962:Gaines, Jane M.
929:Print references
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906:
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828:
822:The Silk Bouquet
818:
743:Sepia Cinderella
691:Cabin in the Sky
576:Within Our Gates
552:The New York Age
473:Professor Creeps
449:stock characters
408:
401:
397:
394:
388:
383:this article by
374:inline citations
361:
360:
353:
211:Spencer Williams
173:Chinese-American
165:The Dragon Horse
125:Chitlin' Circuit
115:Black Vaudeville
105:Spencer Williams
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3495:Semidocumentary
3420:Minimalist film
3410:Message picture
3405:Maximalist film
3299:Database cinema
3282:Computer screen
3242:Black-and-white
3167:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3075:
3031:Soviet parallel
2954:Parallel cinema
2949:Pan-Indian film
2879:Kammerspielfilm
2814:French New Wave
2734:Budapest school
2717:Brighton School
2692:New Objectivity
2674:
2668:
2637:Science fiction
2269:Bruceploitation
2178:Girls with guns
2124:Turksploitation
1998:Gentleman thief
1914:
1749:Science fiction
1595:Minimalist film
1590:Maximalist film
1568:Science fiction
1528:Japanese horror
1325:Social guidance
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764:Harry Belafonte
711:Go Down, Death!
560:The Homesteader
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520:Hattie McDaniel
515:
486:Pigmeat Markham
464:Mantan Moreland
409:
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379:Please help to
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343:Lobby card for
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163:(also known as
93:Tressie Souders
52:
49:The Homesteader
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3480:Reverse motion
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3430:Modernist film
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3080:By demographic
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3019:Social realist
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2974:Poliziotteschi
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2964:Poetic realist
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2919:New generation
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2894:Modernist film
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2884:L.A. Rebellion
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2136:Food and drink
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2114:Blaxploitation
2106:
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2043:Poliziotteschi
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2015:
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1478:Chinese horror
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978:External links
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934:Caddoo, Cara.
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873:From Sambo to
871:Leab, Daniel.
864:
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842:
836:Caddoo, Cara;
829:
812:
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792:Blaxploitation
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739:
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707:
703:Stormy Weather
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645:singing cowboy
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604:The Flying Ace
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300:Sidney Poitier
245:Astor Pictures
241:Oscar Micheaux
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85:Oscar Micheaux
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3435:Musical short
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3346:Found footage
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3252:Cinéma vérité
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3168:or production
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2984:Prussian film
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2929:New Nollywood
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2924:New Hollywood
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2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Cannibal boom
2742:
2740:
2739:Calligrafismo
2737:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Berlin School
2705:
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2657:Weird Western
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2488:Slice of life
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2469:
2467:
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2441:Bavarian porn
2439:
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2437:
2436:Sexploitation
2434:
2432:
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2427:
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2422:
2419:
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2394:Partisan film
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2362:Muslim social
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2343:Zombie comedy
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2318:Giant monster
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1821:Slice of life
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1558:Psychological
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1533:Korean horror
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1506:
1504:
1503:Found footage
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1392:Magic realism
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1309:
1308:Sexploitation
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1282:
1281:
1280:
1277:
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1259:Calligrafismo
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1238:
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1233:
1230:
1228:
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1212:City symphony
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698:'s first film
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678:
674:
670:
669:
665:
662:
661:
657:
654:
653:
649:
646:
643:in the first
642:
641:Herb Jeffries
638:
637:
633:
630:
629:
625:
622:
621:
617:
614:
613:
609:
606:
605:
601:
598:
594:
593:
592:Body and Soul
589:
586:
585:
581:
578:
577:
573:
570:
569:
565:
562:
561:
557:
554:
553:
548:
547:
543:
542:
536:
534:
530:
525:
524:Clarence Muse
521:
510:
508:
503:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:
469:
465:
461:
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438:
436:
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404:
396:
386:
382:
376:
375:
369:
364:
355:
354:
348:
347:
341:
332:
330:
326:
321:
319:
309:
307:
306:
301:
297:
296:
291:
290:
285:
284:James Edwards
281:
280:
275:
271:
270:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
225:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:black sitcoms
195:
191:
190:
185:
176:
174:
170:
169:Anna May Wong
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
150:studio system
148:
144:
140:
136:
126:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
98:
97:Lester Walton
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
73:Major figures
71:
68:United States
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
45:
40:
32:
28:
24:
16:
3314:Experimental
3309:Ethnofiction
3056:Third Cinema
2959:Persian Film
2702:Auteur films
2673:By movement
2530:Swashbuckler
2410:
2389:Ozploitation
2384:Outlaw biker
2264:Martial arts
2259:Magical girl
2109:Exploitation
2104:Ethnographic
2033:Mafia comedy
1676:Pornographic
1553:Psycho-biddy
1538:Lovecraftian
1372:Contemporary
1353:
1347:Exploitation
1342:Experimental
1222:Mockumentary
1091:Biographical
963:
949:
935:
914:. Retrieved
904:
896:Film Comment
895:
872:
867:
862:McMahan; 147
858:
850:
845:
837:
832:
821:
816:
776:
770:Carmen Jones
768:
757:
754:(1948), lost
751:The Betrayal
749:
741:
733:
725:
717:
709:
701:
689:
686:(1942), lost
681:
666:
658:
650:
634:
626:
618:
610:
602:
597:Paul Robeson
590:
582:
574:
571:(1919), lost
566:
563:(1919), lost
558:
550:
544:
533:Evelyn Preer
529:Paul Robeson
516:
507:Louis Jordan
504:
493:
477:
471:
457:
446:
441:
439:
432:
425:
421:middle-class
414:
399:
390:
371:
344:
322:
315:
303:
293:
287:
277:
274:Ethel Waters
267:
260:World War II
257:
253:Louis Jordan
248:
234:
223:
199:
187:
164:
161:Silk Bouquet
160:
158:
138:
134:
132:
89:Paul Robeson
57:Years active
26:
22:
15:
3599:Film genres
3540:Video nasty
3535:Underground
3520:Slow cinema
3490:Sceneggiata
3378:Live action
3356:Independent
3336:Film Ă clef
3304:Docufiction
3272:Compilation
3247:Blockbuster
3215:Traditional
3210:Stop-motion
3146:Chick flick
3004:Slow cinema
2994:Remodernist
2809:Free Cinema
2789:Erra Cinema
2754:Cinema Novo
2632:Revisionist
2141:Gendai-geki
2077:Psychedelic
2065:Apocalyptic
1931:Beach party
1826:Slow cinema
1799:Space opera
1764:Fantastique
1635:Sceneggiata
1625:Musicarello
1498:Fantastique
1377:Fantastique
1320:Educational
1247:Video essay
1202:Documentary
916:January 16,
797:Race record
759:Bright Road
482:Moms Mabley
385:introducing
175:audiences.
3609:Race films
3593:Categories
3460:Paracinema
3445:Neorealist
3440:Mythopoeia
3425:Mockbuster
3390:Low-budget
3331:Featurette
3164:technique,
3162:By format,
3041:Surrealist
3036:Structural
2914:New German
2904:Neorealist
2899:Mumblecore
2839:Heimatfilm
2799:Film d'art
2764:Cinéma pur
2498:South Seas
2471:Sex report
1737:Paranormal
1700:Propaganda
1600:Mumblecore
1387:Historical
1269:Historical
1158:Remarriage
1148:Mo lei tau
944:0674368053
875:Superspade
808:References
802:Black film
778:Carib Gold
660:Lying Lips
393:April 2021
368:references
305:Carib Gold
295:No Way Out
207:Leo Popkin
139:race movie
121:Influenced
111:Influences
60:1915–1950s
18:Film genre
3450:No-budget
3415:Meta-film
3383:animation
3341:Film-poem
3277:Composite
3222:Anthology
3185:Animation
3180:Actuality
3166:approach,
2934:New Queer
2854:Indiewood
2804:Film gris
2675:or period
2652:Spaghetti
2575:Submarine
2555:Vigilante
2520:Superhero
2274:Chopsocky
2220:Jidaigeki
2089:Dystopian
1988:Detective
1946:Buddy cop
1936:Body swap
1866:Political
1846:Financial
1809:Tokusatsu
1804:Steampunk
1720:Bromantic
1692:Malayalam
1671:Crossover
1647:Detective
1615:Backstage
1563:Religious
1419:Tech noir
1414:Pulp noir
1404:Film noir
1279:Melodrama
1217:Docudrama
1190:Cyberpunk
1183:Slapstick
1173:Screwball
1133:Gross out
1096:Christian
1074:Adventure
612:The Exile
468:Hollywood
460:comedians
264:Hollywood
230:Alice Guy
215:Hollywood
147:Hollywood
135:race film
37:Race film
31:Race#Film
3568:Category
3455:One-shot
3319:Abstract
3205:Computer
2889:Lettrist
2784:Dogme 95
2712:Bourekas
2682:Absolute
2622:Northern
2617:Meat pie
2570:Euro War
2565:Anti-war
2431:Rumberas
2352:Mountain
2254:Luchador
2210:Homeland
2198:Shotacon
2171:Suburban
2099:Economic
2060:Disaster
1993:Gangster
1968:Colonial
1958:Cannibal
1919:By theme
1876:Romantic
1831:Thriller
1789:New Wave
1784:Military
1742:Thriller
1710:Romantic
1657:Whodunit
1630:Operetta
1610:Arthouse
1578:Splatter
1473:Cannibal
1463:Arthouse
1446:Suburban
1436:Southern
1409:Neo-noir
1313:Thriller
1207:Animated
1195:Japanese
1163:Romantic
1153:Thriller
1079:Survival
1057:Arthouse
1045:By style
786:See also
735:Hi-De-Ho
694:(1943),
639:(1937),
595:(1925),
495:Laugh-In
490:vehicles
462:such as
453:villains
329:midnight
325:matinées
65:Location
27:The Race
3550:Z movie
3326:Feature
3262:Collage
3232:B movie
3200:Cartoon
2939:No wave
2607:Florida
2602:Fantasy
2582:Western
2525:Surfing
2513:Eurospy
2483:Slavery
2333:Vampire
2313:Monster
2284:Kung fu
2225:Samurai
2193:Lolicon
2161:Romance
2008:Gong'an
1978:Concert
1963:Chicano
1926:Animals
1814:Western
1769:Fantasy
1727:Fantasy
1705:Reality
1642:Mystery
1620:Jukebox
1605:Musical
1583:Satanic
1573:Slasher
1543:Natural
1523:Holiday
1431:Romance
1397:Science
1362:Fantasy
1264:Dramedy
1128:Dramedy
435:ghettos
381:improve
3578:Portal
3515:Silent
3505:Shinpa
3500:Serial
3485:Satire
3470:Poetry
3400:Masala
3129:ShĹŤnen
3112:Seinen
2627:Ostern
2612:Horror
2545:Travel
2503:Sports
2426:Rubble
2399:Prison
2367:Nature
2338:Zombie
2279:Gun fu
2215:Isekai
2188:Hentai
2156:Gothic
2082:Stoner
2048:Yakuza
2003:GokudĹŤ
1951:Female
1881:Techno
1851:Giallo
1841:Erotic
1836:Comedy
1779:Horror
1774:Gothic
1759:Comedy
1732:Gothic
1715:Comedy
1664:Giallo
1518:Giallo
1488:Comedy
1458:Horror
1426:Gothic
1367:Comedy
1293:Erotic
1284:Korean
1242:Travel
1232:Pseudo
1178:Silent
1143:Parody
1138:Horror
1106:Action
1101:Comedy
1052:Action
1038:genres
970:
956:
942:
773:(1954)
746:(1947)
738:(1947)
730:(1947)
722:(1946)
714:(1944)
706:(1943)
663:(1939)
655:(1939)
631:(1936)
623:(1933)
615:(1931)
607:(1926)
587:(1920)
555:, lost
458:Black
370:, but
349:(1921)
335:Themes
312:Venues
286:; and
249:Beware
226:(1912)
29:, see
3530:Sound
3510:Short
3267:Color
3190:Anime
3151:Josei
3141:Women
3134:ShĹŤjo
3102:Anime
3092:Black
3087:Adult
2647:Space
2550:Trial
2493:Snuff
2404:Women
2379:Opera
2328:Mummy
2323:Kaiju
2306:Anime
2301:Mecha
2294:Wuxia
2289:Ninja
2237:LGBTQ
2232:KaitĹŤ
2183:Harem
2166:Space
2146:Ghost
2094:Ecchi
2055:Dance
2028:Mafia
2013:Heist
1983:Crime
1941:Buddy
1910:Trick
1856:Legal
1513:Ghost
1451:Urban
1441:Space
1274:Legal
1254:Drama
1227:Mondo
1111:Black
675:, in
282:with
272:with
269:Pinky
251:with
143:black
3287:Cult
3124:Teen
3117:Stag
3108:Men
2587:Acid
2421:Road
2411:Race
2247:Yuri
2242:Yaoi
2072:Drug
2023:Hood
1468:Body
1382:High
1352:see
1330:Epic
1303:Pink
1237:Semi
1121:Sexy
1035:Film
968:ISBN
954:ISBN
940:ISBN
918:2021
677:1991
531:and
522:and
476:and
327:and
133:The
23:Race
3227:Art
3195:Art
2560:War
2508:Spy
1754:Art
1493:Eco
1168:Sex
1086:Art
498:on
484:or
137:or
25:or
3595::
3175:3D
884:^
502:.
308:.
276:;
103:,
99:,
95:,
91:,
87:,
83:,
79:,
1694:)
1690:(
1027:e
1020:t
1013:v
920:.
898:.
406:)
400:(
395:)
391:(
377:.
33:.
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