Knowledge

Ralph Merkle

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My wife is Carol Shaw. My sister, Judith Merkle Riley, wrote historical novels. My father, Theodore Charles Merkle, ran Project Pluto. My great uncle was Fred Merkle, of baseball fame.
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in 2010. He is active in the field of molecular manipulation and self-replicating machines and has published books on the subject.
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2008 International Association for Cryptographic Research (IACR) fellow for the invention of public key cryptography.
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and Ralph Merkle at Stanford University in the mid-1970s. He also relates his subsequent work in cryptography with
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based on a pair of articles published 10 years later that established the security of the scheme), and invented
2202: 783: 2212: 1506: 445: 320: 138: 1808: 1317: 254:(born February 2, 1952) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is one of the inventors of 1001: 598: 1452: 1281: 1169: 365:, as part of a class project at UC Berkeley. The scheme is now recognized to be an early example of 1457: 1261: 1222: 1146: 328: 1027: 1586: 1276: 1177: 694: 557: 520: 425: 366: 255: 161: 143: 95: 2182: 1840: 1266: 512: 437: 178: 1153:
Nova Southeastern University, Nanotechnology Expert Ralph Merkle to Speak on "Life and Death"
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Fellow "for his work, with Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman, on public key cryptography."
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Merkle, R. C. (1988). "A Digital Signature Based on a Conventional Encryption Function".
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for computational modeling of molecular tools for atomically-precise chemical reactions
385:. The Merkle–Damgård construction is at the heart of many hashing algorithms. While at 340: 259: 1747: 343:
organization Alcor Life Extension Foundation and appears in the science fiction novel
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IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics
621:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 293. pp. 369–378. 2115: 2081: 2063: 2059: 1787: 1654: 685:"Cryptofraphy (sic) The Merkle Damgard Paradigm collision resistance" 1447: 1291: 1271: 976:"CISAC's scholars awarded for invention of public key cryptography" 482: 409: 263: 165: 472:, the video game designer best known for the 1982 Atari 2600 game 689: 802: 397: 204: 32: 932:"Information Security, Governance, Risk, and Compliance - EMC" 238: 998:"Computer History Museum | Fellow Awards - Ralph Merkle" 421: 413: 301: 290: 286: 1111:
Paul Kantor (Ed), Gheorghe MureĹźan (Ed), Fred Roberts (Ed),
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International Association for Cryptologic Research fellows
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Hamming Medal for the invention of public key cryptography
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Merkle is a renowned cryptographer, known for devising
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IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award
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from 1980. In 1988, he became a research scientist at
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cryptosystem, and inventing cryptographic hashing (
1417:Drexler–Smalley debate on molecular nanotechnology 882:. Foresight.org. September 4, 1998. Archived from 420:. In 1999 he became a nanotechnology theorist for 1505: 331:. Ralph Merkle is a grandnephew of baseball star 2169: 1388:Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition 262:, and more recently a researcher and speaker on 1080:Secrecy, authentication, and public key systems 1050:"The Levchin Prize for Real-World Cryptography" 456:Ralph Merkle is a grandnephew of baseball star 1082:(Computer science), UMI Research Press, 1982, 1026:. Invent.org. February 2, 1952. Archived from 778:(978-1570596902 ed.). Landes Bioscience. 667:"Hash Functions: From Merkle–DamgĂĄrd to Shoup" 567:, for the invention of public key cryptography 460:; son of Theodore Charles Merkle, director of 211:Secrecy, authentication and public key systems 1824: 1491: 1207: 1123:, ISI 2005, Atlanta, GA, US, May 19–20, ... ( 773: 543:for the invention of public key cryptography. 339:. He serves on the board of directors of the 1221: 468:, a historical writer. Merkle is married to 481:Merkle is on the board of directors of the 1841:Paris Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award 1831: 1817: 1498: 1484: 1214: 1200: 1166:Oral history interview with Martin Hellman 739:"IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal Recipients" 31: 649: 1172:, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. 664: 434:Georgia Tech Information Security Center 1188:(the Pohlig–Hellman system) and others. 978:. Stanford University. December 9, 2009 774:Merkle, Ralph; Freitas, Robert (2004). 697:from the original on December 11, 2021. 541:RSA Award for Excellence in Mathematics 357:While an undergraduate, Merkle devised 2170: 880:"1998 Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology" 616: 335:and is married to video game designer 1812: 1479: 1195: 1000:. Computerhistory.org. Archived from 797: 795: 701: 682: 361:, a scheme for communication over an 188:Institute for Molecular Manufacturing 1395:There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom 572:National Cyber Security Hall of Fame 371:Merkle–Hellman knapsack cryptosystem 111:Merkle–Hellman knapsack cryptosystem 1098:Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines 776:Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines 619:Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO '87 323:in 2010 and has published works on 296:(Palo Alto Research Center), and a 13: 792: 16:American cryptographer (born 1952) 14: 2244: 1159: 1125:Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2193:American people of Swiss descent 451: 352: 285:. He has worked as a manager at 2218:20th-century American inventors 1412:Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology 1072: 1042: 1016: 990: 968: 946: 924: 898: 872: 846: 832:Alcor Life Extension Foundation 820: 715:. July 15, 2003. Archived from 713:Georgia Institute of Technology 565:National Inventors Hall of Fame 528:Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology 487:Alcor Life Extension Foundation 442:Alcor Life Extension Foundation 314:Alcor Life Extension Foundation 195:Georgia Institute of Technology 184:Alcor Life Extension Foundation 767: 731: 643: 610: 592: 1: 1507:IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal 854:"Ralph Merkle - Award Winner" 585: 446:IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal 139:IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal 2228:Scientists at PARC (company) 1318:Future of Humanity Institute 1149:documentary (August 2, 2006) 502:, involving nanotechnology. 440:, and a board member of the 7: 2233:Computer security academics 1176:describes his invention of 1100:, Landes Bioscience, 2004, 1054:Real World Crypto Symposium 954:"Ralph Merkle, IACR Fellow" 379:Merkle–DamgĂĄrd construction 279:Merkle–DamgĂĄrd construction 116:Merkle–DamgĂĄrd construction 10: 2249: 2208:American nanotechnologists 1115:(Ed), Frei-Yue Wang (Ed), 828:"Alcor Board of Directors" 654:. O'Reilly and Associates. 650:Garfinkel, Simson (1994). 408:Merkle was the manager of 1847: 1513: 1453:Technological singularity 1425: 1404: 1372: 1326: 1305: 1282:Carbon nanotube nanomotor 1229: 1170:Charles Babbage Institute 505: 403: 329:self-replicating machines 233: 229: 217: 203: 171: 157: 150: 134: 124: 87: 64: 42: 30: 23: 1458:Impact of nanotechnology 1262:Self-replicating machine 1223:Molecular nanotechnology 1147:Death in the Deep Freeze 627:10.1007/3-540-48184-2_32 599:Ralph Merkle 2011 Fellow 321:Richard W. Hamming Medal 289:, research scientist at 59:Berkeley, California, US 2188:American cryptographers 1587:Mark Semenovich Pinsker 1277:Exploratory engineering 1178:public key cryptography 558:Computer History Museum 521:Public Key Cryptography 519:) for the Invention of 426:Distinguished Professor 367:public key cryptography 275:Merkle–Hellman knapsack 256:public-key cryptography 162:Public key cryptography 144:Computer History Museum 96:public key cryptography 1267:Productive nanosystems 908:. IEEE. Archived from 513:Paris Kanellakis Award 492:Merkle appears in the 438:Singularity University 424:. In 2003 he became a 389:, Merkle designed the 325:molecular manipulation 312:, and board member at 310:Singularity University 179:Singularity University 2203:Modern cryptographers 1094:Robert A. Freitas Jr. 856:. ACM. Archived from 444:. He was awarded the 375:cryptographic hashing 369:. He co-invented the 260:cryptographic hashing 2213:Georgia Tech faculty 1746:Thomas Richardson / 1671:Vladimir Levenshtein 1571:Gottfried Ungerboeck 1030:on December 26, 2013 719:on September 5, 2006 1627:Alexander G. Fraser 1381:Engines of Creation 1313:Foresight Institute 1237:Molecular assembler 1180:with collaborators 1127:), Springer, 2005, 1096:, Ralph C. Merkle, 1004:on October 23, 2013 912:on January 13, 2013 886:on October 23, 2013 834:. September 1, 2012 652:Pretty Good Privacy 466:Judith Merkle Riley 432:, where he led the 273:, co-inventing the 78:Stanford University 1339:Christine Peterson 604:2013-01-03 at the 316:. He received the 258:, the inventor of 2165: 2164: 1806: 1805: 1739:Robert Calderbank 1619:Solomon W. Golomb 1473: 1472: 1297:Starseed launcher 1242:Molecular machine 1078:Ralph C. Merkle, 805:. ralphmerkle.com 803:"Ralph C. Merkle" 711:(Press release). 636:978-3-540-18796-7 464:; and brother of 249: 248: 152:Scientific career 2240: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1810: 1809: 1799: 1791: 1783: 1775: 1767: 1759: 1751: 1742: 1734: 1731:Amin Shokrollahi 1722: 1714: 1703:Whitfield Diffie 1698: 1690: 1682: 1674: 1666: 1658: 1650: 1638: 1630: 1622: 1614: 1611:David A. Huffman 1606: 1598: 1590: 1582: 1574: 1566: 1558: 1550: 1542: 1530: 1522: 1500: 1493: 1486: 1477: 1476: 1364:James C. Bennett 1349:Carlo Montemagno 1252:Mechanochemistry 1247:Mechanosynthesis 1216: 1209: 1202: 1193: 1192: 1182:Whitfield Diffie 1066: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1011: 1009: 994: 988: 987: 985: 983: 972: 966: 965: 963: 961: 956:. Iacr.org. 2008 950: 944: 943: 941: 939: 928: 922: 921: 919: 917: 902: 896: 895: 893: 891: 876: 870: 869: 867: 865: 860:on April 2, 2013 850: 844: 843: 841: 839: 824: 818: 817: 812: 810: 799: 790: 789: 771: 765: 764: 762: 760: 755:on June 20, 2010 754: 748:. 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Storrs Hall 1341: 1336: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1219: 1218: 1211: 1204: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1161: 1160:External links 1158: 1157: 1156: 1150: 1136: 1109: 1091: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1041: 1015: 989: 967: 945: 923: 897: 871: 845: 819: 791: 784: 766: 730: 700: 675: 665:Ilya Mironov. 657: 642: 635: 609: 590: 589: 587: 584: 583: 582: 575: 568: 561: 554: 547: 544: 537: 531: 524: 507: 504: 453: 450: 405: 402: 354: 351: 298:nanotechnology 247: 246: 235: 231: 230: 227: 226: 224:Martin Hellman 221: 215: 214: 207: 201: 200: 198: 197: 192: 189: 186: 181: 175: 173: 169: 168: 159: 155: 154: 148: 147: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 119: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 91: 89: 88:Known for 85: 84: 82: 81: 75: 68: 66: 62: 61: 58: 44: 40: 39: 37:Merkle in 2007 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2245: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2183:Living people 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1797: 1796:Cynthia Dwork 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1772:Shlomo Shamai 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1643:Claude Berrou 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1443:Transhumanism 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1306:Organizations 1304: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1155:(August 2008) 1154: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1143:Google Videos 1140: 1137: 1134: 1133:3-540-25999-6 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:Hsinchun Chen 1114: 1110: 1107: 1106:1-57059-690-5 1103: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1088:0-8357-1384-9 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1029: 1025: 1019: 1003: 999: 993: 977: 971: 955: 949: 933: 927: 911: 907: 901: 885: 881: 875: 859: 855: 849: 833: 829: 823: 816: 804: 798: 796: 787: 781: 777: 770: 751: 747: 740: 734: 718: 714: 710: 704: 696: 692: 691: 686: 679: 668: 661: 653: 646: 638: 632: 628: 624: 620: 613: 607: 603: 600: 595: 591: 580: 579:Levchin Prize 576: 573: 569: 566: 562: 559: 555: 552: 548: 545: 542: 538: 536: 532: 529: 525: 522: 518: 514: 510: 509: 503: 501: 500: 495: 490: 488: 485:organization 484: 479: 477: 476: 471: 467: 463: 462:Project Pluto 459: 452:Personal life 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 401: 399: 395: 394:block ciphers 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 353:Contributions 350: 348: 347: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 244: 236: 232: 228: 225: 222: 220: 216: 213: 212: 208: 206: 202: 196: 193: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 176: 174: 170: 167: 163: 160: 156: 153: 149: 146:Fellow (2011) 145: 140: 137: 133: 130: 127: 123: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 93: 92: 90: 86: 79: 76: 73: 70: 69: 67: 63: 55:(age 72) 45: 41: 34: 29: 22: 19: 2112:Mitzenmacher 1863: 1780:Erdal Arıkan 1756:Imre Csiszár 1727:Michael Luby 1711:Ralph Merkle 1710: 1687:Sergio VerdĂş 1655:Jack K. Wolf 1539:Ken Thompson 1438:Nanomedicine 1386: 1379: 1354:Ralph Merkle 1353: 1257:Nanorobotics 1186:Steve Pohlig 1120: 1097: 1079: 1058:. Retrieved 1053: 1044: 1034:November 25, 1032:. Retrieved 1028:the original 1018: 1008:November 25, 1006:. Retrieved 1002:the original 992: 982:November 25, 980:. Retrieved 970: 960:November 25, 958:. Retrieved 948: 938:November 25, 936:. Retrieved 926: 916:November 25, 914:. Retrieved 910:the original 900: 890:November 25, 888:. Retrieved 884:the original 874: 864:November 25, 862:. Retrieved 858:the original 848: 836:. Retrieved 822: 814: 809:November 25, 807:. Retrieved 775: 769: 757:. Retrieved 750:the original 733: 721:. Retrieved 717:the original 703: 688: 678: 660: 651: 645: 618: 612: 594: 497: 491: 480: 473: 455: 430:Georgia Tech 407: 383:Merkle trees 356: 344: 306:Georgia Tech 300:theorist at 283:Merkle trees 268: 251: 250: 241:.ralphmerkle 209: 172:Institutions 151: 74:(B.A., M.S.) 25:Ralph Merkle 18: 2198:Cryonicists 2178:1952 births 1719:Toby Berger 1663:Neil Sloane 1635:Peter Elias 1287:Utility fog 1113:Daniel Zeng 838:October 24, 683:intrigano. 458:Fred Merkle 373:, invented 333:Fred Merkle 101:Merkle tree 72:UC Berkeley 2172:Categories 1986:Buchberger 1073:References 785:1570596905 586:References 515:(from the 475:River Raid 470:Carol Shaw 418:Xerox PARC 396:, and the 387:Xerox PARC 337:Carol Shaw 129:Carol Shaw 49:1952-02-02 2152:Ferragina 2042:Leiserson 1928:Franaszek 1916:Karmarkar 1788:David Tse 1579:Jacob Ziv 1139:Interview 723:March 17, 65:Education 2134:McSherry 2028:Charikar 2012:Mehlhorn 1962:Holzmann 1956:Schapire 1946:Strassen 1900:McMillan 1463:Societal 1448:Cryonics 1292:Ecophagy 1272:Gray goo 1230:Concepts 1060:April 9, 695:Archived 602:Archived 574:inductee 483:cryonics 410:compiler 341:cryonics 264:cryonics 166:cryonics 2156:Manzini 2148:Burrows 2094:Szegedy 2086:Gibbons 2076:Pevzner 2070:Shenker 2038:Blumofe 2006:Rogaway 2002:Bellare 1980:Brayton 1966:Kurshan 1942:Solovay 1906:Sleator 1896:Emerson 1860:Hellman 1852:Adleman 1174:Hellman 1145:in the 759:May 29, 690:YouTube 234:Website 141:(2010) 80:(Ph.D.) 2158:(2022) 2144:(2021) 2138:Nissim 2118:(2020) 2108:Karlin 2104:Broder 2096:(2019) 2090:Matias 2078:(2018) 2072:(2017) 2066:(2016) 2056:(2015) 2050:(2014) 2048:Demmel 2044:(2013) 2034:(2012) 2024:Broder 2020:(2011) 2014:(2010) 2008:(2009) 1998:(2008) 1996:Vapnik 1992:Cortes 1988:(2007) 1982:(2006) 1976:(2005) 1974:Wolper 1958:(2004) 1952:Freund 1948:(2003) 1934:Miller 1930:(2002) 1924:(2001) 1918:(2000) 1912:(1999) 1910:Tarjan 1902:(1998) 1892:Clarke 1888:Bryant 1884:(1997) 1878:Lempel 1874:(1996) 1872:Shamir 1868:Rivest 1864:Merkle 1856:Diffie 1798:(2020) 1790:(2019) 1782:(2018) 1774:(2017) 1766:(2016) 1758:(2015) 1750:(2014) 1741:(2013) 1733:(2012) 1721:(2011) 1713:(2010) 1697:(2009) 1689:(2008) 1681:(2007) 1673:(2006) 1665:(2005) 1657:(2004) 1649:(2003) 1637:(2002) 1629:(2001) 1621:(2000) 1613:(1999) 1605:(1998) 1597:(1997) 1589:(1996) 1581:(1995) 1573:(1994) 1565:(1993) 1557:(1992) 1549:(1991) 1541:(1990) 1529:(1989) 1521:(1988) 1327:People 1131:  1104:  1086:  782:  633:  506:Awards 496:novel 404:Career 398:Snefru 281:) and 205:Thesis 158:Fields 135:Awards 125:Spouse 2142:Smith 2130:Dwork 2126:Dinur 2116:Upfal 2032:Indyk 2018:Samet 1970:Vardi 1938:Rabin 1922:Myers 1405:Other 1373:Works 934:. RSA 753:(PDF) 742:(PDF) 670:(PDF) 577:2020 570:2012 563:2011 556:2011 549:2010 539:2000 533:1999 526:1998 511:1996 422:Zyvex 414:Elxsi 302:Zyvex 291:Xerox 287:Elxsi 191:Elxsi 2122:Blum 2100:Azar 2082:Alon 2064:Naor 2060:Fiat 2054:Luby 1129:ISBN 1102:ISBN 1084:ISBN 1062:2024 1036:2013 1010:2013 984:2013 962:2013 940:2013 918:2013 892:2013 866:2013 840:2013 811:2013 780:ISBN 761:2011 746:IEEE 725:2007 631:ISBN 551:IEEE 327:and 318:IEEE 294:PARC 243:.com 43:Born 1882:Ziv 1141:at 623:doi 517:ACM 428:at 239:www 2174:: 2154:, 2150:, 2140:, 2136:, 2132:, 2128:, 2124:, 2114:, 2110:, 2106:, 2102:, 2092:, 2088:, 2084:, 2062:, 2040:, 2030:, 2026:, 2004:, 1994:, 1972:, 1968:, 1964:, 1954:, 1944:, 1940:, 1936:, 1908:, 1898:, 1894:, 1890:, 1880:, 1870:, 1866:, 1862:, 1858:, 1854:, 1729:/ 1709:/ 1705:/ 1645:/ 1537:/ 1052:. 830:. 813:. 794:^ 744:. 693:. 687:. 629:. 489:. 478:. 349:. 266:. 164:, 51:) 1832:e 1825:t 1818:v 1499:e 1492:t 1485:v 1397:" 1393:" 1215:e 1208:t 1201:v 1135:. 1108:. 1090:. 1064:. 1038:. 1012:. 986:. 964:. 942:. 920:. 894:. 868:. 842:. 788:. 763:. 727:. 672:. 639:. 625:: 523:. 47:(

Index


UC Berkeley
Stanford University
public key cryptography
Merkle tree
Merkle's puzzles
Merkle–Hellman knapsack cryptosystem
Merkle–Damgård construction
Carol Shaw
IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal
Computer History Museum
Public key cryptography
cryonics
Singularity University
Alcor Life Extension Foundation
Georgia Institute of Technology
Thesis
Secrecy, authentication and public key systems
Doctoral advisor
Martin Hellman
www.ralphmerkle.com
public-key cryptography
cryptographic hashing
cryonics
Merkle's Puzzles
Merkle–Hellman knapsack
Merkle–Damgård construction
Merkle trees
Elxsi
Xerox

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