873:
educate our
America in liberty and in industry it is essential to populate it with people from Europe who are more advanced in the matters of liberty and industry... there are foreigners and there are foreigners; and if Europe is the most civilized land on the planet, there is in Europe and in the heart of its brilliant capitals, more millions of savages than in all of South America. All that is civilized is European, at the very least in origin, but not all that is European is civilized; and it is easy to imagine the scenario of a new country populated by Europeans more ignorant of industry and liberty than the hordes of the
2374:
692:, one of the founders of Argentina. Commenting on this phenomenon, historian Hugo Chumbita asserted that "there has been and continues to be resistance to revising official history due to the idea that by corroborating the mixed racial origin of San Martín, then Argentina's image would be tarnished." In a similar vein, an Argentine newspaper reported that conservatives voices were complaining: "If the founding father is a mestizo bastard, then so is Argentina."
1105:
851:, chiefly England and France. Alberdi was of Basque descent and as such carried a special grudge towards Spain where Basques were often an oppressed minority. Alberdi was also very partial to France where he spent much of his life in exile and where he died in 1884. In this way, despite the predominantly Hispanic, Mediterranean, Latin, and Catholic culture of Argentina, Alberti proposed a semi-
123:
itself in many different ways. Some groups also assert that racism in
Argentina is no different from that which is present in any other country in the world, while other groups claim that Argentina's brand of racism manifests itself in a number of unique ways that are related to the country's history, culture, and the different ethnic groups that interact in the country.
781:(straight off the boat), frequently referred to as "our grandfathers", who founded a special type of European society that is not Latin-American. In addition, this ideology holds forth that cultural influences from other communities such as the Aborigines, Africans, fellow Latin-Americans, or Asians are not relevant and even undesirable.
722:('Paraguayan'), is a blatantly derogatory term that first appeared in the 1990s and its use is growing rapidly in the first decade of the 21st century. The term's derogatory nature comes precisely from the speaker's indifference to the immigrant's identity and a disrespect towards their indigenous background.
1093:
Lamadrid, as of 2002 there were "at least 2 million" Argentines of
African descent, but many of them ignore their background due to pervasive racism deeply entrenched in Argentine society. Lamadrid's activism contributed to the 2010 Argentine national census including a question on Afro-Argentine background.
547:
that has appeared more recently. It tends to refer to someone from the countryside, simple and unsophisticated, who lives in the city. The word is also used by some groups of young people to refer to someone who is viewed as undesirable, badly dressed, unpleasant; someone who falls outside of what is
1092:
and founder of the NGO África Vive collaborated with the Buenos Aires
Ombudsman's Office to carry out an "Afro-Argentine census" in Buenos Aires, in parallel to the national census being held that year, as the official census did not include questions regarding race self-identification. According to
872:
To govern is to populate in the sense that to populate is to educate, to better, to civilize, to enrich and enlarge spontaneously and rapidly, like what has happened in the United States. In order to civilize by means of the populace it is essential to do it with civilized populations; in order to
122:
There is an active debate about the depth of racist conduct in
Argentina. While some groups maintain that it is only a question of inoffensive or marginal behavior that is rejected by the vast majority of the population, other groups contend that racism is a widespread phenomenon that manifests
893:
With three million
Aborigines, Christians and Catholics, you will not create a republic for certain. You will not succeed either with four million Iberian Spanish, because the pure Spaniard is incapable of creating it, either there or here. If we have to build our population for our system of
733:
fans, because many
Bolivian immigrants prefer Boca instead of River. River fans and the argentine people mock Boca, saying things like "Boca is a Bolivian team" or "All Boca fans are Bolivians" and always see the Bolivians as "dirty untermenschen with a veddy horrible smell", calling Boca
1037:
Another incident was the racially motivated murder of
Marcelina Meneses and her ten-month-old son Josua Torrez who were pushed under a moving train near the Avellaneda station on July 10, 2001. The Bolivian community in Argentina protested with the slogan "Do not forget Marcelina".
797:
Article 25: The
Federal Government will encourage European immigration; and will not restrict, limit, nor tax the entry of any foreigner into the territory of Argentina who comes with the goal of working the land, bettering industry, or introducing or teaching sciences or the arts.
505:
during the 1940s, when a large internal migration started from the rural northern provinces towards Buenos Aires and other large urban centers. The impetus for the migration was the newly created factory jobs that came about as a result of industrialization in
Argentina.
572:
in common Argentine language. There has been a minor trend over the last several decades of naming children with indigenous names such as Ayelén, Maitén, or Lautaro, a trend that forced the Argentine government to revise its laws prohibiting the use of indigenous names.
513:
which depicted everyday racism in Argentina with stark reality. The plot deals with a mid-class citizen of European ancestry, who resents the increasing internal migration of impoverished people from northern Argentina to Buenos Aires. A portion of the story reads:
668:
person, and various researchers have recycled the term to refer to any exchange of DNA, and various other experts assert that all peoples and races are the result of prior mixing of races, during the Spanish colonization of the Americas the idea was imposed that
632:
without the speaker specifying, or even knowing, which group the person belongs to. This is a generalized practice that is common to Latin America as a whole and not just Argentina, and is directly related to the effacement of non-European cultures.
348:
is not necessarily a black person or someone of dark skin color. Basically it refers to a person who is denigrated for their social situation; frequently someone who belongs to the working class or who comes from a working-class family. A
941:. The terrorist attacks against Jewish targets has sparked a debate between those who believe that they were not anti-Semitic acts and those who believe that the attacks were the "worst act of anti-Semitism since the second world war".
866:
Alberdi, who was a proponent of French being the national language of Argentina, believed that Latino and Christian traditions were enemies of progress and supported discrimination against Portuguese, Italian, and Jewish immigration.
522:
who had now sprawled out in his own house, but rather to confront all that has neither feet nor head and to feel companionship with a fellow human being, another civilized person. It was as if these savages had suddenly invaded his
44:(blacks), a group that is not particularly well-defined in Argentina but which is associated, although not exclusively, with people of dark skin or hair; members of the working class or lower class (similar to the American term
2689:
2495:
451:, even though they are not. An example of this use is provided by the pianist Miguel Ángel Estrella when recalling the interrogations he endured in Uruguay when he was detained by the last military dictatorship during
1033:
were the two principal sources of Latin American immigrants to Argentina in 2007. It is estimated that almost 5% of the population in Argentina is from Paraguay or Bolivia, or has Bolivian or Paraguayan ancestors.
833:, the basic element of our popular masses, through the finest educational system; in one hundred years you would not make him an English worker who works, consumes, and lives comfortably and in a dignified manner.
843:
The discrimination between European and non-European immigration established by Article 25 of the Constitution has survived all subsequent constitutional reforms (1860, 1868, 1898, 1949, 1957, 1972 and 1994).
1225:
968:
I am of the opinion that it would be preferable to prevent Jewish immigration to Argentina. The Jews are leaving Poland carrying a profound hatred of Christianity, and are prepared to commit the gravest of
948:
The attack on the AMIA was one of the most important acts of anti-Semitism of recent times, but the flip side was that thousands of demonstrators took to the streets with signs that read "We are all Jews".
2505:
2475:
2338:
977:, serious acts of anti-Semitic persecution occurred. Some were tortured, degraded, and even murdered for the sole fact of being Jewish. In the secret detention centers it was common practice to burn the
898:
immigration. Anglo-Saxons represent steam, commerce, and liberty, and it will not be possible to instill these things in ourselves without the active cooperation of this progressive and civilized race.
239:"... but here there is much discrimination against those of dark skin, including against aborigines who have a darker skin color... this occurs in the same manner in all of the provinces of our country.
1617:, en Bernardo García Martínez, Cecilia Rabell Romero, et al., El poblamiento de México. Una visión histórico demográfica, tomo II: El México colonial, México: Consejo Nacional de Población,pp. 86-107.
613:
mounted raids on colonial and Argentine settlements to plunder cattle and supplies from the 17th to the 19th century, is sometimes used in colloquial speech in the figurative, derogatory sense of "
1861:
993:
were enemies of Argentina and had a plan to destroy the country. This ideology was used as a pretext to implement illegal repressive methods to resolve what was referred to as "the Jewish issue".
2500:
1850:, ARCHIVOS: Informes de las misiones diplomáticas argentinas sobre la política racista Alemania y los paises de la Europa ocupada (1933-1945), Polonia (1937-1945), Portal Iberoamérica y el Mundo
2415:
2480:
933:
Serious acts of racism against Jews have been committed in Argentina, such as the Argentine Chancellor's secret order in 1938 to prevent the arrival of Jews on national territory and the
784:
European racism in Argentina has a history of government participation. The ideology even has a legal foundation that was set forth in Article 25 of the National Constitution sponsored by
664:: the mestizo was considered inferior to the pure Spanish because his blood was mixed which made him impure. Although today it is known that biologically there is no such thing as a
2328:
909:
On the other hand, Argentine racist ideology against Jews became stronger over time. The apex of this tendency occurred when the Argentina foreign minister during the presidency of
2679:
2430:
32:
2193:
2470:
213:
Víctor Ramos, the president of SOS Internacional, responded in the following manner when asked by a journalist what were the most common manifestations of racism in Argentina:
2420:
1675:
2080:
1611:"los respectivos cromosomas con sus genes se combinan entre sí, sin mostrar preferencia alguna por los de uno u otro grupo y con una independencia absoluta de la cultura"
960:
under the heading "Jewish problem" that demonstrate the generalized anti-Semitic sentiment of the Argentine government. In a letter sent July 13, 1937, on the eve of the
2525:
2485:
210:
to designate a vaguely defined population made up of workers, poor people, internal migrants, Latin-American immigrants, and natives, without any further distinction.
2684:
2530:
2465:
2435:
2025:
929:
In contemporary Argentina – home to the most significant community of Jews in Latin America – anti-Semitism has been an endemic and extremely complicated phenomena.
2490:
310:
that has a fraternal meaning totally devoid of discriminatory intention. Between friends and family they are common nicknames. For example, the famous late singer
1057:
The current Argentine population reflects the former immigration policy conducted by the government in the 19th and 20th century only partially, considering that
2333:
2268:
2203:
1390:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2243:
894:
government, if we have to constitute our population to fit the system we envision rather than make the system fit the population, it is necessary to encourage
2425:
355:
can also refer to a person with light skin, hair, and eyes if the individual belongs to the working class or shows a taste for popular culture. More recently
2440:
2308:
2278:
810:
Alberdi, the article's sponsor and the father of the Argentine Constitution of 1853, explained in his own words the basis for White-European discrimination:
651:
is not used very often in daily speech, although it is relatively common in the context of social sciences and history, sometimes with racial connotations.
2646:
2636:
2621:
2395:
2343:
2318:
2293:
2253:
2238:
2208:
2651:
2626:
2410:
2405:
2358:
2298:
2273:
2263:
38:
Different terms and behaviors have spread to discriminate against certain portions of the population, in particular against those who are referred to as
1660:
1436:
2313:
2213:
2400:
2288:
488:(literally, 'little black head') is an oft-used, historic racist term in Argentina. The word was coined after the Spanish name of a native bird, the
1734:
1485:
1831:
492:. It is used to disparage a somewhat nebulous sector of society associated with people that have black hair and medium-dark skin, generally of
2576:
460:
You are never going to play piano again. Because you are not a rebel, you are something worse: with your piano and your smile you've got the
1438:
La antropología argentina en su historia y perspectivas: el tratamiento de la diversidad, desde la negación/omisión a la opción emancipadora
413:. The sketch was a satirical look at a marriage between a working-class mechanic and an upper-class lady who referred to her husband as the
600:" ('My little brother is an Indian') are still used to refer to someone who has violent or irrational attitudes, or who acts impulsively.
934:
1372:
El pianista Miguel Angel Estrella recuerda la tortura en Uruguay: Me decía «te formaron para tocar para nosotros y elegiste la negrada»
1178:
1011:, a district that has a significant Jewish population. For several years now the fans of opposing teams root for their clubs by waving
2107:
588:" ('You children look like Indians!'), although no longer heavily used, implies 'dirty' or 'disorganized'. Other examples such as: "
2183:
2168:
675:
should be applied only to those persons of mixed indigenous and European ancestry, in order to demarcate their difference from the
1814:
131:
A series of terms are used in Argentina that have a certain discriminatory intention and constitute a particular form of racism.
2133:
1786:
1642:
Prócer mestizo. Investigadores señalan que el ideal americanista y popular del libertador fue impulsado por su sangre indígena
1306:
974:
751:?: I really don't know, they gave me the nickname when I was on a road trip if my memory serves me correctly. I was sort of
1752:
Bases y puntos de partida para la organización política de la República Argentina; Páginas explicativas de Juan B. Alberdi
2051:
1717:
1295:
286:
In 1996, during a diplomatic trip to the United States, when asked about the black population of Argentina, President
1384:
2569:
1530:
1498:
1911:
Jorge Rubinska, presidente de Atlanta, responde sobre el significado del antisemitismo contra su club y dentro de él
2727:
2722:
2258:
1307:"De donde sos?", The impossible Union of Blackness and Argentinidad by Arielle C. Knight, Wesleyan University, 2011
177:
are widely used terms in Argentina, across all social classes, including in those classes which are referred to as
944:
In an attempt to synthesize the positions of both sides of the debate, the researcher Daniel Lvovich has written:
1981:
2056:
28:
discrimination tends to be closely related to discriminatory behavior for socio-economic and political reasons.
2081:"La comunidad invisibilizada de 2 millones de personas que lleva a preguntarse: ¿es Argentina un país racista?"
1356:
847:
Alberdi claimed that the "races which could improve the species" in Argentina where those that originated from
1937:
397:
This word entered the lexicon in the second half of the 1970s. In the 1980s a famous television sketch called
2348:
1872:
1654:
1442:
97:
996:
Antisemitism in daily life is widely apparent in Argentina. A prime example of this occurs regularly at the
2712:
2562:
2161:
2003:
726:
2353:
1728:
775:
supremacy. This ideology forwards the idea that Argentina is a country populated by European immigrants
243:
An example of this type of racism is the response given by a high-level official of the municipality of
110:
immigrants and a relatively high level of intermarriage between these immigrants and other communities.
2717:
1846:
1504:
2026:"Proponen homenajear a la activista afro "Pocha" Lamadrid con una placa recordatoria en Plaza Dorrego"
1825:
1640:
1549:
Un país sin indios: la imagen de la Pampa y la Patagonia en la geografía naciente del Estado Argentino
1204:
Sociedad Científica Argentina (1946). Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina, Volumen 142, p. 241
1123:
1118:
1052:
803:
217:
I would say that the most common form, what we see most frequently, is related to racism against the
1848:
Carta del Cónsul argentino Marcos A. Savon al Ministro Carlos Saavedra Lamas del 14 de julio de 1937
1584:
1470:
2593:
1968:
Un testigo cuenta como una mujer boliviana fue arrojada del tren: Relato de un viaje a la xenofobia
1951:
1278:
1253:
1151:
1018:
A report by the DAIA revealed that discriminatory acts against Jews in Argentina rose 32% in 2006.
509:
The Argentine author Germán Rozenmacher (1936–1971) wrote a well-known short story in 1961 titled:
997:
419:(in the sense of "vulgar person", not properly a racist slur) while seduced by his sexual skills.
2585:
2542:
2519:
2154:
1811:
Doce Años y aún sin Respuesta: El Impacto del Atentado a la AMIA Sobre la Comunidad Internacional
1406:
1331:
860:
689:
688:
to some extent endures to this day, as witnessed by the recent debate about the racial origin of
1750:
439:
is a term used with regularity in Argentina and Uruguay and one of its meanings is identical to
280:
1766:
Bases y puntos de partida para la organización política de la República Argentina; Capítulo XXX
1317:
1264:
856:
1409:
de 1984 se agregó el artículo 3 bis a la Ley del Nombre nacional, autoriza la inscripción de "
973:
During the military regimes in Argentina, and especially during the dictatorship known as the
276:
2460:
1923:
1698:
957:
785:
1169:
1966:
1909:
1895:
1000:
576:
Nevertheless, the term is sometimes used with a racist subtext. For example, the phrase: "
8:
2667:
2656:
2382:
2363:
1239:
848:
1626:
1345:
660:
as a racist term comes from the colonial caste system which was based on the concept of
1572:
1458:
198:
Paradoxically, the same racist ideology in Argentina that maintains that "there are no
339:
2606:
2218:
1553:
1526:
1494:
1370:
233:". It is frequently said that in Argentina there is no racism because there are no "
2631:
2611:
2303:
2283:
2228:
2223:
1780:
1110:
1078:
910:
452:
445:. It is also used as a derogatory term to refer to a group of persons described as
218:
150:
1411:
nombres aborígenes o derivados de voces aborígenes autóctonas y latinoamericanas".
334:
backwards) is another racist term with widespread use in Argentina, especially in
2616:
2233:
1835:
1790:
1738:
1664:
1394:
1182:
1066:
986:
766:
610:
272:
244:
113:
In many cases, "social relations have become racialized"; for example, the term
2641:
2323:
2248:
1089:
1074:
1070:
741:
The following interview with a rugby player demonstrates how the term is used:
518:
He would have liked for his son to be there. Not so much to defend against the
72:
21:
423:
247:
to two businessmen who wanted to set up a nightclub next to the rail station:
195:
is also one of the most common nicknames, with no intended offensive meaning.
2706:
1557:
1082:
978:
952:
In 1937, during the government of Augustín P. Justo, the Argentine consul in
489:
311:
106:
also exists in Argentina, in a context influenced by the large population of
103:
985:, the Chief of Police in Buenos Aires, who allegedly kidnapped and tortured
913:
issued a secret order in 1938 to deny Jewish immigrants visas to Argentina.
1227:
Pelé desestimó racismo: En Argentina me decían «negro sucio» y no pasó nada
1008:
1004:
938:
771:
In Argentina, an extensive racist ideology has been built on the notion of
730:
614:
502:
388:
335:
287:
2554:
1827:
El libro "Nacionalismo y antisemitismo en la Argentina", de Daniel Lvovich
387:) is an openly racist or classist term, an equivalent to the English word
96:', in the sense of barbaric people) for Spaniards or royalists during the
2146:
1597:
La investigadora María Elena Sáenz Faulhaber sostiene que el concepto de
982:
895:
1171:"La escuela es el peor nido de los prejuicios y el racismo en Argentina"
1143:
1065:
were not intended to predominate as they do. There are also significant
498:(mixed European and Indigenous) origin, belonging to the working class.
119:
is used to describe people who are considered uneducated, lazy or poor.
878:
410:
298:
It is also important to note that there is widespread use of the terms
2138:
Instituto Nacional contra la Discriminación, la Xenofobia y el Racismo
1628:
Catalunya, crisol de culturas o elogio del mestizaje humano y cultural
1521:
Margulis, Mario; Urresti, Marcelo (1998). Buenos Aires: Biblos (ed.).
466:
in the palm of your hand and make them believe they can hear Beethoven
294:"Black people do not exist in Argentina, we do not have this problem".
2387:
1547:
1062:
852:
17:
71:
constitute derogatory terms to refer to certain immigrants of other
2373:
1058:
1026:
990:
80:
45:
1630:, Juan Agustín Goytisolo, La Factoría, Nº 9, Junio-Septiembre 1999
1148:
Scripta Nova. Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales
605:
1030:
647:
76:
1925:
La DAIA se reúne con Kirchner y le pedirá que sea firme con Irán
1194:
National Institute against Discrimination, Xenophobia and Racism
33:
National Institute Against Discrimination, Xenophobia and Racism
1520:
953:
874:
823:
772:
25:
1425:, Apéndice A: Palabras lastradas, Madrid, Taurus, pag. 443-449
1333:
Preocupación por una encuesta a aspirantes de la nueva Policía
2137:
1732:, por Pacho O'DONNEL, Desarrollo y región, 30 de mayo de 2006
1254:"En Argentina 'no hay negros'", BBC, 28 de septiembre de 2002
1173:, Interview with Víctor Ramos, president of SOS Internacional
829:
221:. That is to say, against those who are also referred to as "
93:
24:
based on ethnic characteristics or national origin. In turn,
1813:, por E. R. Goodkind, 18 de julio de 2006, Washington, D.C.
342:
region that consists of inverting the syllables of words. A
1296:"¿Hay negros en Argentina?", BBC Mundo, 16 de marzo de 2007
1012:
961:
817:
792:(which should be encouraged) and non-European immigration.
620:
There is also a tendency to label all indigenous people as
268:
107:
2108:"Pocha Lamadrid y la lucha por una Argentina antirracista"
1702:, por Teun van Dijk, Centro de Documentación Mapuche, 2004
1243:, por Marina Ari, Argentina Indymedia, 30 de abril de 2003
267:
There is such close identification between poverty, race,
1714:
Bases y puntos de partida para la reorganización nacional
1487:
La discriminación en Argentina. Diagnóstico y propuestas
31:
In an effort to combat racism in Argentine society, the
2052:"Una mujer denunció que la discriminaron por ser negra"
1615:
El mestizaje en la integración de la población colonial
1193:
1021:
566:('Indian') is much less racially charged than the term
338:. The word is a product of a type of slang used in the
263:, I'll put them on the outskirts of the city, far away.
1764:
1523:
La segregación negada: cultura y discriminación social
1970:, por Cristian Alarcón, Página/12, 2 de junio de 2001
1718:
consulta del libro en la Biblioteca Virtual Cervantes
1545:
594:" ('When I was a kid I was an absolute Indian') and "
1100:
767:"European" racism and Article 25 of the Constitution
729:
football fans and the argentine people to denigrate
1283:, by José Pablo Feinmann. Página 12, June 25, 2007
1434:
1241:Argentina: empanada, asado de vaca y mucho racismo
204:(of African ancestry) in Argentina" uses the word
35:(INADI) was created in 1995 by Federal Law 24515.
1776:
1774:
1015:flags and throwing soaps onto the playing field.
86:An older xenophobic slur was the use of the name
2704:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1144:"Los migrantes y la discriminación en Argentina"
935:terrorist attacks on the Israeli embassy in 1992
679:people who were generally of European ancestry.
367:has come to be associated with criminal conduct.
1388:, La Gaceta de Tucumán, 20 de diciembre de 2005
788:. The article establishes a difference between
761:
458:He ran the interrogations. He would say to me:
75:origin, mostly from neighboring countries like
1771:
1689:, por Mario Margulis, en Margulis (1998):17-37
2570:
2162:
1782:Argentina: Grietas nazis en pasado encubierto
1158:
939:Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina in 1994
776:
752:
746:
717:
711:
705:
696:
683:
670:
655:
637:
627:
621:
595:
589:
580:
567:
561:
552:
542:
536:
528:
493:
483:
475:
461:
446:
440:
434:
414:
404:
398:
382:
376:
370:
362:
356:
350:
343:
329:
323:
305:
299:
258:
252:
234:
228:
222:
205:
199:
190:
184:
178:
172:
166:
160:
154:
141:
135:
114:
87:
66:
60:
54:
39:
2691:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2496:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1687:La discriminación en la discursividad social
1046:
956:, Poland sent several notes to the Minister
2584:
50:); the poor; and more recently with crime.
2577:
2563:
2176:
2169:
2155:
1700:El racismo argentino es un racismo europeo
1141:
1484:INADI (2005). Buenos Aires: INADI (ed.).
1374:, entrevista de Miguel Bonasso, La Fogata
736:dirty and smelly untermenschen bolivianos
314:is affectionately known as "Negra Sosa".
1319:La Negra Sosa emocionó a 75 mil personas
1229:, Radio Cooperativa, 27 de abril de 2006
2105:
2099:
1613:. Sáenz Faulhaber, María Elena (1993).
2705:
2001:
1954:Cónsul boliviano con los días contados
1866:, Mario Geller, Instituto Ana Harendt"
1441:. Vol. Documentos. Archived from
1266:Denuncia por discriminación en Escobar
548:considered to be the "correct" style.
279:compares these circumstances with the
2558:
2150:
2078:
1913:, Página 12, 17 de septiembre de 2000
1483:
981:onto the bodies of Jewish prisoners.
921:Leonardo Senkman, editor of the book
861:United States Immigration Act of 1924
855:policy somewhat similar to the later
1644:, La Capital, 7 de noviembre de 2006
1386:Incentivan a poner nombres indígenas
1022:Racism against other Latin-Americans
2002:Barros, Carolina (23 August 2012).
1829:, La Capital, 12 de octubre de 2003
20:, there are and have been cases of
13:
975:Proceso de Reorganización Nacional
134:
14:
2739:
1658:, Los Andes, 31 de agosto de 2001
1601:debe ser referido al ADN y el de
1088:In 2001, Afro-Argentine activist
474:
409:featuring Cristina del Valle and
257:here... If I want nightclubs for
2372:
2339:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1676:Amia Cuba, Las 40 de la 22, 2002
1103:
916:
2126:
2079:Sinay, Javier (10 March 2021).
2072:
2044:
2018:
1995:
1974:
1960:
1945:
1931:
1917:
1903:
1889:
1864:El antisemitismo y la Argentina
1854:
1840:
1819:
1804:
1795:
1757:
1743:
1722:
1706:
1692:
1680:
1669:
1648:
1634:
1620:
1591:
1539:
1514:
1477:
1428:
1415:
1399:
1378:
1364:
1350:
1339:
1325:
1321:, Clarín, 19 de febrero de 2006
1311:
1300:
1289:
1272:
682:The racist colonial concept of
126:
2106:Delgado, Alí (28 April 2022).
1956:, Página 12,9 de abril de 2006
1546:Navarro Floria, Pedro (1999).
1258:
1247:
1233:
1219:
1210:
1198:
1187:
1135:
317:
275:in Argentina that philosopher
1:
1927:, Clarín, 31 de enero de 2007
1897:Ramón Camps: el peor de todos
1335:, Clarín, 26 de junio de 2006
1280:La construcción de la derrota
1268:, Clarín, 22 de julio de 2006
1129:
403:was made as part of the show
98:Argentine War of Independence
2060:(in Spanish). 24 August 2002
1899:, Terra, 18 de marzo de 2006
1605:a su combinación. Para ella
964:invasion, the consul wrote:
762:Types of racism in Argentina
695:
541:('head') is a derivation of
7:
2134:"Argentina también es Afro"
2032:(in Spanish). 9 August 2022
2006:. www.buenosairesherald.com
1784:, por Marcela Valente, 2005
1435:Garbulsky, Edgardo (2003).
1181:September 28, 2007, at the
1096:
426:recorded an album entitled
10:
2744:
1656:El terremoto sanmartiniano
1050:
821:(literally "broken"), the
636:
591:Yo de pendejo era re-indio
2665:
2592:
2514:
2481:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2381:
2370:
2182:
1982:"Federaciones Regionales"
1737:October 15, 2007, at the
1712:Alberdi, Juan B. (1852),
1142:Sáez Capel, José (2001).
1124:Stereotypes of Argentines
1119:Demographics of Argentina
1053:Demographics of Argentina
1047:Contemporary demographics
1041:
923:Antisemitism in Argentina
804:Constitution of Argentina
725:The term is also used by
527:
462:
235:
229:
223:
2586:Racism in South America
2501:Turks and Caicos Islands
1763:Alberdi, Juan B. (1879)
1749:Alberdi, Juan B. (1879)
1346:wordnetweb.princeton.edu
1152:Universidad de Barcelona
597:Mi hermanito es un indio
551:
189:by other social groups.
165:literally mean 'black'.
2728:Racism in Latin America
2723:Racism in South America
815:If you were to put the
501:The term was coined in
2416:British Virgin Islands
2177:Racism in the Americas
1730:Bárbaros y civilizados
1421:MANN, Charles (2006),
971:
950:
931:
901:
883:
857:White Australia policy
835:
800:
777:
759:
753:
747:
718:
712:
706:
697:
684:
671:
656:
638:
628:
622:
609:, which describes the
596:
590:
582:chicos, parecen indios
581:
568:
562:
553:
543:
537:
529:
525:
494:
484:
476:
470:
447:
441:
435:
415:
406:Matrimonios y algo más
405:
399:
383:
377:
371:
363:
357:
351:
344:
330:
324:
306:
300:
296:
265:
259:
253:
241:
206:
200:
191:
185:
179:
173:
167:
161:
155:
142:
136:
115:
88:
67:
61:
55:
40:
2329:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2004:"Argentina's Syrians"
1216:Margulis,1998:79 y ss
966:
958:Carlos Saavedra Lamas
946:
927:
891:
870:
813:
795:
786:Juan Bautista Alberdi
778:bajados de los barcos
745:Why do they call you
743:
516:
456:
292:
249:
215:
53:Today, words such as
1938:Knowledge en español
1003:club located in the
1001:association football
790:European immigration
603:The historical term
400:El groncho y la dama
2713:Racism in Argentina
2506:U.S. Virgin Islands
2349:Trinidad and Tobago
2194:Antigua and Barbuda
2140:. 2022. p. 67.
1716:, Cap. XV, pág. 90
1360:(2000), Babasónicos
849:Northwestern Europe
710:, a combination of
277:José Pablo Feinmann
2259:Dominican Republic
1984:. Feditalia.org.ar
1834:2003-11-02 at the
1789:2008-04-22 at the
1663:2007-12-21 at the
1393:2007-09-27 at the
690:José de San Martín
381:, a derivative of
2718:Racism by country
2700:
2699:
2672:other territories
2552:
2551:
716:('Bolivian') and
281:"Muslim question"
2735:
2692:
2680:Falkland Islands
2594:Sovereign states
2579:
2572:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2471:Saint Barthélemy
2431:Falkland Islands
2376:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2112:El Grito del Sur
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1978:
1972:
1964:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1921:
1915:
1907:
1901:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1871:. Archived from
1870:
1858:
1852:
1844:
1838:
1823:
1817:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1778:
1769:
1761:
1755:
1747:
1741:
1726:
1720:
1710:
1704:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1652:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1503:. Archived from
1492:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1403:
1397:
1382:
1376:
1368:
1362:
1354:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1323:
1315:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1276:
1270:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1237:
1231:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1177:
1167:
1156:
1155:
1139:
1113:
1111:Argentina portal
1108:
1107:
1106:
1007:neighborhood of
911:Roberto M. Ortiz
905:
887:
839:
806:
780:
756:
750:
721:
715:
709:
700:
687:
674:
659:
641:
631:
625:
599:
593:
584:
571:
565:
556:
546:
540:
532:
511:"Cabecita negra"
497:
487:
479:
465:
464:
453:Operation Condor
450:
444:
438:
418:
408:
402:
386:
380:
374:
366:
360:
354:
347:
333:
327:
309:
303:
262:
256:
238:
237:
232:
231:
226:
225:
209:
203:
194:
188:
182:
176:
170:
164:
158:
145:
139:
118:
91:
70:
64:
58:
43:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2673:
2671:
2661:
2588:
2583:
2553:
2548:
2526:Central America
2510:
2385:
2377:
2368:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2145:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1961:
1952:Raúl Kollmann,
1950:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1841:
1836:Wayback Machine
1824:
1820:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1791:Wayback Machine
1779:
1772:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1744:
1739:Wayback Machine
1727:
1723:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1670:
1665:Wayback Machine
1653:
1649:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1621:
1596:
1592:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1560:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1501:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1466:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1445:on 9 April 2006
1433:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1404:
1400:
1395:Wayback Machine
1383:
1379:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1188:
1183:Wayback Machine
1175:
1168:
1159:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1055:
1049:
1044:
1024:
989:, claimed that
987:Jacobo Timerman
919:
907:
904:Juan B. Alberdi
903:
889:
886:Juan B. Alberdi
885:
841:
838:Juan B. Alberdi
837:
808:
802:
769:
764:
738:as a nickname.
702:
643:
558:
534:
481:
422:The rock group
340:Río de la Plata
320:
273:marginalization
147:
129:
12:
11:
5:
2741:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2486:Sint Eustatius
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2421:Cayman Islands
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2144:
2143:
2136:(in Spanish).
2125:
2098:
2071:
2043:
2017:
1994:
1973:
1959:
1944:
1930:
1916:
1902:
1888:
1853:
1839:
1818:
1803:
1794:
1770:
1756:
1742:
1721:
1705:
1691:
1679:
1668:
1647:
1633:
1619:
1609:significa que
1590:
1538:
1531:
1513:
1510:on 2009-12-29.
1499:
1476:
1427:
1414:
1398:
1377:
1363:
1349:
1338:
1324:
1310:
1299:
1288:
1271:
1257:
1246:
1232:
1218:
1209:
1197:
1186:
1157:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1098:
1095:
1090:Pocha Lamadrid
1051:Main article:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1023:
1020:
918:
915:
890:
869:
812:
794:
768:
765:
763:
760:
701:
694:
642:
635:
557:
550:
544:cabecita negra
533:
526:
485:Cabecita negra
480:
477:Cabecita negra
473:
472:
471:
395:
394:
368:
319:
316:
251:"I don't want
224:cabecita negra
146:
133:
128:
125:
73:Latin American
22:discrimination
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2740:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2685:French Guiana
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2545:
2544:
2543:South America
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2520:North America
2517:
2516:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:French Guiana
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:United States
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2005:
1998:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1878:on 2007-09-28
1874:
1867:
1865:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1586:
1574:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1532:950-786-224-2
1528:
1524:
1517:
1506:
1502:
1500:987-22203-0-1
1496:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1460:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1292:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1213:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1085:populations.
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979:Star of David
976:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
949:
945:
942:
940:
936:
930:
926:
924:
917:Anti-Semitism
914:
912:
906:
900:
897:
888:
882:
880:
876:
868:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
840:
834:
832:
831:
826:
825:
820:
819:
811:
807:
805:
799:
793:
791:
787:
782:
779:
774:
758:
757:(dumb, slow).
755:
749:
742:
739:
737:
732:
728:
723:
720:
714:
708:
699:
693:
691:
686:
680:
678:
673:
667:
663:
658:
652:
650:
649:
640:
634:
630:
624:
618:
616:
612:
608:
607:
601:
598:
592:
587:
583:
579:
574:
570:
564:
555:
549:
545:
539:
531:
524:
521:
515:
512:
507:
504:
499:
496:
491:
490:hooded siskin
486:
478:
469:
467:
454:
449:
443:
437:
433:
432:
431:
429:
425:
420:
417:
412:
407:
401:
392:
391:
385:
379:
373:
369:
365:
359:
353:
346:
341:
337:
332:
326:
322:
321:
315:
313:
312:Mercedes Sosa
308:
302:
295:
291:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
264:
261:
255:
248:
246:
240:
220:
214:
211:
208:
202:
196:
193:
187:
181:
175:
169:
163:
157:
152:
144:
138:
132:
124:
120:
117:
111:
109:
105:
104:Anti-Semitism
101:
99:
95:
90:
84:
82:
78:
74:
69:
63:
57:
51:
49:
48:
42:
36:
34:
29:
27:
23:
19:
2668:Dependencies
2601:
2541:
2518:
2491:Sint Maarten
2476:Saint Martin
2383:Dependencies
2198:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2114:(in Spanish)
2111:
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2087:(in Spanish)
2084:
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2055:
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2029:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
1997:
1986:. Retrieved
1976:
1967:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1941:(in Spanish)
1933:
1924:
1919:
1910:
1905:
1896:
1891:
1880:. Retrieved
1873:the original
1863:
1856:
1847:
1842:
1826:
1821:
1810:
1806:
1801:Senkman,1989
1797:
1781:
1765:
1759:
1751:
1745:
1729:
1724:
1713:
1708:
1699:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1671:
1655:
1650:
1641:
1636:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1561:. Retrieved
1548:
1541:
1522:
1516:
1505:the original
1486:
1479:
1447:. Retrieved
1443:the original
1437:
1430:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1401:
1385:
1380:
1371:
1366:
1357:
1352:
1341:
1332:
1327:
1318:
1313:
1302:
1291:
1285:(in Spanish)
1279:
1274:
1265:
1260:
1249:
1240:
1235:
1226:
1221:
1212:
1206:(in Spanish)
1200:
1189:
1176:(in Spanish)
1170:
1147:
1137:
1087:
1056:
1036:
1025:
1017:
1009:Buenos Aires
1005:Villa Crespo
995:
972:
967:
951:
947:
943:
932:
928:
922:
920:
908:
902:
892:
884:
871:
865:
846:
842:
836:
828:
822:
816:
814:
809:
801:
796:
789:
783:
770:
744:
740:
735:
731:Boca Juniors
724:
703:
681:
676:
665:
661:
653:
646:
644:
619:
604:
602:
585:
577:
575:
559:
535:
519:
517:
510:
508:
503:Buenos Aires
500:
482:
459:
457:
427:
421:
396:
389:
336:Buenos Aires
297:
293:
288:Carlos Menem
285:
266:
250:
242:
216:
212:
197:
148:
130:
127:Racial terms
121:
112:
102:
85:
52:
46:
37:
30:
15:
2461:Puerto Rico
2388:territories
2334:Saint Lucia
2269:El Salvador
2118:10 December
2091:10 December
2064:10 December
2036:10 December
2030:La Urdimbre
1607:"mestizaje"
1603:"mestizaje"
1581:|work=
1563:8 September
1467:|work=
1449:8 September
1027:Paraguayans
983:Ramon Camps
896:Anglo-Saxon
727:River Plate
654:The use of
424:Babasónicos
375:(short for
318:Derivations
283:in France.
2707:Categories
2456:Montserrat
2451:Martinique
2446:Guadeloupe
2244:Costa Rica
2010:4 November
1988:2010-04-25
1882:2006-08-31
1407:Ley 23.162
1130:References
925:, stated:
662:pure blood
411:Hugo Arana
2657:Venezuela
2602:Argentina
2531:Caribbean
2441:Greenland
2364:Venezuela
2309:Nicaragua
2279:Guatemala
2199:Argentina
2184:Sovereign
2085:Redacción
1583:ignored (
1573:cite book
1558:1138-9788
1469:ignored (
1459:cite book
1079:Levantine
1063:Spaniards
1031:Bolivians
969:excesses.
853:nordicist
754:boliguayo
748:Boliguayo
719:paraguayo
713:boliviano
707:boliguayo
704:The word
698:Boliguayo
685:mestizaje
645:The word
560:The word
442:gronchada
430:in 2000.
378:negroncho
290:remarked:
68:boliguayo
18:Argentina
2647:Suriname
2637:Paraguay
2622:Colombia
2396:Anguilla
2344:Suriname
2319:Paraguay
2294:Honduras
2254:Dominica
2239:Colombia
2209:Barbados
1832:Archived
1787:Archived
1735:Archived
1661:Archived
1391:Archived
1179:Archived
1097:See also
1067:Germanic
1059:Italians
991:Zionists
937:and the
859:and the
773:European
629:indígena
81:Paraguay
2652:Uruguay
2627:Ecuador
2607:Bolivia
2426:Curaçao
2411:Bonaire
2406:Bermuda
2359:Uruguay
2299:Jamaica
2274:Grenada
2264:Ecuador
2219:Bolivia
2204:Bahamas
1405:Por la
1358:Groncho
1075:British
998:Atlanta
877:or the
672:mestizo
657:mestizo
648:mestizo
639:Mestizo
611:Mapuche
495:mestizo
463:negrada
436:Negrada
428:Groncho
416:groncho
372:Groncho
245:Escobar
230:morocho
219:criollo
151:Spanish
77:Bolivia
62:paragua
47:redneck
2632:Guyana
2612:Brazil
2314:Panama
2304:Mexico
2284:Guyana
2229:Canada
2224:Brazil
2214:Belize
2186:states
2057:Clarín
1599:"raza"
1556:
1529:
1497:
1083:French
1071:Slavic
1042:Legacy
954:Gdynia
875:Pampas
827:, the
824:gaucho
538:Cabeza
530:Cabeza
520:negros
448:negros
331:ne-gro
260:negros
254:negros
236:negros
227:" or "
201:negros
108:Jewish
65:, and
56:bolita
41:negros
26:racial
2617:Chile
2401:Aruba
2289:Haiti
2234:Chile
1876:(PDF)
1869:(PDF)
1815:(ver)
1508:(PDF)
1491:(PDF)
879:Chaco
830:cholo
623:indio
615:horde
606:malón
569:negro
563:indio
554:Indio
523:home.
384:negro
364:negro
358:grone
352:grone
345:grone
325:Grone
307:negra
301:negro
269:slums
207:negro
192:Negro
186:negra
180:negro
174:negra
168:Negro
162:negra
156:negro
143:negra
137:Negro
116:negro
94:Goths
89:godos
2642:Peru
2466:Saba
2386:and
2324:Peru
2249:Cuba
2120:2022
2093:2022
2066:2022
2038:2022
2012:2016
1585:help
1565:2008
1554:ISSN
1527:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1471:help
1451:2006
1423:1491
1081:and
1061:and
1029:and
1013:Nazi
962:Nazi
818:roto
677:pure
666:pure
304:and
271:and
183:and
171:and
159:and
140:and
79:and
2670:and
1077:,
626:or
617:".
390:bum
361:or
149:In
16:In
2709::
2110:.
2083:.
2054:.
2028:.
1773:^
1577::
1575:}}
1571:{{
1552:.
1525:.
1493:.
1463::
1461:}}
1457:{{
1160:^
1150:.
1146:.
1073:,
1069:,
881:.
863:.
455::
153:,
100:.
92:('
83:.
59:,
2578:e
2571:t
2564:v
2170:e
2163:t
2156:v
2122:.
2095:.
2068:.
2040:.
2014:.
1991:.
1885:.
1862:"
1587:)
1567:.
1535:.
1473:)
1453:.
1154:.
586:!
578:¡
468:.
393:.
328:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.