707:(symbol: rad) in 1960. The NIST brochures redefined the rad as 0.01 Gy. The CIPM's current SI brochure excludes the rad from the tables of non-SI units accepted for use with the SI. The US NIST clarified in 1998 that it was providing its own interpretations of the SI system, whereby it accepted the rad for use in the US with the SI, while recognizing that the CIPM did not. NIST recommends defining the rad in relation to SI units in every document where this unit is used. Nevertheless, use of the rad remains widespread in the US, where it is still an industry standard. Although the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission still permits the use of the units
227:(ARS), but is usually not fatal. Doses of 200 to 1,000 rad delivered in a few hours will cause serious illness, with poor prognosis at the upper end of the range. Whole body doses of more than 1,000 rad are almost invariably fatal. Therapeutic doses of radiation therapy are often given and tolerated well even at higher doses to treat discrete, well-defined anatomical structures. The same dose given over a longer period of time is less likely to cause ARS. Dose thresholds are about 50% higher for dose rates of 20 rad/h, and even higher for lower dose rates.
670:" (symbol: gr) defined as "that amount of neutron radiation which produces an increment in energy in unit volume of tissue equal to the increment of energy produced in unit volume of water by one roentgen of radiation" was proposed. This unit was found to be equivalent to 88 ergs in air. It marked a shift towards measurements based on energy rather than charge.
699:(CIPM) has not accepted the use of the rad. From 1977 to 1998, the US NIST's translations of the SI brochure stated that the CIPM had temporarily accepted the use of the rad (and other radiology units) with SI units since 1969. However, the only related CIPM decisions shown in the appendix are with regards to the
654:
was the most commonly used unit of radiation exposure. This unit is obsolete and no longer clearly defined. One roentgen deposits 0.877 rad in dry air, 0.96 rad in soft tissue, or anywhere from 1 to more than 4 rad in bone depending on the beam energy. These conversions to absorbed energy all depend
254:
rays applied uniformly to the whole body, 1 rad of absorbed dose gives 1 rem of effective dose. In other situations, the effective dose in rem might be thirty times higher or thousands of times lower than the absorbed dose in rad.
1617:. Symposium on Radiation Effects and Dosimetry - Third Pacific Area Meeting American Society for Testing Materials, October 1959, San Francisco, 12–16 October 1959. Baltimore: ASTM International. p. 64.
655:
on the ionizing energy of a standard medium, which is ambiguous in the latest NIST definition. Even where the standard medium is fully defined, the ionizing energy is often not precisely known.
3000:
1782:"Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC"
223:
A dose of under 100 rad will typically produce no immediate symptoms other than blood changes. A dose of 100 to 200 rad delivered to the entire body in less than a day may cause
2020:
2980:
1512:
752:
2985:
231:
692:
In 1953 the ICRU recommended the rad, equal to 100 erg/g as a new unit of absorbed radiation, but then promoted a switch to the gray in the 1970s.
1820:
696:
2990:
2707:
2065:
190:
132:
2866:
2015:
350:
1699:
Lyons, John W. (1990-12-20). "Metric System of
Measurement: Interpretation of the International System of Units for the United States".
2587:
2334:
2059:
745:
2612:
719:
2607:
2324:
2144:
1329:
163:
1516:
3031:
2643:
2638:
2592:
2243:
2233:
2134:
1684:
1489:
1306:
738:
2648:
2218:
2156:
1813:
1347:
Anno, GH; Young, RW; Bloom, RM; Mercier, JR (2003). "Dose response relationships for acute ionizing-radiation lethality".
2995:
2582:
2369:
1610:
1236:
International Bureau of
Weights and Measures (2008). United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (ed.).
2975:
2700:
2622:
2597:
2450:
2198:
2506:
1615:
Third
Pacific Area Meeting Papers - Materials in Nuclear Applications - American Society Technical Publication No 276
678:
1560:
3101:
2476:
2440:
2349:
2087:
2025:
246:
risk than the absorbed dose in rad. In most power plant scenarios, where the radiation environment is dominated by
3016:
2562:
2547:
2501:
2379:
2354:
2339:
2299:
2223:
1806:
1781:
2798:
2557:
2542:
2532:
2522:
2460:
2430:
2400:
2364:
2289:
2208:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2166:
1870:
1764:
34:
3081:
3026:
3021:
2693:
2552:
2527:
2491:
2455:
2435:
2425:
2410:
2405:
2395:
2304:
2228:
2129:
1860:
1850:
779:
234:
maintains a model of health risks as a function of absorbed dose and other factors. That model calculates an
3106:
2617:
2537:
2496:
2486:
2415:
2319:
2258:
2253:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2188:
2092:
1994:
1989:
1908:
1903:
1865:
1390:
Goans, R E; Wald, N (1 January 2005). "Radiation accidents with multi-organ failure in the United States".
206:
1952:
1237:
2445:
2420:
2359:
2309:
2294:
2284:
2248:
2139:
2102:
2071:
1942:
1720:"Metric System of Measurement: Interpretation of the International System of Units for the United States"
174:
of matter. The material absorbing the radiation can be human tissue, air, water, or any other substance.
1144:
1106:
1067:
1038:
185:, but is still used in the United States, although this is "strongly discouraged" in Chapter 5.2 of the
3069:
2808:
2481:
2329:
2263:
2161:
2107:
2097:
1643:
International Bureau of
Weights and Measures (1977). United States National Bureau of Standards (ed.).
1087:
674:
663:
1412:
2755:
2374:
1913:
1671:
1545:
239:
3065:
3052:
3047:
235:
224:
218:
1290:
2843:
1937:
1888:
1245:. NIST Special Publication 330. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology
1205:
1135:
1058:
155:
1424:
3073:
2970:
2903:
1719:
197:, the centigray (symbol cGy), is widely used to report absorbed doses within radiotherapy. The
1477:
3077:
2886:
1829:
1532:
2898:
2891:
2730:
2716:
1650:
202:
8:
2913:
2823:
2602:
2122:
2053:
1649:. NBS Special Publication 330. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. p.
2760:
2750:
2745:
2117:
1893:
1372:
1216:
873:
297:
20:
1333:
2803:
1680:
1618:
1485:
1364:
1360:
1302:
1291:"The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection"
845:
787:
659:
1376:
1264:
662:, who had been studying the effect of neutron damage on human tissue, together with
2944:
2939:
2149:
1482:
Units of
Measurement: Past, Present and Future : International System of Units
1395:
1356:
1644:
1451:
2838:
2813:
2314:
1585:
1200:
1019:
906:
651:
198:
182:
1265:"NIST Guide to SI Units – ch.5.2 Units temporarily accepted for use with the SI"
2929:
2876:
2793:
2740:
2664:
2238:
1855:
716:
3095:
2783:
2112:
1984:
1924:
942:
265:
262:
50:
1642:
1235:
2908:
2828:
2765:
2669:
1957:
1947:
1932:
1399:
1368:
1185:
816:
708:
700:
338:
90:
1515:. Argonne National Laboratory: US Atomic Energy Commission. Archived from
2949:
2881:
2818:
2268:
1999:
1898:
1798:
1195:
952:
914:
194:
178:
159:
122:
1679:(9th ed.), International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Dec 2022,
666:
and John Read published a paper in which a unit of measure, dubbed the "
2833:
2685:
1779:
1000:
730:
The following table shows radiation quantities in SI and non-SI units:
712:
677:
in 1945, was the absorbed energetic dose to tissue before factoring in
243:
1413:
Introduction to
Radiation-Resistant Semiconductor Devices and Circuits
2871:
2788:
2735:
1190:
1180:
797:
686:
251:
2934:
887:
285:
113:
103:
205:, may be related to the corresponding absorbed dose by use of the
2965:
2848:
2674:
1211:
1097:
1029:
883:
1622:
2344:
704:
960:
247:
99:
171:
974:
682:
276:
Lowest dose to cause clinically observable blood changes
167:
141:
39:
16:
Non-SI unit measuring absorbed dose of ionizing radiation
1754:, 2nd edition, 2002, Andrew Holmes-Siedle and Len Adams
1780:
The
Council of the European Communities (1979-12-21).
1707:(245). US Office of the Federal Register: 52242–52245.
720:
required that its use for "public health ... purposes"
1562:
A Glossary of Terms in
Nuclear Science and Technology
1346:
673:
The Röntgen equivalent physical (rep), introduced by
19:"Rad (unit)" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1425:"APPENDIX E: Roentgens, RADs, REMs, and other Units"
1510:
361:Typical tolerance of radiation-hardened microchips
326:Typical radiation tolerance of ordinary microchips
232:
International
Commission on Radiological Protection
1456:The Physical Principles of Medical Imaging, 2nd Ed
1267:. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
681:. The rep has variously been defined as 83 or 93
3093:
1330:"Converting rad to rem, Health Physics Society "
697:International Committee for Weights and Measures
1733:(144). US Office of the Federal Register: 40339
725:
193:. However, the numerically equivalent SI unit
191:National Institute of Standards and Technology
189:, which was written and published by the U.S.
2701:
1814:
1280:, Revised ed., US DOD 1962, pp. 592–593
746:
1577:
1389:
2867:Airborne radioactive particulate monitoring
1608:
1429:Princeton University Radiation Safety Guide
2708:
2694:
1828:
1821:
1807:
1565:. American Society of Mechanical Engineers
753:
739:
162:= 0.01 J/kg. It was originally defined in
1769:. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 2009.
1511:Cantrill, S.T; H.M. Parker (1945-01-05).
1469:
1271:
2715:
1711:
1587:The clinical use of radioactive isotopes
357:
345:
330:
319:
307:
292:
280:
272:
1583:
1558:
315:for acute radiation syndrome in humans
303:for acute radiation syndrome in humans
3094:
1717:
1646:The international system of units (SI)
1559:Dunning, John R.; et al. (1957).
1283:
1239:The International System of Units (SI)
734:Ionizing radiation related quantities
242:, which is more representative of the
3032:Radiation Protection Convention, 1960
2689:
1802:
1698:
1609:Guill, JH; Moteff, John (June 1960).
1475:
378:
375:
1449:
1340:
722:be phased out by 31 December 1985.
51:Absorbed dose of ionizing radiation
13:
1851:International System of Units (SI)
1611:"Dosimetry in Europe and the USSR"
1602:
14:
3118:
1673:The International System of Units
679:relative biological effectiveness
212:
1718:Hebner, Robert E. (1998-07-28).
1584:Bertram, V. A. Low-Beer (1950).
1452:"Radiation Quantities and Units"
1361:10.1097/00004032-200305000-00001
1129:
1052:
968:
900:
810:
170:of energy to be absorbed by one
166:in 1953 as the dose causing 100
1773:
1757:
1745:
1692:
1664:
1636:
1552:
1504:
1443:
2799:Computed tomography dose index
1417:
1406:
1383:
1322:
1278:The Effects of Nuclear Weapons
1257:
1229:
349:Fatal whole-body dose in 1964
1:
1861:US customary units (USCS/USC)
1752:Handbook of Radiation Effects
1222:
1392:British Journal of Radiology
726:Radiation-related quantities
685:per gram of tissue (8.3/9.3
177:It has been replaced by the
7:
1476:Gupta, S. V. (2009-11-19).
1174:
658:In 1940, British physicist
10:
3123:
3063:
664:William Valentine Mayneord
645:
371:SI multiples of rad (rad)
216:
158:, defined as 1 rad = 0.01
18:
3061:
3040:
3009:
2958:
2922:
2857:
2774:
2756:Radioactive contamination
2723:
2657:
2631:
2575:
2515:
2469:
2388:
2277:
2080:
2046:
2039:
2008:
1977:
1970:
1923:
1914:English Engineering Units
1881:
1843:
1836:
1484:. Springer. p. 144.
1217:Order of magnitude (unit)
1086:
1018:
941:
872:
786:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
128:
109:
86:
82:
64:
56:
46:
33:
28:
3064:See also the categories
3053:Radiation-induced cancer
3048:Acute radiation syndrome
1297:. ICRP publication 103.
715:alongside SI units, the
284:Local dose for onset of
236:effective radiation dose
225:acute radiation syndrome
219:Acute radiation syndrome
3102:Units of radiation dose
1953:Quantum chromodynamical
1206:Roentgen equivalent man
689:) or per cc of tissue.
238:, measured in units of
201:, used to quantify the
156:absorbed radiation dose
2904:Semiconductor detector
2860:measurement techniques
2066:centimetre–gram–second
1830:Systems of measurement
1540:Cite journal requires
1431:. Princeton University
1136:röntgen equivalent man
1059:röntgen equivalent man
341:dose, locally applied
2923:Protection techniques
2887:Scintillation counter
2588:Biblical and Talmudic
2054:metre–kilogram–second
353:criticality accident
3082:Radiation protection
2899:Radiation monitoring
2892:Proportional counter
2777:quantities and units
2731:Background radiation
2717:Radiation protection
1519:on November 30, 2012
1513:"The Tolerance Dose"
1400:10.1259/bjr/27824773
3107:Non-SI metric units
2914:Whole-body counting
2824:Mean glandular dose
2761:Radioactive sources
1478:"Louis Harold Gray"
760:
372:
351:Wood River Junction
346:10 krad:
293:400 rad:
281:200 rad:
269:
77:... is equal to ...
2751:Internal dosimetry
2746:Ionizing radiation
2060:metre–tonne–second
1856:UK imperial system
1295:Annals of the ICRP
733:
370:
358:1 Mrad:
308:1 krad:
273:25 rad:
260:
203:radiation exposure
138:
130:
119:
111:
96:
88:
21:Rad (angular unit)
3089:
3088:
3070:Radiation effects
3041:Radiation effects
2804:Counts per minute
2683:
2682:
2571:
2570:
2035:
2034:
2026:Foot–pound–second
1966:
1965:
1943:Heaviside–Lorentz
1686:978-92-822-2272-0
1491:978-3-642-00737-8
1336:on June 26, 2013.
1308:978-0-7020-3048-2
1172:
1171:
1143:100 ergâ‹…g Ă—
1066:100 ergâ‹…g Ă—
660:Louis Harold Gray
650:In the 1930s the
643:
642:
365:
364:
148:
147:
65:Conversions
3114:
2945:Radon mitigation
2940:Potassium iodide
2858:Instruments and
2710:
2703:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2150:Mesures usuelles
2044:
2043:
1975:
1974:
1841:
1840:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1727:Federal Register
1724:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1701:Federal Register
1696:
1690:
1689:
1678:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1450:Sprawls, Perry.
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1421:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1332:. Archived from
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1233:
995:
993:
937:
935:
924:
922:
867:
866:
863:
839:
830:
828:
761:
755:
748:
741:
732:
703:in 1964 and the
373:
369:
333:
322:
270:
259:
183:SI derived units
179:gray (symbol Gy)
139:
131:
120:
112:
97:
89:
26:
25:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3066:Medical physics
3057:
3036:
3005:
2954:
2918:
2859:
2853:
2814:Equivalent dose
2776:
2770:
2719:
2714:
2684:
2679:
2653:
2627:
2567:
2511:
2465:
2384:
2273:
2076:
2031:
2004:
1962:
1919:
1877:
1832:
1827:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1541:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1520:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1407:
1388:
1384:
1345:
1341:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1201:Roentgen (unit)
1177:
1161:
1152:
1123:
1114:
1075:
1046:
1020:Equivalent dose
1008:100 ergâ‹…g
991:
989:
933:
931:
920:
918:
864:
861:
859:
837:
826:
824:
759:
728:
648:
367:
331:
320:
314:
301:
263:metric prefixed
261:Dose examples (
221:
215:
187:Guide to the SI
137:
129:
118:
110:
95:
87:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3120:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3087:
3086:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2930:Lead shielding
2926:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2877:Geiger counter
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2809:Effective dose
2806:
2801:
2796:
2794:Committed dose
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2741:Health physics
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2665:Absolute scale
2661:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1772:
1766:10 CFR 20.1004
1756:
1744:
1710:
1691:
1685:
1663:
1635:
1601:
1576:
1551:
1542:|journal=
1503:
1490:
1468:
1442:
1416:
1405:
1382:
1355:(5): 565–575.
1349:Health Physics
1339:
1321:
1307:
1282:
1270:
1256:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:0.010 Sv
1166:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1088:Effective dose
1084:
1083:
1082:0.010 Sv
1080:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1016:
1015:
1014:0.010 Gy
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
997:
996:
987:
984:
981:
978:
971:
970:
967:
964:
958:
955:
950:
939:
938:
929:
926:
912:
909:
903:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
881:
870:
869:
857:
854:
851:
848:
842:
841:
834:
831:
822:
819:
813:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
795:
784:
783:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
758:
757:
750:
743:
735:
727:
724:
717:European Union
675:Herbert Parker
647:
644:
641:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
621:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
601:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
581:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
561:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
541:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
521:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
501:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
481:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
461:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
441:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
421:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
401:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
381:
380:
377:
363:
362:
359:
355:
354:
347:
343:
342:
335:
328:
327:
324:
317:
316:
312:
309:
305:
304:
299:
294:
290:
289:
282:
278:
277:
274:
266:unit multiples
217:Main article:
214:
213:Health effects
211:
146:
145:
135:
126:
125:
116:
107:
106:
93:
84:
83:
80:
79:
74:
67:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
37:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3119:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3074:Radioactivity
3071:
3067:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:Organisations
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Absorbed dose
2782:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:Main articles
2722:
2718:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:List articles
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:South America
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:North America
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:South African
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
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2333:
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2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:Luxembourgian
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2072:gravitational
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:Apothecaries'
1887:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1748:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1534:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1310:
1304:
1301:(2–4). 2007.
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1260:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
972:
965:
962:
959:
956:
954:
951:
948:
944:
943:Absorbed dose
940:
930:
927:
916:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
897:
894:
891:
889:
885:
882:
879:
875:
871:
858:
855:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
835:
832:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
807:
804:
801:
799:
796:
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
762:
756:
751:
749:
744:
742:
737:
736:
731:
723:
721:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
668:gram roentgen
665:
661:
656:
653:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
622:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
602:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
582:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
562:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
542:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
522:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
502:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
482:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
462:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
442:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
422:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
402:
382:
376:Submultiples
374:
368:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
329:
325:
318:
311:Whole body LD
310:
306:
302:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
264:
258:
256:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
220:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:is a unit of
153:
143:
136:
134:
127:
124:
117:
115:
108:
105:
101:
94:
92:
91:SI base units
85:
81:
78:
75:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
41:
38:
36:
32:
27:
22:
3078:Radiobiology
2909:Survey meter
2829:Monitor unit
2775:Measurement
2766:Radiobiology
2613:Mesopotamian
2507:Puerto Rican
1904:Astronomical
1785:. Retrieved
1775:
1765:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1730:
1726:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1672:
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1645:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1614:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1586:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1561:
1554:
1533:cite journal
1521:. Retrieved
1517:the original
1506:
1495:. Retrieved
1481:
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1428:
1419:
1408:
1391:
1385:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1334:the original
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1298:
1294:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1259:
1249:September 1,
1247:. Retrieved
1238:
1231:
1186:Curie (unit)
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1091:
1072:
1068:
1043:
1039:
1023:
946:
936:10 C/kg
895:Câ‹…kg of air
877:
791:
729:
694:
691:
672:
667:
657:
649:
633:10 rad
624:10 rad
613:10 rad
604:10 rad
593:10 rad
584:10 rad
573:10 rad
564:10 rad
553:10 rad
544:10 rad
533:10 rad
524:10 rad
513:10 rad
504:10 rad
493:10 rad
484:10 rad
473:10 rad
464:10 rad
453:10 rad
444:10 rad
433:10 rad
424:10 rad
413:10 rad
404:10 rad
366:
339:radiotherapy
257:
229:
222:
186:
176:
151:
149:
76:
71:
47:Unit of
2950:Respirators
2882:Ion chamber
2477:Costa Rican
2441:Seychellois
2350:Singaporean
2145:Traditional
2000:Metrication
1938:Geometrised
1894:Avoirdupois
1196:Gray (unit)
840:10 Bq
782:equivalent
773:Derivation
711:, rad, and
296:Whole body
195:submultiple
70:1 rad
35:Unit system
3096:Categories
3010:Regulation
2563:Venezuelan
2548:Paraguayan
2502:Nicaraguan
2380:Vietnamese
2355:Sri Lankan
2340:Philippine
2300:Indonesian
2224:Portuguese
2118:Winchester
2021:Comparison
1971:Background
1909:Electrical
1497:2012-05-14
1223:References
994:10 Gy
853:10 s
846:rutherford
639:quettarad
630:quectorad
396:SI symbol
387:SI symbol
379:Multiples
321:1–20 krad:
288:in humans
244:stochastic
3022:NRC (USA)
2971:HPS (USA)
2872:Dosimeter
2789:Becquerel
2736:Dosimetry
2558:Uruguayan
2543:Colombian
2533:Brazilian
2523:Argentine
2461:Tanzanian
2431:Mauritian
2401:Ethiopian
2365:Taiwanese
2335:Pakistani
2315:Mongolian
2290:Cambodian
2209:Norwegian
2179:Icelandic
2174:Hungarian
2167:Byzantine
2123:Exchequer
1871:Hong Kong
1394:: 41–46.
1191:Radiation
1181:Becquerel
977:per gram
868: Bq
829:10 s
798:becquerel
764:Quantity
619:ronnarad
610:rontorad
599:yottarad
590:yoctorad
579:zettarad
570:zeptorad
530:femtorad
470:microrad
450:millirad
439:hectorad
430:centirad
332:4–8 krad:
164:CGS units
3027:ONR (UK)
3017:IRR (UK)
2996:SRP (UK)
2935:Glovebox
2839:Roentgen
2644:Obsolete
2639:Humorous
2593:Egyptian
2553:Peruvian
2528:Bolivian
2492:Honduran
2456:Tunisian
2436:Moroccan
2426:Malagasy
2411:Eritrean
2406:Egyptian
2396:Algerian
2325:Nepalese
2305:Japanese
2239:Scottish
2229:Romanian
2130:Estonian
2040:Historic
2016:Overview
1985:Overview
1882:Specific
1623:60-14734
1590:. Thomas
1377:36471776
1369:12747475
1175:See also
1130:SI unit
1053:SI unit
969:SI unit
901:SI unit
888:kilogram
874:Exposure
811:SI unit
788:Activity
652:roentgen
550:attorad
539:petarad
519:terarad
510:picorad
499:gigarad
490:nanorad
479:megarad
459:kilorad
419:decarad
410:decirad
337:Typical
286:erythema
207:F-factor
199:roentgen
114:SI units
3001:UNSCEAR
2966:Euratom
2849:Sievert
2675:Modulor
2649:Unusual
2618:Persian
2576:Ancient
2538:Chilean
2497:Mexican
2487:Haitian
2416:Guinean
2320:Myanmar
2259:Swedish
2254:Spanish
2244:Serbian
2234:Russian
2214:Ottoman
2204:Maltese
2194:Latvian
2189:Italian
2135:Finnish
2113:English
2093:Cypriot
2088:Cornish
1995:History
1990:Outline
1925:Natural
1866:Chinese
1844:General
1837:Current
1212:Sievert
1105:Jâ‹…kg Ă—
1098:sievert
1037:Jâ‹…kg Ă—
1030:sievert
925:of air
923: g
907:röntgen
884:coulomb
770:Symbol
646:History
559:exarad
3080:, and
2670:N-body
2608:Indian
2583:Arabic
2446:Somali
2421:Libyan
2389:Africa
2360:Syrian
2310:Korean
2295:Indian
2285:Afghan
2249:Slovak
2219:Polish
2157:German
2140:French
2103:Danish
2081:Europe
2047:Metric
1978:Metric
1958:Stoney
1948:Planck
1933:Atomic
1787:19 May
1683:
1656:18 May
1628:15 May
1621:
1594:14 May
1569:14 May
1523:14 May
1488:
1461:10 May
1435:10 May
1375:
1367:
1314:17 May
1305:
983:ergâ‹…g
980:erg/g
705:radian
416:darad
393:Value
384:Value
334:
323:
72:in ...
57:Symbol
2658:Other
2623:Roman
2603:Hindu
2598:Greek
2482:Cuban
2370:Tatar
2330:Omani
2269:Welsh
2264:Swiss
2184:Irish
2162:Greek
2108:Dutch
2098:Czech
2068:(CGS)
2062:(MTS)
2056:(MKS)
2028:(FPS)
2009:UK/US
1737:9 May
1723:(PDF)
1677:(PDF)
1373:S2CID
1243:(PDF)
1208:(rem)
1165:1971
1127:1977
1079:1971
1050:1977
1011:1953
986:1950
966:1974
928:1928
919:0.001
898:1974
892:C/kg
856:1946
833:1953
817:curie
808:1974
776:Year
767:Unit
709:curie
701:curie
636:Qrad
627:qrad
616:Rrad
607:rrad
596:Yrad
587:yrad
576:Zrad
567:zrad
556:Erad
547:arad
536:Prad
527:frad
516:Trad
507:prad
496:Grad
487:nrad
476:Mrad
467:ÎĽrad
456:krad
447:mrad
436:hrad
427:crad
407:drad
399:Name
390:Name
252:gamma
121:0.01
98:0.01
42:units
2991:IRPA
2986:ICRP
2981:ICRU
2976:IAEA
2819:Gray
2375:Thai
2345:Pegu
2278:Asia
1916:(US)
1899:Troy
1789:2012
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1658:2012
1630:2012
1619:LCCN
1596:2012
1571:2012
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1525:2012
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1463:2012
1437:2012
1365:PMID
1316:2012
1303:ISBN
1251:2018
1140:rem
1063:rem
1005:rad
963:â‹…kg
953:gray
932:2.58
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747:talk
740:view
695:The
683:ergs
230:The
172:gram
168:ergs
150:The
140:100
2844:Rem
2834:Rad
1396:doi
1357:doi
1102:Sv
1034:Sv
1001:rad
990:1.0
975:erg
957:Gy
921:293
915:esu
865:000
862:000
850:Rd
836:3.7
825:3.7
821:Ci
802:Bq
713:rem
687:mGy
313:100
250:or
240:rem
181:in
152:rad
142:erg
133:CGS
60:rad
40:CGS
29:rad
3098::
3076:,
3072:,
3068:,
1731:63
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1353:84
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1299:37
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949:)
917:/
911:R
880:)
805:s
794:)
780:SI
300:50
298:LD
268:)
248:X-
209:.
160:Gy
144:/g
123:Gy
104:kg
2709:e
2702:t
2695:v
1822:e
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1092:E
1090:(
1073:R
1069:W
1044:R
1040:W
1024:H
1022:(
992:Ă—
961:J
947:D
945:(
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878:X
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860:1
838:Ă—
827:Ă—
792:A
790:(
102:â‹…
100:J
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