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precipitation over the past century, although trends have varied widely by region and over time. Eastern portions of North and South
America, northern Europe, and northern and central Asia have become wetter. The Sahel, the Mediterranean, southern Africa and parts of southern Asia have become drier. There has been an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events over many areas during the past century, as well as an increase since the 1970s in the prevalence of droughts—especially in the tropics and subtropics. Changes in precipitation and evaporation over the oceans are suggested by the decreased salinity of mid- and high-latitude waters (implying more precipitation), along with increased salinity in lower latitudes (implying less precipitation and/or more evaporation). Over the contiguous United States, total annual precipitation increased at an average rate of 6.1 percent since 1900, with the greatest increases within the East North Central climate region (11.6 percent per century) and the South (11.1 percent). Hawaii was the only region to show a decrease (−9.25 percent).
2462:
on the inner cylinder down to 0.25 mm (0.0098 in) resolution, while metal gauges require use of a stick designed with the appropriate 0.25 mm (0.0098 in) markings. After the inner cylinder is filled, the amount inside it is discarded, then filled with the remaining rainfall in the outer cylinder until all the fluid in the outer cylinder is gone, adding to the overall total until the outer cylinder is empty. Other types of gauges include the popular wedge gauge (the cheapest rain gauge and most fragile), the tipping bucket rain gauge, and the weighing rain gauge. For those looking to measure rainfall the most inexpensively, a can that is cylindrical with straight sides will act as a rain gauge if left out in the open, but its accuracy will depend on what ruler is used to measure the rain with. Any of the above rain gauges can be made at home, with enough know-how.
2717:-year event. For instance, a 10-year storm describes a rare rainfall event occurring on average once every 10 years. The rainfall will be greater and the flooding will be worse than the worst storm expected in any single year. A 100-year storm describes an extremely rare rainfall event occurring on average once in a century. The rainfall will be extreme and flooding worse than a 10-year event. The probability of an event in any year is the inverse of the return period (assuming the probability remains the same for each year). For instance, a 10-year storm has a probability of occurring of 10 percent in any given year, and a 100-year storm occurs with a 1 percent probability in a year. As with all probability events, it is possible, though improbable, to have multiple 100-year storms in a single year.
1642:
1005:
1891:
1672:, the effect can be dramatic: there is a 22% higher chance of rain on Saturdays than on Mondays. The urban heat island effect warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (33.1 to 42.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas. This extra heat leads to greater upward motion, which can induce additional shower and thunderstorm activity. Rainfall rates downwind of cities are increased between 48% and 116%. Partly as a result of this warming, monthly rainfall is about 28% greater between 32 and 64 km (20 and 40 mi) downwind of cities, compared with upwind. Some cities induce a total precipitation increase of 51%.
3342:, is probably the place with the largest rainfall in the world, averaging 13,300 mm (523.6 in) per year. The Department of Chocó is extraordinarily humid. Tutunendaó, a small town situated in the same department, is one of the wettest estimated places on Earth, averaging 11,394 mm (448.6 in) per year; in 1974 the town received 26,303 mm (86 ft 3.6 in), the largest annual rainfall measured in Colombia. Unlike Cherrapunji, which receives most of its rainfall between April and September, Tutunendaó receives rain almost uniformly distributed throughout the year.
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1550:
1407:
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741:
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63:
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2335:
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11318:
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52:
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crystals gain enough mass they begin to fall. This generally requires more mass than coalescence when occurring between the crystal and neighboring water droplets. This process is temperature dependent, as supercooled water droplets only exist in a cloud that is below freezing. In addition, because of the great temperature difference between cloud and ground level, these ice crystals may melt as they fall and become rain.
2831:
3244:
2732:
3019:
2499:, sewer management and dam construction are all areas where planners use rainfall accumulation data. Radar-derived rainfall estimates complement surface station data which can be used for calibration. To produce radar accumulations, rain rates over a point are estimated by using the value of reflectivity data at individual grid points. A radar equation is then used, which is
1791:(a trough of warm air aloft) will be caused by strong southerly winds on its eastern periphery rotating aloft around its northeast, and ultimately northwestern, periphery (also termed the warm conveyor belt), forcing a surface trough to continue into the cold sector on a similar curve to the occluded front. The front creates the portion of an occluded cyclone known as its
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2776:
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can take an enormous toll in lives and personal property, they may be important factors in the precipitation regimes of places they impact, as they may bring much-needed precipitation to otherwise dry regions. Areas in their path can receive a year's worth of rainfall from a tropical cyclone passage.
1038:
As these larger water droplets descend, coalescence continues, so that drops become heavy enough to overcome air resistance and fall as rain. Coalescence generally happens most often in clouds above freezing (in their top) and is also known as the warm rain process. In clouds below freezing, when ice
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The standard way of measuring rainfall or snowfall is the standard rain gauge, which can be found in 100-mm (4-in) plastic and 200-mm (8-in) metal varieties. The inner cylinder is filled by 25 mm (0.98 in) of rain, with overflow flowing into the outer cylinder. Plastic gauges have markings
7934:
Panagos, Panos; Ballabio, Cristiano; Borrelli, Pasquale; Meusburger, Katrin; Klik, Andreas; Rousseva, Svetla; Tadić, Melita Perčec; Michaelides, Silas; Hrabalíková, Michaela; Olsen, Preben; Aalto, Juha; Lakatos, Mónika; Rymszewicz, Anna; Dumitrescu, Alexandru; Beguería, Santiago; Alewell, Christine
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achieves similar torrential rains, while slightly lower than that of the Big Bog, at 9,500 mm (373 in) of rain per year over the last 32 years, with a record 17,340 mm (683 in) in 1982. Its summit is considered one of the rainiest spots on earth, with a reported 350 days of rain
2293:
An oceanic (or maritime) climate is typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of all the world's continents, bordering cool oceans, as well as southeastern
Australia, and is accompanied by plentiful precipitation year-round. The Mediterranean climate regime resembles the climate
2196:
The Köppen classification depends on average monthly values of temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used form of the Köppen classification has five primary types labeled A through E. Specifically, the primary types are A, tropical; B, dry; C, mild mid-latitude; D, cold mid-latitude; and
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S is present. Nitric acid is produced by natural sources such as lightning, soil bacteria, and natural fires; while also produced anthropogenically by the combustion of fossil fuels and from power plants. In the past 20 years, the concentrations of nitric and sulfuric acid has decreased in presence
974:
The main ways water vapor is added to the air are wind convergence into areas of upward motion, precipitation or virga falling from above, daytime heating evaporating water from the surface of oceans, water bodies or wet land, transpiration from plants, cool or dry air moving over warmer water, and
897:
is also causing changes in the precipitation pattern, including wetter conditions across eastern North
America and drier conditions in the tropics. Antarctica is the driest continent. The globally averaged annual precipitation over land is 715 mm (28.1 in), but over the whole Earth, it is
2999:
Approximately 505,000 km (121,000 cu mi) of water falls as precipitation each year across the globe with 398,000 km (95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans. Given the Earth's surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 mm (39 in).
1667:
leads to the production of clouds and increases the likelihood of rain. As commuters and commercial traffic cause pollution to build up over the course of the week, the likelihood of rain increases: it peaks by
Saturday, after five days of weekday pollution has been built up. In heavily populated
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and snow, is the presence of a thick layer of air aloft which is above the melting point of water, which melts the frozen precipitation well before it reaches the ground. If there is a shallow near-surface layer that is below freezing, freezing rain (rain which freezes on contact with surfaces in
2803:
nutrients diminish and erosion increases during the wet season. Animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wetter regime. The previous dry season leads to food shortages into the wet season, as the crops have yet to mature. Developing countries have noted that their populations show
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The
Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (abbreviated QPF) is the expected amount of liquid precipitation accumulated over a specified time period over a specified area. A QPF will be specified when a measurable precipitation type reaching a minimum threshold is forecast for any hour during a QPF
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are more common, inches per hour. The "length", or more accurately, "depth" being measured is the depth of rain water that would accumulate on a flat, horizontal and impermeable surface during a given amount of time, typically an hour. One millimeter of rainfall is the equivalent of one liter of
1042:
Raindrops have sizes ranging from 0.1 to 9 mm (0.0039 to 0.3543 in) mean diameter but develop a tendency to break up at larger sizes. Smaller drops are called cloud droplets, and their shape is spherical. As a raindrop increases in size, its shape becomes more oblate, with its largest
2783:
Precipitation, especially rain, has a dramatic effect on agriculture. All plants need at least some water to survive, therefore rain (being the most effective means of watering) is important to agriculture. While a regular rain pattern is usually vital to healthy plants, too much or too little
1848:
of rain varies, especially due to its origin. On
America's East Coast, rain that is derived from the Atlantic Ocean typically has a pH of 5.0–5.6; rain that comes across the continental from the west has a pH of 3.8–4.8; and local thunderstorms can have a pH as low as 2.0. Rain becomes acidic
1679:
Analysis of 65 years of United States of
America rainfall records show the lower 48 states have an increase in heavy downpours since 1950. The largest increases are in the Northeast and Midwest, which in the past decade, have seen 31 and 16 percent more heavy downpours compared to the 1950s.
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Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which can lead to more precipitation. Precipitation generally increased over land north of 30°N from 1900 through 2005 but has declined over the tropics since the 1970s. Globally there has been no statistically significant overall trend in
1380:
A wide variety of weather can be found along an occluded front, with thunderstorms possible, but usually, their passage is associated with a drying of the air mass. Occluded fronts usually form around mature low-pressure areas. What separates rainfall from other precipitation types, such as
1799:-like shape of the mid-tropospheric cloudiness that accompanies the feature. It can also be the focus of locally heavy precipitation, with thunderstorms possible if the atmosphere along the front is unstable enough for convection. Banding within the comma head precipitation pattern of an
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than model forecasts within 6 to 7 hours of the time of the radar image. The forecasts can be verified through use of rain gauge measurements, weather radar estimates, or a combination of both. Various skill scores can be determined to measure the value of the rainfall forecast.
2747:. Terrain is considered in QPFs by use of topography or based upon climatological precipitation patterns from observations with fine detail. Starting in the mid to late 1990s, QPFs were used within hydrologic forecast models to simulate impact to rivers throughout the United States.
3346:, the capital of Chocó, receives the most rain in the world among cities with over 100,000 inhabitants: 9,000 mm (354 in) per year. Storms in Chocó can drop 500 mm (20 in) of rainfall in a day. This amount is more than what falls in many cities in a year's time.
3251:
Westerly flow from the mild north
Atlantic leads to wetness across western Europe, in particular Ireland and the United Kingdom, where the western coasts can receive between 1,000 mm (39 in), at sea level and 2,500 mm (98 in), on the mountains of rain per year.
1628:, a source of very heavy rainfall, consist of large air masses several hundred miles across with low pressure at the centre and with winds blowing inward towards the centre in either a clockwise direction (southern hemisphere) or counterclockwise (northern hemisphere). Although
2853:, people tend to be more stressed when the weather is unstable or cloudy, with its impact greater on men than women. Rain can also bring joy, as some consider it to be soothing or enjoy the aesthetic appeal of it. In dry places, such as India, or during periods of
1352:
Stratiform (a broad shield of precipitation with a relatively similar intensity) and dynamic precipitation (convective precipitation which is showery in nature with large changes in intensity over short distances) occur as a consequence of slow ascent of air in
2757:, or in the lowest levels of the atmosphere, which decreases with height. QPF can be generated on a quantitative, forecasting amounts, or a qualitative, forecasting the probability of a specific amount, basis. Radar imagery forecasting techniques show higher
1601:
regimes have wet summers and dry winters. Tropical rainforests technically do not have dry or wet seasons, since their rainfall is equally distributed through the year. Some areas with pronounced rainy seasons will see a break in rainfall mid-season when the
7289:
Wang, Yuting; Gui, Jiang; Howe, Caitlin G.; Emond, Jennifer A.; Criswell, Rachel L.; Gallagher, Lisa G.; Huset, Carin A.; Peterson, Lisa A.; Botelho, Julianne Cook; Calafat, Antonia M.; Christensen, Brock; Karagas, Margaret R.; Romano, Megan E. (July 2024).
2609:
2608:
2614:
2612:
2607:
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2582:
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2613:
963:). Conductive cooling occurs when the air comes into contact with a colder surface, usually by being blown from one surface to another, for example from a liquid water surface to colder land. Radiational cooling occurs due to the emission of
2586:
2567:
9413:
3298:, India is the confirmed wettest place on Earth, with an average annual rainfall of 11,430 mm (450 in). The highest recorded rainfall in a single year was 22,987 mm (905.0 in) in 1861. The 38-year average at nearby
1034:
occurs when water droplets fuse to create larger water droplets. Air resistance typically causes the water droplets in a cloud to remain stationary. When air turbulence occurs, water droplets collide, producing larger droplets.
979:
such as dust, ice, and salt in order to form clouds. Elevated portions of weather fronts (which are three-dimensional in nature) force broad areas of upward motion within the Earth's atmosphere which form clouds decks such as
2647:
2400:
In 2024, a worldwide study of 45,000 groundwater samples found that 31% of samples contained levels of PFAS that were harmful to human health; these samples were taken from areas not near any obvious source of contamination.
3160:
by
February and March. Within Asia, rainfall is favored across its southern portion from India east and northeast across the Philippines and southern China into Japan due to the monsoon advecting moisture primarily from the
935:; which is the percentage of the total water vapor air can hold at a particular air temperature. How much water vapor a parcel of air can contain before it becomes saturated (100% relative humidity) and forms into a
2611:
1425:). It falls as showers with rapidly changing intensity. Convective precipitation falls over a certain area for a relatively short time, as convective clouds have limited horizontal extent. Most precipitation in the
8689:
2584:
2565:
943:
suspended above the Earth's surface) depends on its temperature. Warmer air can contain more water vapor than cooler air before becoming saturated. Therefore, one way to saturate a parcel of air is to cool it. The
2873:, in recognition of the economic importance of rain in its country, since it has a desert climate. Several cultures have developed means of dealing with rain and have developed numerous protection devices such as
1207:. This is commonly referred to as the Marshall–Palmer law after the researchers who first characterized it. The parameters are somewhat temperature-dependent, and the slope also scales with the rate of rainfall
3169:
in East Asia during August before moving southward thereafter. Its poleward progression is accelerated by the onset of the summer monsoon which is characterized by the development of lower air pressure (a
3062:
mountain range blocks
Pacific moisture that arrives in that continent, resulting in a desert-like climate just downwind across western Argentina. The drier areas of the United States are regions where the
5224:
Som, Sanjoy M.; Catling, David C.; Harnmeijer, Jelte P.; Polivka, Peter M.; Buick, Roger (2012). "Air density 2.7 billion years ago limited to less than twice modern levels by fossil raindrop imprints".
1265:
Deviations can occur for small droplets and during different rainfall conditions. The distribution tends to fit averaged rainfall, while instantaneous size spectra often deviate and have been modeled as
3256:, Norway is one of the more famous European rain-cities with its yearly precipitation of 2,250 mm (89 in) on average. During the fall, winter, and spring, Pacific storm systems bring most of
2487:
Twenty-four-hour rainfall accumulation on the Val d'Irène radar in Eastern Canada. Zones without data in the east and southwest are caused by beam blocking from mountains (source: Environment Canada).
1688:
is the city with the largest increase, 700%. Heavy downpour in the analysis are the days where total precipitation exceeded the top one percent of all rain and snow days during the years 1950–2014.
1205:
4040:
The official greatest average annual precipitation for South America is 900 cm (354 in) at Quibdó, Colombia. The 1,330 cm (523.6 in) average at Lloró is an estimated amount.
2645:
1260:
1506:, on the island of Kauai, is notable for its extreme rainfall, as it is amongst the places in the world with the highest levels of rainfall, with 9,500 mm (373 in). Systems known as
9417:
2553:
to indirectly measure rainfall rates. If one wants an accumulated rainfall over a time period, one has to add up all the accumulations from each grid box within the images during that time.
2286:
steer from west to east. Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms and from occasional tropical cyclones. Humid subtropical climates lie on the east side continents, roughly between
1286:
impacts at 2 m/s (6.6 ft/s) or 7.2 km/h (4.5 mph), while large 5 mm (0.20 in) drops impact at around 9 m/s (30 ft/s) or 32 km/h (20 mph).
3275:
affects the precipitation distribution, by altering rainfall patterns across the western United States, Midwest, the Southeast, and throughout the tropics. There is also evidence that
3156:(ITCZ), or monsoon trough, is the wettest portion of the world's continents. Annually, the rain belt within the tropics marches northward by August, then moves back southward into the
81:
4670:
2713:. The intensity of a storm can be predicted for any return period and storm duration, from charts based on historic data for the location. The return period is often expressed as an
2248:
Rain forests are characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1,750 and 2,000 mm (69 and 79 in). A tropical savanna is a
8599:
1814:
Rainbands within tropical cyclones are curved in orientation. Tropical cyclone rainbands contain showers and thunderstorms that, together with the eyewall and the eye, constitute a
1065:
Intensity and duration of rainfall are usually inversely related, i.e., high-intensity storms are likely to be of short duration and low-intensity storms can have a long duration.
967:, either by the air or by the surface underneath. Evaporative cooling occurs when moisture is added to the air through evaporation, which forces the air temperature to cool to its
4337:
2646:
2610:
2465:
When a precipitation measurement is made, various networks exist across the United States and elsewhere where rainfall measurements can be submitted through the Internet, such as
4190:
2670:
Rainfall intensity is classified according to the rate of precipitation, which depends on the considered time. The following categories are used to classify rainfall intensity:
7257:
6663:
Joan D. Willey; Kieber; Avery (19 August 2006). "Changing Chemical Composition of Precipitation in Wilmington, North Carolina, U.S.A.: Implications for the Continental U.S.A".
7404:
2583:
2564:
3310:
in the north-east of the country which records an average of 8,000 mm (310 in) per year, with over 12,200 mm (480.3 in) of rain recorded during 2000. The
1293:. The air density dependence of the maximum raindrop diameter together with fossil raindrop imprints has been used to constrain the density of the air 2.7 billion years ago.
8029:
79:
6860:
5189:
van der Westhuizen W.A.; Grobler N.J.; Loock J.C.; Tordiffe E.A.W. (1989). "Raindrop imprints in the Late Archaean-Early Proterozoic Ventersdorp Supergroup, South Africa".
9923:
8680:
8509:
2274:, with rainfall between 750 and 1,270 mm (30 and 50 in) a year. They are widespread on Africa, and are also found in India, the northern parts of South America,
7570:
2367:
6918:
6381:
2536:
1784:
boundaries if enough moisture is present. If sea breeze rainbands become active enough just ahead of a cold front, they can mask the location of the cold front itself.
7070:
5564:
8630:
2389:
It had been thought that PFAAs would eventually end up in the oceans, where they would be diluted over decades, but a field study published in 2021 by researchers at
1803:
can yield significant amounts of rain. Behind extratropical cyclones during fall and winter, rainbands can form downwind of relative warm bodies of water such as the
8765:
6976:
6620:
Joan D. Willey; Bennett; Williams; Denne; Kornegay; Perlotto; Moore (January 1988). "Effect of storm type on rainwater composition in southeastern North Carolina".
6522:
3085:
Since rain only falls as liquid, it rarely falls when surface temperatures are below freezing, unless there is a layer of warm air aloft, in which case it becomes
1130:
1869:). Sulfuric acid is derived from natural sources such as volcanoes, and wetlands (sulfate-reducing bacteria); and anthropogenic sources such as the combustion of
9754:
9493:
6329:
5323:
1101:
6299:
1510:
affect the state with heavy rains between October and April. Local climates vary considerably on each island due to their topography, divisible into windward (
6770:
6551:
80:
6149:
R. S. Cerveny & R. C. Balling (6 August 1998). "Weekly cycles of air pollutants, precipitation and tropical cyclones in the coastal NW Atlantic region".
7876:
9475:
4121:
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or GLOBE. If a network is not available in the area where one lives, the nearest local weather or met office will likely be interested in the measurement.
8279:"Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) from Weather Prediction Models and Radar Nowcasts, and Atmospheric Hydrological Modelling for Flood Simulation"
6801:
6461:
3000:
Deserts are defined as areas with an average annual precipitation of less than 250 mm (10 in) per year, or as areas where more water is lost by
951:
There are four main mechanisms for cooling the air to its dew point: adiabatic cooling, conductive cooling, radiational cooling, and evaporative cooling.
9362:
3279:
is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America, while droughts are becoming more frequent in the tropics and subtropics.
2466:
9649:
1772:. Rainbands associated with cold fronts can be warped by mountain barriers perpendicular to the front's orientation due to the formation of a low-level
4930:
2687:
Terms used for a heavy or violent rain include gully washer, trash-mover and toad-strangler. The intensity can also be expressed by rainfall erosivity
2538:
where Z represents the radar reflectivity, R represents the rainfall rate, and A and b are constants. Satellite-derived rainfall estimates use passive
9182:
David J. Gochis; Luis Brito-Castillo & W. James Shuttleworth (2006). "Hydroclimatology of the North American Monsoon region in northwest Mexico".
4252:
1529:
mountain range blocks Pacific moisture that arrives in that continent, resulting in a desert-like climate just downwind across western Argentina. The
1390:
becomes an increasingly infrequent occurrence when the freezing level within the atmosphere exceeds 3,400 m (11,000 ft) above ground level.
992:
is a stable cloud deck which tends to form when a cool, stable air mass is trapped underneath a warm air mass. It can also form due to the lifting of
7724:
6751:
4693:
4279:
8087:
6401:
2680:
Heavy rain — when the precipitation rate is > 7.6 mm (0.30 in) per hour, or between 10 and 50 mm (0.39 and 1.97 in) per hour
6201:
5971:
5456:
3260:
and the western United States much of their precipitation. Over the top of the ridge, the jet stream brings a summer precipitation maximum to the
9622:
7998:
6594:
6069:
6065:
5650:
5485:
5452:
3131:. Most temperate rainforests are located on mountainous west coasts between 45 and 55 degrees latitude, but they are often found in other areas.
1577:
The wet, or rainy, season is the time of year, covering one or more months, when most of the average annual rainfall in a region falls. The term
8988:
5787:
9447:
8341:
8278:
1807:. Downwind of islands, bands of showers and thunderstorms can develop due to low-level wind convergence downwind of the island edges. Offshore
9679:
7750:
7679:
Kang-Tsung Chang, Jr-Chuan Huang; Shuh-Ji Kao & Shou-Hao Chiang (2009). "Radar Rainfall Estimates for Hydrologic and Landslide Modeling".
8476:
8161:
6262:
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that lead rains to sewers. Many people find the scent during and immediately after rain pleasant or distinctive. The source of this scent is
9077:
3268:
move through the Plains, Midwest, and Great Lakes during the warm season, contributing up to 10% of the annual precipitation to the region.
5388:
4958:
4541:
4368:
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in effort to encourage rainfall. Rainmaking rituals are also important in many African cultures. In the present-day United States, various
1878:
of rainwater, which may be due to the significant increase in ammonium (most likely as ammonia from livestock production), which acts as a
1654:
9248:
8595:
4471:
9830:
9085:
Proceedings of the First International Symposium in Cloud-prone & Rainy Areas Remote Sensing (CARRS), Chinese University of Hong Kong
5346:
4606:
4221:
3089:. Due to the entire atmosphere being below freezing most of the time, very cold climates see very little rainfall and are often known as
1051:. Contrary to popular belief, their shape does not resemble a teardrop. The biggest raindrops on Earth were recorded over Brazil and the
8877:
7840:
4345:
4094:
3189:
in the Atlantic Ocean bring the promise of afternoon and evening thunderstorms to the southern tier of the United States as well as the
1437:
indicate convection. In mid-latitudes, convective precipitation is intermittent and often associated with baroclinic boundaries such as
9326:
9268:
9015:
1282:, which is greater for larger drops due to their larger mass-to-drag ratio. At sea level and without wind, 0.5 mm (0.020 in)
680:
9626:
9556:
8222:
7490:
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6501:
6481:
6227:
5489:
5422:
4640:
4504:
4198:
8314:
7092:"Sea Spray Aerosol (SSA) as a Source of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) to the Atmosphere: Field Evidence from Long-Term Air Monitoring"
6980:
6949:
6922:
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side of mountains and is caused by the rising air motion of a large-scale flow of moist air across the mountain ridge, resulting in
9019:
5849:
4899:
4864:
4571:
4155:
3134:
Around 40–75% of all biotic life is found in rainforests. Rainforests are also responsible for 28% of the world's oxygen turnover.
3058:
in Saudi Arabia. Most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, making it the world's driest inhabited continent. In South America, the
2804:
seasonal weight fluctuations due to food shortages seen before the first harvest, which occurs late in the wet season. Rain may be
827:
The major cause of rain production is moisture moving along three-dimensional zones of temperature and moisture contrasts known as
9378:
Walker S. Ashley, Thomas L. Mote, P. Grady Dixon, Sharon L. Trotter, Emily J. Powell, Joshua D. Durkee, and Andrew J. Grundstein.
9225:
8037:
7513:
4438:
2677:
Moderate rain — when the precipitation rate is between 2.5–7.6 mm (0.098–0.299 in) or 10 mm (0.39 in) per hour
8064:
7820:
6864:
6266:
2812:; treated to potable use or for non-potable use indoors or for irrigation. Excessive rain during short periods of time can cause
8517:
8436:"The significance of socio-economic characteristics for adult seasonal body-weight fluctuations: a study in north-western Benin"
8376:
7912:
7547:
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6837:
863:
side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by downslope flow which causes heating and drying of the
9864:
8966:
7623:
7292:"Association of diet with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in plasma and human milk in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study"
6571:
4666:
931:, is measured in grams of water per kilogram of dry air (g/kg). The amount of moisture in the air is also commonly reported as
7574:
9732:
8860:
8833:
8418:
7696:
7096:
7012:
6926:
6901:
6442:
6378:
6007:
5739:
5708:
5605:
5418:
4926:
4860:
4824:
4763:
4636:
4415:
2736:
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in 2004 — some of them were as large as 10 mm (0.39 in). The large size is explained by condensation on large
5572:
1610:
move poleward of their location during the middle of the warm season. When the wet season occurs during the warm season, or
9150:
7460:
5949:"Seasonal Variations of Physico-chemical Characteristics in Water Resources Quality in Western Niger Delta Region, Nigeria"
5672:
4732:
4314:
2939:
and that rain was milk from her breasts. According to Jewish tradition, in the first century BC, the Jewish miracle-worker
6102:
6028:"Subject: D3) Why do tropical cyclones' winds rotate counter-clockwise (clockwise) in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere?"
2374:
In 2022, levels of at least four perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in rain water worldwide greatly exceeded the EPA's lifetime
1135:
9155:
9146:
9054:
8653:
6984:
6587:
5876:
3780:
3174:) over the warmest part of Asia. Similar, but weaker, monsoon circulations are present over North America and Australia.
2726:
2638:
2411:
can result in higher levels of PFAs found in foods such as white rice, coffee, and animals reared on contaminated ground.
2382:
safety standards, leading to the conclusion that "the global spread of these four PFAAs in the atmosphere has led to the
670:
9287:"The Contribution of Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones to the Rainfall Climatology of the Southwest United States"
8124:
6526:
6035:
2947:
by drawing a circle in the sand and praying for rain, refusing to leave the circle until his prayer was granted. In his
2491:
One of the main uses of weather radar is to be able to assess the amount of precipitations fallen over large basins for
1210:
9761:
9504:
8807:
5124:"Distributions of Raindrop Sizes and Fall Velocities in a Semiarid Plateau Climate: Convective versus Stratiform Rains"
3895:
2966:
1475:
cooling and condensation. In mountainous parts of the world subjected to relatively consistent winds (for example, the
1462:
906:
system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes. Rainfall is measured using
727:
675:
6321:
5315:
10746:
9803:
9114:
7390:
3890:
2796:
require small amounts of water, while tropical plants may need up to hundreds of inches of rain per year to survive.
1458:
769:
9379:
8937:
8912:
6352:
5163:
1289:
Rain falling on loosely packed material such as newly fallen ash can produce dimples that can be fossilized, called
952:
10929:
10370:
9533:
8541:"The effect of weather on mood, productivity, and frequency of emotional crisis in a temperate continental climate"
6778:
6548:
6289:
657:
5822:
4991:
2191:
903:
9823:
8908:
8513:
8165:
8033:
8002:
7883:
7844:
5791:
5568:
5350:
4856:
4697:
4602:
4341:
4283:
4225:
4194:
4077:, about 500 yards (460 m) from Glaslyn, is estimated to have at least 200.0 inches (5,080 mm) per year.
1669:
9472:
5540:
5515:
5107:
5082:
5066:
5041:
5018:
4132:
3272:
3205:
range are the wetter portions of the nation, with average rainfall exceeding 760 mm (30 in) per year.
2743:
valid period. Precipitation forecasts tend to be bound by synoptic hours such as 0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800
9359:
7214:
6805:
6458:
4060:
3153:
2893:, an oil produced by plants, then absorbed by rocks and soil, and later released into the air during rainfall.
2502:
1603:
1326:
872:
1043:
cross-section facing the oncoming airflow. Large rain drops become increasingly flattened on the bottom, like
859:
at elevation which forces moist air to condense and fall out as rainfall along the sides of mountains. On the
9887:
9675:
9614:
8088:"Quantitative Precipitation Forecast: Its Generation and Verification at the Southeast River Forecast Center"
7008:"Outside the Safe Operating Space of a New Planetary Boundary for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)"
4759:
3643:
555:
8434:
Marti J. Van Liere; Eric-Alain D. Ategbo; Jan Hoorweg; Adel P. Den Hartog; Joseph G. A. J. Hautvast (1994).
4922:
2453:
Rain is measured in units of length per unit time, typically in millimeters per hour, or in countries where
10439:
10274:
4895:
4256:
3991:
3860:
3265:
3214:
2750:
2393:
found that they are often transferred from water to air when waves reach land, are a significant source of
7713:
6748:
4701:
4287:
1522:
and receive much more rainfall; leeward sides are drier and sunnier, with less rain and less cloud cover.
1518:) regions based upon location relative to the higher mountains. Windward sides face the east to northeast
1059:
particles or by collisions between drops in small regions with particularly high content of liquid water.
11020:
11014:
10763:
9672:"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation#Highest Average Annual Precipitation Extremes"
9339:
8098:
6398:
6223:
4511:
4128:
2197:
E, polar. The five primary classifications can be further divided into secondary classifications such as
9706:
6549:
A Climatological and composite study of cold season banded precipitation in the Northeast United States.
1749:
imagery, this precipitation elongation is referred to as banded structure. Rainbands in advance of warm
10896:
10780:
10724:
9816:
8622:
5948:
5905:
5901:
The sources and characteristics of atmospheric particulates during the wet and dry seasons in Hong Kong
5448:
5279:& Hasan N. Oguz (1993). "The impact of drops on liquid surfaces and the underwater noise of rain".
2994:
2709:
The average time between occurrences of an event with a specified intensity and duration is called the
1354:
1074:
717:
43:
9393:
Western Region Technical Attachment NO. 97-37 November 21, 1997: El Niño and California Precipitation.
8006:
6832:
6591:
6061:
5647:
2278:, and Australia. The humid subtropical climate zone is where winter rainfall is associated with large
10311:
9468:
9439:
7155:"Constraining global transport of perfluoroalkyl acids on sea spray aerosol using field measurements"
7105:
7021:
6057:
6031:
5795:
2139:
2130:
2099:
2090:
2019:
1997:
1664:
1650:
1614:, rain falls mainly during the late afternoon and early evening hours. The wet season is a time when
1031:
976:
722:
39:
8349:
8285:
7757:
1429:
appears to be convective; however, it has been suggested that stratiform precipitation also occurs.
10296:
9343:
9050:
8626:
8433:
8131:
7649:
7539:
7482:
7258:"'I don't know how we'll survive': the farmers facing ruin in America's 'forever chemicals' crisis"
6193:
4537:
4443:
3218:
2974:
2754:
1922:
1080:
797:
9671:
8483:
8169:
7657:
7600:
3318:
has the highest average annual rainfall in the Hawaiian Islands, at 10,300 mm (404 in).
3046:. Across Asia, a large annual rainfall minimum, composed primarily of deserts, stretches from the
1890:
11206:
10471:
10360:
9088:
8345:
4545:
3971:
2397:, and eventually get into rain. The researchers concluded that pollution may impact large areas.
712:
17:
8410:
5380:
4965:
4379:
1818:. The extent of rainbands around a tropical cyclone can help determine the cyclone's intensity.
1641:
10874:
10717:
10589:
9291:
9245:
6893:
6887:
5731:
4478:
3976:
2944:
1742:
1663:
The fine particulate matter produced by car exhaust and other human sources of pollution forms
1503:
899:
581:
35:
8850:
8799:
8793:
6432:
5725:
5698:
5595:
5354:
4598:
4229:
10671:
10666:
10461:
10402:
9529:
9218:
8992:
8881:
8310:
8094:
7848:
5997:
5917:
5384:
4405:
4098:
3535:
2222:
1984:
1975:
1800:
762:
576:
334:
258:
31:
9286:
9265:
9023:
8193:"Sensitivity of quantitative precipitation forecast to height dependent changes in humidity"
7213:
7153:
Sha, Bo; Johansson, Jana H.; Salter, Matthew E.; Blichner, Sara M.; Cousins, Ian T. (2024).
6569:
An observation study of island effect bands: precipitation producers in Southern California.
5188:
5122:
Niu, Shengjie; Jia, Xingcan; Sang, Jianren; Liu, Xiaoli; Lu, Chunsong; Liu, Yangang (2010).
5080:
4031:
the world's, depending on measurement practices, procedures and period of record variations.
3034:
The northern half of Africa is dominated by the world's most extensive hot, dry region, the
2314:. The climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. A steppe is a dry
10922:
10865:
10837:
10802:
10729:
10529:
10466:
10284:
10105:
9500:
9300:
9193:
9184:
8723:
8552:
8398:
8249:
8204:
8192:
8190:
8162:"Optimization of quantitative precipitation forecast time horizons used in river forecasts"
7948:
7798:
7486:
7430:
7303:
7168:
7109:
7025:
6719:
6672:
6629:
6518:
6498:
6478:
6235:
6158:
5909:
5527:
5478:
5411:
5288:
5234:
5198:
5135:
5094:
5053:
5006:
4808:
4629:
4515:
3956:
3951:
3202:
3127:
rainforests exist. Tropical rainforests occupy a large band of the planet mostly along the
3124:
2825:
2805:
2390:
2346:
1530:
1472:
1374:
1290:
968:
927:
Air contains water vapor, and the amount of water in a given mass of dry air, known as the
694:
292:
9618:
8318:
7678:
7382:
6953:
6258:
5899:
1106:
8:
11133:
11068:
10860:
10768:
10756:
10646:
10599:
10407:
10330:
10056:
9847:
9392:
6294:
5756:
3946:
3916:
3548:
3307:
3166:
3157:
3120:
2970:
2902:
2835:
2547:
2295:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2050:
1796:
689:
586:
525:
351:
9304:
9284:
9197:
8849:
Chidester, David; Kwenda, Chirevo; Petty, Robert; Tobler, Judy; Wratten, Darrel (1997).
8825:
Stories of the Law: Narrative Discourse and the Construction of Authority in the Mishnah
8727:
8682:
Stormwater Effects Handbook: A Toolbox for Watershed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers
8556:
8253:
8238:"Probabilistic Quantitative Precipitation Forecast for Flood Prediction: An Application"
8208:
7952:
7802:
7307:
7236:
7189:
7172:
7154:
7113:
7090:
Sha B, Johansson JH, Tunved P, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Cousins IT, Salter ME (January 2022).
7029:
6723:
6676:
6633:
6162:
6124:
5913:
5845:
5531:
5300:
5292:
5238:
5202:
5139:
5098:
5057:
5010:
4891:
4836:
4812:
4575:
4164:
3335:
2779:
Rainfall estimates for southern Japan and the surrounding region from 20 to 27 July 2009
10870:
10855:
10785:
10741:
10631:
10217:
10122:
9877:
9222:
9181:
8739:
8576:
8403:
7720:
7714:"Corrections to Radar-Estimated Precipitation Using Observed Rain Gauge Data: A Thesis"
7517:
7220:
7130:
7091:
7046:
7007:
6774:
6174:
5760:
5276:
5258:
4448:
3966:
3823:
3703:
3194:
3178:
3001:
2408:
2383:
1904:
1301:
1267:
1086:
893:
effect leads to increased rainfall, both in amounts and intensity, downwind of cities.
361:
339:
246:
207:
9793:
8191:
Christian Keil; Andreas Röpnack; George C. Craig; Ulrich Schumann (31 December 2008).
8060:
7817:
7543:
7071:"PFAS 'forever chemicals' constantly cycle through ground, air and water, study finds"
4923:"An ingredients based methodology for forecasting precipitation associated with MCS's"
1757:
are associated with weak upward motion, and tend to be wide and stratiform in nature.
1737:
are cloud and precipitation areas which are significantly elongated. Rainbands can be
1716:
10842:
10306:
10212:
10185:
10032:
9982:
9918:
9872:
9755:"UFL – Dispute between Mawsynram and Cherrapunji for the rainiest place in the world"
9318:
8856:
8829:
8803:
8568:
8457:
8414:
8372:
7976:
7908:
7692:
7627:
7358:
7331:
7319:
7265:
7194:
7135:
7051:
6897:
6827:
6737:
6688:
6645:
6438:
6178:
6003:
5963:
5735:
5704:
5601:
5545:
5250:
5210:
5022:
4728:
4411:
3865:
3198:
3186:
2940:
2850:
2674:
Light rain — when the precipitation rate is < 2.5 mm (0.098 in) per hour
2550:
2368:
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances § Prevalence in rain, soil, water bodies, and air
2299:
2230:
2214:
2210:
2157:
2148:
2117:
2108:
1962:
1953:
1658:
1554:
1422:
1279:
964:
932:
890:
591:
8958:
8580:
7961:
7936:
7315:
6568:
6418:
2683:
Violent rain — when the precipitation rate is > 50 mm (2.0 in) per hour
2403:
Soil is also contaminated and the chemicals have been found in remote areas such as
1585:
by tourist authorities. Areas with wet seasons are dispersed across portions of the
1021:
Large raindrops have a large amount of air resistance, and begin to become unstable.
11121:
11010:
10980:
10792:
10751:
10734:
10621:
10519:
10051:
9955:
9839:
9308:
9201:
8743:
8731:
8560:
8447:
8257:
8212:
7966:
7956:
7806:
7684:
7327:
7311:
7184:
7176:
7159:
7125:
7117:
7041:
7033:
6727:
6680:
6637:
6166:
5535:
5296:
5262:
5242:
5206:
5143:
5102:
5061:
5014:
4868:
4816:
3905:
3683:
3583:
3206:
2206:
1815:
1625:
1566:
1366:
1052:
813:
755:
469:
356:
268:
111:
72:
9798:
9728:
9205:
7291:
6547:
David R. Novak, Lance F. Bosart, Daniel Keyser, and Jeff S. Waldstreicher (2002).
5946:
4793:
4755:
3845:
2421:
948:
is the temperature to which a parcel must be cooled in order to become saturated.
740:
11321:
11196:
11151:
11045:
11040:
11030:
10915:
10809:
10775:
10661:
10641:
10551:
10200:
10166:
10100:
9897:
9882:
9788:
9585:
9479:
9399:
9366:
9272:
9252:
9229:
8941:
8823:
8284:. Achieving Technological Innovation in Flood Forecasting Project. Archived from
7824:
7481:
7387:
Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8) Part I
6755:
6598:
6575:
6555:
6505:
6485:
6465:
6405:
6385:
5654:
5621:
3986:
3941:
3319:
2954:
2932:
2792:
growth. Plants need varying amounts of rainfall to survive. For example, certain
2303:
2218:
2179:
2037:
2028:
2006:
1879:
1487:
or downwind side. Moisture is removed by orographic lift, leaving drier air (see
1454:
1414:
1325:
In certain conditions, precipitation may fall from a cloud but then evaporate or
960:
662:
437:
140:
9160:
7688:
7456:
6092:
5921:
5668:
4724:
4310:
3209:
enhance precipitation across southern sections of the United States, as well as
3026:
2788:
can kill crops and increase erosion, while overly wet weather can cause harmful
2775:
10850:
10797:
10707:
10626:
10611:
10606:
10558:
10446:
10242:
10190:
10173:
10007:
8058:
3851:
3809:
3579:
3490:
3276:
3226:
3182:
3147:
3064:
3055:
2936:
2896:
2809:
2758:
2704:
2454:
2379:
2375:
2170:
1944:
1935:
1788:
1750:
1685:
1607:
1488:
1347:
1062:
Raindrops associated with melting hail tend to be larger than other raindrops.
894:
868:
828:
745:
652:
486:
9046:
8657:
6732:
6707:
5872:
5516:"Stratiform Precipitation in Regions of Convection: A Meteorological Paradox?"
4992:"Stratiform Precipitation in Regions of Convection: A Meteorological Paradox?"
11344:
11338:
11005:
10814:
10651:
10541:
10498:
10279:
10156:
10042:
9992:
9856:
9322:
8945:
8135:
7362:
7323:
7269:
6741:
6356:
6027:
6023:
5967:
5549:
5026:
4074:
3981:
3817:
3486:
3311:
3086:
3080:
3035:
2978:
2925:
2909:
Rain holds an important religious significance in many cultures. The ancient
2870:
2710:
2496:
2478:
2394:
2238:
1850:
1746:
1738:
1721:
1692:
1538:
1370:
993:
989:
959:, large-scale atmospheric motions, or a physical barrier such as a mountain (
911:
832:
789:
608:
562:
508:
457:
344:
9112:
7121:
7037:
6228:"NASA Satellite Confirms Urban Heat Islands Increase Rainfall Around Cities"
3743:
3306:, India is 11,873 mm (467.4 in). The wettest spot in Australia is
11229:
11215:
10616:
10574:
10350:
10301:
10237:
10093:
9997:
9380:
Distribution of Mesoscale Convective Complex Rainfall in the United States.
9360:
Weather Centre – World Weather – Country Guides – Northern Mariana Islands.
7980:
7748:
7351:"Coffee, eggs and white rice linked to higher levels of PFAS in human body"
7335:
7198:
7180:
7139:
7075:
7055:
6692:
6649:
5254:
5148:
5123:
5081:
Houze Robert A.; Hobbs Peter V.; Herzegh Paul H.; Parsons David B. (1979).
4572:"CHAPTER 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere (e). Cloud Formation Processes"
3837:
3737:
3190:
3162:
3090:
3076:
2928:
2307:
1870:
1681:
1418:
985:
848:
840:
793:
498:
422:
253:
9573:"30-year mean precipitation at Big Bog for the POR of 1978–2007 is 404.4".
9313:
9285:
Kristen L. Corbosiero; Michael J. Dickinson & Lance F. Bosart (2009).
9121:
8934:
8904:
8572:
8461:
6499:
Interaction of a cold front with a sea-breeze front numerical simulations.
5995:
5449:"Precipitation Type Forecasts in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic states"
4250:
4073:
This is the highest figure for which records are available. The summit of
2483:
11188:
11063:
10712:
10656:
10478:
10456:
10451:
10318:
10195:
10161:
10149:
10037:
9960:
8474:
8262:
8237:
8217:
6705:
4505:"Landcover changes may rival greenhouse gases as cause of climate change"
3931:
3926:
3287:
3261:
3210:
3171:
3051:
3047:
2949:
2886:
2882:
2813:
2543:
2436:
2264:
2198:
1862:
1804:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1615:
1534:
1519:
1492:
1442:
1382:
981:
809:
805:
647:
535:
530:
493:
442:
373:
319:
275:
263:
212:
8452:
8435:
7971:
7006:
Cousins IT, Johansson JH, Salter ME, Sha B, Scheringer M (August 2022).
6641:
5246:
4959:"Rainstorm characteristics affecting water availability for agriculture"
4791:
2334:
1024:
Very large raindrops split into smaller raindrops due to air resistance.
11280:
11161:
10819:
10636:
10594:
10536:
10505:
10144:
10076:
10014:
9987:
9950:
9016:"Precipitation of the Individual States and of the Conterminous States"
8852:
African Traditional Religion in South Africa: An Annotated Bibliography
8564:
5818:
3885:
3618:
3552:
3451:
3238:
3114:
3102:
3067:
overspreads the Desert Southwest, the Great Basin and central Wyoming.
2662:
2440:
2432:
2404:
2319:
2283:
1826:
1808:
1777:
1761:
1754:
1619:
1590:
1572:
1507:
1476:
1438:
1362:
1358:
1297:
975:
lifting air over mountains. Water vapor normally begins to condense on
956:
907:
876:
836:
817:
642:
625:
567:
515:
378:
314:
309:
302:
229:
224:
182:
170:
99:
9266:
Precipitation of the Individual States and of the Conterminous States.
9115:"Chapter-II Monsoon-2004: Onset, Advancement and Circulation Features"
8714:
Bear, I.J.; R.G. Thomas (March 1964). "Nature of argillaceous odour".
7756:. International Precipitation Working Group. p. 1. Archived from
7681:
Data Assimilation for Atmospheric, Oceanic and Hydrologic Applications
7282:
6684:
4820:
1018:
Larger raindrops become flattened at the bottom due to air resistance.
51:
11239:
11201:
11156:
11146:
11086:
10907:
10702:
10584:
10392:
10387:
10365:
10254:
10247:
10066:
10061:
9968:
9945:
8875:
8735:
8477:"Harvesting, Storing, and Treating Rainwater for Domestic Indoor Use"
7749:
Pearl Mngadi; Petrus JM Visser & Elizabeth Ebert (October 2006).
7624:"Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment Program"
6097:
3921:
3910:
3875:
3424:
3303:
3299:
2918:
2890:
2539:
2492:
2315:
2271:
2256:
2249:
1835:
1582:
1048:
1044:
945:
844:
821:
637:
632:
427:
417:
329:
297:
280:
241:
219:
175:
9808:
9075:
8540:
7811:
7787:"Measure of rainfall time structure using the dimensionless n-index"
7786:
3343:
3323:
2574:
1988 rain in the U.S. The heaviest rain is seen in reds and yellows.
1270:. The distribution has an upper limit due to droplet fragmentation.
11290:
11234:
11166:
11101:
10987:
10975:
10947:
10829:
10397:
10323:
10264:
10259:
10207:
10117:
10088:
10081:
10071:
10002:
9976:
9972:
9964:
9473:
El Niño (ENSO) Related Rainfall Patterns Over the Tropical Pacific.
9145:
7241:
6479:
The influence of mesoscale orography on a coastal jet and rainband.
5648:
A Bow Echo and Severe Weather Associated with a Kona Low in Hawaii.
3961:
3870:
3455:
3397:
3339:
3295:
3291:
3098:
3043:
2878:
2874:
2862:
2858:
2843:
2445:
2287:
2275:
2268:
1844:
was first used by Scottish chemist Robert Augus Smith in 1852. The
1734:
1729:
1468:
1398:
940:
880:
864:
852:
432:
6619:
6419:
Three-Dimensional Kinematics of Rainbands in Midlatitude Cyclones.
6170:
4536:
3393:
3331:
3165:
into the region. The monsoon trough can reach as far north as the
1004:
11285:
11273:
11211:
11141:
11116:
11076:
11055:
11025:
10697:
10493:
10488:
10434:
10340:
10269:
10112:
9913:
7933:
7751:"Southern Africa Satellite Derived Rainfall Estimates Validation"
7597:"Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network Main Page"
7089:
5947:
S. I. Efe; F. E. Ogban; M. J. Horsfall; E. E. Akporhonor (2005).
5344:
5083:"Size Distributions of Precipitation Particles in Frontal Clouds"
3996:
3936:
3880:
3831:
3614:
3473:
3143:
3128:
3119:
Rainforests are areas of the world with very high rainfall. Both
2854:
2785:
2619:
2202:
1913:
1769:
1745:, and are generated by differences in temperature. When noted on
1629:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1562:
1549:
1484:
1480:
1430:
1426:
1417:, or showery precipitation, occurs from convective clouds (e.g.,
1406:
1283:
860:
856:
801:
598:
476:
464:
412:
395:
366:
324:
287:
234:
163:
119:
88:
9113:
National Centre for Medium Range Forecasting (23 October 2004).
7237:"Pollution: 'Forever chemicals' in rainwater exceed safe levels"
2931:, causing her to give birth to all the plants of the earth. The
1491:) on the descending and generally warming, leeward side where a
1483:
usually prevails on the windward side of a mountain than on the
1311:
code for rain is RA, while the coding for rain showers is SHRA.
11268:
11261:
10970:
10965:
10939:
10546:
10511:
10335:
10291:
10139:
9937:
6947:
6708:"Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification"
6350:
6322:"Across U.S., Heaviest Downpours On The Rise | Climate Central"
5666:
5275:
4956:
4855:
4502:
3601:
3517:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3193:. The eastern half of the contiguous United States east of the
3094:
3013:
2958:
2793:
2789:
2242:
2234:
2226:
1611:
1499:
400:
388:
383:
150:
145:
135:
128:
8828:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 156–159.
4469:
2830:
2731:
847:. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where
11298:
11256:
11249:
11244:
11081:
11035:
10997:
10955:
10579:
10419:
10345:
10132:
9702:
9613:
8475:
Texas Department of Environmental Quality (16 January 2008).
4792:
Emmanuel Villermaux, Benjamin Bossa; Bossa (September 2009).
3900:
3059:
3039:
2924:, which fell from the heavens to inseminate his consort, the
2914:
2910:
2839:
2311:
2279:
2260:
2252:
1526:
1330:
1320:
1308:
1056:
936:
883:
786:
603:
540:
202:
195:
9411:
8991:. Department of the Environment and Heritage. Archived from
8766:"Praying for rain: the intersection of weather and religion"
4725:"Cloud Physics: Collision/Coalescence; The Bergeron Process"
2849:
Cultural attitudes towards rain differ across the world. In
1691:
The most successful attempts at influencing weather involve
1012:
Contrary to popular belief, raindrops are never tear-shaped.
11176:
11111:
11106:
11096:
10960:
10380:
10375:
10355:
10229:
10180:
10024:
9619:"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation"
9078:"Monsoon, Orography, and Human Influence on Asian Rainfall"
8902:
7215:"PFAS 'Forever Chemicals' Are Pervasive in Water Worldwide"
6222:
5541:
10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2179:SPIROC>2.0.CO;2
5223:
5108:
10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<0156:SDOPPI>2.0.CO;2
5067:
10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0165:tdorws>2.0.co;2
5019:
10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2179:SPIROC>2.0.CO;2
4375:
4125:
3315:
3222:
2962:
2935:
believed that the clouds were the breasts of Anu's consort
2800:
2753:
show significant sensitivity to humidity levels within the
2378:
health advisories as well as comparable Danish, Dutch, and
1700:
1696:
1533:
range creates the same effect in North America forming the
1434:
1387:
955:
occurs when air rises and expands. The air can rise due to
620:
520:
481:
407:
8848:
7653:
7152:
6148:
3018:
1668:
areas that are near the coast, such as the United States'
839:
clouds (those with strong upward vertical motion) such as
10483:
10127:
9650:"Tutunendaó, Choco: la ciudad colombiana es muy lluviosa"
9647:
9355:
8235:
7005:
6662:
6056:
5870:
3640:
Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation
2921:
2744:
615:
8059:
Boulder Area Sustainability Information Network (2005).
7648:
7538:
3097:
which has a short summer thaw and a long frozen winter.
3038:. Some deserts also occupy much of southern Africa: the
8678:
8507:
8027:
7996:
7838:
6863:. University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point. Archived from
6256:
6062:"2005 Tropical Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Outlook"
5996:
C. D. Haynes; M. G. Ridpath; M. A. J. Williams (1991).
5785:
5562:
4691:
4596:
4335:
4277:
4219:
4188:
3177:
During the summer, the Southwest monsoon combined with
1845:
1557:, showing the extent of the wet season at that location
9076:
W. Timothy Liu; Xiaosu Xie & Wenqing Tang (2006).
7596:
6948:
Brynn Schaffner & Kenneth Robinson (6 June 2003).
6706:
Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007).
5956:
Journal of Applied Scientific Environmental Management
4756:"Bad Meteorology: Raindrops are shaped like teardrops"
4667:"Fog And Stratus – Meteorological Physical Background"
4163:. University of Washington. p. 80. Archived from
2653:
The sound of heavy rainfall in a suburban neighborhood
1622:
quality improves, and vegetation grows significantly.
9799:
BBC article on the mathematics of running in the rain
9528:
9440:"La Niña could mean dry summer in Midwest and Plains"
8309:
6885:
6771:"Tropical Broadleaf Evergreen Forest: The Rainforest"
4794:"Single-drop fragmentation distribution of raindrops"
4403:
3050:
in Mongolia west-southwest through western Pakistan (
2505:
1645:
Surface air temperature change over the past 50 years
1213:
1138:
1109:
1089:
8397:
6523:"What is a TROWAL? via the Internet Wayback Machine"
6517:
3799:
2784:
rainfall can be harmful, even devastating to crops.
1200:{\displaystyle n(d)=n_{0}e^{-d/\langle d\rangle }dD}
9697:
9695:
9693:
9691:
9689:
8944:, the 250 mm threshold definition is attributed to
7431:"Classroom Resources – Argonne National Laboratory"
5381:"Convective and stratiform rainfall in the tropics"
5345:Alaska Air Flight Service Station (10 April 2007).
4251:Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command (2007).
1849:primarily due to the presence of two strong acids,
1357:(on the order of cm/s), such as in the vicinity of
831:. If enough moisture and upward motion is present,
9120:. India Ministry of Earth Sciences. Archived from
8787:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8779:
8402:
6351:American Meteorological Society (2 October 1998).
4989:
4753:
4669:. Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik.
4308:
4058:Recognized as "The Wettest place on Earth" by the
2530:
1811:, this has been noted in the wake of cold fronts.
1373:, and in comma-head precipitation patterns around
1262:(d in centimeters and R in millimeters per hour).
1255:{\displaystyle \langle d\rangle ^{-1}=41R^{-0.21}}
1254:
1199:
1124:
1095:
1008:The shape of raindrops depending upon their size:
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
9412:Southeast Climate Consortium (20 December 2007).
9013:
8159:
7621:
6919:"Mediterranean or Dry Summer Subtropical Climate"
6050:
5320:The Physics of Bubbles, Antibubbles, and all That
2735:Example of a five-day rainfall forecast from the
11336:
9686:
9534:"Significant Weather – December 2000 (Rainfall)"
8903:Publications Service Center (18 December 2001).
8855:. Westport, Connecticut: ABC-CLIO. p. 280.
8370:
7568:
7288:
6952:. West Tisbury Elementary School. Archived from
5843:
5816:
5723:
4920:
4569:
4027:The value given is the continent's highest, and
2969:tribes are known to have historically conducted
1885:
1333:and is more often seen in hot and dry climates.
999:
843:(thunder clouds) which can organize into narrow
9623:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
9258:
8776:
8713:
8085:
7516:. Central Analytical Laboratory. Archived from
6066:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
5696:
5593:
5520:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
5486:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
5453:University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
4999:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
4957:J. S. Oguntoyinbo & F. O. Akintola (1983).
4503:Krishna Ramanujan & Brad Bohlander (2002).
4472:"Global maps of Local Land-Atmosphere coupling"
1083:. The number of droplets with diameter between
8538:
8122:
7711:
6974:
6916:
6858:
6799:
6768:
6353:"Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification"
5403:
5313:
5039:
4470:Bart van den Hurk & Eleanor Blyth (2008).
4153:
3913:– the cause of the scent during and after rain
2318:. Subarctic climates are cold with continuous
1684:is the state with the largest increase, 104%.
808:and is responsible for depositing most of the
10923:
9824:
9648:Alfred Rodríguez Picódate (7 February 2008).
9609:
9607:
9557:"New Wettest Location for U.S.A. Discovered?"
9044:
8821:
8759:
8757:
8755:
8753:
8236:Reggiani, P.; Weerts, A. H. (February 2008).
7511:
6263:United States Environmental Protection Agency
6232:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
6090:
6022:
5121:
4964:. IAHS Publication Number 140. Archived from
4834:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4722:
4509:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
4366:
4119:
2983:Days of Prayer for Rain in the State of Texas
763:
9491:
8620:
8339:
7992:
7990:
7882:. Crown Copyright. p. 6. Archived from
6430:
6257:Climate Change Division (17 December 2008).
5513:
1695:, which include techniques used to increase
1655:Effects of climate change on the water cycle
1221:
1214:
1186:
1180:
1068:
820:, and suitable conditions for many types of
8951:
8896:
8791:
8317:. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from
8276:
7877:"Fact Sheet No. 3: Water in the Atmosphere"
7834:
7832:
7654:"NOAA's National Weather Service Main Page"
7211:
6437:. Cambridge University Press. p. 405.
5754:
4889:
3232:
2691:or in terms of the rainfall time-structure
2298:, parts of western North America, parts of
2290:20° and 40° degrees away from the equator.
1329:before reaching the ground. This is termed
27:Precipitation in the form of water droplets
10930:
10916:
9831:
9817:
9604:
9240:
9238:
8876:Chowdhury's Guide to Planet Earth (2005).
8750:
8596:"Sudden spell of rain lifts mood in Delhi"
8482:. Texas A&M University. Archived from
8079:
7874:
7780:
7778:
7487:"8 Inch Non-Recording Standard Rain Gauge"
7405:"Chapter 5 – Principal Hazards in U.S.doc"
6191:
6093:"Background: California's tropical storms"
5846:"CHAPTER 9: Introduction to the Biosphere"
5409:
5164:"Falling raindrops hit 5 to 20 mph speeds"
4778:
4397:
3282:
1300:hitting water is caused by bubbles of air
1079:The final droplet size distribution is an
1015:Very small raindrops are almost spherical.
770:
756:
9721:
9312:
8763:
8707:
8651:
8451:
8261:
8216:
7987:
7970:
7960:
7870:
7868:
7866:
7810:
7188:
7129:
7045:
6968:
6731:
5897:
5703:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 333.
5539:
5378:
5374:
5372:
5147:
5106:
5065:
5042:"The distribution of raindrops with size"
3290:, situated on the southern slopes of the
2386:for chemical pollution being exceeded".
898:much higher at 990 mm (39 in).
9020:United States Department of the Interior
8409:. University of Michigan Press. p.
7829:
6290:"Heaviest Downpours Rise across the U.S"
6125:"GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4)"
5692:
5690:
5667:Western Regional Climate Center (2002).
5646:Steven Businger and Thomas Birchard Jr.
5471:
4865:United States Department of the Interior
3242:
3030:Isolated towering vertical desert shower
3025:
3017:
2957:preserves a prayer for rain made by the
2895:
2829:
2774:
2730:
2604:
2482:
2444:
1889:
1825:
1715:
1640:
1548:
1405:
1397:
1003:
50:
9703:"Global Weather & Climate Extremes"
9682:from the original on 27 September 2002.
9372:
9235:
9106:
9014:NationalAtlas.gov (17 September 2009).
8679:Allen Burton & Robert Pitt (2002).
8545:International Journal of Biometeorology
8270:
7775:
7348:
7255:
7234:
7068:
6793:
5040:Marshall, J. S.; Palmer, W. M. (1948).
4376:University of California in Los Angeles
2819:
1776:. Bands of thunderstorms can form with
1467:Orographic precipitation occurs on the
1386:subfreezing environments) will result.
910:. Rainfall amounts can be estimated by
14:
11337:
10937:
9804:What are clouds, and why does it rain?
9789:BBC article on the weekend rain effect
9731:. Members.iinet.net.au. 2 March 2004.
9629:from the original on 27 September 2002
9057:from the original on 24 September 2009
9007:
8654:"Glossary of Setswana and Other Words"
7863:
7097:Environmental Science & Technology
7013:Environmental Science & Technology
6665:Environmental Science & Technology
6622:Environmental Science & Technology
6344:
5459:from the original on 30 September 2011
5428:from the original on 29 September 2006
5369:
4754:Alistair B. Fraser (15 January 2003).
4646:from the original on 29 September 2006
4627:
1047:buns; very large ones are shaped like
939:(a group of visible tiny water or ice
922:
10911:
9838:
9812:
9747:
9709:from the original on 13 December 2013
9705:. World Meteorological Organization.
9246:Normal Monthly Precipitation, Inches.
8869:
8508:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
8067:from the original on 19 February 2009
7839:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
7784:
7573:. Discovery Education. Archived from
7550:from the original on 18 December 2008
7493:from the original on 25 December 2008
7437:from the original on 26 February 2015
7212:Erdenesanaa, Delger (April 8, 2024).
6981:University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point
6923:University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point
6105:from the original on 26 February 2009
5928:from the original on 17 February 2009
5879:from the original on 17 December 2008
5767:from the original on 14 December 2009
5687:
5640:
5495:from the original on 12 December 2011
5446:
5419:Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
5391:from the original on 19 December 2007
5338:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4927:Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
4692:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
4637:Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
4597:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
4565:
4563:
4220:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
4189:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
3247:Long-term mean precipitation by month
3093:. A common biome in this area is the
2988:
2737:Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
1544:
1448:
9586:"MT WAIALEALE 1047, HAWAII (516565)"
9554:
9344:The World Factbook – Virgin Islands.
9329:from the original on 6 January 2012.
8969:from the original on 2 February 2008
8772:. Nash Holdings LLC. WP Company LLC.
8764:Merseraeu, Dennis (26 August 2013).
8602:from the original on 16 October 2012
8593:
7463:from the original on 26 January 2012
6804:. Radford University. Archived from
6511:
6204:from the original on 4 November 2007
6194:"Spain goes hi-tech to beat drought"
6002:. Taylor & Francis. p. 90.
5977:from the original on 5 February 2009
5864:
5825:from the original on 7 December 2008
5622:"Mt Waialeale 1047, Hawaii (516565)"
4902:from the original on 28 January 2010
4574:. Physical Geography. Archived from
4255:. United States Navy. Archived from
4154:Mark Stoelinga (12 September 2005).
3264:. Large thunderstorm areas known as
2639:Heavy rain in Glenshaw, Pennsylvania
2329:
1760:Rainbands spawned near and ahead of
812:on the Earth. It provides water for
9735:from the original on 3 January 2012
9156:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
9147:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
8915:from the original on 5 January 2010
8633:from the original on 3 October 2012
8539:A. G. Barnston (10 December 1986).
8125:"Optimizing Output From QPF Helper"
7660:from the original on 1 January 2009
7603:from the original on 6 January 2009
6975:Michael Ritter (24 December 2008).
6917:Michael Ritter (24 December 2008).
6859:Michael Ritter (24 December 2008).
6712:Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
6581:
6287:
6038:from the original on 6 January 2009
5852:from the original on 1 January 2009
5479:"Meso-Analyst Severe Weather Guide"
5301:10.1146/annurev.fl.25.010193.003045
4990:Robert A. Houze Jr (October 1997).
4892:"Monster raindrops delight experts"
4664:
4447:. Spokane, WA. 2009. Archived from
4317:from the original on 1 January 2009
2799:In areas with wet and dry seasons,
2727:Quantitative precipitation forecast
1341:
1273:
804:. Rain is a major component of the
24:
9450:from the original on 21 April 2008
8621:William Pack (11 September 2009).
8405:Human Adaptation and Accommodation
8030:"Rainfall intensity return period"
6800:Susan Woodward (2 February 2005).
6769:Susan Woodward (29 October 1997).
5871:Elisabeth M. Benders-Hyde (2003).
5675:from the original on 14 March 2008
4945:
4933:from the original on 26 April 2013
4837:"Why raindrops come in many sizes"
4830:from the original on 5 March 2012.
4766:from the original on 7 August 2012
4621:
4560:
4067:
4052:
4043:
4034:
3896:Intensity-duration-frequency curve
2627:
1894:Updated Köppen–Geiger climate map
1706:
1636:
1553:Rainfall distribution by month in
1463:United States rainfall climatology
971:, or until it reaches saturation.
61:
25:
11356:
9782:
9555:Burt, Christopher (15 May 2012).
8795:Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia
8695:from the original on 11 June 2010
8225:from the original on 6 June 2011.
7915:from the original on 4 March 2016
7730:from the original on 26 July 2010
7599:. Colorado Climate Center. 2009.
7485:Office, Northern Indiana (2009).
7391:World Meteorological Organization
7069:Perkins, Tom (18 December 2021).
6269:from the original on 18 July 2009
6259:"Precipitation and Storm Changes"
6072:from the original on 14 June 2009
5412:"Unified Surface Analysis Manual"
5326:from the original on 7 March 2012
4735:from the original on 17 July 2012
4630:"Unified Surface Analysis Manual"
4097:. Planetguide.net. Archived from
3891:Integrated urban water management
2871:the name of the national currency
2472:
1459:Precipitation types (meteorology)
1361:and near and poleward of surface
11317:
11316:
10892:
10891:
9664:
9641:
9578:
9548:
9522:
9492:A. J. Philip (12 October 2004).
9485:
9462:
9432:
9405:
9385:
9349:
9333:
9278:
9212:
9175:
9139:
9069:
9038:
8981:
8927:
8842:
8815:
8792:Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998),
8672:
8645:
8614:
8587:
8532:
8501:
8468:
8427:
8391:
8379:from the original on 27 May 2010
8371:James D. Mauseth (7 July 2006).
8364:
8333:
8303:
8229:
8184:
8153:
8116:
8052:
8028:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
8021:
7997:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
7941:Science of the Total Environment
7927:
7901:
7742:
7705:
7672:
7642:
7615:
7589:
7571:"Build Your Own Weather Station"
7562:
7532:
7505:
7475:
7449:
7423:
7397:
7375:
7342:
7296:Science of the Total Environment
7235:McGrath, Matt (August 2, 2022).
6840:from the original on 11 May 2008
6457:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
6397:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
6377:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
6332:from the original on 28 May 2015
6302:from the original on 28 May 2015
5786:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
5563:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
5281:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
4673:from the original on 6 July 2011
4609:from the original on 14 May 2011
4336:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
4278:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
3844:
3830:
3816:
3802:
3676:Highest average annual rainfall
3070:
2881:, and diversion devices such as
2857:, rain lifts people's moods. In
2698:
2661:Problems playing this file? See
2643:
2579:
2560:
2366:This section is an excerpt from
2333:
1882:in acid rain and raises the pH.
1720:Band of thunderstorms seen on a
1365:. Similar ascent is seen around
739:
98:Problems playing this file? See
77:
8909:United States Geological Survey
8514:American Meteorological Society
8166:American Meteorological Society
8034:American Meteorological Society
8003:American Meteorological Society
7962:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.008
7909:"the definition of gullywasher"
7845:American Meteorological Society
7316:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173157
7249:
7228:
7205:
7146:
7083:
7062:
6999:
6941:
6910:
6879:
6852:
6820:
6762:
6699:
6656:
6613:
6604:
6588:University of Wisconsin–Madison
6561:
6541:
6491:
6471:
6451:
6424:
6411:
6391:
6371:
6314:
6281:
6250:
6216:
6185:
6142:
6117:
6084:
6016:
5989:
5940:
5891:
5837:
5810:
5792:American Meteorological Society
5779:
5748:
5717:
5660:
5614:
5587:
5569:American Meteorological Society
5556:
5507:
5440:
5351:Federal Aviation Administration
5307:
5269:
5217:
5182:
5156:
5115:
5074:
5033:
4983:
4914:
4883:
4857:United States Geological Survey
4849:
4747:
4716:
4698:American Meteorological Society
4685:
4658:
4603:American Meteorological Society
4590:
4530:
4496:
4463:
4431:
4360:
4342:American Meteorological Society
4284:American Meteorological Society
4226:American Meteorological Society
4195:American Meteorological Society
4021:
4015:
4009:
3152:The equatorial region near the
2770:
9652:(in Spanish). El Periódico.com
9482:Retrieved on 28 February 2008.
9402:Retrieved on 28 February 2008.
9391:John Monteverdi and Jan Null.
9045:Todd Mitchell (October 2001).
8963:Encyclopædia Britannica online
8134:Western Region. Archived from
7937:"Rainfall erosivity in Europe"
7712:Eric Chay Ware (August 2005).
7383:"Measurement of Precipitation"
6886:Lauren Springer Ogden (2008).
6578:Retrieved on 26 December 2008.
6558:Retrieved on 26 December 2008.
6508:Retrieved on 25 December 2008.
6488:Retrieved on 25 December 2008.
6468:Retrieved on 24 December 2008.
6408:Retrieved on 24 December 2008.
6388:Retrieved on 24 December 2008.
5819:"When to Travel to Costa Rica"
4835:Victoria Gill (20 July 2009).
4410:. Academic Press. p. 66.
4404:Robert Penrose Pearce (2002).
4329:
4302:
4271:
4244:
4213:
4182:
4147:
4113:
4087:
4068:
4061:Guinness Book of World Records
4053:
4044:
4035:
3716:Highest in one calendar month
3266:mesoscale convective complexes
3154:Intertropical Convergence Zone
3108:
3105:the world's driest continent.
2943:ended a three-year drought in
2720:
2495:purposes. For instance, river
2415:
1604:Intertropical Convergence Zone
1148:
1142:
873:Intertropical Convergence Zone
13:
1:
9676:National Climatic Data Center
9615:National Climatic Data Center
9414:"SECC Winter Climate Outlook"
9206:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.04.021
9047:"Africa Rainfall Climatology"
8822:Simon-Shoshan, Moshe (2012).
8688:. CRC Press, LLC. p. 4.
8623:"Rain lifts moods of farmers"
8063:. Boulder Community Network.
7407:. p. 128. Archived from
6421:Retrieved on 24 December 2008
6091:Jack Williams (17 May 2005).
5514:Robert Houze (October 1997).
4760:Pennsylvania State University
4439:"Virga and Dry Thunderstorms"
4407:Meteorology at the Millennium
4081:
3644:National Climatic Data Center
3004:than falls as precipitation.
2192:Köppen climate classification
1886:Köppen climate classification
1393:
1000:Coalescence and fragmentation
9857:Pollution / quality
8440:British Journal of Nutrition
8340:Robert Burns (6 June 2007).
8197:Geophysical Research Letters
5597:Mid-latitude Weather Systems
5314:Ryan C. Rankin (June 2005).
5211:10.1016/0037-0738(89)90064-X
4896:British Broadcasting Company
4890:Paul Rincon (16 July 2004).
4861:"Are raindrops tear shaped?"
4122:"Parameter information page"
3992:Water-sensitive urban design
3861:Aquifer storage and recovery
3273:El Niño-Southern Oscillation
3215:United States Virgin Islands
2600:
2325:
1699:over mountains and suppress
1581:is also sometimes used as a
1132:per unit volume of space is
917:
7:
9536:. Commonwealth of Australia
9369:Retrieved on 19 March 2008.
9346:Retrieved on 19 March 2008.
9340:Central Intelligence Agency
9255:Retrieved on 19 March 2008.
8242:Journal of Hydrometeorology
8061:"What is a 100 year flood?"
7689:10.1007/978-3-540-71056-1_6
7349:Perkins, Tom (2024-07-04).
7256:Perkins, Tom (2022-03-22).
6861:"Humid Subtropical Climate"
6828:"Humid subtropical climate"
6592:Objective Dvorak Technique.
6224:Goddard Space Flight Center
6192:Dale Fuchs (28 June 2005).
5128:J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol
4512:Goddard Space Flight Center
4309:TE Technology, Inc (2009).
4129:Goddard Space Flight Center
4022:
4016:
4010:
3795:
3185:moisture moving around the
3137:
3101:see no rain at all, making
2913:believed that rain was the
2900:Rain, depicted in the 1493
1816:hurricane or tropical storm
1787:Once a cyclone occludes an
1711:
667:Severe weather terminology
129:Temperate and polar seasons
87:Typical sound of rain with
10:
11361:
9794:BBC article on rain-making
9382:Retrieved on 2 March 2008.
9275:Retrieved on 9 March 2008.
8160:Noreen O. Schwein (2009).
7875:Met Office (August 2007).
7622:The Globe Program (2009).
5906:University of Rhode Island
5600:. Routledge. p. 216.
4369:"Approaches to saturation"
4157:Atmospheric Thermodynamics
3762: Foc Foc, La Réunion
3569: North America
3507: South America
3383: South America
3236:
3141:
3112:
3074:
3011:
3007:
2995:Earth rainfall climatology
2992:
2823:
2724:
2702:
2476:
2430:
2419:
2365:
2322:and little precipitation.
2189:
1897:
1833:
1821:
1768:which are able to produce
1727:
1648:
1570:
1560:
1452:
1345:
1318:
1278:Raindrops impact at their
1075:Raindrop size distribution
1072:
996:during breezy conditions.
814:hydroelectric power plants
44:Rainwater (disambiguation)
29:
11312:
11225:
11184:
11175:
11132:
11054:
10996:
10946:
10887:
10828:
10693:
10686:
10567:
10428:Types / location
10427:
10418:
10228:
10023:
9936:
9906:
9855:
9846:
9729:"World Rainfall Extremes"
9469:Climate Prediction Center
9251:19 September 2006 at the
8373:"Mauseth Research: Cacti"
7569:Discovery School (2009).
7106:American Chemical Society
7022:American Chemical Society
6733:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007
6601:Retrieved on 29 May 2006.
6058:Climate Prediction Center
6032:National Hurricane Center
5848:. PhysicalGeography.net.
5844:Michael Pidwirny (2008).
5817:Costa Rica Guide (2005).
5757:"Geology of Death Valley"
5724:Michael A. Mares (1999).
5657:Retrieved on 22 May 2007.
4921:Norman W. Junker (2008).
4570:Michael Pidwirny (2008).
3722: Cherrapunji, India
3662:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3634:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
2765:
2531:{\displaystyle Z=AR^{b},}
2426:
2422:Precipitation § Rate
1665:cloud condensation nuclei
1651:Effects of climate change
1336:
1069:Droplet size distribution
40:Rainfall (disambiguation)
9398:27 December 2009 at the
9365:19 November 2010 at the
9232:Retrieved on 3 May 2008.
9051:University of Washington
8880:. WestEd. Archived from
8627:San Antonio Express-News
8346:Texas A&M University
8342:"Texas Crop and Weather"
8132:National Weather Service
8086:Jack S. Bushong (1999).
7650:National Weather Service
7540:National Weather Service
7483:National Weather Service
6892:. Timber Press. p.
6504:9 September 2011 at the
5700:The Climate of the Earth
5697:Paul E. Lydolph (1985).
5594:Toby N. Carlson (1991).
4538:National Weather Service
4444:National Weather Service
4003:
3233:Impact of the Westerlies
3219:Northern Mariana Islands
2981:for rain, including the
2755:planetary boundary layer
2458:water per square meter.
2310:and in parts of central
1597:climates and areas with
1410:Orographic precipitation
1402:Convective precipitation
1314:
1081:exponential distribution
55:Heavy rainfall on a roof
8940:5 November 2010 at the
8375:. University of Texas.
8123:Daniel Weygand (2008).
7122:10.1021/acs.est.1c04277
7038:10.1021/acs.est.2c02765
6833:Encyclopædia Britannica
6754:3 February 2012 at the
6610:Encyclopædia Britannica
6567:Ivory J. Small (1999).
6459:Prefrontal squall line.
5727:Encyclopedia of Deserts
5447:MetEd (14 March 2003).
3972:Sanitary sewer overflow
3638:(without conversions):
3283:Wettest known locations
3197:, the mountains of the
2162:
2122:
2082:
2042:
2011:
1989:
1967:
1927:
798:atmospheric water vapor
9292:Monthly Weather Review
9228:11 August 2008 at the
8798:, Greenwood, pp.
8594:IANS (23 March 2009).
7823:6 January 2017 at the
7512:Chris Lehmann (2009).
7181:10.1126/sciadv.adl1026
6484:6 January 2012 at the
6464:17 August 2007 at the
6417:Owen Hertzman (1988).
6326:www.climatecentral.org
5875:. Blue Planet Biomes.
5732:University of Oklahoma
5149:10.1175/2009JAMC2208.1
5046:Journal of Meteorology
4723:Paul Sirvatka (2003).
4477:. KNMI. Archived from
4367:Robert Fovell (2004).
4253:"Atmospheric Moisture"
4120:Steve Kempler (2009).
4049:Approximate elevation.
3977:Sediment precipitation
3773:Highest in one minute
3248:
3031:
3023:
2906:
2846:
2780:
2739:
2632:
2622:
2532:
2488:
2450:
2187:
1831:
1725:
1646:
1558:
1525:In South America, the
1411:
1403:
1302:oscillating underwater
1256:
1201:
1126:
1097:
1028:
900:Climate classification
867:. The movement of the
728:Tropical cyclone terms
66:
56:
36:Rainy (disambiguation)
9592:. NOAA. 1 August 2008
9563:. Weather Underground
9530:Bureau of Meteorology
9314:10.1175/2009MWR2768.1
9271:15 March 2010 at the
9219:Bureau of Meteorology
8315:"Living With Drought"
8311:Bureau of Meteorology
8095:University of Georgia
6431:Yuh-Lang Lin (2007).
5628:. NOAA. 1 August 2008
5385:University of Wyoming
4338:"Radiational cooling"
3334:, a town situated in
3246:
3029:
3021:
2961:to the Greek sky god
2899:
2833:
2778:
2734:
2631:
2617:
2593:1993 rain in the U.S.
2533:
2486:
2448:
2223:Mediterranean climate
1893:
1829:
1801:extratropical cyclone
1719:
1644:
1552:
1409:
1401:
1375:mid-latitude cyclones
1257:
1202:
1127:
1098:
1007:
904:Köppen classification
335:Extratropical cyclone
259:Air-mass thunderstorm
65:
54:
32:Rain (disambiguation)
11197:Evolutionary history
10803:remnant natural area
10440:storage and recovery
10106:habitat conservation
9924:Deforestation (REDD)
9501:Tribune News Service
9494:"Mawsynram in India"
9446:. 16 February 2007.
9185:Journal of Hydrology
8989:"About Biodiversity"
8399:A. Roberto Frisancho
8277:Charles Lin (2005).
8263:10.1175/2007JHM858.1
8218:10.1029/2008GL033657
7683:. pp. 127–145.
7393:. 2014. p. 187.
6597:10 June 2006 at the
6574:6 March 2012 at the
6554:19 July 2011 at the
6529:on 16 September 2006
6519:St. Louis University
6477:J. D. Doyle (1997).
5904:(PhD dissertation).
5755:Adam Ganson (2003).
5734:Press. p. 252.
5653:17 June 2007 at the
4311:"Peltier Cold Plate"
3957:Rainwater management
3952:Rainwater harvesting
3781:Unionville, Maryland
3776: North America
3756:Highest in 12 hours
3733:Highest in 24 hours
3696:Highest in one year
3054:) and Iran into the
2953:, the Roman emperor
2826:List of rain deities
2820:Culture and religion
2503:
2391:Stockholm University
2294:of the lands in the
1873:, and mining where H
1830:Sources of acid rain
1697:winter precipitation
1291:raindrop impressions
1211:
1136:
1125:{\displaystyle D+dD}
1107:
1087:
969:wet-bulb temperature
902:systems such as the
851:is maximized within
800:and then fall under
695:Weather modification
293:Anticyclonic tornado
11134:Natural environment
10757:Earth Overshoot Day
10331:Marine conservation
10312:non-timber products
9478:28 May 2010 at the
9305:2009MWRv..137.2415C
9198:2006JHyd..316...53G
9163:on 23 February 2001
8905:"What is a desert?"
8884:on 26 December 2011
8770:The Washington Post
8728:1964Natur.201..993B
8557:1988IJBm...32..134B
8453:10.1079/BJN19940049
8321:on 18 February 2007
8254:2008JHyMe...9...76R
8209:2008GeoRL..35.9812K
7953:2015ScTEn.511..801P
7803:2016ClRes..67...71M
7411:on 27 February 2013
7389:(Eighth ed.).
7308:2024ScTEn.93373157W
7173:2024SciA...10L1026S
7114:2022EnST...56..228S
7030:2022EnST...5611172C
6977:"Subarctic Climate"
6889:Plant-Driven Design
6808:on 25 February 2008
6802:"Tropical Savannas"
6781:on 25 February 2008
6749:Final Revised Paper
6724:2007HESS...11.1633P
6677:2006EnST...40.5675W
6642:10.1021/es00166a003
6634:1988EnST...22...41W
6404:6 June 2011 at the
6384:6 June 2011 at the
6295:Scientific American
6163:1998Natur.394..561C
5999:Monsoonal Australia
5914:2000PhDT........13Z
5798:on 15 February 2009
5669:"Climate of Hawaii"
5532:1997BAMS...78.2179H
5410:David Roth (2006).
5293:1993AnRFM..25..577P
5247:10.1038/nature10890
5239:2012Natur.484..359S
5203:1989SedG...61..303V
5191:Sedimentary Geology
5140:2010JApMC..49..632N
5099:1979JAtS...36..156H
5058:1948JAtS....5..165M
5011:1997BAMS...78.2179H
4813:2009NatPh...5..697V
4694:"Warm Rain Process"
4578:on 20 December 2008
4548:on 24 December 2008
4484:on 25 February 2009
4385:on 25 February 2009
4280:"Adiabatic Process"
4232:on 20 December 2008
4191:"Relative Humidity"
4135:on 26 November 2007
4101:on 26 December 2011
3917:Precipitation types
3759: Indian Ocean
3549:Mount Bellenden Ker
3441: Africa
3308:Mount Bellenden Ker
3158:Southern Hemisphere
2903:Nuremberg Chronicle
2838:being performed in
2808:through the use of
2542:instruments aboard
2449:Standard rain gauge
2296:Mediterranean Basin
2263:climate regions of
1445:, and warm fronts.
1268:gamma distributions
977:condensation nuclei
923:Water-saturated air
690:Weather forecasting
526:Rain and snow mixed
352:Subtropical cyclone
10742:Ecosystem services
9865:Ambient standards
9767:on 30 January 2010
9510:on 30 January 2010
9264:NationalAtlas.gov
9149:(11 August 1999).
8995:on 5 February 2007
8652:Robyn Cox (2007).
8598:. Thaindian news.
8565:10.1007/BF01044907
8520:on 11 January 2012
8291:on 5 February 2009
8141:on 5 February 2009
8104:on 5 February 2009
8009:on 20 October 2006
7889:on 14 January 2012
7785:Monjo, R. (2016).
7763:on 30 January 2010
7721:Cornell University
7221:The New York Times
6867:on 14 October 2008
6775:Radford University
6434:Mesoscale Dynamics
6288:Central, Climate.
5908:. pp. 1–378.
5898:Mei Zheng (2000).
5761:Indiana University
5379:B. Geerts (2002).
5316:"Bubble Resonance"
5277:Andrea Prosperetti
5170:. 19 December 2001
4971:on 5 February 2009
4704:on 9 December 2012
4540:JetStream (2008).
4290:on 17 October 2007
4259:on 14 January 2009
3967:Red rain in Kerala
3824:Environment portal
3704:Cherrapunji, India
3400:(estimated)
3249:
3179:Gulf of California
3032:
3024:
3002:evapotranspiration
2989:Global climatology
2907:
2851:temperate climates
2847:
2781:
2740:
2633:
2623:
2551:weather satellites
2528:
2489:
2451:
2409:Soil contamination
2384:planetary boundary
2345:. You can help by
2306:, in southwestern
2188:
1832:
1726:
1647:
1559:
1545:Within the tropics
1449:Orographic effects
1412:
1404:
1298:sound of raindrops
1252:
1197:
1122:
1093:
1029:
965:infrared radiation
746:Weather portal
362:Atlantic hurricane
340:European windstorm
247:Volcanic lightning
208:Cumulonimbus cloud
67:
57:
42:, and
11330:
11329:
11308:
11307:
10981:chemical elements
10905:
10904:
10883:
10882:
10682:
10681:
10361:genetic resources
10297:genetic resources
9932:
9931:
9840:Natural resources
9678:. 9 August 2004.
9617:(9 August 2005).
9223:Climate of Giles.
8935:What is a desert?
8878:"The Water Cycle"
8862:978-0-313-30474-3
8835:978-0-19-977373-2
8722:(4923): 993–995.
8420:978-0-472-09511-7
7698:978-3-540-71056-1
7630:on 19 August 2006
7577:on 28 August 2008
6903:978-0-88192-877-8
6685:10.1021/es060638w
6671:(18): 5675–5680.
6521:(4 August 2003).
6497:A. Rodin (1995).
6444:978-0-521-80875-0
6399:Banded structure.
6157:(6693): 561–563.
6009:978-90-6191-638-3
5741:978-0-8061-3146-7
5710:978-0-86598-119-5
5607:978-0-04-551115-0
5526:(10): 2179–2196.
5233:(7394): 359–362.
5005:(10): 2179–2196.
4821:10.1038/NPHYS1340
4729:College of DuPage
4417:978-0-12-548035-2
4095:"The Water Cycle"
3866:Atmospheric river
3793:
3792:
3663:Highest rainfall
3650:
3649:
3646:. 9 August 2004.
3520:, Colombia
3414: Asia
3322:on the island of
3320:Mount Waiʻaleʻale
3314:on the island of
3207:Tropical cyclones
3199:Pacific Northwest
3187:subtropical ridge
2648:
2615:
2588:
2569:
2363:
2362:
2231:subarctic climate
2215:humid continental
2211:humid subtropical
2186:
2185:
1659:Urban heat island
1626:Tropical cyclones
1555:Cairns, Australia
1504:Mount Waiʻaleʻale
1423:cumulus congestus
1367:tropical cyclones
1280:terminal velocity
1096:{\displaystyle d}
953:Adiabatic cooling
933:relative humidity
891:urban heat island
780:
779:
82:
16:(Redirected from
11352:
11320:
11319:
11192:
11182:
11181:
11122:tropical cyclone
11072:
10932:
10925:
10918:
10909:
10908:
10895:
10894:
10846:
10793:Natural heritage
10752:overexploitation
10691:
10690:
10425:
10424:
10371:herbal medicines
10351:FAO Plant Treaty
9891:
9868:
9853:
9852:
9833:
9826:
9819:
9810:
9809:
9777:
9776:
9774:
9772:
9766:
9760:. Archived from
9759:
9751:
9745:
9744:
9742:
9740:
9725:
9719:
9718:
9716:
9714:
9699:
9684:
9683:
9668:
9662:
9661:
9659:
9657:
9645:
9639:
9638:
9636:
9634:
9611:
9602:
9601:
9599:
9597:
9582:
9576:
9575:
9570:
9568:
9552:
9546:
9545:
9543:
9541:
9526:
9520:
9519:
9517:
9515:
9509:
9503:. Archived from
9498:
9489:
9483:
9466:
9460:
9459:
9457:
9455:
9436:
9430:
9429:
9427:
9425:
9416:. Archived from
9409:
9403:
9389:
9383:
9376:
9370:
9353:
9347:
9337:
9331:
9330:
9316:
9299:(8): 2415–2435.
9282:
9276:
9262:
9256:
9242:
9233:
9216:
9210:
9209:
9179:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9168:
9159:. Archived from
9143:
9137:
9136:
9134:
9132:
9126:
9119:
9110:
9104:
9103:
9101:
9099:
9093:
9087:. Archived from
9082:
9073:
9067:
9066:
9064:
9062:
9042:
9036:
9035:
9033:
9031:
9026:on 15 March 2010
9022:. Archived from
9011:
9005:
9004:
9002:
9000:
8985:
8979:
8978:
8976:
8974:
8955:
8949:
8931:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8920:
8900:
8894:
8893:
8891:
8889:
8873:
8867:
8866:
8846:
8840:
8839:
8819:
8813:
8812:
8789:
8774:
8773:
8761:
8748:
8747:
8736:10.1038/201993a0
8711:
8705:
8704:
8702:
8700:
8694:
8687:
8676:
8670:
8669:
8667:
8665:
8660:on 1 August 2012
8656:. Archived from
8649:
8643:
8642:
8640:
8638:
8618:
8612:
8611:
8609:
8607:
8591:
8585:
8584:
8536:
8530:
8529:
8527:
8525:
8516:. Archived from
8505:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8494:
8488:
8481:
8472:
8466:
8465:
8455:
8431:
8425:
8424:
8408:
8395:
8389:
8388:
8386:
8384:
8368:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8357:
8348:. Archived from
8337:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8326:
8307:
8301:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8290:
8283:
8274:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8233:
8227:
8226:
8220:
8188:
8182:
8181:
8179:
8177:
8168:. Archived from
8157:
8151:
8150:
8148:
8146:
8140:
8129:
8120:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8109:
8103:
8097:. Archived from
8092:
8083:
8077:
8076:
8074:
8072:
8056:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8045:
8036:. Archived from
8025:
8019:
8018:
8016:
8014:
8005:. Archived from
7994:
7985:
7984:
7974:
7964:
7931:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7894:
7888:
7881:
7872:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7847:. Archived from
7836:
7827:
7816:
7814:
7791:Climate Research
7782:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7762:
7755:
7746:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7735:
7729:
7718:
7709:
7703:
7702:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7665:
7646:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7635:
7626:. Archived from
7619:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7593:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7566:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7536:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7509:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7498:
7479:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7453:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7416:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7379:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7346:
7340:
7339:
7330: 11247473.
7286:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7253:
7247:
7246:
7232:
7226:
7225:
7217:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7192:
7167:(14): eadl1026.
7160:Science Advances
7150:
7144:
7143:
7133:
7087:
7081:
7080:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7049:
7003:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6983:. Archived from
6972:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6956:on 22 April 2008
6950:"Steppe Climate"
6945:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6929:on 5 August 2009
6925:. Archived from
6914:
6908:
6907:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6777:. Archived from
6766:
6760:
6745:
6735:
6718:(5): 1633–1644.
6703:
6697:
6696:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6617:
6611:
6608:
6602:
6585:
6579:
6565:
6559:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6525:. Archived from
6515:
6509:
6495:
6489:
6475:
6469:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6428:
6422:
6415:
6409:
6395:
6389:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6355:. Archived from
6348:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6234:. Archived from
6226:(18 June 2002).
6220:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6020:
6014:
6013:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5976:
5953:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5873:"World Climates"
5868:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5821:. ToucanGuides.
5814:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5794:. Archived from
5783:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5721:
5715:
5714:
5694:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5664:
5658:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5571:. Archived from
5560:
5554:
5553:
5543:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5494:
5483:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5427:
5416:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5376:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5353:. Archived from
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5197:(3–4): 303–309.
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5037:
5031:
5030:
4996:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4970:
4963:
4954:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4867:. Archived from
4853:
4847:
4844:
4831:
4829:
4798:
4789:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4700:. Archived from
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4645:
4634:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4567:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4544:. Archived from
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4514:. Archived from
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4483:
4476:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4384:
4378:. Archived from
4373:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4344:. Archived from
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4286:. Archived from
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4228:. Archived from
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4197:. Archived from
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4162:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4131:. Archived from
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4091:
4072:
4057:
4048:
4039:
4026:
4020:
4014:
3906:Permeable paving
3854:
3849:
3848:
3840:
3835:
3834:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3684:Mawsynram, India
3652:
3651:
3584:British Columbia
3364:Years of record
3355:Highest average
3349:
3348:
3292:Eastern Himalaya
2650:
2649:
2630:
2616:
2590:
2589:
2571:
2570:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2358:
2355:
2337:
2330:
2207:tropical savanna
2177:
2168:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2004:
1995:
1982:
1973:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1670:Eastern Seaboard
1567:Tropical cyclone
1479:), a more moist
1355:synoptic systems
1342:Frontal activity
1274:Raindrop impacts
1261:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1232:
1231:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1163:
1162:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1053:Marshall Islands
772:
765:
758:
744:
743:
357:Tropical cyclone
269:Dry thunderstorm
164:Tropical seasons
107:
106:
84:
83:
64:
21:
11360:
11359:
11355:
11354:
11353:
11351:
11350:
11349:
11335:
11334:
11331:
11326:
11304:
11221:
11190:
11171:
11128:
11070:
11050:
11041:Gaia hypothesis
11031:Plate tectonics
10992:
10942:
10936:
10906:
10901:
10879:
10844:
10824:
10810:Systems ecology
10776:Natural capital
10678:
10563:
10552:reclaimed water
10414:
10376:UPOV Convention
10224:
10019:
9928:
9902:
9898:Ozone depletion
9889:
9866:
9842:
9837:
9785:
9780:
9770:
9768:
9764:
9757:
9753:
9752:
9748:
9738:
9736:
9727:
9726:
9722:
9712:
9710:
9701:
9700:
9687:
9670:
9669:
9665:
9655:
9653:
9646:
9642:
9632:
9630:
9612:
9605:
9595:
9593:
9584:
9583:
9579:
9566:
9564:
9553:
9549:
9539:
9537:
9527:
9523:
9513:
9511:
9507:
9496:
9490:
9486:
9480:Wayback Machine
9467:
9463:
9453:
9451:
9438:
9437:
9433:
9423:
9421:
9420:on 4 March 2008
9410:
9406:
9400:Wayback Machine
9390:
9386:
9377:
9373:
9367:Wayback Machine
9354:
9350:
9338:
9334:
9283:
9279:
9273:Wayback Machine
9263:
9259:
9253:Wayback Machine
9243:
9236:
9230:Wayback Machine
9217:
9213:
9180:
9176:
9166:
9164:
9144:
9140:
9130:
9128:
9127:on 21 July 2011
9124:
9117:
9111:
9107:
9097:
9095:
9091:
9080:
9074:
9070:
9060:
9058:
9043:
9039:
9029:
9027:
9012:
9008:
8998:
8996:
8987:
8986:
8982:
8972:
8970:
8957:
8956:
8952:
8942:Wayback Machine
8932:
8928:
8918:
8916:
8901:
8897:
8887:
8885:
8874:
8870:
8863:
8847:
8843:
8836:
8820:
8816:
8810:
8790:
8777:
8762:
8751:
8712:
8708:
8698:
8696:
8692:
8685:
8677:
8673:
8663:
8661:
8650:
8646:
8636:
8634:
8619:
8615:
8605:
8603:
8592:
8588:
8537:
8533:
8523:
8521:
8506:
8502:
8492:
8490:
8489:on 26 June 2010
8486:
8479:
8473:
8469:
8432:
8428:
8421:
8396:
8392:
8382:
8380:
8369:
8365:
8355:
8353:
8352:on 20 June 2010
8338:
8334:
8324:
8322:
8308:
8304:
8294:
8292:
8288:
8281:
8275:
8271:
8234:
8230:
8189:
8185:
8175:
8173:
8158:
8154:
8144:
8142:
8138:
8127:
8121:
8117:
8107:
8105:
8101:
8090:
8084:
8080:
8070:
8068:
8057:
8053:
8043:
8041:
8026:
8022:
8012:
8010:
7999:"Return period"
7995:
7988:
7932:
7928:
7918:
7916:
7907:
7906:
7902:
7892:
7890:
7886:
7879:
7873:
7864:
7854:
7852:
7851:on 25 July 2010
7837:
7830:
7825:Wayback Machine
7812:10.3354/cr01359
7783:
7776:
7766:
7764:
7760:
7753:
7747:
7743:
7733:
7731:
7727:
7716:
7710:
7706:
7699:
7677:
7673:
7663:
7661:
7647:
7643:
7633:
7631:
7620:
7616:
7606:
7604:
7595:
7594:
7590:
7580:
7578:
7567:
7563:
7553:
7551:
7537:
7533:
7523:
7521:
7520:on 15 June 2010
7510:
7506:
7496:
7494:
7480:
7476:
7466:
7464:
7455:
7454:
7450:
7440:
7438:
7429:
7428:
7424:
7414:
7412:
7403:
7402:
7398:
7381:
7380:
7376:
7367:
7365:
7347:
7343:
7287:
7283:
7274:
7272:
7254:
7250:
7233:
7229:
7210:
7206:
7151:
7147:
7088:
7084:
7067:
7063:
7024:: 11172–11179.
7004:
7000:
6990:
6988:
6973:
6969:
6959:
6957:
6946:
6942:
6932:
6930:
6915:
6911:
6904:
6884:
6880:
6870:
6868:
6857:
6853:
6843:
6841:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6811:
6809:
6798:
6794:
6784:
6782:
6767:
6763:
6756:Wayback Machine
6704:
6700:
6661:
6657:
6618:
6614:
6609:
6605:
6599:Wayback Machine
6586:
6582:
6576:Wayback Machine
6566:
6562:
6556:Wayback Machine
6546:
6542:
6532:
6530:
6516:
6512:
6506:Wayback Machine
6496:
6492:
6486:Wayback Machine
6476:
6472:
6466:Wayback Machine
6456:
6452:
6445:
6429:
6425:
6416:
6412:
6406:Wayback Machine
6396:
6392:
6386:Wayback Machine
6376:
6372:
6362:
6360:
6359:on 12 June 2010
6349:
6345:
6335:
6333:
6320:
6319:
6315:
6305:
6303:
6286:
6282:
6272:
6270:
6255:
6251:
6241:
6239:
6238:on 12 June 2008
6221:
6217:
6207:
6205:
6190:
6186:
6147:
6143:
6133:
6131:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6108:
6106:
6089:
6085:
6075:
6073:
6055:
6051:
6041:
6039:
6021:
6017:
6010:
5994:
5990:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5951:
5945:
5941:
5931:
5929:
5896:
5892:
5882:
5880:
5869:
5865:
5855:
5853:
5842:
5838:
5828:
5826:
5815:
5811:
5801:
5799:
5784:
5780:
5770:
5768:
5753:
5749:
5742:
5722:
5718:
5711:
5695:
5688:
5678:
5676:
5665:
5661:
5655:Wayback Machine
5645:
5641:
5631:
5629:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5608:
5592:
5588:
5578:
5576:
5575:on 8 March 2008
5561:
5557:
5512:
5508:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5462:
5460:
5445:
5441:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5414:
5408:
5404:
5394:
5392:
5377:
5370:
5360:
5358:
5343:
5339:
5329:
5327:
5312:
5308:
5274:
5270:
5222:
5218:
5187:
5183:
5173:
5171:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5120:
5116:
5079:
5075:
5038:
5034:
4994:
4988:
4984:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4961:
4955:
4946:
4936:
4934:
4919:
4915:
4905:
4903:
4888:
4884:
4874:
4872:
4871:on 18 June 2012
4854:
4850:
4827:
4796:
4790:
4779:
4769:
4767:
4752:
4748:
4738:
4736:
4721:
4717:
4707:
4705:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4674:
4663:
4659:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4632:
4626:
4622:
4612:
4610:
4595:
4591:
4581:
4579:
4568:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4501:
4497:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4468:
4464:
4454:
4452:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4402:
4398:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4371:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4307:
4303:
4293:
4291:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4202:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4102:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4006:
4001:
3987:Water resources
3942:Raining animals
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3742: Foc Foc,
3630: 22
3595: 14
3529: 16
3502: 30
3467: 32
3436: 39
3409: 29
3328:
3285:
3241:
3235:
3150:
3140:
3117:
3111:
3083:
3075:Main articles:
3073:
3022:Largest deserts
3016:
3010:
2997:
2991:
2975:state governors
2967:Native American
2955:Marcus Aurelius
2865:word for rain,
2828:
2822:
2810:rainwater tanks
2773:
2768:
2751:Forecast models
2729:
2723:
2707:
2701:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2561:
2519:
2515:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2481:
2475:
2443:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2371:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2343:needs expansion
2328:
2304:South Australia
2219:oceanic climate
2194:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2166:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2144:
2142:
2135:
2133:
2126:
2120:
2113:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2002:
2000:
1993:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1838:
1824:
1751:occluded fronts
1732:
1714:
1709:
1707:Characteristics
1661:
1639:
1637:Human influence
1575:
1569:
1547:
1514:) and leeward (
1465:
1455:Orographic lift
1453:Main articles:
1451:
1415:Convective rain
1396:
1350:
1344:
1339:
1323:
1317:
1276:
1243:
1239:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1027:
1002:
961:orographic lift
925:
920:
776:
738:
733:
732:
708:
700:
699:
558:
548:
547:
460:
450:
449:
438:Ground blizzard
198:
188:
187:
166:
156:
155:
131:
105:
104:
96:
94:
93:
92:
91:
85:
78:
75:
68:
62:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11358:
11348:
11347:
11328:
11327:
11325:
11324:
11313:
11310:
11309:
11306:
11305:
11303:
11302:
11295:
11294:
11293:
11288:
11278:
11277:
11276:
11271:
11266:
11265:
11264:
11254:
11253:
11252:
11237:
11232:
11226:
11223:
11222:
11220:
11219:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11185:
11179:
11173:
11172:
11170:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11138:
11136:
11130:
11129:
11127:
11126:
11125:
11124:
11119:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11066:
11060:
11058:
11052:
11051:
11049:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11008:
11002:
11000:
10994:
10993:
10991:
10990:
10985:
10984:
10983:
10978:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10952:
10950:
10944:
10943:
10935:
10934:
10927:
10920:
10912:
10903:
10902:
10900:
10899:
10888:
10885:
10884:
10881:
10880:
10878:
10877:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10845:(perpetuation)
10840:
10834:
10832:
10826:
10825:
10823:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10806:
10805:
10798:Nature reserve
10795:
10790:
10789:
10788:
10783:
10773:
10772:
10771:
10761:
10760:
10759:
10754:
10744:
10739:
10738:
10737:
10732:
10722:
10721:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10694:
10688:
10684:
10683:
10680:
10679:
10677:
10676:
10675:
10674:
10669:
10659:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10603:
10602:
10592:
10587:
10582:
10577:
10571:
10569:
10565:
10564:
10562:
10561:
10556:
10555:
10554:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10533:
10532:
10522:
10517:
10516:
10515:
10503:
10502:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10481:
10476:
10475:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10443:
10442:
10431:
10429:
10422:
10416:
10415:
10413:
10412:
10411:
10410:
10405:
10395:
10390:
10385:
10384:
10383:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10327:
10326:
10316:
10315:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10289:
10288:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10275:climate change
10267:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10251:
10250:
10243:Bioprospecting
10240:
10234:
10232:
10226:
10225:
10223:
10222:
10221:
10220:
10215:
10205:
10204:
10203:
10198:
10193:
10188:
10178:
10177:
10176:
10171:
10170:
10169:
10164:
10154:
10153:
10152:
10147:
10137:
10136:
10135:
10125:
10120:
10110:
10109:
10108:
10098:
10097:
10096:
10086:
10085:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10048:
10047:
10046:
10045:
10029:
10027:
10021:
10020:
10018:
10017:
10012:
10011:
10010:
10005:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9942:
9940:
9934:
9933:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9910:
9908:
9904:
9903:
9901:
9900:
9895:
9894:
9893:
9888:Clean Air Act
9880:
9875:
9870:
9861:
9859:
9850:
9844:
9843:
9836:
9835:
9828:
9821:
9813:
9807:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9784:
9783:External links
9781:
9779:
9778:
9746:
9720:
9685:
9663:
9640:
9603:
9577:
9547:
9521:
9484:
9461:
9431:
9404:
9384:
9371:
9348:
9332:
9277:
9257:
9234:
9211:
9192:(1–4): 53–70.
9174:
9138:
9105:
9094:on 27 May 2010
9068:
9037:
9006:
8980:
8950:
8926:
8895:
8868:
8861:
8841:
8834:
8814:
8809:978-0313294976
8808:
8775:
8749:
8706:
8671:
8644:
8613:
8586:
8551:(4): 134–143.
8531:
8500:
8467:
8446:(3): 479–488.
8426:
8419:
8390:
8363:
8332:
8302:
8269:
8228:
8183:
8172:on 9 June 2011
8152:
8115:
8078:
8051:
8040:on 6 June 2011
8020:
7986:
7926:
7900:
7862:
7828:
7774:
7741:
7704:
7697:
7671:
7641:
7614:
7588:
7561:
7531:
7504:
7474:
7448:
7422:
7396:
7374:
7341:
7281:
7248:
7227:
7204:
7145:
7082:
7061:
6998:
6987:on 25 May 2008
6967:
6940:
6909:
6902:
6878:
6851:
6819:
6792:
6761:
6698:
6655:
6612:
6603:
6580:
6560:
6540:
6510:
6490:
6470:
6450:
6443:
6423:
6410:
6390:
6370:
6343:
6313:
6280:
6249:
6215:
6184:
6141:
6116:
6083:
6049:
6015:
6008:
5988:
5962:(1): 191–195.
5939:
5890:
5863:
5836:
5809:
5788:"Rainy season"
5778:
5747:
5740:
5716:
5709:
5686:
5659:
5639:
5613:
5606:
5586:
5555:
5506:
5470:
5439:
5402:
5368:
5357:on 3 June 2009
5337:
5306:
5268:
5216:
5181:
5155:
5134:(4): 632–645.
5114:
5093:(1): 156–162.
5073:
5052:(4): 165–166.
5032:
4982:
4944:
4913:
4882:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4807:(9): 697–702.
4801:Nature Physics
4777:
4746:
4715:
4684:
4657:
4620:
4589:
4559:
4529:
4518:on 3 June 2008
4495:
4462:
4451:on 22 May 2009
4430:
4416:
4396:
4359:
4348:on 12 May 2011
4328:
4301:
4270:
4243:
4212:
4201:on 7 July 2011
4181:
4170:on 2 June 2010
4146:
4112:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4065:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3852:Weather portal
3841:
3827:
3813:
3810:Ecology portal
3797:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3648:
3647:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3580:Hucuktlis Lake
3576:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3564: 9
3562:
3559:
3556:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3427:, India
3421:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3284:
3281:
3277:global warming
3234:
3231:
3227:American Samoa
3183:Gulf of Mexico
3148:Monsoon trough
3139:
3136:
3110:
3107:
3072:
3069:
3065:Sonoran Desert
3056:Arabian Desert
3012:Main article:
3009:
3006:
2990:
2987:
2979:Days of Prayer
2941:Honi ha-M'agel
2821:
2818:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2725:Main article:
2722:
2719:
2705:100-year flood
2700:
2697:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2658:
2652:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2618:Heavy rain in
2602:
2599:
2592:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2544:polar orbiting
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2474:
2473:Remote sensing
2471:
2455:imperial units
2428:
2425:
2417:
2414:
2380:European Union
2376:drinking water
2372:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2340:
2338:
2327:
2324:
2190:Main article:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1887:
1884:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1823:
1820:
1789:occluded front
1728:Main article:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1686:McAllen, Texas
1638:
1635:
1608:monsoon trough
1571:Main article:
1546:
1543:
1539:Mojave Deserts
1489:katabatic wind
1450:
1447:
1395:
1392:
1348:Weather fronts
1346:Main article:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1319:Main article:
1316:
1313:
1275:
1272:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1092:
1073:Main article:
1070:
1067:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1001:
998:
924:
921:
919:
916:
895:Global warming
869:monsoon trough
829:weather fronts
778:
777:
775:
774:
767:
760:
752:
749:
748:
735:
734:
731:
730:
725:
720:
718:Climate change
715:
709:
706:
705:
702:
701:
698:
697:
692:
687:
686:
685:
684:
683:
678:
673:
665:
660:
653:Severe weather
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
629:
628:
623:
613:
612:
611:
601:
596:
595:
594:
589:
584:
579:
571:
570:
565:
559:
554:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
544:
543:
538:
533:
528:
518:
513:
512:
511:
501:
496:
491:
490:
489:
487:Megacryometeor
479:
474:
473:
472:
461:
456:
455:
452:
451:
448:
447:
446:
445:
440:
435:
430:
420:
415:
410:
405:
404:
403:
393:
392:
391:
386:
376:
371:
370:
369:
364:
354:
349:
348:
347:
342:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
306:
305:
300:
295:
285:
284:
283:
273:
272:
271:
266:
261:
251:
250:
249:
239:
238:
237:
232:
227:
217:
216:
215:
210:
199:
194:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
180:
179:
178:
167:
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
138:
132:
127:
126:
123:
122:
116:
115:
95:
86:
76:
71:
70:
69:
60:
59:
58:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11357:
11346:
11343:
11342:
11340:
11333:
11323:
11315:
11314:
11311:
11301:
11300:
11296:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11283:
11282:
11279:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11267:
11263:
11260:
11259:
11258:
11255:
11251:
11248:
11247:
11246:
11243:
11242:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11227:
11224:
11217:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11191:(abiogenesis)
11187:
11186:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11174:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11139:
11137:
11135:
11131:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11114:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11061:
11059:
11057:
11053:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11016:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11006:Earth science
11004:
11003:
11001:
10999:
10995:
10989:
10986:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10973:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10953:
10951:
10949:
10945:
10941:
10933:
10928:
10926:
10921:
10919:
10914:
10913:
10910:
10898:
10890:
10889:
10886:
10876:
10875:Non-renewable
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10835:
10833:
10831:
10827:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10815:Urban ecology
10813:
10811:
10808:
10804:
10801:
10800:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10778:
10777:
10774:
10770:
10767:
10766:
10765:
10762:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10749:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10727:
10726:
10723:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10700:
10699:
10696:
10695:
10692:
10689:
10685:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10664:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10647:Privatization
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10601:
10598:
10597:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10572:
10570:
10566:
10560:
10557:
10553:
10550:
10549:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10542:Surface water
10540:
10538:
10535:
10531:
10528:
10527:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10514:
10513:
10509:
10508:
10507:
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10500:
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10495:
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10490:
10487:
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10480:
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10470:
10468:
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10460:
10459:
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10450:
10448:
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10441:
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10433:
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10423:
10421:
10417:
10409:
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10401:
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10399:
10396:
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10391:
10389:
10386:
10382:
10379:
10377:
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10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
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10334:
10332:
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10322:
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10320:
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10310:
10308:
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10294:
10293:
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10286:
10283:
10281:
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10276:
10273:
10272:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
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10246:
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10241:
10239:
10236:
10235:
10233:
10231:
10227:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10210:
10209:
10206:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
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10179:
10175:
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10138:
10134:
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10124:
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10107:
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10102:
10099:
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10092:
10091:
10090:
10087:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10064:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10044:
10043:peak farmland
10041:
10040:
10039:
10036:
10035:
10034:
10031:
10030:
10028:
10026:
10022:
10016:
10013:
10009:
10006:
10004:
10001:
10000:
9999:
9996:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9966:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9943:
9941:
9939:
9935:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9911:
9909:
9905:
9899:
9896:
9892:
9886:
9885:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9863:
9862:
9860:
9858:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9845:
9841:
9834:
9829:
9827:
9822:
9820:
9815:
9814:
9811:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9786:
9763:
9756:
9750:
9734:
9730:
9724:
9708:
9704:
9698:
9696:
9694:
9692:
9690:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9667:
9651:
9644:
9628:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9610:
9608:
9591:
9587:
9581:
9574:
9562:
9558:
9551:
9535:
9531:
9525:
9506:
9502:
9495:
9488:
9481:
9477:
9474:
9470:
9465:
9449:
9445:
9441:
9435:
9419:
9415:
9408:
9401:
9397:
9394:
9388:
9381:
9375:
9368:
9364:
9361:
9357:
9352:
9345:
9341:
9336:
9328:
9324:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9298:
9294:
9293:
9288:
9281:
9274:
9270:
9267:
9261:
9254:
9250:
9247:
9241:
9239:
9231:
9227:
9224:
9220:
9215:
9207:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9191:
9187:
9186:
9178:
9162:
9158:
9157:
9152:
9148:
9142:
9123:
9116:
9109:
9090:
9086:
9079:
9072:
9056:
9052:
9048:
9041:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9010:
8994:
8990:
8984:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8954:
8947:
8946:Peveril Meigs
8943:
8939:
8936:
8933:According to
8930:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8899:
8883:
8879:
8872:
8864:
8858:
8854:
8853:
8845:
8837:
8831:
8827:
8826:
8818:
8811:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8796:
8788:
8786:
8784:
8782:
8780:
8771:
8767:
8760:
8758:
8756:
8754:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8710:
8691:
8684:
8683:
8675:
8659:
8655:
8648:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8617:
8601:
8597:
8590:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8535:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8510:"Flash Flood"
8504:
8485:
8478:
8471:
8463:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8430:
8422:
8416:
8412:
8407:
8406:
8400:
8394:
8378:
8374:
8367:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8336:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8306:
8287:
8280:
8273:
8264:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8232:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8203:(9): L09812.
8202:
8198:
8194:
8187:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8156:
8137:
8133:
8126:
8119:
8100:
8096:
8089:
8082:
8066:
8062:
8055:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8024:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7993:
7991:
7982:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7930:
7914:
7910:
7904:
7885:
7878:
7871:
7869:
7867:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7835:
7833:
7826:
7822:
7819:
7813:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7781:
7779:
7759:
7752:
7745:
7726:
7723:. p. 1.
7722:
7715:
7708:
7700:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7675:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7645:
7629:
7625:
7618:
7602:
7598:
7592:
7576:
7572:
7565:
7549:
7545:
7544:"Glossary: W"
7541:
7535:
7519:
7515:
7508:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7478:
7462:
7458:
7452:
7436:
7432:
7426:
7410:
7406:
7400:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7378:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7345:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7285:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7252:
7244:
7243:
7238:
7231:
7223:
7222:
7216:
7208:
7200:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7149:
7141:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7086:
7078:
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7072:
7065:
7057:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7014:
7009:
7002:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6971:
6955:
6951:
6944:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6913:
6905:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6890:
6882:
6866:
6862:
6855:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6823:
6807:
6803:
6796:
6780:
6776:
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6759:
6757:
6753:
6750:
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6734:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6702:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6659:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6616:
6607:
6600:
6596:
6593:
6589:
6584:
6577:
6573:
6570:
6564:
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6544:
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6514:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6494:
6487:
6483:
6480:
6474:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6454:
6446:
6440:
6436:
6435:
6427:
6420:
6414:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6394:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6374:
6358:
6354:
6347:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6317:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6284:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6253:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6219:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6188:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6171:10.1038/29043
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6145:
6130:
6126:
6120:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6087:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6053:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6024:Chris Landsea
6019:
6011:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5992:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5902:
5894:
5878:
5874:
5867:
5851:
5847:
5840:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5782:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5751:
5743:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5720:
5712:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5693:
5691:
5674:
5670:
5663:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5643:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5609:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5590:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5559:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5510:
5491:
5487:
5480:
5474:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5443:
5424:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5373:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5310:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5220:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5150:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5118:
5109:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5087:J. Atmos. Sci
5084:
5077:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5036:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4832:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4593:
4577:
4573:
4566:
4564:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4499:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4419:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4400:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4166:
4159:
4158:
4150:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4075:Mount Snowdon
4071:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4007:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3982:Vortex filter
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3842:
3839:
3833:
3828:
3825:
3819:
3814:
3811:
3800:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3711:26,470
3710:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3691:11,870
3690:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3487:Big Bog, Maui
3484:
3482:10,269
3481:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3447:10,287
3446:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3420:11,872
3419:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3389:13,299
3388:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3203:Sierra Nevada
3200:
3196:
3195:98th meridian
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3167:40th parallel
3164:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3091:polar deserts
3088:
3087:freezing rain
3082:
3081:Polar climate
3078:
3071:Polar deserts
3068:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3036:Sahara Desert
3028:
3020:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2926:earth goddess
2923:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2869:, is used as
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:return period
2706:
2699:Return period
2696:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2640:
2621:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:geostationary
2545:
2541:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2498:
2497:flood control
2494:
2485:
2480:
2479:Weather radar
2470:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2423:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2395:air pollution
2392:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2357:
2348:
2344:
2341:This section
2339:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:polar ice cap
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2181:
2172:
2164:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2084:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2044:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2013:
2008:
1999:
1991:
1986:
1977:
1969:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1929:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1883:
1881:
1872:
1864:
1852:
1851:sulfuric acid
1847:
1843:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1795:, due to the
1794:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1747:weather radar
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1723:
1722:weather radar
1718:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:cloud seeding
1689:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:Sierra Nevada
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1495:is observed.
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1217:
1194:
1191:
1183:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
997:
995:
994:advection fog
991:
987:
983:
978:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
915:
913:
912:weather radar
909:
905:
901:
896:
892:
887:
885:
882:
878:
877:rainy seasons
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
855:sides of the
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:precipitation
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
788:
784:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
754:
753:
751:
750:
747:
742:
737:
736:
729:
726:
724:
723:Tornado terms
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
704:
703:
696:
693:
691:
688:
682:
681:United States
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
654:
651:
649:
646:
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639:
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634:
631:
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622:
619:
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602:
600:
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593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
572:
569:
566:
564:
563:Air pollution
561:
560:
557:
552:
551:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
522:
519:
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495:
492:
488:
485:
484:
483:
480:
478:
475:
471:
468:
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:Precipitation
454:
453:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
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421:
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416:
414:
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109:
108:
103:
101:
90:
74:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
11332:
11297:
11230:Biodiversity
11216:astrobiology
11091:
10938:Elements of
10873: /
10747:Exploitation
10632:Conservation
10575:Desalination
10524:
10510:
10403:conservation
10238:Biodiversity
10186:conservation
10033:Agricultural
9961:Fossil fuels
9769:. Retrieved
9762:the original
9749:
9737:. Retrieved
9723:
9711:. Retrieved
9666:
9654:. Retrieved
9643:
9631:. Retrieved
9594:. Retrieved
9589:
9580:
9572:
9565:. Retrieved
9561:Wunderground
9560:
9550:
9538:. Retrieved
9524:
9512:. Retrieved
9505:the original
9487:
9464:
9452:. Retrieved
9443:
9434:
9422:. Retrieved
9418:the original
9407:
9387:
9374:
9351:
9335:
9296:
9290:
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9214:
9189:
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9161:the original
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9129:. Retrieved
9122:the original
9108:
9096:. Retrieved
9089:the original
9084:
9071:
9059:. Retrieved
9040:
9028:. Retrieved
9024:the original
9009:
8999:18 September
8997:. Retrieved
8993:the original
8983:
8971:. Retrieved
8962:
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8929:
8917:. Retrieved
8898:
8886:. Retrieved
8882:the original
8871:
8851:
8844:
8824:
8817:
8794:
8769:
8719:
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8681:
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8658:the original
8647:
8635:. Retrieved
8616:
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8589:
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8518:the original
8503:
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8470:
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8350:the original
8335:
8323:. Retrieved
8319:the original
8305:
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8286:the original
8272:
8248:(1): 76–95.
8245:
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8099:the original
8081:
8069:. Retrieved
8054:
8042:. Retrieved
8038:the original
8023:
8011:. Retrieved
8007:the original
7972:10261/110151
7944:
7940:
7929:
7917:. Retrieved
7903:
7891:. Retrieved
7884:the original
7853:. Retrieved
7849:the original
7797:(1): 71–86.
7794:
7790:
7765:. Retrieved
7758:the original
7744:
7732:. Retrieved
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7632:. Retrieved
7628:the original
7617:
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7591:
7579:. Retrieved
7575:the original
7564:
7552:. Retrieved
7534:
7522:. Retrieved
7518:the original
7507:
7495:. Retrieved
7477:
7465:. Retrieved
7451:
7439:. Retrieved
7425:
7413:. Retrieved
7409:the original
7399:
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7377:
7366:. Retrieved
7355:The Guardian
7354:
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7284:
7273:. Retrieved
7262:The Guardian
7261:
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7230:
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7085:
7076:The Guardian
7074:
7064:
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6989:. Retrieved
6985:the original
6970:
6958:. Retrieved
6954:the original
6943:
6931:. Retrieved
6927:the original
6912:
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6869:. Retrieved
6865:the original
6854:
6842:. Retrieved
6831:
6822:
6810:. Retrieved
6806:the original
6795:
6783:. Retrieved
6779:the original
6764:
6746:
6715:
6711:
6701:
6668:
6664:
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6628:(1): 41–46.
6625:
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6527:the original
6513:
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6357:the original
6346:
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6325:
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6283:
6271:. Retrieved
6252:
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6236:the original
6218:
6206:. Retrieved
6198:The Guardian
6197:
6187:
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6150:
6144:
6132:. Retrieved
6128:
6119:
6107:. Retrieved
6096:
6086:
6074:. Retrieved
6052:
6040:. Retrieved
6018:
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5991:
5979:. Retrieved
5959:
5955:
5942:
5930:. Retrieved
5900:
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5881:. Retrieved
5866:
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5839:
5827:. Retrieved
5812:
5800:. Retrieved
5796:the original
5781:
5769:. Retrieved
5750:
5726:
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5699:
5677:. Retrieved
5662:
5642:
5630:. Retrieved
5625:
5616:
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5577:. Retrieved
5573:the original
5558:
5523:
5519:
5509:
5497:. Retrieved
5473:
5461:. Retrieved
5442:
5430:. Retrieved
5405:
5393:. Retrieved
5359:. Retrieved
5355:the original
5340:
5328:. Retrieved
5319:
5309:
5284:
5280:
5271:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5172:. Retrieved
5167:
5158:
5131:
5127:
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5090:
5086:
5076:
5049:
5045:
5035:
5002:
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4985:
4973:. Retrieved
4966:the original
4935:. Retrieved
4916:
4904:. Retrieved
4885:
4873:. Retrieved
4869:the original
4851:
4840:
4804:
4800:
4768:. Retrieved
4749:
4737:. Retrieved
4718:
4706:. Retrieved
4702:the original
4687:
4675:. Retrieved
4665:FMI (2007).
4660:
4648:. Retrieved
4628:David Roth.
4623:
4611:. Retrieved
4592:
4580:. Retrieved
4576:the original
4550:. Retrieved
4546:the original
4542:"Air Masses"
4532:
4520:. Retrieved
4516:the original
4498:
4486:. Retrieved
4479:the original
4465:
4453:. Retrieved
4449:the original
4442:
4433:
4421:. Retrieved
4406:
4399:
4387:. Retrieved
4380:the original
4362:
4350:. Retrieved
4346:the original
4331:
4319:. Retrieved
4304:
4292:. Retrieved
4288:the original
4273:
4261:. Retrieved
4257:the original
4246:
4234:. Retrieved
4230:the original
4215:
4203:. Retrieved
4199:the original
4184:
4172:. Retrieved
4165:the original
4156:
4149:
4137:. Retrieved
4133:the original
4115:
4103:. Retrieved
4099:the original
4089:
4069:
4059:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4011:
3838:Water portal
3738:Indian Ocean
3639:
3635:
3627:1,017
3610:4,648
3575:6,502
3561:1,555
3544:8,636
3513:8,992
3499:1,569
3330:
3286:
3270:
3250:
3191:Great Plains
3176:
3163:Indian Ocean
3151:
3133:
3118:
3084:
3077:Polar desert
3033:
2998:
2948:
2908:
2901:
2887:storm drains
2866:
2848:
2814:flash floods
2798:
2782:
2771:Agricultural
2749:
2741:
2714:
2708:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2669:
2660:
2493:hydrological
2490:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2399:
2388:
2373:
2354:October 2022
2351:
2347:adding to it
2342:
2308:South Africa
2292:
2247:
2195:
1871:fossil fuels
1841:
1839:
1813:
1792:
1786:
1766:squall lines
1759:
1733:
1690:
1682:Rhode Island
1678:
1674:
1662:
1624:
1579:green season
1578:
1576:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1497:
1466:
1443:squall lines
1419:cumulonimbus
1413:
1379:
1369:outside the
1351:
1324:
1306:
1295:
1288:
1277:
1264:
1078:
1064:
1061:
1041:
1037:
1030:
986:cirrostratus
973:
950:
929:mixing ratio
928:
926:
888:
849:upslope flow
841:cumulonimbus
826:
782:
781:
503:
499:Diamond dust
423:Winter storm
254:Thunderstorm
97:
48:
11281:Prokaryotes
11069:Atmosphere
11064:Meteorology
10866:Nationalism
10838:Common-pool
10479:Hydrosphere
10472:remediation
10457:Groundwater
10052:Degradation
9739:26 December
9656:11 December
9454:29 February
9424:29 February
8176:31 December
8145:31 December
8108:31 December
7947:: 801–814.
7919:23 December
7467:26 December
7459:. FAO.org.
7441:23 December
7108:: 228–238.
5981:27 December
5932:27 December
5883:27 December
5856:27 December
5829:27 December
5802:27 December
5499:22 December
5395:27 November
5287:: 577–602.
5174:22 December
4975:27 December
4906:30 November
4875:27 December
4352:27 December
4321:27 December
4294:27 December
4263:27 December
4139:27 December
4105:26 December
3932:Rain sensor
3927:Rain garden
3719: Asia
3699: Asia
3679: Asia
3592:3.66
3526:36.6
3491:Hawaii (US)
3433:1,401
3288:Cherrapunji
3262:Great Lakes
3211:Puerto Rico
3172:thermal low
3109:Rainforests
3052:Balochistan
3048:Gobi Desert
2971:rain dances
2950:Meditations
2721:Forecasting
2546:as well as
2437:Disdrometer
2416:Measurement
2265:subtropical
2255:located in
2199:rain forest
1863:nitric acid
1840:The phrase
1805:Great Lakes
1782:land breeze
1774:barrier jet
1762:cold fronts
1755:warm fronts
1616:air quality
1535:Great Basin
1520:trade winds
1508:Kona storms
1493:rain shadow
1477:trade winds
1439:cold fronts
1383:ice pellets
1363:warm fronts
1359:cold fronts
1032:Coalescence
982:altostratus
908:rain gauges
835:falls from
810:fresh water
806:water cycle
713:Meteorology
648:Meteorology
536:Snow roller
531:Snow grains
494:Ice pellets
443:Snow squall
374:Storm surge
320:Anticyclone
276:Mesocyclone
264:Thundersnow
213:Arcus cloud
11162:Wilderness
11015:geological
10861:Extraction
10820:Wilderness
10781:accounting
10764:Management
10730:ecological
10718:tragedy of
10637:Peak water
10622:Efficiency
10595:Sanitation
10537:Stormwater
10530:harvesting
10506:Irrigation
10408:management
10366:gene banks
10307:management
10285:management
10201:resilience
10167:phosphorus
10123:industrial
10101:Management
10077:soundscape
9983:Geothermal
9633:18 January
9540:15 January
9244:J. Horel.
9030:15 January
8973:9 February
8919:15 January
8888:24 October
8699:15 January
8664:15 January
8637:15 January
8606:15 January
8524:15 January
8493:15 January
8383:15 January
8356:15 January
8325:15 January
7855:15 January
7415:17 October
7368:2024-07-04
7302:: 173157.
7275:2024-07-04
6533:2 November
6363:31 January
6200:. London.
6134:12 January
6109:7 February
5771:7 February
5463:30 January
5432:22 October
5347:"SA-METAR"
5330:9 December
4937:7 February
4708:15 January
4677:7 February
4650:22 October
4613:29 January
4389:7 February
4236:29 January
4205:29 January
4174:30 January
4082:References
3947:Rainmaking
3886:Hydropower
3744:La Réunion
3657:Continent
3619:Montenegro
3553:Queensland
3452:Debundscha
3406:158
3361:Elevation
3352:Continent
3327:per year.
3239:Westerlies
3237:See also:
3201:, and the
3142:See also:
3115:Rainforest
3113:See also:
3103:Antarctica
2993:See also:
2977:have held
2965:. Various
2836:rain dance
2824:See also:
2703:See also:
2663:media help
2477:See also:
2441:Snow gauge
2433:Rain gauge
2431:See also:
2420:See also:
2405:Antarctica
2320:permafrost
2284:westerlies
2261:semi-humid
1834:See also:
1809:California
1793:comma head
1778:sea breeze
1743:convective
1739:stratiform
1649:See also:
1620:freshwater
1618:improves,
1591:subtropics
1573:Wet season
1561:See also:
1394:Convection
1049:parachutes
957:convection
837:convective
822:ecosystems
818:irrigation
792:that have
707:Glossaries
643:Jet stream
582:Convection
568:Atmosphere
516:Cloudburst
379:Dust storm
345:Nor'easter
315:Fire whirl
310:Dust devil
303:Waterspout
230:Heat burst
225:Microburst
183:Wet season
171:Dry season
100:media help
11240:Eukaryota
11207:Hierarchy
11202:Biosphere
11167:Wildfires
11157:Radiation
11147:Ecosystem
11087:Moonlight
11021:Structure
10976:particles
10871:Renewable
10856:Depletion
10843:Conflict
10725:Economics
10703:enclosure
10662:Resources
10642:Pollution
10559:Watershed
10462:pollution
10393:Seed bank
10388:Rangeland
10270:Fisheries
10255:Biosphere
10248:biopiracy
10191:fertility
10067:cityscape
10062:Landscape
9969:peak coal
9956:Resources
9907:Emissions
9771:5 January
9596:30 August
9567:30 August
9514:5 January
9323:0027-0644
9151:"Monsoon"
9098:4 January
9061:2 January
8295:1 January
8071:2 January
8044:2 January
8013:2 January
7767:5 January
7734:2 January
7664:1 January
7634:2 January
7607:2 January
7581:2 January
7554:1 January
7524:2 January
7497:2 January
7457:"FAO.org"
7363:0261-3077
7324:0048-9697
7270:0261-3077
6742:1027-5606
6379:Rainband.
6179:204999292
6098:USA Today
6042:2 January
5968:1119-8362
5922:304619312
5632:30 August
5579:2 January
5565:"Graupel"
5550:1520-0477
5361:29 August
5168:USA Today
5027:1520-0477
4739:1 January
4582:1 January
4552:2 January
4522:2 January
4488:2 January
4455:2 January
4423:2 January
3922:Rain dust
3911:Petrichor
3876:Blue roof
3536:Australia
3464:9.1
3425:Mawsynram
3304:Meghalaya
3300:Mawsynram
3125:temperate
2985:in 2011.
2959:Athenians
2933:Akkadians
2911:Sumerians
2891:petrichor
2879:raincoats
2875:umbrellas
2806:harvested
2601:Intensity
2540:microwave
2326:Pollution
2316:grassland
2288:latitudes
2282:that the
2272:latitudes
2257:semi-arid
2250:grassland
1842:acid rain
1836:Acid rain
1770:tornadoes
1735:Rainbands
1583:euphemism
1473:adiabatic
1245:−
1226:−
1222:⟩
1215:⟨
1187:⟩
1181:⟨
1170:−
1045:hamburger
946:dew point
941:particles
918:Formation
875:, brings
845:rainbands
794:condensed
638:Heat wave
633:Cold wave
577:Chemistry
428:Ice storm
418:Firestorm
330:Polar low
298:Landspout
281:Supercell
242:Lightning
220:Downburst
176:Harmattan
110:Part of
11339:Category
11322:Category
11291:bacteria
11274:protista
11235:Organism
11102:Sunlight
10948:Universe
10897:Category
10830:Resource
10769:adaptive
10667:improved
10627:Conflict
10612:Security
10607:Scarcity
10600:improved
10590:Leaching
10467:recharge
10447:Drinking
10398:Wildlife
10265:Bushmeat
10260:Bushfood
10213:planning
10118:gemstone
10113:Minerals
10094:property
10082:viewshed
10072:seascape
10003:sunlight
9977:peak oil
9973:peak gas
9733:Archived
9713:18 April
9707:Archived
9680:Archived
9627:Archived
9532:(2010).
9476:Archived
9448:Archived
9396:Archived
9363:Archived
9327:Archived
9269:Archived
9249:Archived
9226:Archived
9055:Archived
8967:Archived
8959:"desert"
8938:Archived
8913:Archived
8690:Archived
8631:Archived
8600:Archived
8581:31850334
8401:(1993).
8377:Archived
8313:(2010).
8223:Archived
8065:Archived
7981:25622150
7935:(2015).
7913:Archived
7821:Archived
7725:Archived
7658:Archived
7652:(2009).
7601:Archived
7548:Archived
7542:(2009).
7491:Archived
7461:Archived
7435:Archived
7336:38740209
7242:BBC News
7199:38579007
7190:10997204
7140:34907779
7056:35916421
6991:16 April
6960:15 April
6871:16 March
6838:Archived
6836:. 2008.
6812:16 March
6785:14 March
6752:Archived
6747:(direct:
6693:17007125
6650:22195508
6595:Archived
6572:Archived
6552:Archived
6502:Archived
6482:Archived
6462:Archived
6402:Archived
6382:Archived
6330:Archived
6300:Archived
6267:Archived
6208:2 August
6202:Archived
6103:Archived
6070:Archived
6060:(2005).
6036:Archived
6026:(2007).
5972:Archived
5926:Archived
5918:ProQuest
5877:Archived
5850:Archived
5823:Archived
5765:Archived
5679:19 March
5673:Archived
5651:Archived
5490:Archived
5457:Archived
5423:Archived
5389:Archived
5324:Archived
5255:22456703
4931:Archived
4900:Archived
4859:(2009).
4841:BBC News
4825:Archived
4764:Archived
4733:Archived
4671:Archived
4641:Archived
4607:Archived
4315:Archived
4029:possibly
3962:Red rain
3871:Bioswale
3796:See also
3456:Cameroon
3398:Colombia
3340:Colombia
3296:Shillong
3138:Monsoons
3121:tropical
3099:Ice caps
3044:Kalahari
3042:and the
2863:Setswana
2859:Botswana
2844:Ethiopia
2689:R-factor
2467:CoCoRAHS
2276:Malaysia
2269:tropical
1730:Rainband
1712:Patterns
1630:cyclones
1469:windward
881:savannah
865:air mass
853:windward
790:droplets
509:Freezing
470:Freezing
433:Blizzard
112:a series
11299:Viruses
11286:archaea
11262:animals
11214: (
11212:Biology
11189:Origin
11142:Ecology
11117:tornado
11077:Climate
11071:(Earth)
11056:Weather
11026:Geology
11013: (
11011:History
10698:Commons
10687:Related
10652:Quality
10568:Aspects
10494:glacial
10435:Aquifer
10341:Pasture
10292:Forests
10218:reserve
9993:Nuclear
9963: (
9919:Trading
9914:Airshed
9444:Reuters
9301:Bibcode
9194:Bibcode
8800:181–182
8744:4189441
8724:Bibcode
8573:3410582
8553:Bibcode
8462:7947661
8250:Bibcode
8205:Bibcode
7949:Bibcode
7799:Bibcode
7514:"10/00"
7304:Bibcode
7169:Bibcode
7131:8733926
7110:Bibcode
7047:9387091
7026:Bibcode
6933:17 July
6720:Bibcode
6673:Bibcode
6630:Bibcode
6590:(1998).
6273:17 July
6242:17 July
6159:Bibcode
5910:Bibcode
5528:Bibcode
5289:Bibcode
5263:4410348
5235:Bibcode
5199:Bibcode
5136:Bibcode
5095:Bibcode
5054:Bibcode
5007:Bibcode
4809:Bibcode
4770:7 April
4599:"Front"
4222:"Cloud"
3997:Weather
3937:Rainbow
3881:Cistern
3621:
3615:Crkvice
3604:
3586:
3555:
3538:
3493:
3476:
3474:Oceania
3458:
3312:Big Bog
3144:Monsoon
3129:equator
3008:Deserts
2919:sky god
2917:of the
2883:gutters
2855:drought
2786:Drought
2693:n-index
2620:Zapopan
2300:Western
2203:monsoon
1822:Acidity
1764:can be
1724:display
1599:monsoon
1595:Savanna
1587:tropics
1563:Monsoon
1512:Koʻolau
1485:leeward
1481:climate
1431:Graupel
1427:tropics
1371:eyewall
1327:sublime
1284:drizzle
990:Stratus
861:leeward
857:terrain
816:, crop
802:gravity
663:Extreme
609:Physics
599:Climate
587:Physics
477:Graupel
465:Drizzle
413:Sirocco
396:Monsoon
367:Typhoon
325:Cyclone
288:Tornado
235:Derecho
120:Weather
89:thunder
18:Raining
11250:plants
11082:Clouds
11046:Future
11036:Oceans
10988:Change
10971:Matter
10966:Energy
10940:nature
10708:global
10672:policy
10617:Supply
10580:Floods
10547:Sewage
10520:Marine
10512:huerta
10346:Plants
10336:Meadow
10196:health
10174:rights
10162:copper
10140:mining
10038:arable
9938:Energy
9878:Indoor
9321:
8859:
8832:
8806:
8742:
8716:Nature
8579:
8571:
8460:
8417:
7979:
7893:12 May
7841:"Rain"
7695:
7361:
7334:
7322:
7268:
7197:
7187:
7138:
7128:
7054:
7044:
7020:(16).
6900:
6844:14 May
6740:
6691:
6648:
6441:
6336:28 May
6306:28 May
6177:
6151:Nature
6006:
5966:
5920:
5738:
5707:
5604:
5548:
5261:
5253:
5227:Nature
5025:
4414:
3779:
3768:1,140
3751:1,820
3736:
3728:9,296
3708:1,042
3702:
3688:467.4
3682:
3660:Place
3636:Source
3624:3,337
3613:
3607:183.0
3602:Europe
3600:
3578:
3572:256.0
3558:5,102
3547:
3541:340.0
3534:
3518:Quibdo
3516:
3510:354.0
3496:5,148
3485:
3479:404.3
3472:
3450:
3444:405.0
3430:4,597
3423:
3417:467.4
3392:
3386:523.6
3358:Place
3344:Quibdó
3324:Kauaʻi
3258:Hawaii
3254:Bergen
3225:, and
3217:, the
3213:, the
3095:tundra
3014:Desert
2945:Judaea
2861:, the
2790:fungus
2766:Impact
2439:, and
2427:Gauges
2280:storms
2243:desert
2241:, and
2235:tundra
2227:steppe
2178:
2176:
2169:
2167:
2156:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2116:
2114:
2107:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2076:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2049:
2047:
2036:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2018:
2016:
2005:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1983:
1981:
1974:
1972:
1961:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1921:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1880:buffer
1861:) and
1657:, and
1612:summer
1500:Hawaii
1461:, and
1337:Causes
884:climes
671:Canada
626:Season
556:Topics
401:Amihan
389:Haboob
384:Simoom
196:Storms
151:Autumn
146:Summer
141:Spring
136:Winter
38:,
34:,
11269:fungi
11257:fauna
11245:flora
11152:Field
11107:Tides
10998:Earth
10956:Space
10851:Curse
10657:Right
10499:polar
10489:bergs
10452:Fresh
10420:Water
10133:metal
10057:Field
10008:shade
9998:Solar
9988:Hydro
9873:Index
9765:(PDF)
9758:(PDF)
9508:(PDF)
9497:(PDF)
9167:3 May
9131:3 May
9125:(PDF)
9118:(PDF)
9092:(PDF)
9081:(PDF)
8740:S2CID
8693:(PDF)
8686:(PDF)
8577:S2CID
8487:(PDF)
8480:(PDF)
8289:(PDF)
8282:(PDF)
8139:(PDF)
8128:(PDF)
8102:(PDF)
8091:(PDF)
7887:(PDF)
7880:(PDF)
7818:(pdf)
7761:(PDF)
7754:(PDF)
7728:(PDF)
7717:(PDF)
7104:(1).
6175:S2CID
6076:2 May
5975:(PDF)
5952:(PDF)
5493:(PDF)
5482:(PDF)
5426:(PDF)
5415:(PDF)
5259:S2CID
4995:(PDF)
4969:(PDF)
4962:(PDF)
4828:(PDF)
4797:(PDF)
4644:(PDF)
4633:(PDF)
4482:(PDF)
4475:(PDF)
4383:(PDF)
4372:(PDF)
4168:(PDF)
4161:(PDF)
4004:Notes
3901:Johad
3789:31.2
3786:1.23
3783:, US
3765:45.0
3748:71.8
3394:Lloró
3336:Chocó
3332:Lloró
3060:Andes
3040:Namib
2915:semen
2840:Harar
2794:cacti
2759:skill
2312:Chile
2253:biome
1797:comma
1527:Andes
1331:virga
1321:Virga
1315:Virga
1309:METAR
1057:smoke
937:cloud
871:, or
796:from
787:water
676:Japan
604:Cloud
592:River
541:Slush
203:Cloud
11345:Rain
11177:Life
11112:Wind
11097:Snow
11092:Rain
10961:Time
10786:good
10735:land
10713:land
10525:Rain
10381:wood
10356:food
10319:Game
10230:Life
10181:Soil
10157:peak
10150:sand
10025:Land
10015:Wind
9890:(US)
9867:(US)
9773:2010
9741:2011
9715:2013
9658:2008
9635:2007
9598:2018
9590:WRCC
9569:2018
9542:2010
9516:2010
9456:2008
9426:2008
9319:ISSN
9169:2008
9133:2008
9100:2010
9063:2010
9032:2010
9001:2007
8975:2008
8921:2010
8890:2006
8857:ISBN
8830:ISBN
8804:ISBN
8701:2010
8666:2010
8639:2010
8608:2010
8569:PMID
8526:2010
8495:2010
8458:PMID
8415:ISBN
8385:2010
8358:2010
8327:2010
8297:2009
8178:2008
8147:2008
8110:2008
8073:2009
8046:2009
8015:2009
7977:PMID
7921:2016
7895:2011
7857:2010
7769:2010
7736:2010
7693:ISBN
7666:2009
7636:2009
7609:2009
7583:2009
7556:2009
7526:2009
7499:2009
7469:2011
7443:2016
7417:2015
7359:ISSN
7332:PMID
7320:ISSN
7266:ISSN
7195:PMID
7136:PMID
7052:PMID
6993:2008
6962:2008
6935:2009
6898:ISBN
6873:2008
6846:2008
6814:2008
6787:2008
6738:ISSN
6689:PMID
6646:PMID
6535:2006
6439:ISBN
6365:2010
6338:2015
6308:2015
6275:2009
6244:2009
6210:2007
6136:2024
6129:NASA
6111:2009
6078:2006
6044:2009
6004:ISBN
5983:2008
5964:ISSN
5934:2008
5885:2008
5858:2008
5831:2008
5804:2008
5773:2009
5736:ISBN
5705:ISBN
5681:2008
5634:2018
5626:WRCC
5602:ISBN
5581:2009
5546:ISSN
5501:2013
5465:2010
5434:2006
5397:2007
5363:2009
5332:2006
5251:PMID
5176:2013
5023:ISSN
4977:2008
4939:2009
4908:2009
4877:2008
4772:2008
4741:2009
4710:2010
4679:2009
4652:2006
4615:2010
4584:2009
4554:2009
4524:2009
4490:2009
4457:2009
4425:2009
4412:ISBN
4391:2009
4354:2008
4323:2008
4296:2008
4265:2008
4238:2010
4207:2010
4176:2010
4141:2008
4126:NASA
4107:2011
3725:366
3523:120
3403:520
3316:Maui
3271:The
3223:Guam
3181:and
3146:and
3123:and
3079:and
2963:Zeus
2937:Antu
2885:and
2877:and
2867:pula
2801:soil
2302:and
2267:and
1865:(HNO
1780:and
1753:and
1701:hail
1589:and
1565:and
1537:and
1516:Kona
1435:hail
1433:and
1388:Hail
1307:The
1296:The
1248:0.21
1103:and
889:The
783:Rain
658:List
621:Mist
521:Snow
504:Rain
482:Hail
408:Gale
73:Rain
10585:Law
10484:Ice
10324:law
10302:law
10280:law
10208:Use
10145:law
10128:ore
10089:Law
9965:gas
9951:Law
9946:Bio
9883:Law
9848:Air
9356:BBC
9309:doi
9297:137
9202:doi
9190:316
8732:doi
8720:201
8561:doi
8448:doi
8411:388
8258:doi
8213:doi
7967:hdl
7957:doi
7945:511
7807:doi
7685:doi
7328:PMC
7312:doi
7300:933
7185:PMC
7177:doi
7126:PMC
7118:doi
7042:PMC
7034:doi
6728:doi
6681:doi
6638:doi
6167:doi
6155:394
5536:doi
5297:doi
5243:doi
5231:484
5207:doi
5144:doi
5103:doi
5062:doi
5015:doi
4817:doi
3671:mm
3589:12
3461:30
3372:mm
3294:in
2745:GMT
2349:.
2259:to
2158:Dfd
2149:Dfc
2140:Dfb
2131:Dfa
2118:Dwd
2109:Dwc
2100:Dwb
2091:Dwa
2078:Dsd
2069:Dsc
2060:Dsb
2051:Dsa
2038:Cfc
2029:Cfb
2020:Cfa
2007:Cwb
1998:Cwa
1985:Csb
1976:Csa
1963:BSk
1954:BSh
1945:BWk
1936:BWh
1741:or
1606:or
1498:In
1421:or
984:or
879:to
785:is
616:Fog
11341::
9975:,
9971:,
9967:,
9688:^
9674:.
9625:.
9621:.
9606:^
9588:.
9571:.
9559:.
9499:.
9471:.
9442:.
9358:.
9342:.
9325:.
9317:.
9307:.
9295:.
9289:.
9237:^
9221:.
9200:.
9188:.
9153:.
9083:.
9053:.
9049:.
9018:.
8965:.
8961:.
8911:.
8907:.
8802:,
8778:^
8768:.
8752:^
8738:.
8730:.
8718:.
8629:.
8625:.
8575:.
8567:.
8559:.
8549:32
8547:.
8543:.
8512:.
8456:.
8444:72
8442:.
8438:.
8413:.
8344:.
8256:.
8244:.
8240:.
8221:.
8211:.
8201:35
8199:.
8195:.
8164:.
8130:.
8093:.
8032:.
8001:.
7989:^
7975:.
7965:.
7955:.
7943:.
7939:.
7911:.
7865:^
7843:.
7831:^
7805:.
7795:67
7793:.
7789:.
7777:^
7719:.
7691:.
7656:.
7546:.
7489:.
7433:.
7385:.
7357:.
7353:.
7326:.
7318:.
7310:.
7298:.
7294:.
7264:.
7260:.
7239:.
7218:.
7193:.
7183:.
7175:.
7165:10
7163:.
7157:.
7134:.
7124:.
7116:.
7102:56
7100:.
7094:.
7073:.
7050:.
7040:.
7032:.
7018:56
7016:.
7010:.
6979:.
6921:.
6896:.
6894:78
6830:.
6773:.
6736:.
6726:.
6716:11
6714:.
6710:.
6687:.
6679:.
6669:40
6667:.
6644:.
6636:.
6626:22
6624:.
6328:.
6324:.
6298:.
6292:.
6265:.
6261:.
6230:.
6196:.
6173:.
6165:.
6153:.
6127:.
6101:.
6095:.
6068:.
6064:.
6034:.
6030:.
5970:.
5958:.
5954:.
5924:.
5916:.
5790:.
5763:.
5759:.
5730:.
5689:^
5671:.
5624:.
5567:.
5544:.
5534:.
5524:78
5522:.
5518:.
5488:.
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5349:.
5322:.
5318:.
5295:.
5285:25
5283:.
5257:.
5249:.
5241:.
5229:.
5205:.
5195:61
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5166:.
5142:.
5132:49
5130:.
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5101:.
5091:36
5089:.
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5060:.
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5021:.
5013:.
5003:78
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4929:.
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4863:.
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4815:.
4803:.
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4762:.
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4731:.
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4696:.
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4635:.
4605:.
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4507:.
4441:.
4374:.
4340:.
4313:.
4282:.
4224:.
4193:.
4124:.
3668:in
3642:,
3617:,
3582:,
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