330:
1683:(AT) makes use of a very high dose of ionizing radiation in situ that provides molecular modifications at an atomic scale. AT differs from conventional radiation therapy in several aspects; it neither relies upon radioactive nuclei to cause cellular radiation damage at a cellular dimension, nor engages multiple external pencil-beams from different directions to zero-in to deliver a dose to the targeted area with reduced dose outside the targeted tissue/organ locations. Instead, the in situ delivery of a very high dose at the molecular level using AT aims for in situ molecular modifications involving molecular breakages and molecular re-arrangements such as a change of stacking structures as well as cellular metabolic functions related to the said molecule structures.
1300:
20 Gy/fraction, the latter being typical of stereotactic treatments (stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy, or SABR β also known as SBRT, or stereotactic body radiotherapy) for subcranial lesions, or SRS (stereotactic radiosurgery) for intracranial lesions. The rationale of hypofractionation is to reduce the probability of local recurrence by denying clonogenic cells the time they require to reproduce and also to exploit the radiosensitivity of some tumors. In particular, stereotactic treatments are intended to destroy clonogenic cells by a process of ablation, i.e., the delivery of a dose intended to destroy clonogenic cells directly, rather than to interrupt the process of clonogenic cell division repeatedly (apoptosis), as in routine radiotherapy.
1935:
tumor have several drawbacks: The tumor bed where the highest dose should be applied is frequently missed due to the complex localization of the wound cavity even when modern radiotherapy planning is used. Additionally, the usual delay between the surgical removal of the tumor and EBRT may allow a repopulation of the tumor cells. These potentially harmful effects can be avoided by delivering the radiation more precisely to the targeted tissues leading to immediate sterilization of residual tumor cells. Another aspect is that wound fluid has a stimulating effect on tumor cells. IORT was found to inhibit the stimulating effects of wound fluid.
1211:. This procedure reduces damage to healthy tissue between the charged particle radiation source and the tumor and sets a finite range for tissue damage after the tumor has been reached. In contrast, IMRT's use of uncharged particles causes its energy to damage healthy cells when it exits the body. This exiting damage is not therapeutic, can increase treatment side effects, and increases the probability of secondary cancer induction. This difference is very important in cases where the close proximity of other organs makes any stray ionization very damaging (example:
3734:
1944:
768:
1585:
of imaging may increase the chance of missing lesions that are invisible on the planning scans (and therefore not included in the treatment plan) or that move between or during a treatment (for example, due to respiration or inadequate patient immobilization). New techniques are being developed to better control this uncertainty β for example, real-time imaging combined with real-time adjustment of the therapeutic beams. This new technology is called image-guided radiation therapy or four-dimensional radiation therapy.
477:) cause minimal or no side effects, although short-term pain flare-up can be experienced in the days following treatment due to oedema compressing nerves in the treated area. Higher doses can cause varying side effects during treatment (acute side effects), in the months or years following treatment (long-term side effects), or after re-treatment (cumulative side effects). The nature, severity, and longevity of side effects depends on the organs that receive the radiation, the treatment itself (type of radiation, dose,
1053:
1576:
manually delineate the tumors one CT image at a time through the entire disease site which can take much longer than 3DCRT preparation. Then, medical physicists and dosimetrists must be engaged to create a viable treatment plan. Also, the IMRT technology has only been used commercially since the late 1990s even at the most advanced cancer centers, so radiation oncologists who did not learn it as part of their residency programs must find additional sources of education before implementing IMRT.
1068:. When Dupuytren's disease is at the nodules and cords stage or fingers are at a minimal deformation stage of less than 10 degrees, then radiation therapy is used to prevent further progress of the disease. Radiation therapy is also used post surgery in some cases to prevent the disease continuing to progress. Low doses of radiation are used typically three gray of radiation for five days, with a break of three months followed by another phase of three gray of radiation for five days.
1199:) and have an antitumor effect independent of tumor oxygen supply because these particles act mostly via direct energy transfer usually causing double-stranded DNA breaks. Due to their relatively large mass, protons and other charged particles have little lateral side scatter in the tissue β the beam does not broaden much, stays focused on the tumor shape, and delivers small dose side-effects to surrounding tissue. They also more precisely target the tumor using the
1395:
9113:
539:
commonly occurs, it receives a dose of collateral radiation during treatment of lung cancer. When treating liver malignancies and metastases, it is possible for collateral radiation to cause gastric, stomach, or duodenal ulcers This collateral radiation is commonly caused by non-targeted delivery (reflux) of the radioactive agents being infused. Methods, techniques and devices are available to lower the occurrence of this type of adverse side effect.
1765:
advantages over external beam radiation therapy β the tumor can be treated with very high doses of localized radiation, whilst reducing the probability of unnecessary damage to surrounding healthy tissues. A course of brachytherapy can often be completed in less time than other radiation therapy techniques. This can help reduce the chance of surviving cancer cells dividing and growing in the intervals between each radiation therapy dose.
51:
1279:
fraction schedule over too long can allow for the tumor to begin repopulating, and for these tumor types, including head-and-neck and cervical squamous cell cancers, radiation treatment is preferably completed within a certain amount of time. For children, a typical fraction size may be 1.5 to 1.8 Gy per day, as smaller fraction sizes are associated with reduced incidence and severity of late-onset side effects in normal tissues.
1606:(MLC) ("sliding window" system of moving) and fluence output rate (dose rate) of the medical linear accelerator. VMAT has an advantage in patient treatment, compared with conventional static field intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), of reduced radiation delivery times. Comparisons between VMAT and conventional IMRT for their sparing of healthy tissues and Organs at Risk (OAR) depends upon the cancer type. In the treatment of
1549:
9101:
1753:
9125:
1572:). The radiation dose is consistent with the 3-D shape of the tumor by controlling, or modulating, the radiation beam's intensity. The radiation dose intensity is elevated near the gross tumor volume while radiation among the neighboring normal tissues is decreased or avoided completely. This results in better tumor targeting, lessened side effects, and improved treatment outcomes than even 3DCRT.
1246:). Treatment planning is generally performed on dedicated computers using specialized treatment planning software. Depending on the radiation delivery method, several angles or sources may be used to sum to the total necessary dose. The planner will try to design a plan that delivers a uniform prescription dose to the tumor and minimizes dose to surrounding healthy tissues.
1589:
field generated by several transmitting coils, and then transmits the measurements back to the positioning system to determine the location. The implantable device can also be a small wireless transmitter sending out an RF signal which then will be received by a sensor array and used for localization and real-time tracking of the tumor position.
1148:, increasing the effectiveness of a given dose of radiation by forming DNA-damaging free radicals. Tumor cells in a hypoxic environment may be as much as 2 to 3 times more resistant to radiation damage than those in a normal oxygen environment. Much research has been devoted to overcoming hypoxia including the use of high pressure oxygen tanks,
1354:
placement of radioactive sources. The temporary sources are usually placed by a technique called afterloading. In afterloading a hollow tube or applicator is placed surgically in the organ to be treated, and the sources are loaded into the applicator after the applicator is implanted. This minimizes radiation exposure to health care personnel.
1459:
and physicists had limited knowledge about the true radiation dosage delivered to both cancerous and healthy tissue. For this reason, 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy has become the standard treatment for almost all tumor sites. More recently other forms of imaging are used including MRI, PET, SPECT and
Ultrasound.
1455:. The aim of simulation is to accurately target or localize the volume which is to be treated. This technique is well established and is generally quick and reliable. The worry is that some high-dose treatments may be limited by the radiation toxicity capacity of healthy tissues which lie close to the target tumor volume.
2077:(CT) in 1971, three-dimensional planning became a possibility and created a shift from 2-D to 3-D radiation delivery. CT-based planning allows physicians to more accurately determine the dose distribution using axial tomographic images of the patient's anatomy. The advent of new imaging technologies, including
2008:, which used tube voltages of 200-500 kV, began to be used during the 1920s. To reach the most deeply buried tumors without exposing intervening skin and tissue to dangerous radiation doses required rays with energies of 1 MV or above, called "megavolt" radiation. Producing megavolt X-rays required
1321:, and this finding extends also to human cells. An association was confirmed between total cellular manganese contents and their variation, and clinically inferred radioresponsiveness in different tumor cells, a finding that may be useful for more precise radiodosages and improved treatment of cancer patients.
2004:(teletherapy) began at the turn of the century with relatively low voltage (<150 kV) X-ray machines. It was found that while superficial tumors could be treated with low voltage X-rays, more penetrating, higher energy beams were required to reach tumors inside the body, requiring higher voltages.
481:, concurrent chemotherapy), and the patient. Serious radiation complications may occur in 5% of RT cases. Acute (near immediate) or sub-acute (2 to 3 months post RT) radiation side effects may develop after 50 Gy RT dosing. Late or delayed radiation injury (6 months to decades) may develop after 65 Gy.
5570:
Parsai S, Qiu RL, Qi P, Sedor G, Fuller CD, Murray E, et al. (October 2021). "In vivo assessment of the safety of standard fractionation
Temporally Feathered Radiation Therapy (TFRT) for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: An R-IDEAL Stage 1/2a first-in-humans/feasibility demonstration of new
1737:
at two weekly intervals for three times over four weeks period. It is typically used for treating early rectal cancer in patients who may not be candidates for surgery. A 2015 NICE review found the main side effect to be bleeding that occurred in about 38% of cases, and radiation-induced ulcer which
1630:
Temporally feathered radiation therapy (TFRT) is a radiation technique introduced in 2018 which aims to use the inherent non-linearities in normal tissue repair to allow for sparing of these tissues without affecting the dose delivered to the tumor. The application of this technique, which has yet to
1579:
Proof of improved survival benefit from either of these two techniques over conventional radiation therapy (2DXRT) is growing for many tumor sites, but the ability to reduce toxicity is generally accepted. This is particularly the case for head and neck cancers in a series of pivotal trials performed
1308:
Different cancer types have different radiation sensitivity. While predicting the sensitivity based on genomic or proteomic analyses of biopsy samples has proven challenging, the predictions of radiation effect on individual patients from genomic signatures of intrinsic cellular radiosensitivity have
689:
which aim to reduce dose to healthy tissues will lower these risks. It starts to occur 4β6 years following treatment, although some haematological malignancies may develop within 3 years. In the vast majority of cases, this risk is greatly outweighed by the reduction in risk conferred by treating the
545:
The lower bowel may be treated directly with radiation (treatment of rectal or anal cancer) or be exposed by radiation therapy to other pelvic structures (prostate, bladder, female genital tract). Typical symptoms are soreness, diarrhoea, and nausea. Nutritional interventions may be able to help with
538:
If the head and neck area is treated, temporary soreness and ulceration commonly occur in the mouth and throat. If severe, this can affect swallowing, and the patient may need painkillers and nutritional support/food supplements. The esophagus can also become sore if it is treated directly, or if, as
513:
This is not a general side effect of radiation therapy, and mechanistically is associated only with treatment of the stomach or abdomen (which commonly react a few hours after treatment), or with radiation therapy to certain nausea-producing structures in the head during treatment of certain head and
1764:
In brachytherapy, radiation sources are precisely placed directly at the site of the cancerous tumor. This means that the irradiation only affects a very localized area β exposure to radiation of healthy tissues further away from the sources is reduced. These characteristics of brachytherapy provide
1575:
3DCRT is still used extensively for many body sites but the use of IMRT is growing in more complicated body sites such as CNS, head and neck, prostate, breast, and lung. Unfortunately, IMRT is limited by its need for additional time from experienced medical personnel. This is because physicians must
1488:
Some doctors say an advantage to stereotactic treatments is that they deliver the right amount of radiation to the cancer in a shorter amount of time than traditional treatments, which can often take 6 to 11 weeks. Plus treatments are given with extreme accuracy, which should limit the effect of the
1473:
Stereotactic radiation is a specialized type of external beam radiation therapy. It uses focused radiation beams targeting a well-defined tumor using extremely detailed imaging scans. Radiation oncologists perform stereotactic treatments, often with the help of a neurosurgeon for tumors in the brain
1274:
The total dose is fractionated (spread out over time) for several important reasons. Fractionation allows normal cells time to recover, while tumor cells are generally less efficient in repair between fractions. Fractionation also allows tumor cells that were in a relatively radio-resistant phase of
869:
are the most common cause of myokymic discharges. Clinically, the majority of patients receiving radiation therapy have measurable myokymic discharges within their field of radiation which present as focal or segmental myokymia. Common areas affected include the arms, legs or face depending upon the
677:
Lymphedema, a condition of localized fluid retention and tissue swelling, can result from damage to the lymphatic system sustained during radiation therapy. It is the most commonly reported complication in breast radiation therapy patients who receive adjuvant axillary radiotherapy following surgery
1584:
of the Royal
Marsden Hospital. Both techniques enable dose escalation, potentially increasing usefulness. There has been some concern, particularly with IMRT, about increased exposure of normal tissue to radiation and the consequent potential for secondary malignancy. Overconfidence in the accuracy
1282:
In some cases, two fractions per day are used near the end of a course of treatment. This schedule, known as a concomitant boost regimen or hyperfractionation, is used on tumors that regenerate more quickly when they are smaller. In particular, tumors in the head-and-neck demonstrate this behavior.
905:
Cumulative effects from this process should not be confused with long-term effects β when short-term effects have disappeared and long-term effects are subclinical, reirradiation can still be problematic. These doses are calculated by the radiation oncologist and many factors are taken into account
527:
may sustain damage from radiation therapy. Depending on the area being treated, this may include the skin, oral mucosa, pharyngeal, bowel mucosa, and ureter. The rates of onset of damage and recovery from it depend upon the turnover rate of epithelial cells. Typically the skin starts to become pink
1691:
In many types of external beam radiotherapy, motion can negatively impact the treatment delivery by moving target tissue out of, or other healthy tissue into, the intended beam path. Some form of patient immobilisation is common, to prevent the large movements of the body during treatment, however
1592:
A well-studied issue with IMRT is the "tongue and groove effect" which results in unwanted underdosing, due to irradiating through extended tongues and grooves of overlapping MLC (multileaf collimator) leaves. While solutions to this issue have been developed, which either reduce the TG effect to
1563:
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is an advanced type of high-precision radiation that is the next generation of 3DCRT. IMRT also improves the ability to conform the treatment volume to concave tumor shapes, for example when the tumor is wrapped around a vulnerable structure such as the
1458:
An example of this problem is seen in radiation of the prostate gland, where the sensitivity of the adjacent rectum limited the dose which could be safely prescribed using 2DXRT planning to such an extent that tumor control may not be easily achievable. Prior to the invention of the CT, physicians
1435:
Historically conventional external beam radiation therapy (2DXRT) was delivered via two-dimensional beams using kilovoltage therapy X-ray units, medical linear accelerators that generate high-energy X-rays, or with machines that were similar to a linear accelerator in appearance, but used a sealed
1353:
The differences relate to the position of the radiation source; external is outside the body, brachytherapy uses sealed radioactive sources placed precisely in the area under treatment, and systemic radioisotopes are given by infusion or oral ingestion. Brachytherapy can use temporary or permanent
1278:
Fractionation regimens are individualised between different radiation therapy centers and even between individual doctors. In North
America, Australia, and Europe, the typical fractionation schedule for adults is 1.8 to 2 Gy per day, five days a week. In some cancer types, prolongation of the
288:
is placed inside or next to the area requiring treatment, is another form of radiation therapy that minimizes exposure to healthy tissue during procedures to treat cancers of the breast, prostate, and other organs. Radiation therapy has several applications in non-malignant conditions, such as the
226:
there than in the surrounding healthy tissue. Besides the tumor itself, the radiation fields may also include the draining lymph nodes if they are clinically or radiologically involved with the tumor, or if there is thought to be a risk of subclinical malignant spread. It is necessary to include a
1843:
up through the femoral artery in the leg, navigating to the desired target site and administering treatment. The blood feeding the tumor will carry the microspheres directly to the tumor enabling a more selective approach than traditional systemic chemotherapy. There are currently three different
1934:
The rationale for IORT is to deliver a high dose of radiation precisely to the targeted area with minimal exposure of surrounding tissues which are displaced or shielded during the IORT. Conventional radiation techniques such as external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) following surgical removal of the
1712:
imaging, can also be for respiratory gated treatment, where the patient breathes freely and the beam is only engaged at certain points in the breathing cycle. Other techniques include using 4DCT imaging to plan treatments with margins that account for motion, and active movement of the treatment
1588:
Another technique is the real-time tracking and localization of one or more small implantable electric devices implanted inside or close to the tumor. There are various types of medical implantable devices that are used for this purpose. It can be a magnetic transponder which senses the magnetic
1290:
to treat uncomplicated painful bone metastasis should not receive more than a single fraction of radiation. A single treatment gives comparable pain relief and morbidity outcomes to multiple-fraction treatments, and for patients with limited life expectancy, a single treatment is best to improve
377:
It is important to distinguish the radiosensitivity of a particular tumor, which to some extent is a laboratory measure, from the radiation "curability" of a cancer in actual clinical practice. For example, leukemias are not generally curable with radiation therapy, because they are disseminated
1768:
As one example of the localized nature of breast brachytherapy, the SAVI device delivers the radiation dose through multiple catheters, each of which can be individually controlled. This approach decreases the exposure of healthy tissue and resulting side effects, compared both to external beam
1639:
Automated treatment planning has become an integrated part of radiotherapy treatment planning. There are in general two approaches of automated planning. 1) Knowledge based planning where the treatment planning system has a library of high quality plans, from which it can predict the target and
698:
Radiation can increase the risk of heart disease and death as observed in previous breast cancer RT regimens. Therapeutic radiation increases the risk of a subsequent cardiovascular event (i.e., heart attack or stroke) by 1.5 to 4 times a person's normal rate, aggravating factors included. The
1601:
Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) is a radiation technique introduced in 2007 which can achieve highly conformal dose distributions on target volume coverage and sparing of normal tissues. The specificity of this technique is to modify three parameters during the treatment. VMAT delivers
1043:
that, among other things, aimed to record errors nationwide so that doctors can learn from each and every mistake and prevent them from recurring. ASTRO also publishes a list of questions for patients to ask their doctors about radiation safety to ensure every treatment is as safe as possible.
684:
Radiation is a potential cause of cancer, and secondary malignancies are seen in some patients. Cancer survivors are already more likely than the general population to develop malignancies due to a number of factors including lifestyle choices, genetics, and previous radiation treatment. It is
413:
Modern radiation therapy relies on a CT scan to identify the tumor and surrounding normal structures and to perform dose calculations for the creation of a complex radiation treatment plan. The patient receives small skin marks to guide the placement of treatment fields. Patient positioning is
1371:
A review of radiation therapy randomised clinical trials from 2018 to 2021 found many practice-changing data and new concepts that emerge from RCTs, identifying techniques that improve the therapeutic ratio, techniques that lead to more tailored treatments, stressing the importance of patient
960:
commonly develops after radiation therapy for sellar and parasellar neoplasms, extrasellar brain tumors, head and neck tumors, and following whole body irradiation for systemic malignancies. 40β50% of children treated for childhood cancer develop some endocrine side effect. Radiation-induced
1783:
Radionuclide therapy (also known as systemic radioisotope therapy, radiopharmaceutical therapy, or molecular radiotherapy), is a form of targeted therapy. Targeting can be due to the chemical properties of the isotope such as radioiodine which is specifically absorbed by the thyroid gland a
425:, very large tumors respond less well to radiation than smaller tumors or microscopic disease. Various strategies are used to overcome this effect. The most common technique is surgical resection prior to radiation therapy. This is most commonly seen in the treatment of breast cancer with
1640:
dose-volume histogram of the organ at risk. 2) The other approach is commonly called protocol based planning, where the treatment planning system tried to mimic an experienced treatment planner and through an iterative process evaluates the plan quality from on the basis of the protocol.
1540:(MLC) and a variable number of beams. When the treatment volume conforms to the shape of the tumor, the relative toxicity of radiation to the surrounding normal tissues is reduced, allowing a higher dose of radiation to be delivered to the tumor than conventional techniques would allow.
500:
The main side effects reported are fatigue and skin irritation, like a mild to moderate sun burn. The fatigue often sets in during the middle of a course of treatment and can last for weeks after treatment ends. The irritated skin will heal, but may not be as elastic as it was before.
361:
are only moderately radiosensitive, and require a significantly higher dose of radiation (60β70 Gy) to achieve a radical cure. Some types of cancer are notably radioresistant, that is, much higher doses are required to produce a radical cure than may be safe in clinical practice.
1299:
One fractionation schedule that is increasingly being used and continues to be studied is hypofractionation. This is a radiation treatment in which the total dose of radiation is divided into large doses. Typical doses vary significantly by cancer type, from 2.2 Gy/fraction to
1133:-like; they reproduce more than most healthy differentiated cells, and have a diminished ability to repair sub-lethal damage. Single-strand DNA damage is then passed on through cell division; damage to the cancer cells' DNA accumulates, causing them to die or reproduce more slowly.
1275:
the cell cycle during one treatment to cycle into a sensitive phase of the cycle before the next fraction is given. Similarly, tumor cells that were chronically or acutely hypoxic (and therefore more radioresistant) may reoxygenate between fractions, improving the tumor cell kill.
227:
margin of normal tissue around the tumor to allow for uncertainties in daily set-up and internal tumor motion. These uncertainties can be caused by internal movement (for example, respiration and bladder filling) and movement of external skin marks relative to the tumor position.
1564:
spinal cord or a major organ or blood vessel. Computer-controlled X-ray accelerators distribute precise radiation doses to malignant tumors or specific areas within the tumor. The pattern of radiation delivery is determined using highly tailored computing applications to perform
620:
Epilation (hair loss) may occur on any hair bearing skin with doses above 1 Gy. It only occurs within the radiation field/s. Hair loss may be permanent with a single dose of 10 Gy, but if the dose is fractionated permanent hair loss may not occur until dose exceeds
1760:
Brachytherapy is delivered by placing radiation source(s) inside or next to the area requiring treatment. Brachytherapy is commonly used as an effective treatment for cervical, prostate, breast, and skin cancer and can also be used to treat tumors in many other body sites.
1593:
negligible amounts or remove it completely, they depend upon the method of IMRT being used and some of them carry costs of their own. Some texts distinguish "tongue and groove error" from "tongue or groove error", according as both or one side of the aperture is occluded.
3221:
Mohamad O, Tabuchi T, Nitta Y, Nomoto A, Sato A, Kasuya G, et al. (May 2019). "Risk of subsequent primary cancers after carbon ion radiotherapy, photon radiotherapy, or surgery for localised prostate cancer: a propensity score-weighted, retrospective, cohort study".
5614:
Fogliata A, Belosi F, Clivio A, Navarria P, Nicolini G, Scorsetti M, et al. (December 2014). "On the pre-clinical validation of a commercial model-based optimisation engine: application to volumetric modulated arc therapy for patients with lung or prostate cancer".
604:
Late side effects occur months to years after treatment and are generally limited to the area that has been treated. They are often due to damage of blood vessels and connective tissue cells. Many late effects are reduced by fractionating treatment into smaller parts.
378:
through the body. Lymphoma may be radically curable if it is localized to one area of the body. Similarly, many of the common, moderately radioresponsive tumors are routinely treated with curative doses of radiation therapy if they are at an early stage. For example,
1988:
in 1898. This began a new era in medical treatment and research. Through the 1920s the hazards of radiation exposure were not understood, and little protection was used. Radium was believed to have wide curative powers and radiotherapy was applied to many diseases.
3208:
At present after surviving from a primary malignancy, 17%β19% patients develop second malignancy. ... contributes to only about 5% of the total treatment related second malignancies. However the incidence of only radiation on second malignancies is difficult to
484:
Most side effects are predictable and expected. Side effects from radiation are usually limited to the area of the patient's body that is under treatment. Side effects are dose-dependent; for example, higher doses of head and neck radiation can be associated with
5092:
Galvin JM, Ezzell G, Eisbrauch A, Yu C, Butler B, Xiao Y, et al. (April 2004). "Implementing IMRT in clinical practice: a joint document of the
American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine".
2510:"Radiation-Drug Combinations to Improve Clinical Outcomes and Reduce Normal Tissue Toxicities: Current Challenges and New Approaches: Report of the Symposium Held at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Radiation Research Society, 15-18 October 2017; Cancun, Mexico"
546:
diarrhoea associated with radiotherapy. Studies in people having pelvic radiotherapy as part of anticancer treatment for a primary pelvic cancer found that changes in dietary fat, fibre and lactose during radiotherapy reduced diarrhoea at the end of treatment.
685:
difficult to directly quantify the rates of these secondary cancers from any single cause. Studies have found radiation therapy as the cause of secondary malignancies for only a small minority of patients. New techniques such as proton beam therapy and
1215:). This X-ray exposure is especially bad for children, due to their growing bodies, and while depending on a multitude of factors, they are around 10 times more sensitive to developing secondary malignancies after radiotherapy as compared to adults.
1524:
Virtual simulation, the most basic form of planning, allows more accurate placement of radiation beams than is possible using conventional X-rays, where soft-tissue structures are often difficult to assess and normal tissues difficult to protect.
414:
crucial at this stage as the patient will have to be placed in an identical position during each treatment. Many patient positioning devices have been developed for this purpose, including masks and cushions which can be molded to the patient.
1450:
on a specially calibrated diagnostic X-ray machine known as a simulator because it recreates the linear accelerator actions (or sometimes by eye), and to the usually well-established arrangements of the radiation beams to achieve a desired
4261:
Curtis RE, Freedman DM, Ron E, Ries LAG, Hacker DG, Edwards BK, Tucker MA, Fraumeni JF Jr. (eds). New
Malignancies Among Cancer Survivors: SEER Cancer Registries, 1973β2000. National Cancer Institute. NIH Publ. No. 05-5302. Bethesda, MD,
2051:, a radioisotope produced by irradiating ordinary cobalt metal in a reactor, revolutionized the field between the 1950s and the early 1980s. Cobalt machines were relatively cheap, robust and simple to use, although due to its 5.27 year
1120:
damage. However, double-stranded DNA breaks are much more difficult to repair, and can lead to dramatic chromosomal abnormalities and genetic deletions. Targeting double-stranded breaks increases the probability that cells will undergo
249:(where cure is not possible and the aim is for local disease control or symptomatic relief) or as therapeutic treatment (where the therapy has survival benefit and can be curative). It is also common to combine radiation therapy with
1027:
was responsible for at least six accidents between 1985 and 1987, where patients were given up to one hundred times the intended dose; two people were killed directly by the radiation overdoses. From 2005 to 2010, a hospital in
997:
occurs. While the targeted tumor receives the majority of radiation, healthy tissue at incremental distances from the center of the tumor are also irradiated in a diffuse pattern due to beam divergence. These wounds demonstrate
4590:
Scott JG, Sedor G, Ellsworth P, Scarborough JA, Ahmed KA, Oliver DE, et al. (September 2021). "Pan-cancer prediction of radiotherapy benefit using genomic-adjusted radiation dose (GARD): a cohort-based pooled analysis".
518:. As with any distressing treatment, some patients vomit immediately during radiotherapy, or even in anticipation of it, but this is considered a psychological response. Nausea for any reason can be treated with antiemetics.
6821:
Human Health Campus The official website of the
International Atomic Energy Agency dedicated to Professionals in Radiation Medicine. This site is managed by the Division of Human Health, Department of Nuclear Sciences and
5841:
207:, and has been used before, during, and after chemotherapy in susceptible cancers. The subspecialty of oncology concerned with radiotherapy is called radiation oncology. A physician who practices in this subspecialty is a
1227:(Gy), and varies depending on the type and stage of cancer being treated. For curative cases, the typical dose for a solid epithelial tumor ranges from 60 to 80 Gy, while lymphomas are treated with 20 to 40 Gy.
441:
chemotherapy prior to radical radiation therapy. A third technique is to enhance the radiosensitivity of the cancer by giving certain drugs during a course of radiation therapy. Examples of radiosensitizing drugs include
222:. To spare normal tissues (such as skin or organs which radiation must pass through to treat the tumor), shaped radiation beams are aimed from several angles of exposure to intersect at the tumor, providing a much larger
1520:
The planning of radiation therapy treatment has been revolutionized by the ability to delineate tumors and adjacent normal structures in three dimensions using specialized CT and/or MRI scanners and planning software.
1631:
be automated, has been described carefully to enhance the ability of departments to perform it, and in 2021 it was reported as feasible in a small clinical trial, though its efficacy has yet to be formally studied.
853:(PNS). In the CNS for example, cranial nerve injury typically presents as a visual acuity loss 1β14 years post treatment. In the PNS, injury to the plexus nerves presents as radiation-induced brachial plexopathy or
1234:
when selecting a dose, including whether the patient is receiving chemotherapy, patient comorbidities, whether radiation therapy is being administered before or after surgery, and the degree of success of surgery.
1784:
thousandfold better than other bodily organs. Targeting can also be achieved by attaching the radioisotope to another molecule or antibody to guide it to the target tissue. The radioisotopes are delivered through
758:. Cognitive decline was especially apparent in young children, between the ages of 5 and 11. Studies found, for example, that the IQ of 5-year-old children declined each year after treatment by several IQ points.
2924:
Yip D, Allen R, Ashton C, Jain S (March 2004). "Radiation-induced ulceration of the stomach secondary to hepatic embolization with radioactive yttrium microspheres in the treatment of metastatic colon cancer".
595:
exposure to most normal treatment doses of radiation. Treatment planning for all body sites is designed to minimize, if not completely exclude dose to the gonads if they are not the primary area of treatment.
528:
and sore several weeks into treatment. The reaction may become more severe during the treatment and for up to about one week following the end of radiation therapy, and the skin may break down. Although this
2248:
Rades D, Panzner A, Rudat V, Karstens JH, Schild SE (November 2011). "Dose escalation of radiotherapy for metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) in patients with relatively favorable survival prognosis".
1022:
There are rigorous procedures in place to minimise the risk of accidental overexposure of radiation therapy to patients. However, mistakes do occasionally occur; for example, the radiation therapy machine
341:
It is estimated that half of the US' 1.2M invasive cancer cases diagnosed in 2022 received radiation therapy in their treatment program. Different cancers respond to radiation therapy in different ways.
556:
that occurs, swelling of soft tissues may cause problems during radiation therapy. This is a concern during treatment of brain tumors and brain metastases, especially where there is pre-existing raised
2024:, but was extremely rare and expensive due to its low occurrence in ores. In 1937 the entire world supply of radium for radiotherapy was 50 grams, valued at Β£800,000, or $ 50 million in 2005 dollars.
1492:
Stereotactic treatments can be confusing because many hospitals call the treatments by the name of the manufacturer rather than calling it SRS or SBRT. Brand names for these treatments include Axesse,
1010:, and without an adequate nutrient and oxygen supply. Surgery of previously irradiated tissue has a very high failure rate, e.g. women who have received radiation for breast cancer develop late effect
1893:/iodine (I) tositumomab regimen (Bexxar), which is a combination of an iodine-131 labelled and an unlabelled anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. These medications were the first agents of what is known as
532:
is uncomfortable, recovery is usually quick. Skin reactions tend to be worse in areas where there are natural folds in the skin, such as underneath the female breast, behind the ear, and in the groin.
2066:
in London in 1953. Linear accelerators can produce higher energies, have more collimated beams, and do not produce radioactive waste with its attendant disposal problems like radioisotope therapies.
2213:
Rades D, Stalpers LJ, Veninga T, Schulte R, Hoskin PJ, Obralic N, et al. (May 2005). "Evaluation of five radiation schedules and prognostic factors for metastatic spinal cord compression".
2016:, which required huge expensive installations. Megavoltage X-ray units were first built in the late 1930s but because of cost were limited to a few institutions. One of the first, installed at
3009:
Arepally A, Chomas J, Kraitchman D, Hong K (April 2013). "Quantification and reduction of reflux during embolotherapy using an antireflux catheter and tantalum microspheres: ex vivo analysis".
2596:"Effect of radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery on 10-year recurrence and 15-year breast cancer death: meta-analysis of individual patient data for 10,801 women in 17 randomised trials"
941:
In males previously having undergone radiotherapy, there appears to be no increase in genetic defects or congenital malformations in their children conceived after therapy. However, the use of
1035:
Although medical errors are exceptionally rare, radiation oncologists, medical physicists and other members of the radiation therapy treatment team are working to eliminate them. In 2010 the
6317:
Yashar CM, Blair S, Wallace A, Scanderbeg D (2009). "Initial clinical experience with the Strut-Adjusted Volume
Implant brachytherapy applicator for accelerated partial breast irradiation".
1658:
being one example), energetic ionizing particles (protons or carbon ions) are directed at the target tumor. The dose increases while the particle penetrates the tissue, up to a maximum (the
748:
can lead to these and other late side effect symptoms. Most radiation-induced cardiovascular diseases occur 10 or more years post treatment, making causality determinations more difficult.
1436:
radioactive source like the one shown above. 2DXRT mainly consists of a single beam of radiation delivered to the patient from several directions: often front or back, and both sides.
7876:
1733:
into the rectum and placing it against the cancerous tissue. Finally, treatment tube is inserted into the applicator to deliver high doses of X-rays (30Gy) emitted directly onto the
712:
Cardiovascular late side effects have been termed radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD) and radiation-induced cardiovascular disease (RIVD). Symptoms are dose dependent and include
6104:
Boda-Heggemann J, Knopf AC, Simeonova-Chergou A, Wertz H, Stieler F, Jahnke A, et al. (March 2016). "Deep
Inspiration Breath Hold-Based Radiation Therapy: A Clinical Review".
5851:
3451:
Benveniste, Marcelo F.; Gomez, Daniel; Carter, Brett W.; Betancourt
Cuellar, Sonia L.; Shroff, Girish S.; Benveniste, Ana Paula; Odisio, Erika G.; Marom, Edith M. (March 7, 2019).
2062:, developed since the 1940s, began replacing X-ray and cobalt units in the 1980s and these older therapies are now declining. The first medical linear accelerator was used at the
2089:. These advances allowed radiation oncologists to better see and target tumors, which have resulted in better treatment outcomes, more organ preservation and fewer side effects.
884:
that occurs because the radiation directly or indirectly damages blood vessels in the area, which reduces the blood supply to the remaining healthy tissue, causing it to die by
8462:
5413:"RapidArc, SmartArc and TomoHD compared with classical step and shoot and sliding window intensity modulated radiotherapy in an oropharyngeal cancer treatment plan comparison"
3047:
Henson CC, Burden S, Davidson SE, Lal S (November 2013). "Nutritional interventions for reducing gastrointestinal toxicity in adults undergoing radical pelvic radiotherapy".
1666:, and it then drops to (almost) zero. The advantage of this energy deposition profile is that less energy is deposited into the healthy tissue surrounding the target tissue.
370:
are generally considered to be radioresistant but radiation therapy is still a palliative option for many patients with metastatic melanoma. Combining radiation therapy with
345:
The response of a cancer to radiation is described by its radiosensitivity. Highly radiosensitive cancer cells are rapidly killed by modest doses of radiation. These include
1721:
Contact X-ray brachytherapy (also called "CXB", "electronic brachytherapy" or the "Papillon Technique") is a type of radiation therapy using low energy (50 kVp) kilovoltage
1859:
from cancer. The radioisotopes travel selectively to areas of damaged bone, and spare normal undamaged bone. Isotopes commonly used in the treatment of bone metastasis are
2871:
Carretero C, Munoz-Navas M, Betes M, Angos R, Subtil JC, Fernandez-Urien I, et al. (June 2007). "Gastroduodenal injury after radioembolization of hepatic tumors".
497:
axis dysfunction. Modern radiation therapy aims to reduce side effects to a minimum and to help the patient understand and deal with side effects that are unavoidable.
2739:
8656:
5026:
2764:
Lee VH, Ng SC, Leung TW, Au GK, Kwong DL (September 2012). "Dosimetric predictors of radiation-induced acute nausea and vomiting in IMRT for nasopharyngeal cancer".
1230:
Preventive (adjuvant) doses are typically around 45β60 Gy in 1.8β2 Gy fractions (for breast, head, and neck cancers.) Many other factors are considered by
461:, radiotherapy has been found to halve the rate at which the disease recurs. In pancreatic cancer, radiotherapy has increased survival times for inoperable tumors.
203:, to prevent tumor recurrence after surgery to remove a primary malignant tumor (for example, early stages of breast cancer). Radiation therapy is synergistic with
2799:
2486:
989:
Delayed tissue injury with impaired wound healing capability often develops after receiving doses in excess of 65 Gy. A diffuse injury pattern due to the
1961:
Medicine has used radiation therapy as a treatment for cancer for more than 100 years, with its earliest roots traced from the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by
8064:
6898:
1839:
in diameter (about one-third of a human hair) and are delivered directly into the artery supplying blood to the tumors. These treatments begin by guiding a
6670:
5464:"Analysis of dose distribution in organs at risk in patients with prostate cancer treated with the intensity-modulated radiation therapy and arc technique"
4821:
4227:
Sheehan JP, Shaffrey ME, Gupta B, Larner J, Rich JN, Park DM (October 2010). "Improving the radiosensitivity of radioresistant and hypoxic glioblastoma".
4085:
1317:
and small organic metabolites. The content and variation of manganese (measurable by electron paramagnetic resonance) were found to be good predictors of
7591:
4434:
4416:
2085:(PET) in the 1980s, has moved radiation therapy from 3-D conformal to intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and to image-guided radiation therapy
1729:. The process involves endoscopic examination first to identify the tumor in the rectum and then inserting treatment applicator on the tumor through the
573:). Surgical intervention may be considered prior to treatment with radiation. If surgery is deemed unnecessary or inappropriate, the patient may receive
1152:(heat therapy which dilates blood vessels to the tumor site), blood substitutes that carry increased oxygen, hypoxic cell radiosensitizer drugs such as
892:. Because it is an indirect effect of the treatment, it occurs months to decades after radiation exposure. Radiation necrosis most commonly presents as
7886:
4995:
329:
214:
Radiation therapy is commonly applied to the cancerous tumor because of its ability to control cell growth. Ionizing radiation works by damaging the
8767:
1704:
to provide a stable position for the treatment beam to be turned on. This can be done automatically using an external monitoring system such as a
8912:
1700:(DIBH) is commonly used for breast treatments where it is important to avoid irradiating the heart. In DIBH the patient holds their breath after
3096:
3079:
2294:"Radiotherapy With 4 Gy Γ 5 Versus 3 Gy Γ 10 for Metastatic Epidural Spinal Cord Compression: Final Results of the SCORE-2 Trial (ARO 2009/01)"
90:
86:
6880:
3858:
Gupta G, Jumah FR, Raju B, Roychowdhury S, Nanda A, Schneck MJ, Vincent FM, Janss A (2019-11-09). Talavera F, Kattah JC, Nelson Jr SL (eds.).
9550:
7571:
4547:
Lacombe J, Azria D, Mange A, Solassol J (February 2013). "Proteomic approaches to identify biomarkers predictive of radiotherapy outcomes".
9643:
7893:
7324:
6527:"Targeted intraoperative radiotherapy impairs the stimulation of breast cancer cell proliferation and invasion caused by surgical wounding"
6452:
1116:
In photon therapy, most of the radiation effect is through free radicals. Cells have mechanisms for repairing single-strand DNA damage and
9535:
1032:
overexposed 76 patients (most with brain cancer) during a five-year period because new radiation equipment had been set up incorrectly.
7659:
6434:
4944:
Lagendijk JJ, Raaymakers BW, Van den Berg CA, Moerland MA, Philippens ME, van Vulpen M (November 2014). "MR guidance in radiotherapy".
3951:
776:
The gastrointestinal tract can be damaged following abdominal and pelvic radiotherapy. Atrophy, fibrosis and vascular changes produce
4420:
9923:
8162:
321:. The use of radiation therapy in non-malignant conditions is limited partly by worries about the risk of radiation-induced cancers.
8401:
5246:
Pourhomayoun M, Fowler M, Jin Z. "Robustness Analysis of Sparsity Based Tumor Localization under Tissue Configuration Uncertainty".
3510:"Out of the frying pan and into the fire: damage-associated molecular patterns and cardiovascular toxicity following cancer therapy"
1309:
been shown to associate with clinical outcome. An alternative approach to genomics and proteomics was offered by the discovery that
8612:
8452:
8391:
1036:
8532:
6745:
6197:"The 2007 AAPM response to the CRCPD request for recommendations for the CRCPD's model regulations for electronic brachytherapy"
4012:"Hypothalamic-Pituitary and Growth Disorders in Survivors of Childhood Cancer: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline"
1489:
radiation on healthy tissues. One problem with stereotactic treatments is that they are only suitable for certain small tumors.
1056:
The beam's eye view of the radiotherapy portal on the hand's surface with the lead shield cut-out placed in the machine's gantry
9504:
8357:
5373:
Bertelsen A, Hansen CR, Johansen J, Brink C (May 2010). "Single Arc Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy of head and neck cancer".
2166:"Palliative Radiation Therapy for Oncologic Emergencies in the Setting of COVID-19: Approaches to Balancing Risks and Benefits"
1602:
radiation by rotating gantry (usually 360Β° rotating fields with one or more arcs), changing speed and shape of the beam with a
1168:. Newer research approaches are currently being studied, including preclinical and clinical investigations into the use of an
457:
The impact of radiotherapy varies between different types of cancer and different groups. For example, for breast cancer after
7586:
6798:
6759:
6734:
6713:
5300:
5273:
4135:
Vitale I, Galluzzi L, Castedo M, Kroemer G (June 2011). "Mitotic catastrophe: a mechanism for avoiding genomic instability".
4119:
1951:
in 1910. Before the 1920s, the hazards of radiation were not understood, and it was used to treat a wide range of diseases.
1821:
2743:
824:. Nerve damage from ionizing radiation occurs in phases, the initial phase from microvascular injury, capillary damage and
245:. Radiation may be prescribed by a radiation oncologist with intent to cure or for adjuvant therapy. It may also be used as
9825:
9530:
9499:
9444:
8408:
6645:
4839:
Hill R, Healy B, Holloway L, Kuncic Z, Thwaites D, Baldock C (March 2014). "Advances in kilovoltage x-ray beam dosimetry".
2136:
1832:
1403:
6569:
5030:
707:, is an aggravating risk factor. The occurrence rate of RT induced cardiovascular disease is estimated between 10 and 30%.
9163:
9129:
8325:
7871:
7836:
4893:
Thwaites DI, Tuohy JB (July 2006). "Back to the future: the history and development of the clinical linear accelerator".
3606:
1169:
865:(muscle cramping, spasms or twitching) may develop. Radiation-induced nerve injury, chronic compressive neuropathies and
854:
755:
5411:
Van Gestel D, van Vliet-Vroegindeweij C, Van den Heuvel F, Crijns W, Coelmont A, De Ost B, et al. (February 2013).
2803:
9479:
9023:
8607:
942:
1105:
of the atoms which make up the DNA chain. Indirect ionization happens as a result of the ionization of water, forming
10163:
9773:
7687:
7566:
6179:
2855:
2578:
2121:
1875:
2494:
9918:
9636:
9545:
8917:
8782:
7317:
6925:
5515:"Temporally feathered intensity-modulated radiation therapy: A planning technique to reduce normal tissue toxicity"
2020:, London in 1937 and used until 1960, used a 30 foot long X-ray tube and weighed 10 tons. Radium produced megavolt
1915:
1910:
1831:
to radioembolize liver tumors or liver metastases. These microspheres are used for the treatment approach known as
1512:. This list changes as equipment manufacturers continue to develop new, specialized technologies to treat cancers.
334:
306:
9970:
8860:
8694:
8296:
8174:
7831:
7692:
6059:"Deep inspiration breath hold and respiratory gating strategies for reducing organ motion in radiation treatment"
1381:
1333:
1310:
927:
6251:
Van Limbergen E, et al. (2005). "Breast cancer". In Gerbaulet A, PΓΆtter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (eds.).
5750:"Automatic treatment planning facilitates fast generation of high-quality treatment plans for esophageal cancer"
5002:
1014:
tissue fibrosis and hypovascularity, making successful reconstruction and healing difficult, if not impossible.
820:
Radiation treatments may damage nerves near the target area or within the delivery path as nerve tissue is also
811:, producing bleeding, diarrhoea and urgency, and can also cause radiation cystitis when the bladder is affected.
9708:
8850:
8699:
8157:
6221:
Gerbaulet A, et al. (2005). "Cervix carcinoma". In Gerbaulet A, PΓΆtter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (eds.).
4671:"Across the tree of life, radiation resistance is governed by antioxidant Mn, gauged by paramagnetic resonance"
4089:
1136:
One of the major limitations of photon radiation therapy is that the cells of solid tumors become deficient in
1040:
415:
69:
6284:
Gerbaulet A, et al. (2005). "General aspects". In Gerbaulet A, PΓΆtter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (eds.).
6266:
Van Limbergen E, et al. (2005). "Skin cancer". In Gerbaulet A, PΓΆtter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (eds.).
1265:
This section only applies to photon radiotherapy although other types of radiation therapy may be fractionated
981:-secretion is usually mild, and vasopressin deficiency appears to be very rare as a consequence of radiation.
9965:
9611:
8624:
8457:
7881:
7809:
7240:
5791:"Adapting automated treatment planning configurations across international centres for prostate radiotherapy"
4112:
Dupuytren's Disease and Related Hyperproliferative Disorders: Principles, Research, and Clinical Perspectives
2825:
2017:
1992:
Prior to World War 2, the only practical sources of radiation for radiotherapy were radium, its "emanation",
631:
in 2 Gy fractions, a dose which is exceeded by most radical head and neck cancer treatments. Dry mouth (
5231:
Pourhomayoun M, Fowler M, Jin Z. "A Novel Method for Tumor Localization and Tracking in Radiation Therapy".
10095:
9849:
8967:
8704:
8413:
8167:
7664:
5128:
2082:
1956:
1697:
1346:
970:
640:
614:
Tissues which have been irradiated tend to become less elastic over time due to a diffuse scarring process.
17:
1972:
The field of radiation therapy began to grow in the early 1900s largely due to the groundbreaking work of
10080:
9880:
9629:
9367:
9117:
9030:
9002:
8959:
8924:
8762:
8589:
8527:
8352:
8256:
8142:
7610:
7310:
5699:
Hansen CR, Bertelsen A, Hazell I, Zukauskaite R, Gyldenkerne N, Johansen J, et al. (December 2016).
3314:
Ohno T, Okamoto M (June 2019). "Carbon ion radiotherapy as a treatment modality for paediatric cancers".
2059:
1868:
1618:
carcinomas VMAT provides equivalent or better protection of the organ at risk (OAR). In the treatment of
974:
946:
737:
261:
or some mixture of the four. Most common cancer types can be treated with radiation therapy in some way.
254:
188:
6236:
Ash D, et al. (2005). "Prostate cancer". In Gerbaulet A, PΓΆtter R, Mazeron J, Limbergen EV (eds.).
4669:
Sharma A, Gaidamakova EK, Grichenko O, Matrosova VY, Hoeke V, Klimenkova P, et al. (October 2017).
977:(TSH) deficiencies are the least common among people with radiation-induced hypopituitarism. Changes in
10153:
9671:
9599:
9454:
9427:
8951:
8810:
8489:
8007:
7964:
7816:
7271:
4781:"Practice changing data and emerging concepts from recent radiation therapy randomised clinical trials"
2078:
2001:
1969:
of Chicago was possibly the first American physician to use X-rays to treat cancer, beginning in 1896.
1663:
1565:
1481:(SRS) is when doctors use a single or several stereotactic radiation treatments of the brain or spine.
1061:
990:
829:
699:
increase is dose dependent, related to the RT's dose strength, volume and location. Use of concomitant
434:
391:
10000:
9484:
9337:
9105:
8787:
8396:
8179:
7065:
5748:
Hansen CR, Nielsen M, Bertelsen AS, Hazell I, Holtved E, Zukauskaite R, et al. (November 2017).
3610:
3267:"The Role of Particle Therapy in the Risk of Radio-induced Second Tumors: A Review of the Literature"
1898:
999:
850:
789:
733:
458:
298:
5701:"Automatic treatment planning improves the clinical quality of head and neck cancer treatment plans"
4626:
Daly MJ (March 2009). "A new perspective on radiation resistance based on Deinococcus radiodurans".
3733:
2379:
1485:(SBRT) refers to one or several stereotactic radiation treatments with the body, such as the lungs.
1002:, inflamed arterial linings that disrupt the tissue's blood supply. Such tissue ends up chronically
690:
primary cancer even in pediatric malignancies which carry a higher burden of secondary malignancies.
10168:
10065:
10020:
9422:
9332:
9196:
9035:
8877:
8777:
8689:
7898:
7784:
7744:
7556:
7100:
7058:
6724:
5973:
Guckenberger M, Richter A, Boda-Heggemann J, Lohr F (2012). "Motion compensation in radiotherapy".
4010:
Sklar, CA; Antal, Z; Chemaitilly, W; Cohen, LE; Follin, C; Meacham, LR; Murad, MH (1 August 2018).
1607:
1208:
1173:
1126:
804:
318:
97:
4730:"Distributions of manganese in diverse human cancers provide insights into tumour radioresistance"
4500:"A genome-based model for adjusting radiotherapy dose (GARD): a retrospective, cohort-based study"
2392:
CK Bomford, IH Kunkler, J Walter. Walter and Miller's Textbook of Radiation therapy (6th Ed), p311
994:
9362:
9156:
8940:
8907:
8882:
8496:
8273:
8079:
8002:
7959:
7942:
7903:
7826:
7193:
7157:
7095:
6525:
Belletti B, Vaidya JS, D'Andrea S, Entschladen F, Roncadin M, Lovat F, et al. (March 2008).
6302:
Stewart AJ, et al. (2007). "Radiobiological concepts for brachytherapy". In Devlin P (ed.).
1789:
1785:
931:
741:
725:
686:
410:
cancers are incurable with radiation therapy because it is not possible to treat the whole body.
8865:
6820:
6570:"University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center, History of Radiation Oncology"
6460:
5290:
2970:"Gastrointestinal complications associated with hepatic arterial Yttrium-90 microsphere therapy"
2696:
Mahmood SS, Nohria A (July 2016). "Cardiovascular Complications of Cranial and Neck Radiation".
1827:
Another example is the injection of radioactive yttrium-90 or holmium-166 microspheres into the
1532:, in which the profile of each radiation beam is shaped to fit the profile of the target from a
1207:
for a good example of the different effects of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) vs.
771:
Histopathology of radiation cystitis, including atypical stromal cells ("radiation fibroblasts")
10158:
9802:
9603:
9514:
9188:
8772:
8059:
7603:
7198:
7152:
6893:
5323:"Volumetric modulated arc therapy: a review of current literature and clinical use in practice"
5153:
Hall EJ, Wuu CS (May 2003). "Radiation-induced second cancers: the impact of 3D-CRT and IMRT".
1552:
1196:
846:
721:
693:
277:
273:
6167:
5650:
Hazell I, Bzdusek K, Kumar P, Hansen CR, Bertelsen A, Eriksen JG, et al. (January 2016).
2566:
2439:
Maverakis E, Cornelius LA, Bowen GM, Phan T, Patel FB, Fitzmaurice S, et al. (May 2015).
2292:
Rades D, Ε egedin B, Conde-Moreno AJ, Garcia R, Perpar A, Metz M, et al. (February 2016).
374:
is an active area of investigation and has shown some promise for melanoma and other cancers.
10173:
10025:
9607:
9342:
9066:
8802:
8757:
8219:
8147:
8074:
8069:
8034:
7821:
7789:
7576:
7503:
7250:
7231:
6352:
Parker C, Nilsson S, Heinrich D, Helle SI, O'Sullivan JM, FossΓ₯ SD, et al. (July 2013).
5188:
Maleki T, Papiez L, Ziaie B (August 2010). "Magnetic tracking system for radiation therapy".
3830:
2366:
1828:
1817:
1615:
1212:
870:
location of nerve injury. Myokymia is more frequent when radiation doses exceed 10 gray (Gy).
825:
815:
761:
558:
294:
6453:"Tositumomab and Iodine I 131 Tositumomab β Product Approval Information β Licensing Action"
6438:
6395:"Overview of samarium sm 153 lexidronam in the treatment of painful metastatic bone disease"
5513:
LΓ³pez Alfonso JC, Parsai S, Joshi N, Godley A, Shah C, Koyfman SA, et al. (July 2018).
4779:
Espenel S, Chargari C, Blanchard P, Bockel S, Morel D, Rivera S, et al. (August 2022).
2968:
Murthy R, Brown DB, Salem R, Meranze SG, Coldwell DM, Krishnan S, et al. (April 2007).
2508:
Falls KC, Sharma RA, Lawrence YR, Amos RA, Advani SJ, Ahmed MM, et al. (October 2018).
10085:
10075:
10050:
9900:
9768:
9464:
9352:
9309:
9259:
8977:
8752:
8737:
8054:
8012:
7848:
7754:
7682:
7203:
7048:
7038:
6918:
6603:
6578:
5931:
5886:
5526:
4953:
4902:
4848:
4682:
4334:
2647:"Ablative radiation therapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer: techniques and results"
2594:
Darby S, McGale P, Correa C, Taylor C, Arriagada R, Clarke M, et al. (November 2011).
2521:
2402:
2164:
Yerramilli D, Xu AJ, Gillespie EF, Shepherd AF, Beal K, Gomez D, et al. (2020-07-01).
2116:
2063:
1879:
1778:
1611:
1603:
1537:
1287:
1231:
1149:
1065:
881:
662:
515:
383:
290:
208:
195:
in a number of types of cancer if they are localized to one area of the body, and have not
6903:
6883:β Responsibilities of the various personnel within Radiation Oncology in the United States
4498:
Scott JG, Berglund A, Schell MJ, Mihaylov I, Fulp WJ, Yue B, et al. (February 2017).
3859:
2342:
Cooper, Jeffrey S.; Hanley, Mary E.; Hendriksen, Stephen; Robins, Marc (August 30, 2022).
2092:
While access to radiotherapy is improving globally, more than half of patients in low and
1622:
the OAR protection result is mixed with some studies favoring VMAT, others favoring IMRT.
418:
is a method that uses imaging to correct for positional errors of each treatment session.
8:
10105:
10090:
9960:
9819:
9713:
9694:
9581:
9459:
9372:
9076:
8887:
8672:
8266:
8134:
8112:
7937:
7794:
7561:
7523:
7356:
7090:
7022:
6751:
4321:
Baldock C, De Deene Y, Doran S, Ibbott G, Jirasek A, Lepage M, et al. (March 2010).
4060:
2141:
2131:
2074:
2005:
1886:
1581:
1493:
1117:
1106:
1090:
808:
717:
426:
421:
The response of a tumor to radiation therapy is also related to its size. Due to complex
265:
219:
177:
9540:
6607:
5935:
5890:
5530:
4957:
4906:
4852:
4686:
4338:
2525:
10010:
9895:
9699:
9689:
9576:
9397:
9377:
9357:
9241:
9149:
9056:
8792:
8629:
8556:
8367:
8017:
7987:
7971:
7954:
7598:
7488:
7436:
7386:
7333:
7183:
6702:
6619:
6502:
6475:
6411:
6394:
6086:
6034:
6009:
5986:
5955:
5817:
5790:
5725:
5700:
5676:
5651:
5596:
5547:
5514:
5490:
5463:
5439:
5412:
5347:
5322:
5213:
4977:
4965:
4926:
4872:
4705:
4670:
4651:
4572:
4524:
4499:
4355:
4322:
4298:
4273:
4209:
4160:
4041:
3658:
3633:
3583:
3558:
3534:
3509:
3480:
3452:
3425:
3400:
3339:
3296:
3247:
3194:
3169:
3109:
2950:
2906:
2721:
2673:
2646:
2622:
2595:
2542:
2509:
2274:
2190:
2165:
2093:
2070:
1943:
1894:
1569:
1556:
1533:
1269:
1239:
935:
923:
893:
793:
767:
587:(ovaries and testicles) are very sensitive to radiation. They may be unable to produce
566:
529:
478:
358:
285:
173:
60:
6010:"Review of deep inspiration breath-hold techniques for the treatment of breast cancer"
5943:
5875:"Auger electron dosimetry: report of AAPM Nuclear Medicine Committee Task Group No. 6"
5292:
Algorithms and Theory of Computation Handbook, Volume 2: Special Topics and Techniques
5166:
4914:
4860:
4604:
4515:
4391:
3327:
3235:
2612:
1962:
1249:
In radiation therapy, three-dimensional dose distributions may be evaluated using the
10100:
10060:
9347:
9284:
9249:
8124:
7917:
7804:
7779:
7717:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7351:
7286:
7276:
7188:
7002:
6832:
The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group: an organisation for radiation oncology research
6794:
6765:
6755:
6730:
6709:
6627:
6548:
6507:
6416:
6375:
6334:
6175:
6131:
6078:
6039:
5990:
5947:
5904:
5822:
5771:
5730:
5681:
5632:
5600:
5588:
5552:
5495:
5444:
5410:
5390:
5352:
5296:
5269:
5205:
5170:
5110:
5074:
4969:
4918:
4864:
4802:
4761:
4710:
4643:
4608:
4564:
4529:
4472:
4395:
4360:
4346:
4303:
4244:
4201:
4152:
4115:
4033:
3992:
3942:
3894:
3804:
3779:
3704:
3663:
3588:
3539:
3472:
3430:
3378:
3331:
3300:
3288:
3239:
3199:
3150:
3127:
Kamran SC, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Ng A, Haas-Kogan D, Viswanathan AN (June 2016).
3101:
3060:
3026:
2991:
2942:
2938:
2898:
2884:
2851:
2781:
2713:
2678:
2627:
2574:
2547:
2462:
2347:
2315:
2266:
2230:
2195:
2111:
2032:
1141:
1003:
363:
242:
81:
6090:
6074:
5959:
5217:
4876:
4655:
4576:
4213:
4164:
4045:
3484:
3343:
3251:
3113:
2954:
2725:
2278:
1515:
233:
is the medical specialty concerned with prescribing radiation, and is distinct from
9763:
9744:
9474:
8972:
8027:
7992:
7749:
7739:
7627:
7615:
7456:
7451:
7441:
7431:
7426:
7175:
7053:
6611:
6538:
6497:
6487:
6476:"Intraoperative radiation therapy for breast cancer patients: current perspectives"
6406:
6365:
6326:
6121:
6113:
6070:
6029:
6021:
5982:
5939:
5894:
5812:
5802:
5761:
5720:
5712:
5671:
5663:
5624:
5580:
5542:
5534:
5485:
5475:
5434:
5424:
5382:
5342:
5334:
5197:
5162:
5102:
5064:
4981:
4961:
4930:
4910:
4856:
4792:
4751:
4741:
4700:
4690:
4635:
4600:
4556:
4519:
4511:
4462:
4387:
4350:
4342:
4293:
4285:
4236:
4191:
4144:
4023:
3982:
3932:
3886:
3769:
3694:
3653:
3645:
3578:
3570:
3529:
3521:
3464:
3420:
3412:
3370:
3323:
3278:
3231:
3189:
3181:
3140:
3091:
3056:
3052:
3018:
2981:
2934:
2888:
2880:
2773:
2705:
2668:
2658:
2617:
2607:
2537:
2529:
2452:
2305:
2258:
2222:
2185:
2177:
1649:
1357:
1318:
1140:. Solid tumors can outgrow their blood supply, causing a low-oxygen state known as
1098:
845:
Depending upon the irradiated zone, late effect neuropathy may occur in either the
821:
745:
729:
354:
200:
31:
6543:
6526:
5789:
Roach D, Wortel G, Ochoa C, Jensen HR, Damen E, Vial P, et al. (April 2019).
5766:
5749:
4196:
4179:
3683:"Management of intestinal complications in patients with pelvic radiation disease"
3559:"Radiation-Induced Cardiovascular Disease: Review of an Underrecognized Pathology"
2910:
129:
10070:
9975:
9586:
9571:
9387:
9299:
9289:
9141:
8870:
8830:
8284:
8098:
8022:
7997:
7843:
7636:
7538:
7528:
7493:
7371:
7361:
7291:
7266:
6911:
6330:
6117:
5846:
5628:
5584:
5386:
5106:
4467:
4450:
4429:
4425:
3774:
3757:
3374:
3361:(December 2007). "Cardiac exposures in breast cancer radiotherapy: 1950s-1990s".
2777:
2028:
1856:
1619:
1145:
966:
957:
562:
470:
403:
395:
246:
238:
103:
8362:
6649:
6615:
6435:"FDA Approves First Radiopharmaceutical Product To Treat Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma"
4451:"Palliative radiotherapy for bone metastases: an ASTRO evidence-based guideline"
3798:
3097:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19981215)83:12B+<2788::AID-CNCR27>3.0.CO;2-I
2343:
1052:
627:
The salivary glands and tear glands have a radiation tolerance of about 30
9955:
9778:
9725:
9434:
9392:
9382:
9304:
9294:
9264:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8565:
8472:
8441:
8423:
7947:
7853:
7799:
7764:
7697:
7644:
7498:
7391:
7376:
7366:
7213:
7171:
6573:
6196:
5807:
5716:
5201:
5053:"Advances in radiation therapy: conventional to 3D, to IMRT, to 4D, and beyond"
4797:
4780:
4675:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4415:
4378:
Ang KK (October 1998). "Altered fractionation trials in head and neck cancer".
4086:"What Questions Should I Ask My Doctor?: Questions to ask after treatment ends"
3416:
3022:
2986:
2969:
2181:
2040:
1918:(IORT) is applying therapeutic levels of radiation to a target area, such as a
1805:
1801:
1655:
1204:
962:
896:, vaginal radionecrosis, soft tissue radionecrosis, or laryngeal radionecrosis.
889:
713:
486:
269:
184:
8845:
6842:
6194:
5069:
5052:
3726:
3699:
3682:
3283:
3266:
2709:
2663:
2262:
74:
10147:
10055:
9812:
9794:
9509:
9269:
9254:
9010:
8301:
7707:
7548:
7017:
5922:
Bert C, Durante M (August 2011). "Motion in radiotherapy: particle therapy".
5667:
5480:
4449:
Lutz S, Berk L, Chang E, Chow E, Hahn C, Hoskin P, et al. (March 2011).
3937:
3921:"Genetic and teratogenic effects of cancer treatments on gametes and embryos"
3920:
3649:
3525:
2310:
2293:
2126:
1793:
1747:
1726:
1680:
1675:
1360:
is a special case of external beam radiation therapy where the particles are
1339:
1254:
1157:
1011:
915:
866:
777:
704:
639:) can become irritating long-term problems and severely reduce the patient's
636:
387:
379:
371:
281:
276:(TBI) is a radiation therapy technique used to prepare the body to receive a
258:
223:
4695:
3877:
Nieder C, Milas L, Ang KK (July 2000). "Tissue tolerance to reirradiation".
3574:
2226:
1421:
a protective internal shield (usually uranium metal or a tungsten alloy) and
116:
10131:
10045:
10015:
9890:
9884:
9704:
9489:
9449:
9314:
8576:
7712:
7654:
7581:
7533:
7403:
6958:
6631:
6552:
6511:
6474:
Dutta SW, Showalter SL, Showalter TN, Libby B, Trifiletti DM (April 2017).
6420:
6379:
6338:
6135:
6082:
6043:
5994:
5951:
5826:
5775:
5734:
5685:
5636:
5592:
5556:
5499:
5448:
5429:
5394:
5356:
5338:
5209:
5174:
5114:
5078:
4973:
4922:
4868:
4806:
4765:
4714:
4647:
4612:
4568:
4533:
4476:
4364:
4307:
4289:
4248:
4205:
4156:
4037:
3996:
3969:
Fernandez A, Brada M, Zabuliene L, Karavitaki N, Wass JA (September 2009).
3946:
3898:
3890:
3808:
3783:
3708:
3667:
3592:
3543:
3476:
3434:
3382:
3335:
3292:
3243:
3203:
3185:
3154:
3064:
3030:
2995:
2946:
2902:
2785:
2717:
2682:
2631:
2551:
2466:
2421:
2351:
2319:
2270:
2234:
2199:
2106:
2036:
1948:
1864:
1809:
1468:
1165:
1153:
700:
553:
422:
230:
204:
56:
6370:
6353:
6152:
5908:
4399:
4110:
Eaton C, Seegenschmiedt MH, Bayat A, Gabbiani G, Werker P, Wach W (2012).
4028:
4011:
3468:
3105:
2457:
2440:
1696:. Several techniques have been developed to account for motion like this.
9935:
9833:
9829:
9718:
9231:
8987:
8634:
8224:
7731:
7702:
7281:
7221:
7080:
7043:
6966:
6492:
6126:
6103:
3358:
2086:
2044:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1890:
1849:
1845:
1734:
1505:
1497:
1224:
1086:
919:
880:
is the death of healthy tissue near the irradiated site. It is a type of
797:
785:
644:
628:
438:
399:
123:
63:. Lasers and a mould under the legs are used to determine exact position.
6836:
4756:
4639:
3987:
3970:
3126:
2441:"Metastatic melanoma - a review of current and future treatment options"
1223:
The amount of radiation used in photon radiation therapy is measured in
10005:
9875:
9869:
9865:
9837:
9807:
9279:
9226:
8340:
7226:
7075:
7012:
6976:
6623:
5248:
IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium (SPMB12), 2012
4943:
4746:
4729:
4240:
3450:
3145:
3128:
2893:
1997:
1860:
1813:
1797:
1705:
1701:
1659:
1394:
1200:
1161:
1102:
672:
632:
524:
474:
447:
430:
407:
314:
196:
181:
6646:"History of Radiation Therapy: The Evolution of Therapeutic Radiology"
4560:
2533:
754:
In cases of radiation applied to the head radiation therapy may cause
139:
10035:
10030:
9621:
9566:
9439:
9274:
9221:
9211:
9172:
8982:
8345:
8335:
7463:
7416:
7381:
7302:
7245:
7131:
7116:
6997:
6981:
6524:
6354:"Alpha emitter radium-223 and survival in metastatic prostate cancer"
5972:
5899:
5874:
5538:
3129:"Therapeutic radiation and the potential risk of second malignancies"
2159:
2157:
2052:
2048:
2021:
1919:
1693:
1425:
1314:
1250:
1243:
1130:
1122:
1024:
978:
840:, occurs in approximately 1β5% of those receiving radiation therapy.
494:
451:
443:
350:
346:
302:
234:
35:
8840:
6155:. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. September 2015.
6058:
6025:
4148:
3508:
Klee NS, McCarthy CG, Martinez-Quinones P, Webb RC (November 2017).
1855:
A major use of systemic radioisotope therapy is in the treatment of
1708:
or a camera and markers. The same monitoring techniques, as well as
50:
10040:
9736:
9216:
9201:
9071:
8714:
8709:
8649:
8318:
8246:
8229:
8214:
8189:
7932:
7421:
7235:
7126:
7085:
7070:
6943:
6935:
6839:-The radiology information resource for patients: Radiation Therapy
4668:
1981:
1840:
1509:
1110:
1029:
1007:
885:
877:
862:
833:
781:
609:
574:
570:
367:
4180:"Impact of tumor hypoxia and anemia on radiation therapy outcomes"
3453:"Recognizing Radiation Therapyβrelated Complications in the Chest"
2839:
2154:
1788:(into the bloodstream) or ingestion. Examples are the infusion of
1195:
ions can cause direct damage to cancer cell DNA through high-LET (
837:
9995:
9494:
9040:
8992:
8855:
8835:
8234:
8209:
7649:
7480:
7468:
7446:
7411:
7136:
7121:
5266:
Contemporary IMRT: Developing Physics and Clinical Implementation
3968:
3507:
2009:
1923:
1548:
1516:
Virtual simulation, and 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy
1501:
1329:
Historically, the three main divisions of radiation therapy are:
1303:
666:
588:
490:
250:
169:
111:
6195:
American Association of Physicists in Medicine (February 2009).
5698:
5321:
Teoh M, Clark CH, Wood K, Whitaker S, Nisbet A (November 2011).
5233:
IEEE Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, 2012
5132:
4109:
1625:
1424:
a cylinder of radioactive source material, often but not always
1372:
satisfaction, and identifying areas that require further study.
9928:
9755:
9681:
8644:
8639:
8619:
8599:
8584:
8467:
8204:
8184:
8152:
7007:
6939:
3860:"Radiation Necrosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology"
3634:"Radiation enteropathy--pathogenesis, treatment and prevention"
1985:
1752:
1543:
1389:
1361:
1238:
Delivery parameters of a prescribed dose are determined during
1188:
1180:
1137:
1094:
652:
648:
584:
310:
30:"Radiation (medicine)" redirects here. Not to be confused with
6853:
5842:"Brain tumor patient 'unaware' treatment was available on NHS"
5512:
4778:
4589:
3853:
3851:
3265:
Facoetti A, Barcellini A, Valvo F, Pullia M (September 2019).
2870:
2291:
2096:
still do not have available access to the therapy as of 2017.
2035:
during World War 2 made possible the production of artificial
1386:
The following three sections refer to treatment using X-rays.
661:
Radiation therapy treatments to the head and neck regions for
268:, or palliative) will depend on the tumor type, location, and
9319:
9206:
9061:
9018:
8681:
8537:
8330:
8194:
6848:
6826:
6106:
International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
5155:
International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
5095:
International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
4455:
International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
3363:
International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
3264:
2766:
International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
2163:
1993:
1769:
radiation therapy and older methods of breast brachytherapy.
1741:
1722:
1184:
6473:
6316:
5747:
5613:
5372:
4274:"Radiation induced secondary malignancies: a review article"
4134:
3918:
3170:"Radiation induced secondary malignancies: a review article"
3008:
2740:"Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer: Possible Side Effects"
2569:. In Kerr DJ, Haller DG, van de Velde CJ, Baumann M (eds.).
2489:. In Pazdur R, Wagman LD, Camphausen KA, Hoskins WJ (eds.).
2341:
1836:
469:
Radiation therapy (RT) is in itself painless. Many low-dose
8542:
8431:
8241:
8199:
6971:
6933:
4497:
3848:
3797:
Davalos, Long; Arya, Kapil; Kushlaf, Hani (July 15, 2023).
3729:. American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
2438:
2212:
2013:
1883:
1730:
1709:
1692:
this cannot prevent all motion, for example as a result of
1398:
A teletherapy radiation capsule composed of the following:
1365:
1192:
1093:. This DNA damage is caused by one of two types of energy,
828:. Subsequent damage occurs from vascular constriction and
192:
6747:
Handbook of Radiation therapy Physics: Theory and Practice
6351:
4320:
4226:
4009:
3857:
3631:
2850:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. p. 351.
1596:
561:
or where the tumor is causing near-total obstruction of a
8515:
8379:
6875:
6870:
4546:
3220:
2564:
2247:
1897:, and they were approved for the treatment of refractory
1082:
215:
27:
Therapy using ionizing radiation, usually to treat cancer
6831:
5649:
5282:
2826:"Radiation Therapy Side Effects and Ways to Manage them"
1889:
conjugated to yttrium-90. In 2003, the FDA approved the
651:) tend to stop working, and the naturally moist vaginal
6865:
5091:
4838:
4178:
Harrison LB, Chadha M, Hill RJ, Hu K, Shasha D (2002).
3356:
3046:
2967:
2593:
2507:
836:
caused by radiation. Radiation-induced polyneuropathy,
803:
malabsorption commonly found due to ileal involvement.
6894:
Verification of dose calculations in radiation therapy
6165:
5788:
5406:
5404:
3632:
Hauer-Jensen M, Denham JW, Andreyev HJ (August 2014).
3556:
6899:
Radiation Safety in External Beam Radiotherapy (IAEA)
6279:
6277:
6153:"Contact X-ray Brachytherapy for early rectal cancer"
5652:"Automatic planning of head and neck treatment plans"
5320:
4421:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
4061:"Missouri Hospital Reports Errors in Radiation Doses"
1980:(1867β1934), who discovered the radioactive elements
1313:
in microbes is offered by non-enzymatic complexes of
10124: Also known as sealed-source radiation therapy.
6843:
Source of cancer stem cells' resistance to radiation
6743:
6007:
5190:
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
4177:
4016:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
3755:
2698:
Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine
6437:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from
6229:
5401:
4435:
American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine
4417:
American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine
4271:
3919:Arnon J, Meirow D, Lewis-Roness H, Ornoy A (2001).
3803:. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing.
3680:
3398:
3167:
2800:"Side Effects of Radiation Therapy - Caring4Cancer"
2644:
2055:the cobalt had to be replaced about every 5 years.
9171:
8065:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
6701:
6274:
6008:Latty D, Stuart KE, Wang W, Ahern V (March 2015).
3796:
3758:"Radiation-induced neuropathy in cancer survivors"
3756:Delanian S, Lefaix JL, Pradat PF (December 2012).
3401:"Understanding radiation-induced vascular disease"
2923:
2484:
2344:"Hyperbaric Treatment of Delayed Radiation Injury"
1375:
922:. High doses of radiation during pregnancy induce
264:The precise treatment intent (curative, adjuvant,
6854:Radiobiology Treatment Gap Compensator Calculator
6244:
6214:
5245:
5230:
5187:
5027:"Treatment Types: Stereotactic Radiation Therapy"
4448:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3638:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
2565:Seidlitz A, Combs SE, Debus J, Baumann M (2016).
2346:. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
1530:3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT)
406:. With the exception of oligometastatic disease,
10145:
6788:
6297:
6295:
6202:. American Association of Physicists in Medicine
5569:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3681:Fuccio L, Guido A, Andreyev HJ (December 2012).
3607:"Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer"
3557:Belzile-Dugas E, Eisenberg MJ (September 2021).
3503:
3501:
3394:
3392:
3011:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology
2974:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology
2326:
1047:
984:
272:, as well as the general health of the patient.
10118: Also known as external-beam radiotherapy.
6699:
6259:
6168:"Contact X-Ray Brachytherapy for Rectal Cancer"
5368:
5366:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5050:
3800:Abnormal Spontaneous Electromyographic Activity
3724:
2493:(11th ed.). UBM Medica LLC. Archived from
2491:Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
1477:There are two types of stereotactic radiation.
1060:Radiation therapy is used to treat early stage
6876:European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology
5288:
3955:
3876:
3514:Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease
3399:Weintraub NL, Jones WK, Manka D (March 2010).
2047:machines using megavolt gamma rays emitted by
1904:
1716:
1415:two nested stainless steel canisters welded to
1304:Estimation of dose based on target sensitivity
1294:
1017:
952:
9637:
9157:
8768:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
7318:
6919:
6518:
6310:
6292:
6265:
6250:
5705:Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology
5461:
4892:
4058:
3740:
3550:
3498:
3446:
3444:
3405:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
3389:
2695:
2480:
2478:
2476:
1835:. The microspheres are approximately 30
1662:) that occurs near the end of the particle's
1626:Temporally feathered radiation therapy (TFRT)
1428:. The diameter of the "source" is 30 mm.
1039:(ASTRO) launched a safety initiative called
906:before the subsequent radiation takes place.
437:. Another method is to shrink the tumor with
6866:PROS (Paediatric Radiation Oncology Society)
6827:RT Answers β ASTRO: patient information site
6188:
6056:
5872:
5563:
5506:
5363:
5309:
5259:
5257:
5146:
4822:"The 'Great Dynamism' of Radiation Oncology"
4411:
4409:
4272:Dracham CB, Shankar A, Madan R (June 2018).
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3720:
3718:
3674:
3625:
3168:Dracham CB, Shankar A, Madan R (June 2018).
2763:
2645:Reyngold M, Parikh P, Crane CH (June 2019).
2420:Tidy C (23 December 2015). Bonsall A (ed.).
1544:Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
1390:Conventional external beam radiation therapy
577:during radiation therapy to reduce swelling.
6648:. Rtanswers.com. 2010-03-31. Archived from
6170:. In Longo WE, Reddy V, Audisio RA (eds.).
5921:
5866:
5656:Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics
5029:. Rtanswers.com. 2010-01-04. Archived from
4727:
4088:. Rtanswers.com. 2010-09-22. Archived from
3313:
3071:
3049:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2742:. Rtanswers.com. 2012-03-15. Archived from
1101:. This damage is either direct or indirect
665:can cause chronic sinus tract draining and
9644:
9630:
9164:
9150:
7325:
7311:
6926:
6912:
6722:
6304:Brachytherapy. Applications and Techniques
6166:Sun Myint A, Gerard J, Myerson RJ (2014).
5975:Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering
5289:Atallah MJ, Blanton M (20 November 2009).
3441:
2927:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
2473:
2422:"Radiation therapy- what GPs need to know"
1876:United States Food and Drug Administration
1742:Brachytherapy (sealed source radiotherapy)
909:
900:
655:is often dry following pelvic irradiation.
49:
6542:
6501:
6491:
6410:
6369:
6283:
6220:
6172:Modern Management of Cancer of the Rectum
6125:
6033:
5898:
5816:
5806:
5795:Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology
5765:
5724:
5675:
5546:
5489:
5479:
5438:
5428:
5346:
5254:
5068:
4996:"American Society for Radiation Oncology"
4796:
4755:
4745:
4704:
4694:
4523:
4466:
4406:
4354:
4297:
4195:
4059:Bogdanich W, Ruiz RB (25 February 2010).
4027:
3986:
3936:
3905:
3790:
3773:
3725:Custodio C, Andrews CC (August 1, 2017).
3715:
3698:
3657:
3582:
3533:
3424:
3316:The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health
3282:
3193:
3144:
3095:
2985:
2892:
2672:
2662:
2621:
2611:
2541:
2456:
2309:
2189:
1462:
857:appearing up to 3 decades post treatment.
8680:
6744:Mayles P, Rosenwald JC, Nahum A (2007).
6587:
6147:
6145:
5839:
3687:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
2873:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
2573:. Oxford University Press. p. 173.
2567:"Practice points for radiation oncology"
1942:
1922:tumor, while the area is exposed during
1751:
1547:
1528:An enhancement of virtual simulation is
1393:
1081:Radiation therapy works by damaging the
1051:
934:, and there may be an increased risk of
855:radiation-induced lumbosacral plexopathy
766:
473:(for example, radiation therapy to bony
328:
180:to either kill or control the growth of
6871:American Society for Radiation Oncology
6849:Biologically equivalent dose calculator
6779:
6564:
6562:
6301:
6286:The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy
6268:The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy
6253:The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy
6238:The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy
6223:The GEC ESTRO handbook of brachytherapy
5152:
5129:"Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy"
4888:
4886:
4772:
2828:. National Cancer Institute. 2007-04-20
1772:
1725:applied directly to the tumor to treat
1597:Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT)
1342:or sealed source radiation therapy; and
1037:American Society for Radiation Oncology
1000:progressive, proliferative endarteritis
333:Radiation therapy for a patient with a
14:
10146:
9651:
9505:Wireless electronic devices and health
8695:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
7332:
6392:
5085:
4819:
4728:Doble PA, Miklos GL (September 2018).
4137:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
1686:
1076:
918:, radiation therapy is lethal but not
9625:
9145:
8937:
8700:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
8109:
8096:
7306:
6907:
6791:Radiation therapy physics in practice
6142:
6014:Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences
3829:Song, Suying L (September 30, 2021).
3042:
3040:
1822:peptide receptor radionuclide therapy
1634:
1113:radicals, which then damage the DNA.
504:
9826:Selective internal radiation therapy
9531:List of civilian radiation accidents
9500:Wireless device radiation and health
9495:Biological dose units and quantities
9445:Electromagnetic radiation and health
9124:
8097:
6881:Who does what in Radiation Oncology?
6793:. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
6704:Practical radiation therapy planning
6559:
6057:Mageras GS, Yorke E (January 2004).
5263:
4883:
4625:
3828:
3080:"Breast radiotherapy and lymphedema"
3077:
2845:
2419:
2137:Selective internal radiation therapy
2012:on the X-ray tube of 3 to 5 million
1833:selective internal radiation therapy
1418:two stainless steel lids surrounding
1404:international standard source holder
599:
8705:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
6358:The New England Journal of Medicine
6235:
5051:Bucci MK, Bevan A, Roach M (2005).
4377:
3971:"Radiation-induced hypopituitarism"
2485:Camphausen KA, Lawrence RC (2008).
1643:
1483:Stereotactic body radiation therapy
1442:refers to the way the treatment is
1170:oxygen diffusion-enhancing compound
938:and other tumors in the offspring.
678:to clear the axillary lymph nodes .
24:
9480:Radioactivity in the life sciences
8514:
7665:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
6726:Principles of Stereotactic Surgery
6700:Ash D, Dobbs J, Barrett A (1999).
6692:
6480:Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy
5987:10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.v40.i3.30
3037:
1713:couch, or beam, to follow motion.
1412:a teletherapy "source" composed of
1125:. Cancer cells are generally less
943:assisted reproductive technologies
834:uncontrolled fibrous tissue growth
663:soft tissue, palate or bone cancer
25:
10185:
7688:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
7587:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
6809:
6789:Williams JR, Thwaites DI (1993).
6457:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2487:"Principles of Radiation Therapy"
2122:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
1345:systemic radioisotope therapy or
914:During the first two weeks after
521:Damage to the epithelial surfaces
337:, with radiation dose color-coded
199:. It may also be used as part of
9919:Intraoperative radiation therapy
9123:
9112:
9111:
9099:
8788:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
6663:
6638:
6467:
6445:
6427:
6386:
6345:
6159:
6097:
5327:The British Journal of Radiology
3831:"Myokymia Clinical Presentation"
3732:
3090:(12 Suppl American): 2788β2797.
2939:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03322.x
2885:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01172.x
2848:Radiobiology for the radiologist
1916:Intraoperative radiation therapy
1911:Intraoperative radiation therapy
1669:
1260:
888:, similar to what happens in an
335:diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma
307:pigmented villonodular synovitis
187:. It is normally delivered by a
176:, generally provided as part of
7877:Historical stockpiles and tests
6723:Chin L, Regine W, eds. (2008).
6075:10.1053/j.semradonc.2003.10.009
6050:
6001:
5966:
5924:Physics in Medicine and Biology
5915:
5833:
5782:
5741:
5692:
5643:
5607:
5455:
5239:
5224:
5181:
5121:
5044:
5019:
4988:
4946:Physics in Medicine and Biology
4937:
4895:Physics in Medicine and Biology
4841:Physics in Medicine and Biology
4832:
4813:
4721:
4662:
4619:
4583:
4540:
4491:
4485:
4371:
4327:Physics in Medicine and Biology
4314:
4265:
4255:
4220:
4171:
4128:
4103:
4078:
4052:
4003:
3870:
3822:
3599:
3357:Taylor CW, Nisbet A, McGale P,
3350:
3307:
3258:
3214:
3161:
3120:
3002:
2961:
2917:
2864:
2818:
2792:
2757:
2732:
2689:
2638:
2587:
2558:
2501:
1382:External beam radiation therapy
1376:External beam radiation therapy
1334:external beam radiation therapy
961:hypopituitarism mainly affects
535:Mouth, throat and stomach sores
514:neck tumors, most commonly the
464:
324:
218:of cancerous tissue leading to
9709:Stereotactic radiation therapy
8778:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
7660:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
6782:Radiation therapy in Treatment
6063:Seminars in Radiation Oncology
5840:Laurance J (12 January 2009).
4380:Seminars in Radiation Oncology
4114:. Springer. pp. 355β364.
3879:Seminars in Radiation Oncology
3057:10.1002/14651858.cd009896.pub2
2432:
2413:
2395:
2386:
2285:
2251:Strahlentherapie und Onkologie
2241:
2206:
2170:Advances in Radiation Oncology
1500:, Novalis, Primatom, Synergy,
1089:and can cause them to undergo
416:Image-guided radiation therapy
13:
1:
10130: Also known as systemic
9966:Radiation-induced lung injury
9106:Nuclear technology portal
7241:Clonally transmissible cancer
6602:(3236): 18β22. January 1957.
6544:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4453
5873:Kereiakes JG, Rao DV (1992).
5767:10.1080/0284186X.2017.1349928
5268:. CRC Press. pp. 77β80.
5167:10.1016/S0360-3016(03)00073-7
4605:10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00347-8
4516:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30648-9
4392:10.1016/S1053-4296(98)80020-9
4197:10.1634/theoncologist.7-6-492
3328:10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30106-3
3236:10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30931-8
2815:Common radiation side effects
2613:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61629-2
2148:
1336:(EBRT or XRT) or teletherapy;
1048:Use in non-cancerous diseases
985:Effects on subsequent surgery
647:in treated skin (such as the
10096:Radiation treatment planning
8968:Field-reversed configuration
8578:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
6331:10.1016/j.brachy.2009.03.190
6174:. Springer. pp. 109ff.
6118:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.11.049
5629:10.1016/j.radonc.2014.11.009
5585:10.1016/j.radonc.2021.07.023
5571:technology implementation".
5462:BiegaΕa M, Hydzik A (2016).
5387:10.1016/j.radonc.2010.01.011
5107:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.12.008
4966:10.1088/0031-9155/59/21/R349
4628:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
4468:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.11.026
3775:10.1016/j.radonc.2012.10.012
3375:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.05.034
2778:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.10.010
2298:Journal of Clinical Oncology
2215:Journal of Clinical Oncology
2083:positron emission tomography
2060:linear particle accelerators
1957:History of radiation therapy
1929:
1882:(Zevalin), which is an anti-
1698:Deep inspiration breath-hold
1347:unsealed source radiotherapy
1071:
971:adrenocorticotrophic hormone
947:micromanipulation techniques
516:vestibules of the inner ears
7:
10081:Percentage depth dose curve
9368:Cosmic background radiation
8925:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
8110:
7872:States with nuclear weapons
6616:10.1126/science.125.3236.18
5944:10.1088/0031-9155/56/16/R01
5001:. Astro.org. Archived from
4915:10.1088/0031-9155/51/13/R20
4861:10.1088/0031-9155/59/6/R183
4820:Nelson R (17 August 2022).
4549:Expert Review of Proteomics
2571:Oxford Textbook of Oncology
2099:
1905:Intraoperative radiotherapy
1756:A SAVI brachytherapy device
1717:Contact X-ray brachytherapy
1295:Schedules for fractionation
1018:Radiation therapy accidents
975:thyroid stimulating hormone
953:Effects on pituitary system
191:. Radiation therapy may be
189:linear particle accelerator
59:, using a Varian Clinac iX
10:
10190:
9597:
9455:Lasers and aviation safety
8938:
8763:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
7887:Tests in the United States
7272:Index of oncology articles
5808:10.1016/j.phro.2019.04.007
5717:10.1016/j.ctro.2016.08.001
5468:Journal of Medical Physics
5202:10.1109/TBCAS.2010.2046737
5131:. Irsa.org. Archived from
4798:10.1016/j.ejca.2022.04.038
4785:European Journal of Cancer
4347:10.1088/0031-9155/55/5/r01
4278:Radiation Oncology Journal
3417:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.053
3174:Radiation Oncology Journal
3023:10.1016/j.jvir.2012.12.018
2987:10.1016/j.jvir.2007.02.002
2520:(4). Europe PMC: 350β360.
2445:Acta Dermato-Venereologica
2182:10.1016/j.adro.2020.04.001
2079:magnetic resonance imaging
2018:St. Bartholomew's hospital
2002:External beam radiotherapy
1954:
1938:
1908:
1776:
1745:
1738:occurred in 27% of cases.
1673:
1647:
1568:and treatment simulation (
1559:, used for delivering IMRT
1466:
1379:
1267:
1264:
1179:Charged particles such as
1164:(tissue poisons), such as
991:external beam radiotherapy
949:might increase this risk.
738:Radiation-induced fibrosis
435:adjuvant radiation therapy
392:non-small cell lung cancer
237:, the use of radiation in
29:
10114:
10106:Tissue to Air Ratio (TAR)
9984:
9948:
9911:
9847:
9793:
9753:
9734:
9679:
9670:
9659:
9595:
9559:
9523:
9485:Radioactive contamination
9410:
9338:Electromagnetic radiation
9328:
9240:
9187:
9180:
9093:
9049:
9001:
8958:
8948:
8900:
8888:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
8801:
8783:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
8748:
8731:
8671:
8598:
8590:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
8564:
8555:
8507:
8487:
8440:
8422:
8378:
8283:
8265:
8133:
8120:
8105:
8092:
8047:
7980:
7925:
7916:
7864:
7772:
7763:
7730:
7673:
7635:
7626:
7547:
7479:
7402:
7344:
7340:
7259:
7212:
7170:
7145:
7109:
7031:
6990:
6957:
6950:
5617:Radiotherapy and Oncology
5573:Radiotherapy and Oncology
5375:Radiotherapy and Oncology
5264:Webb S (1 October 2004).
5070:10.3322/canjclin.55.2.117
3925:Human Reproduction Update
3762:Radiotherapy and Oncology
3700:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.07.017
3611:National Cancer Institute
3284:10.21873/anticanres.13641
3078:Meek AG (December 1998).
2710:10.1007/s11936-016-0468-4
2664:10.1186/s13014-019-1309-x
2263:10.1007/s00066-011-2266-y
1479:Stereotactic radiosurgery
851:peripheral nervous system
734:peripheral artery disease
459:breast-conserving surgery
136:
122:
110:
96:
80:
68:
55:Radiation therapy of the
48:
43:
10164:Radiation health effects
10066:Oxygen enhancement ratio
10021:Dose verification system
9598:See also the categories
9536:1996 Costa Rica accident
9197:Acoustic radiation force
8793:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
8409:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
7745:Electron-beam processing
6531:Clinical Cancer Research
5668:10.1120/jacmp.v17i1.5901
5481:10.4103/0971-6203.189490
5295:. CRC Press. p. 7.
4791:. Elsevier BV: 242β258.
3975:Endocrine-Related Cancer
3650:10.1038/nrgastro.2014.46
3526:10.1177/1753944717729141
2311:10.1200/JCO.2015.64.0862
1869:samarium (Sm) lexidronam
1324:
1209:charged particle therapy
1174:trans sodium crocetinate
805:Pelvic radiation disease
380:non-melanoma skin cancer
319:heterotopic ossification
9510:Radiation heat-transfer
9363:Gravitational radiation
8908:Organic nuclear reactor
8080:Nuclear power phase-out
8003:Nuclear decommissioning
7943:Reactor-grade plutonium
7693:Targeted alpha-particle
7572:Accidents and incidents
7194:Prostate cancer staging
7158:Paraneoplastic syndrome
4696:10.1073/pnas.1713608114
4428:: an initiative of the
4323:"Polymer gel dosimetry"
3575:10.1161/JAHA.121.021686
2980:(4): 553β61, quiz 562.
2227:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.754
2094:middle income countries
2081:(MRI) in the 1970s and
1844:kinds of microspheres:
1808:, and of hormone-bound
1790:metaiodobenzylguanidine
1218:
932:intellectual disability
910:Effects on reproduction
901:Cumulative side effects
726:coronary artery disease
687:carbon ion radiotherapy
552:As part of the general
266:neoadjuvant therapeutic
9551:1990 Zaragoza accident
9546:1984 Moroccan accident
9515:Linear energy transfer
9189:Non-ionizing radiation
7232:Tumor suppressor genes
7199:Gleason grading system
7153:Precancerous condition
6671:"Closing in on cancer"
5430:10.1186/1748-717X-8-37
4290:10.3857/roj.2018.00290
3938:10.1093/humupd/7.4.394
3891:10.1053/srao.2000.6593
3835:emedicine.medscape.com
3727:"Radiation Plexopathy"
3186:10.3857/roj.2018.00290
2374:Cite journal requires
1952:
1899:non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
1757:
1560:
1463:Stereotactic radiation
1432:
1197:linear energy transfer
1176:as a radiosensitizer.
1057:
847:central nervous system
772:
722:valvular heart disease
694:Cardiovascular disease
658:Chronic sinus drainage
338:
313:scar growth, vascular
278:bone marrow transplant
274:Total body irradiation
10026:Dose-volume histogram
9541:1987 GoiΓ’nia accident
9343:Synchrotron radiation
9333:Earth's energy budget
9315:Radioactive materials
9310:Particle accelerators
8070:Anti-nuclear movement
7251:Carcinogenic bacteria
6991:Malignant progression
6845:explained on YouTube.
6371:10.1056/NEJMoa1213755
4029:10.1210/jc.2018-01175
3469:10.1148/rg.2019180061
2458:10.2340/00015555-2035
2027:The invention of the
1946:
1818:neuroendocrine tumors
1755:
1654:In particle therapy (
1551:
1409:a retaining ring, and
1397:
1232:radiation oncologists
1213:head and neck cancers
1144:. Oxygen is a potent
1055:
995:holographic isodosing
838:ICD-10-CM Code G62.82
770:
762:Radiation enteropathy
559:intracranial pressure
542:Intestinal discomfort
471:palliative treatments
332:
197:spread to other parts
10086:Radiation oncologist
10076:Pencil-beam scanning
10051:Multileaf collimator
9901:ibritumomab tiuxetan
9612:Radiation protection
9465:Radiation protection
9353:Black-body radiation
9260:Background radiation
9175:(physics and health)
8978:Reversed field pinch
8773:Traveling-wave (TWR)
8257:Supercritical (SCWR)
7755:Gemstone irradiation
7204:Dukes classification
6860:About the profession
6752:Taylor & Francis
6729:. Berlin: Springer.
6493:10.2147/BCTT.S112516
6405:(Suppl 10): S3βS12.
6306:. Philadelphia: LWW.
5339:10.1259/bjr/22373346
4593:The Lancet. Oncology
4504:The Lancet. Oncology
3693:(12): 1326β1334.e4.
3224:The Lancet. Oncology
2117:Fast neutron therapy
2064:Hammersmith Hospital
1880:ibritumomab tiuxetan
1779:Radionuclide therapy
1773:Radionuclide therapy
1604:multileaf collimator
1538:multileaf collimator
1311:radiation protection
1288:palliative radiation
1150:hyperthermia therapy
882:coagulative necrosis
384:head and neck cancer
309:, and prevention of
291:trigeminal neuralgia
247:palliative treatment
209:radiation oncologist
10091:Radiation Therapist
9961:Radiation proctitis
9820:Plaque radiotherapy
9695:Orthovoltage X-rays
9582:Radiation hardening
9524:Radiation incidents
9460:Medical radiography
9419:Radiation syndrome
9373:Cherenkov radiation
8143:Aqueous homogeneous
7938:Reprocessed uranium
7611:Safety and security
7023:Sentinel lymph node
6677:. 16 September 2017
6608:1957Sci...125T..18.
6594:"News of Science".
6441:on 19 January 2009.
5936:2011PMB....56R.113B
5891:1992MedPh..19.1359K
5531:2018MedPh..45.3466L
4958:2014PMB....59R.349L
4907:2006PMB....51R.343T
4853:2014PMB....59R.183H
4687:2017PNAS..114E9253S
4681:(44): E9253βE9260.
4640:10.1038/nrmicro2073
4339:2010PMB....55R...1B
3988:10.1677/ERC-08-0231
3271:Anticancer Research
2606:(9804): 1707β1716.
2526:2018RadR..190..350F
2142:Treatment of cancer
2132:Radiation therapist
2075:computed tomography
2006:Orthovoltage X-rays
1976:βwinning scientist
1947:X-ray treatment of
1887:monoclonal antibody
1852:and QuiremSpheres.
1687:Motion compensation
1582:Christopher Nutting
1286:Patients receiving
1253:technique known as
1118:double-stranded DNA
1091:mitotic catastrophe
1077:Mechanism of action
1062:Dupuytren's disease
867:polyradiculopathies
826:nerve demyelination
809:radiation proctitis
718:myocardial fibrosis
525:Epithelial surfaces
510:Nausea and vomiting
427:wide local excision
299:thyroid eye disease
10126:
10120:
9896:Radioimmunotherapy
9700:Megavoltage X-rays
9690:Superficial X-rays
9653:Radiation oncology
9577:Radioactive source
9398:Radiation exposure
9378:Askaryan radiation
9358:Particle radiation
9242:Ionizing radiation
9057:Dense plasma focus
7972:Actinide chemistry
7437:Isotope separation
7334:Nuclear technology
7071:Respiratory system
6780:McGarry M (2002).
6708:. London: Arnold.
6399:Reviews in Urology
5417:Radiation Oncology
4747:10.1039/c8mt00110c
4241:10.2217/fon.10.123
4065:The New York Times
3146:10.1002/cncr.29841
2651:Radiation Oncology
2514:Radiation Research
2403:"Radiosensitivity"
2071:Godfrey Hounsfield
2039:for radiotherapy.
1953:
1895:radioimmunotherapy
1758:
1635:Automated planning
1570:Treatment Planning
1561:
1557:Linear Accelerator
1433:
1270:Dose fractionation
1240:treatment planning
1066:Ledderhose disease
1058:
936:childhood leukemia
894:osteoradionecrosis
873:Radiation necrosis
814:Radiation-induced
794:bile acid diarrhea
773:
530:moist desquamation
505:Acute side effects
359:epithelial cancers
357:. The majority of
339:
286:radioactive source
231:Radiation oncology
174:ionizing radiation
61:linear accelerator
10154:Radiation therapy
10141:
10140:
10101:Radiopharmacology
10061:Neutron generator
9944:
9943:
9789:
9788:
9619:
9618:
9600:Radiation effects
9470:Radiation therapy
9406:
9405:
9348:Thermal radiation
9285:Neutron radiation
9250:Radioactive decay
9139:
9138:
9089:
9088:
9085:
9084:
9036:Magnetized-target
8933:
8932:
8896:
8895:
8727:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8667:
8666:
8551:
8550:
8483:
8482:
8088:
8087:
8043:
8042:
7912:
7911:
7899:Weapon-free zones
7726:
7725:
7718:Radiopharmacology
7300:
7299:
7287:Cancer and nausea
7166:
7165:
7003:Carcinoma in situ
6800:978-0-19-963315-9
6761:978-0-7503-0860-1
6736:978-0-387-71069-3
6715:978-0-340-70631-2
6393:Sartor O (2004).
5930:(16): R113βR144.
5760:(11): 1495β1500.
5333:(1007): 967β996.
5302:978-1-58488-821-5
5275:978-1-4200-3453-0
4952:(21): R349βR369.
4901:(13): R343βR362.
4561:10.1586/epr.12.68
4235:(10): 1591β1601.
4121:978-3-642-22696-0
3411:(12): 1237β1239.
3139:(12): 1809β1821.
2534:10.1667/rr15121.1
2221:(15): 3366β3375.
2112:Cancer and nausea
2033:Manhattan Project
1291:patient comfort.
830:nerve compression
756:cognitive decline
751:Cognitive decline
600:Late side effects
493:dysfunction, and
364:Renal cell cancer
295:acoustic neuromas
150:Radiation therapy
147:
146:
112:OPS-301 code
44:Radiation therapy
16:(Redirected from
10181:
10127:
10121:
9971:Bystander effect
9858:
9857:
9764:Particle therapy
9745:Electron therapy
9677:
9676:
9668:
9667:
9646:
9639:
9632:
9623:
9622:
9560:Related articles
9475:Radiation damage
9300:Nuclear reactors
9185:
9184:
9166:
9159:
9152:
9143:
9142:
9127:
9126:
9115:
9114:
9104:
9103:
9102:
9014:
8973:Levitated dipole
8943:
8935:
8934:
8883:Helium gas (GFR)
8746:
8745:
8741:
8678:
8677:
8562:
8561:
8512:
8511:
8505:
8504:
8500:
8499:
8281:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8115:
8107:
8106:
8099:Nuclear reactors
8094:
8093:
7993:High-level (HLW)
7923:
7922:
7770:
7769:
7750:Food irradiation
7740:Atomic gardening
7633:
7632:
7616:Nuclear meltdown
7442:Nuclear material
7432:Fissile material
7427:Fertile material
7342:
7341:
7327:
7320:
7313:
7304:
7303:
7101:Endocrine system
7066:Digestive system
6955:
6954:
6928:
6921:
6914:
6905:
6904:
6888:Accidents and QA
6804:
6785:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6764:. Archived from
6740:
6719:
6707:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6572:. Archived from
6566:
6557:
6556:
6546:
6537:(5): 1325β1332.
6522:
6516:
6515:
6505:
6495:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6459:. Archived from
6449:
6443:
6442:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6414:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6373:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6299:
6290:
6289:
6288:. Belgium: ACCO.
6281:
6272:
6271:
6270:. Belgium: ACCO.
6263:
6257:
6256:
6255:. Belgium: ACCO.
6248:
6242:
6241:
6240:. Belgium: ACCO.
6233:
6227:
6226:
6225:. Belgium: ACCO.
6218:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6201:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6149:
6140:
6139:
6129:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6037:
6005:
5999:
5998:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5902:
5900:10.1118/1.596925
5870:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5850:. Archived from
5837:
5831:
5830:
5820:
5810:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5769:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5728:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5679:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5550:
5539:10.1002/mp.12988
5525:(7): 3466β3474.
5510:
5504:
5503:
5493:
5483:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5442:
5432:
5408:
5399:
5398:
5370:
5361:
5360:
5350:
5318:
5307:
5306:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5261:
5252:
5251:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5101:(5): 1616β1634.
5089:
5083:
5082:
5072:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5007:
5000:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4890:
4881:
4880:
4847:(6): R183βR231.
4836:
4830:
4829:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4800:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4759:
4749:
4740:(9): 1191β1210.
4725:
4719:
4718:
4708:
4698:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4599:(9): 1221β1229.
4587:
4581:
4580:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4527:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4470:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4413:
4404:
4403:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4358:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4269:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4199:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4031:
4022:(8): 2761β2784.
4007:
4001:
4000:
3990:
3966:
3953:
3950:
3940:
3916:
3903:
3902:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3777:
3753:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3730:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3702:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3586:
3563:J Am Heart Assoc
3554:
3548:
3547:
3537:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3448:
3439:
3438:
3428:
3396:
3387:
3386:
3369:(5): 1484β1495.
3354:
3348:
3347:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3286:
3277:(9): 4613β4617.
3262:
3256:
3255:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3197:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3099:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3051:(11): CD009896.
3044:
3035:
3034:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2896:
2879:(6): 1216β1220.
2868:
2862:
2861:
2846:Hall EJ (2000).
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2802:. Archived from
2796:
2790:
2789:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2666:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2615:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2482:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2339:
2324:
2323:
2313:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2193:
2161:
2073:'s invention of
1792:(MIBG) to treat
1650:Particle therapy
1644:Particle therapy
1358:Particle therapy
1319:radiosensitivity
1099:charged particle
967:gonadal hormones
746:oxidative stress
730:heart arrhythmia
635:) and dry eyes (
355:germ cell tumors
253:, chemotherapy,
201:adjuvant therapy
140:edit on Wikidata
132:
106:
53:
41:
40:
32:Radiation (pain)
21:
10189:
10188:
10184:
10183:
10182:
10180:
10179:
10178:
10169:Medical physics
10144:
10143:
10142:
10137:
10125:
10119:
10110:
9989:
9987:
9980:
9976:Abscopal effect
9940:
9907:
9859:
9855:
9854:
9851:
9850:Unsealed source
9843:
9785:
9774:neutron-capture
9749:
9730:
9664:
9662:
9655:
9650:
9620:
9615:
9614:
9591:
9587:Havana syndrome
9572:Nuclear physics
9555:
9519:
9412:
9402:
9388:Unruh radiation
9324:
9305:Nuclear weapons
9290:Nuclear fission
9236:
9176:
9170:
9140:
9135:
9100:
9098:
9081:
9045:
9012:
8997:
8954:
8944:
8939:
8929:
8892:
8797:
8742:
8735:
8734:
8719:
8663:
8594:
8569:
8547:
8519:
8501:
8494:
8493:
8492:
8479:
8445:
8436:
8418:
8383:
8374:
8288:
8271:
8270:
8269:
8261:
8175:Natural fission
8129:
8128:
8116:
8111:
8101:
8084:
8060:Nuclear weapons
8039:
7998:Low-level (LLW)
7976:
7908:
7860:
7759:
7722:
7669:
7622:
7543:
7475:
7398:
7336:
7331:
7301:
7296:
7255:
7208:
7162:
7141:
7105:
7027:
6986:
6946:
6932:
6812:
6807:
6801:
6771:
6769:
6762:
6737:
6716:
6695:
6693:Further reading
6690:
6680:
6678:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6655:
6653:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6593:
6592:
6588:
6579:Wayback Machine
6576:
6568:
6567:
6560:
6523:
6519:
6472:
6468:
6463:on 13 May 2009.
6451:
6450:
6446:
6433:
6432:
6428:
6391:
6387:
6350:
6346:
6315:
6311:
6300:
6293:
6282:
6275:
6264:
6260:
6249:
6245:
6234:
6230:
6219:
6215:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6193:
6189:
6182:
6164:
6160:
6151:
6150:
6143:
6102:
6098:
6055:
6051:
6026:10.1002/jmrs.96
6006:
6002:
5971:
5967:
5920:
5916:
5879:Medical Physics
5871:
5867:
5857:
5855:
5854:on 22 June 2009
5847:The Independent
5838:
5834:
5787:
5783:
5754:Acta Oncologica
5746:
5742:
5697:
5693:
5648:
5644:
5612:
5608:
5568:
5564:
5519:Medical Physics
5511:
5507:
5460:
5456:
5409:
5402:
5371:
5364:
5319:
5310:
5303:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5262:
5255:
5244:
5240:
5229:
5225:
5186:
5182:
5151:
5147:
5138:
5136:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5090:
5086:
5049:
5045:
5036:
5034:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4942:
4938:
4891:
4884:
4837:
4833:
4818:
4814:
4777:
4773:
4726:
4722:
4667:
4663:
4624:
4620:
4588:
4584:
4545:
4541:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4439:
4437:
4430:ABIM Foundation
4426:Choosing Wisely
4414:
4407:
4376:
4372:
4319:
4315:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4256:
4229:Future Oncology
4225:
4221:
4176:
4172:
4149:10.1038/nrm3115
4133:
4129:
4122:
4108:
4104:
4095:
4093:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4069:
4067:
4057:
4053:
4008:
4004:
3967:
3956:
3917:
3906:
3875:
3871:
3856:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3811:
3795:
3791:
3754:
3741:
3731:
3723:
3716:
3679:
3675:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3613:. 12 April 2012
3605:
3604:
3600:
3569:(18): e021686.
3555:
3551:
3520:(11): 297β317.
3506:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3449:
3442:
3397:
3390:
3355:
3351:
3312:
3308:
3263:
3259:
3219:
3215:
3166:
3162:
3125:
3121:
3076:
3072:
3045:
3038:
3007:
3003:
2966:
2962:
2922:
2918:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2844:
2840:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2694:
2690:
2643:
2639:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2563:
2559:
2506:
2502:
2497:on 15 May 2009.
2483:
2474:
2437:
2433:
2418:
2414:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2354:
2340:
2327:
2290:
2286:
2257:(11): 729β735.
2246:
2242:
2211:
2207:
2162:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2102:
2029:nuclear reactor
1963:Wilhelm RΓΆntgen
1959:
1941:
1932:
1913:
1907:
1878:(FDA) approved
1857:bone metastasis
1781:
1775:
1750:
1744:
1719:
1689:
1678:
1672:
1652:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1620:prostate cancer
1599:
1546:
1534:beam's eye view
1518:
1471:
1465:
1431:
1406:(usually lead),
1392:
1384:
1378:
1327:
1306:
1297:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1221:
1146:radiosensitizer
1079:
1074:
1050:
1020:
987:
969:. In contrast,
958:Hypopituitarism
955:
928:impaired growth
912:
903:
890:ischemic stroke
801:
641:quality of life
602:
507:
489:complications,
467:
404:prostate cancer
396:cervical cancer
327:
255:hormone therapy
239:medical imaging
143:
128:
102:
64:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10187:
10177:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10139:
10138:
10136:
10135:
10128:
10122:
10115:
10112:
10111:
10109:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9992:
9990:
9985:
9982:
9981:
9979:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9956:Radiation burn
9952:
9950:
9946:
9945:
9942:
9941:
9939:
9938:
9933:
9932:
9931:
9926:
9915:
9913:
9909:
9908:
9906:
9905:
9904:
9903:
9893:
9888:
9878:
9873:
9862:
9860:
9848:
9845:
9844:
9842:
9841:
9823:
9817:
9816:
9815:
9810:
9799:
9797:
9791:
9790:
9787:
9786:
9784:
9783:
9782:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9760:
9758:
9751:
9750:
9748:
9747:
9741:
9739:
9732:
9731:
9729:
9728:
9726:Cobalt therapy
9723:
9722:
9721:
9716:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9686:
9684:
9674:
9665:
9660:
9657:
9656:
9649:
9648:
9641:
9634:
9626:
9617:
9616:
9596:
9593:
9592:
9590:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9563:
9561:
9557:
9556:
9554:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9527:
9525:
9521:
9520:
9518:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9435:Health physics
9432:
9431:
9430:
9425:
9416:
9414:
9408:
9407:
9404:
9403:
9401:
9400:
9395:
9393:Dark radiation
9390:
9385:
9383:Bremsstrahlung
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9329:
9326:
9325:
9323:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9295:Nuclear fusion
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9265:Alpha particle
9262:
9257:
9252:
9246:
9244:
9238:
9237:
9235:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9193:
9191:
9182:
9178:
9177:
9169:
9168:
9161:
9154:
9146:
9137:
9136:
9134:
9133:
9121:
9109:
9094:
9091:
9090:
9087:
9086:
9083:
9082:
9080:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9067:Muon-catalyzed
9064:
9059:
9053:
9051:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9027:
9026:
9016:
9007:
9005:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8964:
8962:
8956:
8955:
8949:
8946:
8945:
8931:
8930:
8928:
8927:
8922:
8921:
8920:
8915:
8904:
8902:
8898:
8897:
8894:
8893:
8891:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8874:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8807:
8805:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8758:Integral (IFR)
8755:
8749:
8743:
8732:
8729:
8728:
8725:
8724:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8686:
8684:
8675:
8669:
8668:
8665:
8664:
8662:
8661:
8660:
8659:
8654:
8653:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8622:
8617:
8616:
8615:
8604:
8602:
8596:
8595:
8593:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8573:
8571:
8567:
8559:
8553:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8524:
8522:
8517:
8509:
8502:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8481:
8480:
8478:
8477:
8476:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8449:
8447:
8443:
8438:
8437:
8435:
8434:
8428:
8426:
8420:
8419:
8417:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8405:
8404:
8399:
8388:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8375:
8373:
8372:
8371:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8349:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8328:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8316:
8313:
8310:
8307:
8293:
8291:
8286:
8278:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8259:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8238:
8237:
8232:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8177:
8172:
8171:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8145:
8139:
8137:
8131:
8130:
8122:
8121:
8118:
8117:
8103:
8102:
8090:
8089:
8086:
8085:
8083:
8082:
8077:
8075:Uranium mining
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8051:
8049:
8045:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8032:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7984:
7982:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7974:
7969:
7968:
7967:
7957:
7952:
7951:
7950:
7948:Minor actinide
7945:
7940:
7929:
7927:
7920:
7914:
7913:
7910:
7909:
7907:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7890:
7889:
7884:
7874:
7868:
7866:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7858:
7857:
7856:
7846:
7841:
7840:
7839:
7834:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7813:
7812:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7776:
7774:
7767:
7761:
7760:
7758:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7736:
7734:
7728:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7679:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7645:Autoradiograph
7641:
7639:
7630:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7618:
7608:
7607:
7606:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7553:
7551:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7485:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7454:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7408:
7406:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7367:Atomic nucleus
7364:
7359:
7354:
7348:
7346:
7338:
7337:
7330:
7329:
7322:
7315:
7307:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7263:
7261:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7229:
7224:
7218:
7216:
7214:Carcinogenesis
7210:
7209:
7207:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7180:
7178:
7168:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7155:
7149:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7096:Nervous system
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7059:nasopharyngeal
7056:
7051:
7046:
7035:
7033:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6994:
6992:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6963:
6961:
6952:
6948:
6947:
6931:
6930:
6923:
6916:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6885:
6884:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6840:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6810:External links
6808:
6806:
6805:
6799:
6786:
6777:
6760:
6741:
6735:
6720:
6714:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6662:
6637:
6598:. New Series.
6586:
6583:on 2008-01-05.
6558:
6517:
6466:
6444:
6426:
6385:
6364:(3): 213β223.
6344:
6325:(4): 367β372.
6309:
6291:
6273:
6258:
6243:
6228:
6213:
6187:
6180:
6158:
6141:
6112:(3): 478β492.
6096:
6049:
6000:
5981:(3): 187β197.
5965:
5914:
5865:
5832:
5781:
5740:
5691:
5662:(1): 272β282.
5642:
5623:(3): 385β391.
5606:
5562:
5505:
5474:(3): 198β204.
5454:
5400:
5381:(2): 142β148.
5362:
5308:
5301:
5281:
5274:
5253:
5238:
5223:
5196:(4): 223β231.
5180:
5145:
5120:
5084:
5063:(2): 117β134.
5043:
5018:
4987:
4936:
4882:
4831:
4812:
4771:
4720:
4661:
4634:(3): 237β245.
4618:
4582:
4539:
4510:(2): 202β211.
4490:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4461:(4): 965β976.
4445:, which cites
4405:
4386:(4): 230β236.
4370:
4313:
4264:
4254:
4219:
4190:(6): 492β508.
4184:The Oncologist
4170:
4143:(6): 385β392.
4127:
4120:
4102:
4077:
4051:
4002:
3981:(3): 733β772.
3954:
3931:(4): 394β403.
3904:
3885:(3): 200β209.
3869:
3847:
3821:
3789:
3768:(3): 273β282.
3739:
3714:
3673:
3644:(8): 470β479.
3624:
3598:
3549:
3497:
3440:
3388:
3349:
3322:(6): 371β372.
3306:
3257:
3230:(5): 674β685.
3213:
3160:
3119:
3070:
3036:
3017:(4): 575β580.
3001:
2960:
2933:(3): 347β349.
2916:
2863:
2856:
2838:
2817:
2791:
2772:(1): 176β182.
2756:
2731:
2688:
2637:
2586:
2579:
2557:
2500:
2472:
2451:(5): 516β524.
2431:
2412:
2394:
2385:
2376:|journal=
2325:
2304:(6): 597β602.
2284:
2240:
2205:
2176:(4): 589β594.
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2041:Cobalt therapy
1955:Main article:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1909:Main article:
1906:
1903:
1829:hepatic artery
1806:thyrotoxicosis
1802:thyroid cancer
1777:Main article:
1774:
1771:
1746:Main article:
1743:
1740:
1718:
1715:
1688:
1685:
1674:Main article:
1671:
1668:
1656:proton therapy
1648:Main article:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1616:hypopharyngeal
1608:nasopharyngeal
1598:
1595:
1545:
1542:
1536:(BEV) using a
1517:
1514:
1508:, Trilogy and
1467:Main article:
1464:
1461:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1388:
1380:Main article:
1377:
1374:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1326:
1323:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1268:Main article:
1262:
1259:
1220:
1217:
1205:proton therapy
1160:, and hypoxic
1127:differentiated
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1049:
1046:
1019:
1016:
986:
983:
963:growth hormone
954:
951:
911:
908:
902:
899:
898:
897:
874:
871:
859:
858:
842:
841:
822:radiosensitive
818:
816:polyneuropathy
812:
799:
765:
764:
759:
752:
749:
714:cardiomyopathy
709:
708:
705:anthracyclines
696:
691:
682:
679:
675:
670:
669:from the bone.
659:
656:
625:
622:
618:
615:
612:
601:
598:
597:
596:
581:
578:
550:
547:
543:
540:
536:
533:
522:
519:
511:
506:
503:
487:cardiovascular
466:
463:
326:
323:
220:cellular death
178:cancer therapy
145:
144:
137:
134:
133:
126:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
100:
94:
93:
84:
78:
77:
72:
66:
65:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10186:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10159:Radioactivity
10157:
10155:
10152:
10151:
10149:
10133:
10129:
10123:
10117:
10116:
10113:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10056:Nanoimpellers
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9993:
9991:
9983:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9953:
9951:
9947:
9937:
9934:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9921:
9920:
9917:
9916:
9914:
9910:
9902:
9899:
9898:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9886:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9871:
9867:
9864:
9863:
9861:
9853:
9846:
9839:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9824:
9821:
9818:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9805:
9804:
9801:
9800:
9798:
9796:
9795:Brachytherapy
9792:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9766:
9765:
9762:
9761:
9759:
9757:
9752:
9746:
9743:
9742:
9740:
9738:
9733:
9727:
9724:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9711:
9710:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9687:
9685:
9683:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9669:
9666:
9658:
9654:
9647:
9642:
9640:
9635:
9633:
9628:
9627:
9624:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9604:Radioactivity
9601:
9594:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9564:
9562:
9558:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9522:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9420:
9418:
9417:
9415:
9409:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9327:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9270:Beta particle
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9255:Cluster decay
9253:
9251:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9243:
9239:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9194:
9192:
9190:
9186:
9183:
9181:Main articles
9179:
9174:
9167:
9162:
9160:
9155:
9153:
9148:
9147:
9144:
9132:
9131:
9122:
9120:
9119:
9110:
9108:
9107:
9096:
9095:
9092:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9054:
9052:
9048:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9025:
9024:electrostatic
9022:
9021:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9009:
9008:
9006:
9004:
9000:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8965:
8963:
8961:
8957:
8953:
8947:
8942:
8936:
8926:
8923:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8910:
8909:
8906:
8905:
8903:
8899:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8813:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8806:
8804:
8803:Generation IV
8800:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8753:Breeder (FBR)
8751:
8750:
8747:
8744:
8739:
8730:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8687:
8685:
8683:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8670:
8658:
8655:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8632:
8631:
8628:
8627:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8614:
8611:
8610:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8603:
8601:
8597:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8575:
8574:
8572:
8570:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8554:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8513:
8510:
8506:
8503:
8498:
8491:
8486:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8454:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8446:
8439:
8433:
8430:
8429:
8427:
8425:
8421:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8394:
8393:
8390:
8389:
8387:
8385:
8377:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8333:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8320:
8317:
8314:
8311:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8298:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8282:
8279:
8275:
8268:
8264:
8258:
8255:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8182:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8150:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8140:
8138:
8136:
8132:
8127:
8126:
8119:
8114:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8095:
8091:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8055:Nuclear power
8053:
8052:
8050:
8046:
8036:
8035:Transmutation
8033:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8020:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7979:
7973:
7970:
7966:
7963:
7962:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7935:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7915:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7879:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7869:
7867:
7863:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7832:high-altitude
7830:
7829:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7822:Proliferation
7820:
7818:
7815:
7811:
7808:
7807:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7762:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7733:
7729:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7708:Brachytherapy
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7672:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7638:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7625:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7609:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7600:
7597:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7546:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7504:Cross section
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7482:
7478:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7401:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7328:
7323:
7321:
7316:
7314:
7309:
7308:
7305:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7258:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7211:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7049:oropharyngeal
7047:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7039:Head and neck
7037:
7036:
7034:
7030:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7018:Primary tumor
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6989:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6959:Benign tumors
6956:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6929:
6924:
6922:
6917:
6915:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6887:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6859:
6858:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6837:RadiologyInfo
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6819:
6818:
6814:
6813:
6802:
6796:
6792:
6787:
6784:. AUSG Books.
6783:
6778:
6768:on 2012-10-15
6767:
6763:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6748:
6742:
6738:
6732:
6728:
6727:
6721:
6717:
6711:
6706:
6705:
6698:
6697:
6676:
6675:The Economist
6672:
6666:
6652:on 2012-03-01
6651:
6647:
6641:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6590:
6580:
6575:
6571:
6565:
6563:
6554:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6521:
6513:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6470:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6448:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6422:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6389:
6381:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6348:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6319:Brachytherapy
6313:
6305:
6298:
6296:
6287:
6280:
6278:
6269:
6262:
6254:
6247:
6239:
6232:
6224:
6217:
6198:
6191:
6183:
6181:9781447166092
6177:
6173:
6169:
6162:
6154:
6148:
6146:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6127:11380/1172411
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6100:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6053:
6045:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6004:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5910:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5853:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5836:
5828:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5777:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5744:
5736:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5687:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5646:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5610:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5566:
5558:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5509:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5458:
5450:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5407:
5405:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5367:
5358:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5304:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5285:
5277:
5271:
5267:
5260:
5258:
5249:
5242:
5234:
5227:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5184:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5135:on 2017-05-04
5134:
5130:
5124:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5088:
5080:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5047:
5033:on 2012-05-09
5032:
5028:
5022:
5008:on 2010-06-13
5004:
4997:
4991:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4889:
4887:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4827:
4823:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4767:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4488:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4258:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4123:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4092:on 2012-04-12
4091:
4087:
4081:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3852:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3719:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3502:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3457:RadioGraphics
3454:
3447:
3445:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3393:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2857:9780781726498
2853:
2849:
2842:
2827:
2821:
2806:on 2012-03-30
2805:
2801:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2746:on 2012-03-01
2745:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2580:9780191065101
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2426:patient.co.uk
2423:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2389:
2381:
2368:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:Particle beam
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:radioisotopes
2034:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:gas, and the
1995:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1950:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:In 2002, the
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:neuroblastoma
1791:
1787:
1780:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1749:
1748:Brachytherapy
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:rectal cancer
1724:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1684:
1682:
1681:Auger therapy
1677:
1676:Auger therapy
1670:Auger therapy
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:oropharyngeal
1609:
1605:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1580:by Professor
1577:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1340:brachytherapy
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1301:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1261:Fractionation
1258:
1256:
1255:gel dosimetry
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:metronidazole
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1107:free radicals
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1041:Target Safely
1038:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
950:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:fertilization
907:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
872:
868:
864:
861:
860:
856:
852:
849:(CNS) or the
848:
844:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
817:
813:
810:
806:
802:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:malabsorption
775:
774:
769:
763:
760:
757:
753:
750:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
692:
688:
683:
680:
676:
674:
671:
668:
664:
660:
657:
654:
650:
646:
643:. Similarly,
642:
638:
637:xerophthalmia
634:
630:
626:
623:
619:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
551:
548:
544:
541:
537:
534:
531:
526:
523:
520:
517:
512:
509:
508:
502:
498:
496:
492:
488:
482:
480:
479:fractionation
476:
472:
462:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:breast cancer
385:
381:
375:
373:
372:immunotherapy
369:
365:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
336:
331:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:treatment of
287:
284:, in which a
283:
282:Brachytherapy
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
259:immunotherapy
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
224:absorbed dose
221:
217:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
141:
135:
131:
127:
125:
121:
118:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
83:
79:
76:
73:
71:
67:
62:
58:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
10174:Radiobiology
10132:radioisotope
10046:Monitor unit
10016:Dose profile
9986:Features and
9852:radiotherapy
9832: /
9828: /
9769:fast neutron
9707: /
9705:Radiosurgery
9652:
9608:Radiobiology
9490:Radiobiology
9469:
9450:Laser safety
9128:
9116:
9097:
9077:Pyroelectric
9031:Laser-driven
8811:Sodium (SFR)
8738:fast-neutron
8577:
8123:
8013:Reprocessing
7894:WMD treaties
7713:Radiosurgery
7683:Fast-neutron
7674:
7655:Scintigraphy
6934:Overview of
6822:Applications
6790:
6781:
6770:. Retrieved
6766:the original
6746:
6725:
6703:
6681:25 September
6679:. Retrieved
6674:
6665:
6654:. Retrieved
6650:the original
6640:
6599:
6595:
6589:
6574:the original
6534:
6530:
6520:
6483:
6479:
6469:
6461:the original
6456:
6447:
6439:the original
6429:
6402:
6398:
6388:
6361:
6357:
6347:
6322:
6318:
6312:
6303:
6285:
6267:
6261:
6252:
6246:
6237:
6231:
6222:
6216:
6204:. Retrieved
6190:
6171:
6161:
6109:
6105:
6099:
6069:(1): 65β75.
6066:
6062:
6052:
6020:(1): 74β81.
6017:
6013:
6003:
5978:
5974:
5968:
5927:
5923:
5917:
5882:
5878:
5868:
5856:. Retrieved
5852:the original
5845:
5835:
5798:
5794:
5784:
5757:
5753:
5743:
5708:
5704:
5694:
5659:
5655:
5645:
5620:
5616:
5609:
5576:
5572:
5565:
5522:
5518:
5508:
5471:
5467:
5457:
5420:
5416:
5378:
5374:
5330:
5326:
5291:
5284:
5265:
5247:
5241:
5232:
5226:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5161:(1): 83β88.
5158:
5154:
5148:
5137:. Retrieved
5133:the original
5123:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5035:. Retrieved
5031:the original
5021:
5010:. Retrieved
5003:the original
4990:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4898:
4894:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4825:
4815:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4757:10453/128630
4737:
4733:
4723:
4678:
4674:
4664:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4555:(1): 33β42.
4552:
4548:
4542:
4507:
4503:
4493:
4487:
4458:
4454:
4438:, retrieved
4424:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4333:(5): R1-63.
4330:
4326:
4316:
4284:(2): 85β94.
4281:
4277:
4267:
4257:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4111:
4105:
4094:. Retrieved
4090:the original
4080:
4068:. Retrieved
4064:
4054:
4019:
4015:
4005:
3978:
3974:
3928:
3924:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3863:
3838:. Retrieved
3834:
3824:
3812:. Retrieved
3799:
3792:
3765:
3761:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3641:
3637:
3627:
3615:. Retrieved
3601:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3517:
3513:
3488:. Retrieved
3460:
3456:
3408:
3404:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3207:
3180:(2): 85β94.
3177:
3173:
3163:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3048:
3014:
3010:
3004:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2847:
2841:
2830:. Retrieved
2820:
2808:. Retrieved
2804:the original
2794:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2748:. Retrieved
2744:the original
2734:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2570:
2560:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2495:the original
2490:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2425:
2415:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2367:cite journal
2355:. Retrieved
2301:
2297:
2287:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2173:
2169:
2107:Beam spoiler
2091:
2068:
2057:
2026:
1991:
1971:
1960:
1949:tuberculosis
1933:
1914:
1873:
1865:strontium-89
1854:
1826:
1810:lutetium-177
1782:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1720:
1702:breathing in
1690:
1679:
1653:
1638:
1629:
1600:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1566:optimization
1562:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1469:Radiosurgery
1457:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1440:Conventional
1439:
1438:
1434:
1385:
1370:
1356:
1352:
1328:
1307:
1298:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1248:
1237:
1229:
1222:
1203:effect. See
1178:
1166:tirapazamine
1154:misonidazole
1135:
1115:
1087:cancer cells
1080:
1059:
1034:
1021:
988:
956:
940:
913:
904:
701:chemotherapy
645:sweat glands
603:
592:
554:inflammation
499:
483:
468:
465:Side effects
456:
433:followed by
423:radiobiology
420:
412:
376:
344:
340:
325:Medical uses
263:
229:
213:
205:chemotherapy
165:
161:
157:
154:radiotherapy
153:
149:
148:
18:Radiotherapy
9936:Tomotherapy
9834:TheraSphere
9830:SIR-Spheres
9719:Gamma Knife
9672:Teletherapy
9232:Ultraviolet
9227:Radio waves
8988:Stellarator
8952:confinement
8846:SuperphΓ©nix
8673:Molten-salt
8625:VHTR (HTGR)
8402:HW BLWR 250
8368:R4 Marviken
8297:Pressurized
8267:Heavy water
8251:many others
8180:Pressurized
8135:Light water
7837:underground
7795:Disarmament
7703:Tomotherapy
7698:Proton-beam
7562:Power plant
7524:Temperature
7357:Engineering
7282:Cancer pain
7222:Cancer cell
6967:Hyperplasia
6815:Information
6486:: 257β263.
5885:(6): 1359.
4734:Metallomics
4070:26 February
3209:estimate...
2894:10171/27487
2407:GP Notebook
2087:tomotherapy
2045:teletherapy
1978:Marie Curie
1974:Nobel Prize
1967:Emil Grubbe
1891:tositumomab
1850:TheraSphere
1846:SIR-Spheres
1506:TomoTherapy
1498:Gamma Knife
1364:or heavier
973:(ACTH) and
920:teratogenic
786:steatorrhea
742:cell damage
740:, vascular
621:45 Gy.
580:Infertility
439:neoadjuvant
400:anal cancer
124:MedlinePlus
10148:Categories
10006:Bragg peak
9949:Conditions
9881:Lexidronam
9866:Iobenguane
9714:Cyberknife
9413:and health
9411:Radiation
9280:Cosmic ray
9013:(acoustic)
8630:PBR (PBMR)
8018:Spent fuel
8008:Repository
7988:Fuel cycle
7955:Activation
7732:Processing
7599:Propulsion
7557:by country
7489:Activation
7227:Carcinogen
7091:Urogenital
7032:Topography
7013:Metastasis
6977:Pseudocyst
6951:Conditions
6772:2011-03-30
6656:2012-04-20
6577:(from the
5423:(37): 37.
5139:2012-04-20
5037:2012-04-20
5012:2012-04-20
4096:2012-04-20
3463:(2): 353.
2832:2012-05-02
2810:2012-05-02
2750:2012-04-20
2149:References
2022:gamma rays
1998:X-ray tube
1861:radium-223
1814:yttrium-90
1798:iodine-131
1796:, of oral
1706:spirometer
1660:Bragg peak
1494:Cyberknife
1474:or spine.
1201:Bragg peak
1162:cytotoxins
1123:cell death
1109:, notably
1103:ionization
1012:chest wall
876:Radiation
673:Lymphedema
633:xerostomia
591:following
475:metastases
448:nimorazole
431:mastectomy
408:metastatic
315:restenosis
70:ICD-10-PCS
10036:Isocenter
10031:Dosimetry
9988:equipment
9822: (I)
9663:therapies
9567:Half-life
9440:Dosimetry
9275:Gamma ray
9222:Microwave
9212:Starlight
9173:Radiation
8983:Spheromak
8682:Fluorides
8346:IPHWR-700
8341:IPHWR-540
8336:IPHWR-220
8125:Moderator
7805:Explosion
7780:Arms race
7567:Economics
7519:Reflector
7514:Radiation
7509:Generator
7464:Plutonium
7417:Deuterium
7382:Radiation
7352:Chemistry
7246:Oncovirus
7236:oncogenes
7189:Ann Arbor
7132:Papilloma
7117:Carcinoma
7110:Histology
7054:laryngeal
6998:Dysplasia
6982:Hamartoma
5601:236776179
5579:: 39β45.
4440:August 1,
3864:Emedicine
3490:24 August
3301:202572547
2704:(7): 45.
2657:(1): 95.
2053:half-life
2049:cobalt-60
1930:Rationale
1816:to treat
1800:to treat
1694:breathing
1555:TrueBeam
1448:simulated
1426:cobalt-60
1315:manganese
1251:dosimetry
1244:dosimetry
1242:(part of
1131:stem cell
1129:and more
1072:Technique
1025:Therac-25
979:prolactin
924:anomalies
807:includes
798:vitamin B
617:Epilation
495:pituitary
452:cetuximab
444:cisplatin
351:lymphomas
347:leukemias
303:pterygium
297:, severe
243:diagnosis
235:radiology
182:malignant
170:treatment
36:Radiology
10134:therapy.
10041:Mobetron
9924:electron
9803:Prostate
9737:electron
9661:Specific
9217:Sunlight
9202:Infrared
9118:Category
9072:Polywell
9003:Inertial
8960:Magnetic
8715:TMSR-LF1
8710:TMSR-500
8690:Fuji MSR
8650:THTR-300
8490:Graphite
8353:PHWR KWU
8319:ACR-1000
8247:IPWR-900
8230:ACPR1000
8225:HPR-1000
8215:CPR-1000
8190:APR-1400
7981:Disposal
7933:Actinide
7926:Products
7785:Delivery
7628:Medicine
7457:depleted
7452:enriched
7422:Helium-3
7387:ionizing
7267:Research
7127:Blastoma
6944:oncology
6632:17835363
6553:18316551
6512:28458578
6421:16985930
6380:23863050
6339:19744892
6206:17 April
6136:26867877
6091:29745640
6083:14752734
6044:26229670
5995:22694199
5960:22259256
5952:21775795
5858:10 April
5827:33458261
5801:: 7β13.
5776:28840767
5735:29657987
5686:26894364
5637:25465726
5593:34333086
5557:29786861
5500:27651567
5449:23425449
5395:20188427
5357:22011829
5218:25639614
5210:23853368
5175:12694826
5115:15050343
5079:15761080
4974:25322150
4923:16790912
4877:18082594
4869:24584183
4826:Medscape
4807:35779346
4766:30027971
4715:29042516
4656:17787568
4648:19172147
4613:34363761
4577:39888421
4569:23414358
4534:27993569
4477:21277118
4365:20150687
4308:29983028
4249:21062158
4214:46682896
4206:12490737
4165:22483746
4157:21527953
4046:51601915
4038:29982476
3997:19498038
3947:11476352
3899:11034631
3809:29494068
3784:23245644
3709:22858731
3668:24686268
3593:34482706
3544:28911261
3485:73477338
3477:30844346
3435:20298931
3383:18035211
3359:Darby SC
3344:96433438
3336:30948250
3293:31519558
3252:83461547
3244:30885458
3204:29983028
3155:26950597
3114:23963700
3065:24282062
3031:23462064
2996:17446547
2955:39434006
2947:14748889
2903:17355414
2786:22245210
2726:23888595
2718:27181400
2683:31171025
2632:22019144
2552:30280985
2467:25520039
2352:29261879
2320:26729431
2279:19991034
2271:22037654
2235:15908648
2200:32363243
2100:See also
2058:Medical
2010:voltages
1982:polonium
1841:catheter
1786:infusion
1510:Truebeam
1172:such as
1111:hydroxyl
1030:Missouri
1008:fibrotic
886:ischemia
878:necrosis
863:Myokymia
790:bleeding
782:diarrhea
667:fistulae
610:Fibrosis
575:steroids
571:bronchus
569:or main
549:Swelling
368:melanoma
193:curative
82:ICD-9-CM
9996:BEAMnrc
9883: (
9868: (
9836: (
9428:chronic
9130:Commons
9041:Z-pinch
9011:Bubble
8993:Tokamak
8856:FBR-600
8836:CFR-600
8831:BN-1200
8497:coolant
8424:Organic
8309:CANDU 9
8306:CANDU 6
8274:coolant
8235:ACP1000
8210:CAP1400
8148:Boiling
8113:Fission
7960:Fission
7904:Weapons
7844:Warfare
7827:Testing
7817:History
7810:effects
7765:Weapons
7675:Therapy
7650:RadBall
7637:Imaging
7529:Thermal
7494:Capture
7481:Neutron
7469:Thorium
7447:Uranium
7412:Tritium
7392:braking
7372:Fission
7362:Physics
7345:Science
7277:History
7176:grading
7172:Staging
7137:Adenoma
7122:Sarcoma
6624:1752791
6604:Bibcode
6596:Science
6503:5402914
6412:1472939
6035:4364809
5932:Bibcode
5909:1461197
5887:Bibcode
5818:7807573
5726:5893480
5711:: 2β8.
5677:5690191
5548:6041138
5527:Bibcode
5491:5019039
5440:3599972
5348:3473700
4982:2591566
4954:Bibcode
4931:7672187
4903:Bibcode
4849:Bibcode
4706:5676931
4683:Bibcode
4525:7771305
4400:9873100
4356:3031873
4335:Bibcode
4299:6074073
3840:7 March
3814:6 March
3659:4346191
3584:8649542
3535:5933669
3426:3807611
3195:6074073
3106:9874399
2674:6555709
2623:3254252
2543:6322391
2522:Bibcode
2357:23 July
2191:7194647
2031:in the
1939:History
1924:surgery
1502:X-Knife
1444:planned
1362:protons
1181:protons
1142:hypoxia
1004:hypoxic
832:due to
703:, e.g.
624:Dryness
589:gametes
567:trachea
565:(e.g.,
491:thyroid
349:, most
251:surgery
168:) is a
104:D011878
10071:Pencil
9929:TARGIT
9779:proton
9756:hadron
9682:photon
9610:, and
8941:Fusion
8901:Others
8841:PhΓ©nix
8826:BN-800
8821:BN-600
8816:BN-350
8645:HTR-PM
8640:HTR-10
8620:UHTREX
8585:Magnox
8580:(UNGG)
8473:Lucens
8468:KS 150
8205:ATMEA1
8185:AP1000
8168:Kerena
8048:Debate
7800:Ethics
7790:Design
7773:Topics
7604:rocket
7582:Fusion
7577:Policy
7539:Fusion
7499:Poison
7377:Fusion
7008:Cancer
6940:cancer
6936:tumors
6797:
6758:
6733:
6712:
6630:
6622:
6551:
6510:
6500:
6419:
6409:
6378:
6337:
6178:
6134:
6089:
6081:
6042:
6032:
5993:
5958:
5950:
5907:
5825:
5815:
5774:
5733:
5723:
5684:
5674:
5635:
5599:
5591:
5555:
5545:
5498:
5488:
5447:
5437:
5393:
5355:
5345:
5299:
5272:
5216:
5208:
5173:
5113:
5077:
4980:
4972:
4929:
4921:
4875:
4867:
4805:
4764:
4713:
4703:
4654:
4646:
4611:
4575:
4567:
4532:
4522:
4475:
4398:
4363:
4353:
4306:
4296:
4247:
4212:
4204:
4163:
4155:
4118:
4044:
4036:
3995:
3945:
3897:
3807:
3782:
3707:
3666:
3656:
3617:7 June
3591:
3581:
3542:
3532:
3483:
3475:
3433:
3423:
3381:
3342:
3334:
3299:
3291:
3250:
3242:
3202:
3192:
3153:
3133:Cancer
3112:
3104:
3084:Cancer
3063:
3029:
2994:
2953:
2945:
2911:121385
2909:
2901:
2854:
2784:
2724:
2716:
2681:
2671:
2630:
2620:
2600:Lancet
2577:
2550:
2540:
2465:
2350:
2318:
2277:
2269:
2233:
2198:
2188:
1986:radium
1920:cancer
1723:X-rays
1553:Varian
1191:, and
1189:carbon
1138:oxygen
1095:photon
681:Cancer
653:mucosa
649:armpit
593:direct
585:gonads
450:, and
402:, and
353:, and
317:, and
311:keloid
172:using
130:001918
57:pelvis
10001:Bolus
9912:Other
9423:acute
9320:X-ray
9207:Light
9062:Migma
9050:Other
9019:Fusor
8918:Piqua
8913:Arbus
8871:PRISM
8613:MHR-T
8608:GTMHR
8538:EGP-6
8533:AMB-X
8508:Water
8453:HWGCR
8392:HWLWR
8331:IPHWR
8302:CANDU
8163:ESBWR
7918:Waste
7882:Tests
7865:Lists
7849:Yield
7592:MMRTG
7549:Power
7260:Misc.
7146:Other
7086:Blood
6620:JSTOR
6200:(PDF)
6087:S2CID
5956:S2CID
5597:S2CID
5214:S2CID
5006:(PDF)
4999:(PDF)
4978:S2CID
4927:S2CID
4873:S2CID
4652:S2CID
4573:S2CID
4262:2006.
4210:S2CID
4161:S2CID
4042:S2CID
3481:S2CID
3340:S2CID
3297:S2CID
3248:S2CID
3110:S2CID
2951:S2CID
2907:S2CID
2722:S2CID
2275:S2CID
2069:With
2014:volts
1994:radon
1735:tumor
1664:range
1325:Types
1225:grays
1185:boron
792:with
563:lumen
270:stage
185:cells
164:, or
138:[
8878:Lead
8861:CEFR
8851:PFBR
8733:None
8543:RBMK
8528:AM-1
8458:EL-4
8432:WR-1
8414:AHWR
8358:MZFR
8326:CVTR
8315:AFCR
8242:VVER
8200:APWR
8195:APR+
8158:ABWR
8028:cask
8023:pool
7965:LLFP
7854:TNTe
7534:Fast
7404:Fuel
7292:Diet
7081:Skin
7076:Bone
7044:oral
6972:Cyst
6942:and
6795:ISBN
6756:ISBN
6731:ISBN
6710:ISBN
6683:2017
6628:PMID
6549:PMID
6508:PMID
6417:PMID
6376:PMID
6335:PMID
6208:2010
6176:ISBN
6132:PMID
6079:PMID
6040:PMID
5991:PMID
5948:PMID
5905:PMID
5860:2009
5823:PMID
5772:PMID
5731:PMID
5682:PMID
5633:PMID
5589:PMID
5553:PMID
5496:PMID
5445:PMID
5391:PMID
5353:PMID
5297:ISBN
5270:ISBN
5206:PMID
5171:PMID
5111:PMID
5075:PMID
4970:PMID
4919:PMID
4865:PMID
4803:PMID
4762:PMID
4711:PMID
4644:PMID
4609:PMID
4565:PMID
4530:PMID
4473:PMID
4442:2013
4396:PMID
4361:PMID
4304:PMID
4245:PMID
4202:PMID
4153:PMID
4116:ISBN
4072:2010
4034:PMID
3993:PMID
3943:PMID
3895:PMID
3842:2024
3816:2024
3805:PMID
3780:PMID
3705:PMID
3664:PMID
3619:2012
3589:PMID
3540:PMID
3492:2023
3473:PMID
3431:PMID
3379:PMID
3332:PMID
3289:PMID
3240:PMID
3200:PMID
3151:PMID
3102:PMID
3061:PMID
3027:PMID
2992:PMID
2943:PMID
2899:PMID
2852:ISBN
2782:PMID
2714:PMID
2679:PMID
2628:PMID
2575:ISBN
2548:PMID
2463:PMID
2380:help
2359:2023
2348:PMID
2316:PMID
2267:PMID
2231:PMID
2196:PMID
1984:and
1884:CD20
1867:and
1812:and
1731:anus
1710:4DCT
1614:and
1453:plan
1366:ions
1219:Dose
1193:neon
1183:and
1156:and
1064:and
965:and
945:and
930:and
796:and
788:and
744:and
732:and
583:The
366:and
241:and
117:8β52
98:MeSH
91:92.3
87:92.2
10011:D50
9754:by
9735:by
9680:by
8950:by
8866:PFR
8657:PMR
8635:AVR
8557:Gas
8495:by
8463:KKN
8397:ATR
8312:EC6
8272:by
8220:EPR
8153:BWR
7184:TNM
6612:doi
6600:125
6539:doi
6498:PMC
6488:doi
6407:PMC
6366:doi
6362:369
6327:doi
6122:hdl
6114:doi
6071:doi
6030:PMC
6022:doi
5983:doi
5940:doi
5895:doi
5813:PMC
5803:doi
5762:doi
5721:PMC
5713:doi
5672:PMC
5664:doi
5625:doi
5621:113
5581:doi
5577:163
5543:PMC
5535:doi
5486:PMC
5476:doi
5435:PMC
5425:doi
5383:doi
5343:PMC
5335:doi
5198:doi
5163:doi
5103:doi
5065:doi
4962:doi
4911:doi
4857:doi
4793:doi
4789:171
4752:hdl
4742:doi
4701:PMC
4691:doi
4679:114
4636:doi
4601:doi
4557:doi
4520:PMC
4512:doi
4463:doi
4388:doi
4351:PMC
4343:doi
4294:PMC
4286:doi
4237:doi
4192:doi
4145:doi
4024:doi
4020:103
3983:doi
3933:doi
3887:doi
3770:doi
3766:105
3695:doi
3654:PMC
3646:doi
3579:PMC
3571:doi
3530:PMC
3522:doi
3465:doi
3421:PMC
3413:doi
3371:doi
3324:doi
3279:doi
3232:doi
3190:PMC
3182:doi
3141:doi
3137:122
3092:doi
3053:doi
3019:doi
2982:doi
2935:doi
2889:hdl
2881:doi
2877:102
2774:doi
2706:doi
2669:PMC
2659:doi
2618:PMC
2608:doi
2604:378
2538:PMC
2530:doi
2518:190
2453:doi
2306:doi
2259:doi
2255:187
2223:doi
2186:PMC
2178:doi
1824:).
1804:or
1446:or
1402:an
1097:or
1085:of
1083:DNA
993:'s
429:or
216:DNA
166:XRT
162:RTx
152:or
34:or
10150::
9891:Sr
9885:Sm
9813:Pd
9606:,
9602:,
8600:He
8566:CO
8442:CO
8363:R3
6938:,
6754:.
6750:.
6673:.
6626:.
6618:.
6610:.
6561:^
6547:.
6535:14
6533:.
6529:.
6506:.
6496:.
6482:.
6478:.
6455:.
6415:.
6401:.
6397:.
6374:.
6360:.
6356:.
6333:.
6321:.
6294:^
6276:^
6144:^
6130:.
6120:.
6110:94
6108:.
6085:.
6077:.
6067:14
6065:.
6061:.
6038:.
6028:.
6018:62
6016:.
6012:.
5989:.
5979:40
5977:.
5954:.
5946:.
5938:.
5928:56
5926:.
5903:.
5893:.
5883:19
5881:.
5877:.
5844:.
5821:.
5811:.
5799:10
5797:.
5793:.
5770:.
5758:56
5756:.
5752:.
5729:.
5719:.
5707:.
5703:.
5680:.
5670:.
5660:17
5658:.
5654:.
5631:.
5619:.
5595:.
5587:.
5575:.
5551:.
5541:.
5533:.
5523:45
5521:.
5517:.
5494:.
5484:.
5472:41
5470:.
5466:.
5443:.
5433:.
5419:.
5415:.
5403:^
5389:.
5379:95
5377:.
5365:^
5351:.
5341:.
5331:84
5329:.
5325:.
5311:^
5256:^
5212:.
5204:.
5192:.
5169:.
5159:56
5157:.
5109:.
5099:58
5097:.
5073:.
5061:55
5059:.
5057:CA
5055:.
4976:.
4968:.
4960:.
4950:59
4948:.
4925:.
4917:.
4909:.
4899:51
4897:.
4885:^
4871:.
4863:.
4855:.
4845:59
4843:.
4824:.
4801:.
4787:.
4783:.
4760:.
4750:.
4738:10
4736:.
4732:.
4709:.
4699:.
4689:.
4677:.
4673:.
4650:.
4642:.
4630:.
4607:.
4597:22
4595:.
4571:.
4563:.
4553:10
4551:.
4528:.
4518:.
4508:18
4506:.
4502:.
4471:.
4459:79
4457:.
4453:.
4433:,
4423:,
4419:,
4408:^
4394:.
4382:.
4359:.
4349:.
4341:.
4331:55
4329:.
4325:.
4302:.
4292:.
4282:36
4280:.
4276:.
4243:.
4231:.
4208:.
4200:.
4186:.
4182:.
4159:.
4151:.
4141:12
4139:.
4063:.
4040:.
4032:.
4018:.
4014:.
3991:.
3979:16
3977:.
3973:.
3957:^
3941:.
3927:.
3923:.
3907:^
3893:.
3883:10
3881:.
3862:.
3850:^
3833:.
3778:.
3764:.
3760:.
3742:^
3717:^
3703:.
3691:10
3689:.
3685:.
3662:.
3652:.
3642:11
3640:.
3636:.
3609:.
3587:.
3577:.
3567:10
3565:.
3561:.
3538:.
3528:.
3518:11
3516:.
3512:.
3500:^
3479:.
3471:.
3461:39
3459:.
3455:.
3443:^
3429:.
3419:.
3409:55
3407:.
3403:.
3391:^
3377:.
3367:69
3365:.
3338:.
3330:.
3318:.
3295:.
3287:.
3275:39
3273:.
3269:.
3246:.
3238:.
3228:20
3226:.
3206:.
3198:.
3188:.
3178:36
3176:.
3172:.
3149:.
3135:.
3131:.
3108:.
3100:.
3088:83
3086:.
3082:.
3059:.
3039:^
3025:.
3015:24
3013:.
2990:.
2978:18
2976:.
2972:.
2949:.
2941:.
2931:19
2929:.
2905:.
2897:.
2887:.
2875:.
2780:.
2770:84
2768:.
2720:.
2712:.
2702:18
2700:.
2677:.
2667:.
2655:14
2653:.
2649:.
2626:.
2616:.
2602:.
2598:.
2546:.
2536:.
2528:.
2516:.
2512:.
2475:^
2461:.
2449:95
2447:.
2443:.
2424:.
2405:.
2371::
2369:}}
2365:{{
2328:^
2314:.
2302:34
2300:.
2296:.
2273:.
2265:.
2253:.
2229:.
2219:23
2217:.
2194:.
2184:.
2172:.
2168:.
2156:^
2043:,
2000:.
1965:.
1926:.
1901:.
1871:.
1863:,
1848:,
1837:ΞΌm
1610:,
1504:,
1496:,
1368:.
1257:.
1187:,
1006:,
926:,
800:12
784:,
780:,
736:.
728:,
724:,
720:,
716:,
629:Gy
454:.
446:,
398:,
394:,
390:,
386:,
382:,
305:,
301:,
293:,
280:.
257:,
211:.
160:,
158:RT
9887:)
9876:Y
9872:)
9870:I
9856:3
9840:)
9838:Y
9808:I
9645:e
9638:t
9631:v
9165:e
9158:t
9151:v
8740:)
8736:(
8568:2
8520:O
8518:2
8516:H
8444:2
8384:O
8382:2
8380:H
8289:O
8287:2
8285:D
7326:e
7319:t
7312:v
7234:/
7174:/
6927:e
6920:t
6913:v
6803:.
6775:.
6739:.
6718:.
6685:.
6659:.
6634:.
6614::
6606::
6581:)
6555:.
6541::
6514:.
6490::
6484:9
6423:.
6403:6
6382:.
6368::
6341:.
6329::
6323:8
6210:.
6184:.
6138:.
6124::
6116::
6093:.
6073::
6046:.
6024::
5997:.
5985::
5962:.
5942::
5934::
5911:.
5897::
5889::
5862:.
5829:.
5805::
5778:.
5764::
5737:.
5715::
5709:1
5688:.
5666::
5639:.
5627::
5603:.
5583::
5559:.
5537::
5529::
5502:.
5478::
5451:.
5427::
5421:8
5397:.
5385::
5359:.
5337::
5305:.
5278:.
5250:.
5235:.
5220:.
5200::
5194:4
5177:.
5165::
5142:.
5117:.
5105::
5081:.
5067::
5040:.
5015:.
4984:.
4964::
4956::
4933:.
4913::
4905::
4879:.
4859::
4851::
4828:.
4809:.
4795::
4768:.
4754::
4744::
4717:.
4693::
4685::
4658:.
4638::
4632:7
4615:.
4603::
4579:.
4559::
4536:.
4514::
4479:.
4465::
4402:.
4390::
4384:8
4367:.
4345::
4337::
4310:.
4288::
4251:.
4239::
4233:6
4216:.
4194::
4188:7
4167:.
4147::
4124:.
4099:.
4074:.
4048:.
4026::
3999:.
3985::
3949:.
3935::
3929:7
3901:.
3889::
3866:.
3844:.
3818:.
3786:.
3772::
3711:.
3697::
3670:.
3648::
3621:.
3595:.
3573::
3546:.
3524::
3494:.
3467::
3437:.
3415::
3385:.
3373::
3346:.
3326::
3320:3
3303:.
3281::
3254:.
3234::
3184::
3157:.
3143::
3116:.
3094::
3067:.
3055::
3033:.
3021::
2998:.
2984::
2957:.
2937::
2913:.
2891::
2883::
2860:.
2835:.
2813:.
2788:.
2776::
2753:.
2728:.
2708::
2685:.
2661::
2634:.
2610::
2583:.
2554:.
2532::
2524::
2469:.
2455::
2428:.
2409:.
2382:)
2378:(
2361:.
2322:.
2308::
2281:.
2261::
2237:.
2225::
2202:.
2180::
2174:5
1820:(
1349:.
156:(
142:]
89:-
75:D
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.