19:
27:
419:
271:
349:
in nature, forming from witherite. The change from witherite to baryte, however, can also go the other way, with barium carbonates, particularly witherite, replacing baryte. Replacement of baryte by both barytocalcite and witherite has occurred on a significant scale at
Rampgill mine.
261:
mineral but in 2005 a cube of fluorite was found re-growing in the corner of a cast. This crystal was in perfect alignment with the cast, indicating that both came from the same source, and the original mineral forming the cast was, indeed, fluorite.
72:
deposits beneath
Nenthead. Test drilling could go on for several years, but the company believes that the village may be sited on huge deposits. The zinc is 150 metres below the surface, which is too deep to reach by old mining techniques.
410:, showing that fluorite and galena preceded them in the sequence of deposition. In several fluorite specimens with a coating of barytocalcite, the barytocalcite alters to baryte, which in its turn alters to witherite.
895:
63:
The mine was completely closed for many decades due to collapses in the horse level, but in 2006 some work was done and it became possible to access the
Bounder End Cross Vein (also known as the Boundary Cross
60:
It was one of the most extensive and productive mines in
Nenthead. It can be accessed via the portal of the horse level close to the Heritage Centre car park.
345:
and partial pseudomorphs of baryte after these carbonates. The sharp pointed crystals of baryte that occur, particularly where witherite is also present, are
773:
mineral at
Rampgill. Mostly massive and colourless to brown. Barrel-shaped masses up to 15 cm across of radiating witherite, often with a rudimentary
253:
are characteristic. These occur when quartz crystals grow on the surface of fluorite crystals, then the fluorite dissolves, leaving a
213:
These minerals can react together to alter from one species to another, depending on the prevailing local environment, such as
1019:
921:
896:"Village digs deep into its mining past: Zinc deposits could return a once-thriving Pennine community to its glory days"
1043:
548:
crystals often associated with minute baryte crystals are common on other minerals, and the outside of much of the
697:
589:
537:
485:
230:
76:
The workings of the original lead mine were mainly in the so-called Great
Limestone, which was laid down in the
18:
394:
baryte occurred later, typically as encrustations of minute diamond-shaped crystals on earlier minerals. Both
26:
460:: There is a photo of aragonite on Mindat, but it does not feature in the list of minerals from Rampgill.
516:: Barytocalcite occurs as masses of buff coloured granular crystalline material, with crusts of small
68:
In 2013 the
Canadian mining company Minco (www.mincoplc.com) sunk boreholes to discover the extent of
1082:
274:
Fluorite together with quartz epimorphs after fluorite from the
Rampgill Mine, specimen size 4 cm
521:
288:, is an extremely stable mineral. Under surface and near surface conditions it is far less
258:
8:
477:
391:
346:
624:
473:
387:
390:
mineral in slabs up to 10 cm across of irregularly layered crystalline material.
584:: Fluorite is apparent both as pale yellow cubes, sometimes covered with minute dark
341:, so baryte replaces the more soluble minerals. This is demonstrated by the numerous
1023:
536:: Calcite is present as masses and granular crusts as well as skeletal frameworks
422:
Sphalerite with selenite and ankerite from the
Rampgill Mine, specimen size 3.8 cm
983:"Photo Gallery: Rampgill Mine, Nenthead, Alston Moor, Eden, Cumbria, England, UK"
900:
982:
358:
Initially cavities formed in the rocks, and some of these were then lined with
1030:
929:
568:: Chalcopyrite is present as small irregular crystals occurring in all of the
1076:
1058:
1045:
754:
553:
545:
503:
493:
395:
314:
132:
788:
648:
597:
559:
481:
441:
342:
226:
726:
214:
166:
46:
820:
737:
709:
670:
638:
610:
363:
114:
107:
780:
774:
760:
549:
497:
489:
451:
418:
399:
379:
328:
304:
300:
176:
748:
715:
705:
701:
642:
614:
585:
575:
517:
427:
403:
367:
270:
244:
218:
186:
156:
118:
81:
77:
42:
821:"Rampgill Mine, Nenthead, Alston Moor, Eden, Cumbria, England, UK"
1035:
784:
556:
shows signs of corrosion and an encrustation of calcite crystals.
527:
293:
289:
222:
146:
54:
50:
844:
770:
744:
687:
676:
620:
603:
593:
569:
541:
463:
445:
407:
383:
375:
371:
359:
297:
278:
234:
196:
97:
85:
257:
cast in the quartz. The cast could in theory be that of any
254:
93:
69:
38:
922:"Fluorite Mines in and around Weardale, Northern England"
89:
777:
cross-section, have been found in cavities in the rock.
1036:
Minco plc has been
Acquired by Dalradian Resources Inc.
942:
British Regional Geology Northern England (1971) HMSO
637:: Selenite occurs as white clusters associated with
80:and is generally 10 to 20 metres thick. The lead
1074:
787:fluoresces red under SW ultraviolet light. Both
1005:Journal of the Russell Society (2008) 11:48-50
951:Journal of the Russell Society (2005) 8(2):112
704:are common, often with regrowths of fluorite,
884:Journal of the Russell Society (2006) 9:73-82
225:. This is demonstrated by the prevalence of
743:: Sphalerite occurs as black crystals with
386:was the first barium mineral to form, as a
374:also formed at this time, and later on the
233:in specimens from this mine. Epimorphs of
845:"Mine Exploration (compact site version)"
402:have been found crystallised directly on
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
609:: Galena occurs as dull grey cubes with
417:
269:
185:, as well as the non-carbonate minerals
25:
17:
596:after fluorite. Fluorite from Rampgill
413:
265:
1075:
977:
893:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
802:
999:
945:
861:
13:
954:
936:
14:
1094:
1012:
914:
887:
837:
600:purple under long wave UV light.
22:Stone signage for Nenthead mines
440:: Ankerite occurs as brownish
353:
208:
57:UK Grid Reference: NY78184351
30:Nenthead mines heritage centre
1:
795:
7:
894:Glover, Mike (2014-01-12).
769:: Witherite is an abundant
669:: Hydrozincite occurs with
10:
1099:
1020:"RAMPGILL & SCALEBURN"
472:: Baryte occurs both as a
1031:Buddle Pit - Mining Forum
779:Witherite from Rampgill
113:were also present. Many
296:solutions than are the
117:occur there, including
423:
275:
31:
23:
524:crystals in cavities.
421:
366:crystals followed by
273:
29:
21:
1059:54.78556°N 2.33889°W
926:ukminingventures.com
572:minerals found here.
414:Minerals at Rampgill
266:Baryte and witherite
96:, and the sulphides
88:PbS was mined as an
1055: /
849:mineexploration.com
544:. Crusts of minute
1064:54.78556; -2.33889
424:
276:
32:
24:
382:minerals formed.
1090:
1083:Mines in Cumbria
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1027:
1022:. Archived from
1006:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
979:
952:
949:
943:
940:
934:
933:
928:. Archived from
918:
912:
911:
909:
908:
891:
885:
882:
859:
858:
856:
855:
841:
835:
834:
832:
831:
817:
768:
742:
734:
723:
700:of quartz after
695:
684:
668:
636:
608:
588:crystals and as
583:
567:
535:
515:
480:mineral, and as
471:
459:
439:
340:
326:
312:
287:
252:
242:
204:
194:
184:
174:
164:
154:
144:
130:
112:
105:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
981:
980:
955:
950:
946:
941:
937:
920:
919:
915:
906:
904:
901:The Independent
892:
888:
883:
862:
853:
851:
843:
842:
838:
829:
827:
819:
818:
803:
798:
778:
767:
763:
740:
733:
729:
722:
718:
694:
690:
683:
679:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
635:
631:
627:
606:
582:
578:
566:
562:
534:
530:
514:
510:
506:
470:
466:
458:
454:
438:
434:
430:
416:
356:
339:
335:
331:
325:
321:
317:
311:
307:
286:
282:
268:
251:
247:
241:
237:
211:
203:
199:
193:
189:
183:
179:
173:
169:
163:
159:
153:
149:
143:
139:
135:
129:
125:
121:
110:
104:
100:
65:
12:
11:
5:
1096:
1086:
1085:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1026:on 2016-03-03.
1014:
1013:External links
1011:
1008:
1007:
998:
953:
944:
935:
932:on 2016-09-21.
913:
886:
860:
836:
800:
799:
797:
794:
793:
792:
765:
758:
752:
735:
731:
724:
720:
713:
692:
685:
681:
674:
665:
661:
657:
653:
646:
633:
629:
618:
601:
580:
573:
564:
557:
532:
525:
512:
508:
501:
468:
461:
456:
449:
436:
432:
415:
412:
355:
352:
337:
333:
323:
319:
309:
284:
267:
264:
249:
239:
210:
207:
201:
191:
181:
171:
161:
151:
141:
137:
127:
123:
102:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1095:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1002:
988:
984:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
948:
939:
931:
927:
923:
917:
903:
902:
897:
890:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
850:
846:
840:
826:
822:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
801:
790:
786:
782:
776:
772:
762:
759:
756:
755:Native sulfur
753:
750:
746:
739:
736:
728:
725:
717:
714:
711:
707:
703:
699:
689:
686:
678:
675:
672:
650:
647:
644:
640:
626:
622:
619:
616:
612:
605:
602:
599:
595:
591:
587:
577:
574:
571:
561:
558:
555:
554:barytocalcite
551:
547:
546:scalenohedral
543:
539:
529:
526:
523:
519:
505:
504:Barytocalcite
502:
499:
495:
494:barytocalcite
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
465:
462:
453:
450:
447:
443:
429:
426:
425:
420:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:barytocalcite
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
351:
348:
344:
330:
316:
315:barytocalcite
306:
302:
299:
295:
291:
280:
272:
263:
260:
256:
246:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
206:
198:
188:
178:
168:
158:
148:
134:
133:barytocalcite
120:
116:
109:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
71:
66:
61:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
37:is a disused
36:
35:Rampgill mine
28:
20:
16:
1040:
1024:the original
1001:
990:. Retrieved
986:
947:
938:
930:the original
925:
916:
905:. Retrieved
899:
889:
852:. Retrieved
848:
839:
828:. Retrieved
824:
789:phosphoresce
649:Hydrozincite
560:Chalcopyrite
482:pseudomorphs
444:crystals on
442:rhombohedral
431:Ca(Fe,Mg)(CO
357:
343:pseudomorphs
277:
227:pseudomorphs
212:
122:Ca(Fe,Mg)(CO
75:
67:
62:
59:
34:
33:
15:
1062: /
727:Smithsonite
538:epimorphous
354:Paragenesis
215:temperature
209:Alterations
167:smithsonite
47:Alston Moor
992:2023-07-11
987:mindat.org
907:2023-07-11
854:2023-07-11
830:2023-07-11
825:mindat.org
796:References
783:white and
781:fluoresces
738:Sphalerite
710:sphalerite
671:sphalerite
639:sphalerite
611:sphalerite
598:fluoresces
364:sphalerite
115:carbonates
108:sphalerite
1050:2°20′20″W
1047:54°47′8″N
775:hexagonal
761:Witherite
698:Epimorphs
590:epimorphs
552:and some
550:witherite
498:alstonite
490:witherite
486:epimorphs
478:secondary
476:and as a
452:Aragonite
400:witherite
392:Secondary
380:carbonate
347:secondary
329:alstonite
305:witherite
303:minerals
301:carbonate
259:isometric
231:epimorphs
177:witherite
1077:Category
749:ankerite
716:Siderite
706:siderite
702:fluorite
643:ankerite
632:·2H
625:Selenite
623:variety
615:fluorite
586:siderite
576:Fluorite
522:anhedral
518:euhedral
428:Ankerite
404:fluorite
368:fluorite
245:fluorite
219:pressure
187:fluorite
157:siderite
119:ankerite
84:mineral
82:sulphide
78:Namurian
43:Nenthead
41:mine at
785:calcite
528:Calcite
507:BaCa(CO
474:primary
388:primary
332:BaCa(CO
318:BaCa(CO
294:aqueous
290:soluble
223:acidity
147:calcite
136:BaCa(CO
55:England
51:Cumbria
771:barium
745:quartz
688:Quartz
677:Pyrite
621:Gypsum
604:Galena
594:quartz
570:barium
542:baryte
540:after
488:after
464:Baryte
446:quartz
408:galena
384:Baryte
376:barium
372:Galena
360:quartz
298:barium
279:Baryte
243:after
235:quartz
197:baryte
98:pyrite
86:galena
64:Vein).
563:CuFeS
255:cubic
764:BaCO
747:and
730:ZnCO
719:FeCO
708:and
664:(OH)
641:and
628:CaSO
613:and
531:CaCO
496:and
484:and
467:BaSO
455:CaCO
406:and
398:and
378:and
362:and
327:and
308:BaCO
283:BaSO
229:and
221:and
200:BaSO
195:and
180:BaCO
175:and
170:ZnCO
160:FeCO
150:CaCO
106:and
94:lead
70:zinc
39:lead
741:ZnS
691:SiO
680:FeS
656:(CO
607:PbS
592:of
579:CaF
520:to
292:in
248:CaF
238:SiO
190:CaF
111:ZnS
101:FeS
92:of
90:ore
1079::
985:.
956:^
924:.
898:.
863:^
847:.
823:.
804:^
696::
652:Zn
492:,
370:.
313:,
281:,
217:,
205:.
165:,
155:,
145:,
131:,
53:,
49:,
45:,
995:.
910:.
857:.
833:.
791:.
766:3
757:S
751:.
732:3
721:3
712:.
693:2
682:2
673:.
666:6
662:2
660:)
658:3
654:5
645:.
634:2
630:4
617:.
581:2
565:2
533:3
513:2
511:)
509:3
500:.
469:4
457:3
448:.
437:2
435:)
433:3
338:2
336:)
334:3
324:2
322:)
320:3
310:3
285:4
250:2
240:2
202:4
192:2
182:3
172:3
162:3
152:3
142:2
140:)
138:3
128:2
126:)
124:3
103:2
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