Random-access stored-program machine

192:

that the Turing machine expects to find them—given that its finite-state table can interpret them and convert them to the desired action. Along with the program, printed on the tape will be the input data/parameters/numbers (usually to the program's right), and eventually the output data/numbers (usually to the right of both, or intermingled with the input, or replacing it). The "user" must position the Turing machine's head over the first instruction, and the input must be placed in a specified place and format appropriate to both the program-on-tape and the finite-state machine's instruction-table.

22: 2358:: Analogous to the fetch phase, the finite state machine moves the contents of the register pointed to by the PC, i.e. hole #6, into the Program-Instruction Register PIR #2. It then uses the contents of register #2 to point to the register to be tested for zero, i.e. register #18. Hole #18 contains a number "n". To do the test, now the state machine uses the contents of the PIR to indirectly copy the contents of register #18 into a spare register, #3. So there are two eventualities (ia), register #18 is empty, (ib) register #18 is not empty. 827:(Without the use of the indirect COPYs, the task of getting the pointed-to program-instruction into #2 is a bit arduous. The state machine would indirectly decrement the pointed-to register while directly incrementing (empty) register #2. During the "parse" phase it will restore the sacrificed contents of #5 by sacrificing the count in #2.) 1277:

the empty IR would represent DEC, and the machine would jump to the "dec_routine". After the third decrement, the IR is indeed empty, and this causes a jump to the "JZ_routine" routine. If an unexpected number were still in the IR, then the machine would have detected an error and could HALT (for example).

864:

The following example shows what happens during the state-machine's "fetch" phase. The state-machine's operations are listed on the column labelled "State machine instruction ↓". Observe that at the end of the fetch, register #2 contains the numerical value 3 of the "operation code" ("opcode") of the

1276:

If the IR were empty before decrement then the program-instruction would be 0 = HALT, and the machine would jump to its "HALT" routine. After the first decrement, if the hole were empty the instruction would be INC, and the machine would jump to instruction "inc_routine". After the second decrement,

191:

with a "universal" finite-state table of instructions that can interpret any well-formed "program" written on the tape as a string of Turing 5-tuples, hence its universality. While the classical UTM model expects to find Turing 5-tuples on its tape, any program-set imaginable can be put there given

5888:

The salient feature of their RASP model is no provision for indirect program-instructions (cf their discussion p. 75). This they achieve by requiring the program to modify itself: if necessary an instruction can modify the "parameter" (their word, i.e. "operand") of a particular instruction.

2351:

Now the state machine knows what program-instruction to execute; indeed it has jumped to the "JZ_routine" sequence of instructions. The JZ instruction has 2 operands — (i) the number of the register to test, and (ii) the address to go to if the test is successful (the hole is empty).

447:

As the RASP machine's state machine interprets the program in the registers, what exactly will the state machine be doing? The column containing the exclamation mark ! will list in time sequence the state machine's actions as it "interprets" — converts to action — the program:

6321:, Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery (JACM) 10:217-255, 1963. An extremely valuable reference paper. In their Appendix A the authors cite 4 others with reference to "Minimality of Instructions Used in 4.1: Comparison with Similar Systems". 2364:(ib): If register #3 is not empty then the state machine can skip (ii) Second operand fetch. It simply increments twice the PC and then unconditionally jumps back to the instruction-fetch phase, where it fetches program-instruction #8 (DEC). 195:

The RASP mimics this construction: it places the "program" and "data" in the holes (registers). But unlike the UTM the RASP proceeds to "fetch" its instructions in a sequential manner, unless the conditional test sends it elsewhere.

6057:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. The original Boolos-Jeffrey text has been extensively revised by Burgess: more advanced than an introductory textbook. "Abacus machine" model is extensively developed in Chapter 5 5834:"We need an order that can substitute a number into a given order... By means of such an order the results of a computation can be introduced into the instructions governing that or a different computation" (p. 93) 3679:-instructions the state machine must use indirect copy to get the contents of the pointed-to register into spare register #3, DEC or INC it, and then use indirect copy to send it back to the pointed-to register. 202:: Unlike the UTM, the RASP model has two sets of instructions – the state machine table of instructions (the "interpreter") and the "program" in the holes. The two sets do not have to be drawn from the same set. 5827:-instructions (the state-machine instructions are frozen, unmodifiable by the machine). Cook-Reckhow (1971) (p. 75) comment on this in their description of their RASP model, as does Hartmanis (1971) (pp. 239ff) 6414:

van Emde Boas' treatment of SMMs appears on pp. 32-35. This treatment clarifies Schōnhage 1980 -- it closely follows but expands slightly the Schōnhage treatment. Both references may be needed for effective

6375:, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, SIAM J. Comput. Vol. 9, No. 3, August 1980. Wherein Schōnhage shows the equivalence of his SMM with the "successor RAM" (Random Access Machine), etc. resp. 1273:

Now that the number of the program-instruction (e.g. 3 = "JZ") is in register #2 -- the "Program-Instruction Register" PIR—the state machine proceeds to decrement the number until the IR is empty:

109:

in its "registers" together with its input. The registers are unbounded (infinite in capacity); whether the number of registers is finite is model-specific. Thus the RASP is to the RAM as the

5889:

They have designed their model so each "instruction" uses two consecutive registers, one for the "operation code" (their word) and the parameter "either an address or an integer constant".

6199:, Mathematical Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 3. September 1961 pages 295–302. In his Appendix II, Lambek proposes a "formal definition of 'program'. He references Melzak (1961) and Kleene (1952) 5892:

Their RASP's registers are unbounded in capacity and unbounded in number; likewise their accumulator AC and instruction counter IC are unbounded. The instruction set is the following:

6189:, Second Edition 1973, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts. Cf pages 462-463 where he defines "a new kind of abstract machine or 'automaton' which deals with linked structures." 3667:

The following completes the RAM's state-machine interpretation of program-instructions, INC h, DEC h and thus completes the demonstration of how a RAM can "impersonate" a RASP:

2374:. Now the PC holds the jump-to address 15. Then the state machine unconditionally goes back to the instruction fetch phase, where it fetches program-instruction #15 (HALT). 6307:. In the former chapter he defines "Program machines" and in the later chapter he discusses "Universal Program machines with Two Registers" and "...with one register", etc. 809:. We will observe below that there are "sub-phases" within these two major phases. There is no agreed-to convention; every model will require its own precise description. 6310: 156: 5799:: Although the demonstration resulted in a primitive RASP of only four instructions, the reader might imagine how an additional instruction such as "ADD 140:

processors to the simplest arithmetic, register-to-register "moves", and "test/jump" instructions. Some models have a few extra registers such as an

6061:; it is one of three models extensively treated and compared—the Turing machine (still in Boolos' original 4-tuple form) and two recursion models. 6314: 210:

The following example of a program will move the contents of register (hole) #18 to register (hole) #19, erasing contents of #18 in the process.

6206: 6122: 817:

The state machine has access to all the registers, both directly and indirectly. So it adopts #1 as "the program counter" PC. The role of the

2370:. If register #3 is empty, the state machine proceeds to use the PC to indirectly copy the contents of the register it points to (#8) into 6139:(1971), "Computational Complexity of Random Access Stored Program Machines," Mathematical Systems Theory 5, 3 (1971) pp. 232–245. 5823:

When a RAM is acting as a RASP, something new has been gained: unlike the RAM, the RASP has the capacity for self-modification of its

5881:

Their purpose was to compare execution-times of the various models: RAM, RASP and multi-tape Turing machine for use in the theory of

6427:, JACM (Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery) 4; 63–92. Presented at the meeting of the Association, June 23–25, 1954. 6217:, vol. 4, no. 3. September 1961 pages 279-293. Melzak offers no references but acknowledges "the benefit of conversations with Drs. 830:

The point of the above detour is to show that life is much easier when the state machine has access to two kinds of indirect copy:

821:

counter will be to "keep the place" in the program's listing; the state machine has its own state register for its private use.

410:

of the RAM-as-RASP with the primitive instructions drawn from the same set, but augmented with two indirect copy instructions:

824:

Upon start, the state machine expects to find a number in the PC—the first "Program-Instruction" in the program (i.e. at #5).

5877:"The Random Access Stored-Program Machine (RASP) described here is similar to the RASP's described by Hartmanis " (p. 74). 132:. But unlike actual computers the RASP model usually has a very simple instruction set, greatly reduced from those of 6406: 6292: 6176: 6158: 6096: 2361:(ia): If register #3 is empty then the state machine jumps to (ii) Second operand fetch — fetch the jump-to address. 65: 43: 36: 133: 6030:

Often both the RAM and RASP machines are presented together in the same article. These have been copied over from

6214: 6161:. A difficult book centered around the issues of machine-interpretation of "languages", NP-Completeness, etc. 95: 6247:(1961). "Recursive Unsolvability of Post's Problem of 'Tag' and Other Topics in Theory of Turing Machines". 6112: 79: 6440: 6345:, (Russian) Dok. Akad. Nauk 122 (1958), 967-970. English translation, Automat. Express 1 (1959), 20-23. 6133:, Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery, Vol. 11, No. 4 (October, 1964), pp. 365–399. 5846: 176: 118: 110: 30: 141: 47: 6031: 329:-instructions available in this RASP machine will be a simple set to keep the example short: 180: 102: 6238: 122: 8: 6420: 6386: 6234: 6226: 5882: 5858: 6368: 6281: 6264: 3675:

Without indirect state-machine instructions INCi and DECi, to execute the INC and DEC

6402: 6288: 6172: 6154: 6092: 293:; If is zero, jump to 5 to repeat the loop (use Halt to simulate unconditional jump) 6348: 6256: 6126: 6072: 6068: 6035: 148: 106: 87: 6077:

Preliminary discussion of the logical design of an electronic computing instrument

5830:

An early description of this notion can be found in Goldstine-von Neumann (1946):

6394: 6222: 6218: 6136: 6050: 6046: 166: 152: 6192: 6164: 6146: 188: 114: 6434: 6399:

Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science. Volume A: Algorithms and Complexity

6339: 6276: 6244: 6142: 6042: 801:

Tradition divides the state-machine's actions into two major "phases" called

5849:"return_address" in the subroutine's last command, i.e. "JMP return_address" 6182: 6131:

Random-Access Stored-Program Machines, an Approach to Programming Languages

6102: 6084: 6064: 5870: 160: 5864: 6080: 5977:

IF contents of accumulator > 0 THEN jump to xxx ELSE next instruction

159:

models, called this to distinguish them from the "parallel" models (e.g.

6268: 5853: 5842: 128:

The RASP is closest of all the abstract models to the common notion of

6230: 91: 6332:, Zeitschrift fur mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik: 6260: 6034:; with a few exceptions, these references are the same as those at 129: 6211:

An informal Arithmetical Approach to Computability and Computation

3671:

Target program instruction set: { INC h; DEC h; JZ h,xxx, HALT }

5845:-- the calling routine (or perhaps the subroutine) stores the 167:

Informal definition: random-access stored-program model (RASP)

6287:(1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 6171:, North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 137: 6361:. Math.-Phys. Semsterberichte (Göttingen) 4 (1954), 42-53. 6151:

Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages and Computation

344:

Action on finite state machine's Instruction Register, IR

6109:, Journal of Computer Systems Science 7 (1973), 354–375. 205: 5865:

RASP program-instruction set of Cook and Reckhow (1973)

5873:

and Robert A. Reckhow define their version of a RASP:

6359:

Die Universalität programmgesteuerter Rechenmaschinen

2356:(i) Operand fetch — which register to test for empty? 6425:A Variant to Turing's Theory of Computing Machines 6280: 6330:Eine Abstrakte programmgesteuerte Rechenmaschine' 5949:subtract contents of register j from accumulator 6432: 5838:Such an ability makes the following possible: 5818: 200:A point of confusion: two sets of instructions 6275: 6243: 5963:copy contents of accumulator into register j 5896: 2346: 834:copy indirect from i and direct to j: CPY ⟪h 239:; if is zero, jump to 15 to end the program 187:The reader will remember that the UTM is a 6119:, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New York. 6089:Computer Structures: Readings and Examples 5935:add contents of register j to accumulator 848:copy direct from i and indirect to j: CPY 105:(RAM) model that, unlike the RAM, has its 6283:Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines 6153:, 1st ed., Reading Mass: Addison-Wesley. 3662: 66:Learn how and when to remove this message 29:This article includes a list of general 6055:Computability and Logic: Fourth Edition 6433: 6352:Graphschemata und rekursive Funktionen 6091:, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 406:To ease the example we will equip the 206:An example of a RAM working as a RASP 121:whereas the RAM is an example of the 6319:Computability of Recursive Functions 2368:(ii) Operand fetch — jump-to address 15: 6305:Very Simple Bases for Computability 6301:Models Similar to Digital Computers 6107:Time-bounded random access machines 386:IF = 0 THEN z → IR ELSE +1 → IR 13: 155:the RASP makes up the four common 35:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 6452: 6197:How to Program an Infinite Abacus 6117:Computability & Unsolvability 417:{ INC h; DEC h; JZ h,xxx; CPY ⟪h 6401:, The MIT PRESS/Elsevier, 1990. 5921:put constant k into accumulator 414:RAM state machine instructions: 171:Nutshell description of a RASP: 117:. The RASP is an example of the 20: 6201:Introduction to Metamathematics 6195:(1961, received 15 June 1961), 6187:The Art of Computer Programming 6169:Introduction to Metamathematics 5968:branch on positive accumulator 6391:Machine Models and Simulations 6317:(1961) received December 1961 6299:In particular see chapter 11: 6215:Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 6209:(1961, received 15 May 1961), 6105:and Robert A. Reckhow (1972), 6005:output contents of register j 1268: 812: 161:parallel random-access machine 1: 6393:pp. 3–66, appearing in: 6377:Storage Modification Machines 6373:Storage Modification Machines 6079:, reprinted pp. 92ff in 6025: 3923:state machine instructions ↓ 3486: 2619:state machine instructions ↓ 1521:state machine instructions ↓ 1114:state machine instructions ↓ 672:state machine instructions ↓ 6409:(volume A). QA 76.H279 1990. 6381:Theoretical Computer Science 6354:, Dialectica 12 (1958), 373. 5819:Self-Modifying RASP programs 84:random-access stored-program 80:theoretical computer science 7: 6231:Bell telephone Laboratories 5991:next input into register j 96:algorithm complexity theory 86:(RASP) machine model is an 10: 6457: 4969: 6016:any other - or + integer 2347:Execute phase, JZ_routine 90:used for the purposes of 5869:In an influential paper 212: 177:universal Turing machine 119:von Neumann architecture 111:Universal Turing machine 341:Action on register "r" 50:more precise citations. 6383:(1979), pp. 36–37 6343:On operator algorithms 5797:Alternate instructions 3803:program, parameters → 3663:Execute phase INC, DEC 2498:program, parameters → 1401:program, parameters → 993:program, parameters → 560:program, parameters → 320:; Destination for copy 314:; Source value to copy 6249:Annals of Mathematics 6032:Random-access machine 181:random-access machine 103:random-access machine 6059:Abacus Computability 123:Harvard architecture 6387:Peter van Emde Boas 6311:John C. Shepherdson 5883:complexity analysis 5859:self-modifying code 5815:>might be done. 4397:JZ 2, dec_routine: 4272:JZ 2, inc_routine: 151:, the RAM, and the 6328:Kaphengst, Heinz, 5215:JZ 2,inc_routine: 3863:encoded program → 2558:encoded program → 1800:JZ 2,inc_routine: 1461:encoded program → 1053:encoded program → 865:first instruction 616:encoded program → 157:sequential machine 147:Together with the 6441:Register machines 6239:Oxford University 6023: 6022: 5801:⟨h⟩ 5794: 5793: 5541:⟨3⟩ 5410:⟨3⟩ 5344:⟨2⟩ 5024:⟨2⟩ 4784:⟨3⟩ 4592:⟨3⟩ 4526:⟨2⟩ 4083:⟨2⟩ 3660: 3659: 3555:⟨2⟩ 3427:⟨1⟩ 3205:⟨2⟩ 2841:⟨3⟩ 2777:⟨2⟩ 2344: 2343: 2048:JZ 2, JZ_routine 1924:JZ 2,dec_routine 1616:⟨2⟩ 1266: 1265: 1211:⟨2⟩ 799: 798: 404: 403: 179:(UTM) built on a 76: 75: 68: 6448: 6369:Arnold Schönhage 6336:(1959), 366-379. 6303:and chapter 14: 6298: 6286: 6272: 6127:Abraham Robinson 6073:John von Neumann 6069:Herman Goldstine 6036:Register machine 5895: 5894: 5810: 5802: 5671:J fetch_instr 5542: 5411: 5345: 5025: 4912:J fetch_instr 4785: 4593: 4527: 4084: 4017:J fetch_instr 3682: 3681: 3556: 3428: 3206: 3139:J fetch_instr 2842: 2778: 2377: 2376: 1617: 1280: 1279: 1212: 872: 871: 855: 845: 451: 450: 436: 428: 332: 331: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 258: 255: 252: 249: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 225: 222: 219: 216: 149:register machine 94:development and 88:abstract machine 71: 64: 60: 57: 51: 46:this article by 37:inline citations 24: 23: 16: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6431: 6430: 6395:Jan van Leeuwen 6295: 6261:10.2307/1970290 6103:Stephen A. Cook 6051:Richard Jeffrey 6047:John P. Burgess 6028: 5904:operation code 5871:Stephen A. Cook 5867: 5821: 5814: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5540: 5409: 5343: 5023: 4783: 4591: 4525: 4082: 3665: 3554: 3426: 3204: 2840: 2776: 2349: 1615: 1271: 1210: 859: 853: 849: 843: 839: 837: 815: 440: 434: 430: 426: 422: 420: 323: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 289: 286: 283: 280: 277: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 253: 250: 247: 244: 241: 238: 235: 232: 229: 226: 223: 220: 217: 214: 208: 169: 153:pointer machine 72: 61: 55: 52: 42:Please help to 41: 25: 21: 12: 11: 5: 6454: 6444: 6443: 6429: 6428: 6417: 6416: 6415:understanding. 6411: 6410: 6384: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6355: 6346: 6337: 6323: 6322: 6308: 6293: 6273: 6255:(3): 437–455. 6241: 6204: 6193:Joachim Lambek 6190: 6180: 6165:Stephen Kleene 6162: 6147:Jeffrey Ullman 6140: 6134: 6120: 6110: 6100: 6062: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5912:load constant 5909: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5879: 5878: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5847:return address 5836: 5835: 5820: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3673: 3672: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3489:J fetch_instr 3487: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2348: 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1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1001: 999: 997: 994: 991: 989: 986: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 923: 920: 919: 917: 915: 913: 911: 909: 907: 905: 903: 901: 899: 897: 895: 893: 891: 889: 887: 885: 882: 879: 877: 875: 862: 861: 857: 851: 846: 841: 835: 814: 811: 797: 796: 794: 792: 790: 788: 786: 784: 782: 780: 778: 776: 774: 772: 770: 768: 766: 764: 762: 760: 758: 754: 753: 751: 749: 747: 745: 743: 741: 739: 737: 735: 733: 731: 729: 727: 725: 723: 721: 719: 717: 715: 712: 711: 709: 707: 705: 703: 701: 699: 697: 695: 693: 691: 689: 687: 685: 683: 681: 679: 677: 675: 673: 669: 668: 666: 663: 661: 659: 656: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 638: 635: 632: 629: 626: 624: 622: 620: 617: 613: 612: 610: 607: 605: 603: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 568: 566: 564: 561: 557: 556: 553: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 495: 494: 492: 490: 488: 486: 484: 482: 480: 478: 476: 474: 472: 470: 468: 466: 464: 462: 460: 457: 454: 445: 444: 443: 442: 438: 432: 424: 418: 402: 401: 398: 395: 392: 388: 387: 384: 381: 378: 374: 373: 370: 367: 364: 360: 359: 356: 353: 350: 346: 345: 342: 339: 336: 213: 207: 204: 189:Turing machine 185: 184: 175:The RASP is a 168: 165: 115:Turing machine 101:The RASP is a 74: 73: 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6453: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6407:0-444-88071-2 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6360: 6357:Hermes, Hans 6356: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6340:Ershov, A. P. 6338: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6315:H. E. Sturgis 6312: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6294:0-13-165449-7 6290: 6285: 6284: 6278: 6277:Marvin Minsky 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6245:Marvin Minsky 6242: 6240: 6236: 6233:and with Dr. 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6177:0-7204-2103-9 6174: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6159:0-201-02988-X 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6143:John Hopcroft 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6097:0-07-004357-4 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6043:George Boolos 6041: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6018: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5884: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5816: 5798: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5733:fetch_instr: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5276:inc_routine: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5021: 5019:fetch_instr: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4458:dec_routine: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4080: 4078:fetch_instr: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3550:fetch_instr: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3200:fetch_instr: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2222:dec_routine: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2159:inc_routine: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1206:fetch_instr: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1002: 1000: 998: 995: 992: 990: 988: 987: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 929: 926: 924: 922: 921: 918: 916: 914: 912: 910: 908: 906: 904: 902: 900: 898: 896: 894: 892: 890: 888: 886: 883: 880: 878: 876: 874: 873: 870: 868: 847: 833: 832: 831: 828: 825: 822: 820: 810: 808: 804: 795: 793: 791: 789: 787: 785: 783: 781: 779: 777: 775: 773: 771: 769: 767: 765: 763: 761: 759: 756: 755: 752: 750: 748: 746: 744: 742: 740: 738: 736: 734: 732: 730: 728: 726: 724: 722: 720: 718: 716: 714: 713: 710: 708: 706: 704: 702: 700: 698: 696: 694: 692: 690: 688: 686: 684: 682: 680: 678: 676: 674: 671: 670: 667: 664: 662: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 625: 623: 621: 618: 615: 614: 611: 608: 606: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 569: 567: 565: 562: 559: 558: 554: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 496: 493: 491: 489: 487: 485: 483: 481: 479: 477: 475: 473: 471: 469: 467: 465: 463: 461: 458: 455: 453: 452: 449: 416: 415: 413: 412: 411: 409: 408:state machine 399: 396: 393: 390: 389: 385: 382: 379: 377:Jump if Zero 376: 375: 371: 368: 365: 362: 361: 357: 354: 351: 348: 347: 343: 340: 337: 334: 333: 330: 328: 211: 203: 201: 197: 193: 190: 182: 178: 174: 173: 172: 164: 162: 158: 154: 150: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 99: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 70: 67: 59: 56:November 2018 49: 45: 39: 38: 32: 27: 18: 17: 6424: 6398: 6390: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6358: 6351: 6349:Péter, Rózsa 6342: 6333: 6329: 6318: 6304: 6300: 6282: 6252: 6248: 6227:V. Vyssotsky 6210: 6207:Z. A. Melzak 6200: 6196: 6186: 6183:Donald Knuth 6168: 6150: 6137:J. Hartmanis 6130: 6123:Calvin Elgot 6116: 6113:Martin Davis 6106: 6088: 6085:Allen Newell 6076: 6065:Arthur Burks 6058: 6054: 6029: 5907:description 5891: 5887: 5880: 5868: 5837: 5829: 5824: 5822: 5796: 5795: 3676: 3674: 3666: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2285:JZ_routine: 1275: 1272: 866: 863: 829: 826: 823: 818: 816: 806: 802: 800: 446: 407: 405: 380:JZ ( r, z ) 335:Instruction 326: 324: 269:; Increment 254:; Decrement 209: 199: 198: 194: 186: 183:RAM chassis. 170: 146: 127: 100: 83: 77: 62: 53: 34: 6081:Gordon Bell 5854:JUMP-tables 5843:subroutines 5803:" or "MULT 2904:JZ 3, jump 2901:test hole: 2836:test hole: 2711:JZ_routine 1269:Parse phase 813:Fetch phase 142:accumulator 48:introducing 6223:D. McIlroy 6219:R. Hamming 6026:References 5898:operation 5852:so-called 5089:JZ 2,halt 4147:JZ 2,halt 1676:JZ 2,halt 366:DEC ( r ) 363:DECrement 352:INC ( r ) 349:INCrement 113:is to the 31:references 5971:BPA, xxx 5940:subtract 5901:mnemonic 5805:⟨h 5221:0 ! 4656:JZ 3,*+2 4403:0 ! 3737:hole # → 3012:no_jump: 2432:hole # → 2054:0 ! 1335:hole # → 927:hole # → 850:⟨h 840:⟨h 498:hole # → 431:⟨h 423:⟨h 338:Mnemonic 136:and even 92:algorithm 6435:Category 6423:(1957), 6421:Hao Wang 6371:(1980), 6279:(1967). 6185:(1968), 6167:(1952), 6149:(1979). 6129:(1964), 6115:(1958), 6087:(1971), 6075:(1946), 6053:(2002), 5809:⟩ 5408:CPY ⟪2⟫, 5342:CPY ⟪1⟫, 5022:CPY ⟪1⟫, 4590:CPY ⟪2⟫, 4524:CPY ⟪1⟫, 4081:CPY ⟪1⟫, 3553:CPY ⟪1⟫, 3425:CPY ⟪1⟫, 3203:CPY ⟪1⟫, 2839:CPY ⟪2⟫, 2775:CPY ⟪1⟫, 1614:CPY ⟪1⟫, 1209:CPY ⟪1⟫, 854:⟩ 844:⟩ 435:⟩ 427:⟩ 372:+1 → IR 358:+1 → IR 130:computer 6269:1970290 6235:H. Wang 6229:of the 5999:PRI, j 5957:STO, j 5943:SUB, j 5929:ADD, j 5915:LOD, k 5825:program 5086:parse: 4144:parse: 3677:program 3615:parse: 3265:parse: 819:program 807:Execute 369:-1 → r 355:+1 → r 327:program 107:program 44:improve 6405: 6397:, ed. 6291: 6267: 6175: 6157: 6095: 5996:print 5985:RD, j 5954:store 5607:INC 1 5475:INC 3 5279:INC 1 5152:DEC 2 4849:INC 1 4719:DEC 3 4461:INC 1 4335:DEC 2 4210:DEC 2 3363:INC 1 3360:jump: 3077:INC 1 3015:INC 1 2714:INC 1 2372:itself 2096:halt: 1986:DEC 2 1862:DEC 2 1738:DEC 2 429:; CPY 305:; Halt 33:, but 6379:, in 6265:JSTOR 6019:stop 6010:halt 5982:read 5736:etc. 5549:19 i 5543:,⟪2⟫ 5417:19 i 5348:11 i 5028:10 i 4792:18 i 4786:,⟪2⟫ 4599:18 i 3618:etc. 3559:15 i 3268:etc. 2910:18 i 2848:18 i 2614:step 2288:etc. 2225:etc. 2162:etc. 2099:HALT 1109:step 803:Fetch 400:→ IR 397:none 391:Halt 383:none 6403:ISBN 6313:and 6289:ISBN 6225:and 6173:ISBN 6155:ISBN 6125:and 6093:ISBN 6083:and 6013:HLT 5926:add 5787:n-1 5722:n-1 5658:n-1 5594:n-1 5539:CPY 5526:n-1 5462:n-1 5396:n-1 5354:n-1 5330:n-1 5288:n-1 5266:n-1 5224:n-1 5203:n-1 5161:n-1 5140:n-1 5098:n-1 5076:n-1 5034:n-1 4963:n-1 4921:n-1 4900:n-1 4858:n-1 4837:n-1 4795:n-1 4782:CPY 4728:n-1 4530:9 i 4087:8 i 3830:INC 3824:DEC 3209:8 i 2781:6 i 2525:INC 2519:DEC 1620:5 i 1428:INC 1422:DEC 1215:5 i 1020:INC 1014:DEC 884:PIR 805:and 587:INC 581:DEC 325:The 163:) . 138:RISC 134:CISC 82:the 6257:doi 6237:of 5811:,⟪h 5774:15 5768:19 5762:18 5756:15 5753:18 5742:19 5739:12 5730:41 5709:15 5703:19 5697:18 5691:15 5688:18 5677:19 5674:12 5666:40 5645:15 5639:19 5633:18 5627:15 5624:18 5613:19 5610:12 5602:39 5581:15 5575:19 5569:18 5563:15 5560:18 5546:11 5534:38 5513:15 5507:19 5501:18 5495:15 5492:18 5481:19 5478:11 5470:37 5449:15 5443:19 5437:18 5431:15 5428:18 5414:11 5403:36 5383:15 5377:19 5371:18 5365:15 5362:18 5351:19 5337:35 5317:15 5311:19 5305:18 5299:15 5296:18 5282:11 5273:34 5253:15 5247:19 5241:18 5235:15 5232:18 5218:10 5210:33 5190:15 5184:19 5178:18 5172:15 5169:18 5155:10 5147:32 5127:15 5121:19 5115:18 5109:15 5106:18 5092:10 5083:31 5063:15 5057:19 5051:18 5045:15 5042:18 5016:30 4950:15 4944:19 4938:18 4932:15 4929:18 4918:18 4915:10 4907:29 4887:15 4881:19 4875:18 4869:15 4866:18 4855:18 4852:10 4844:28 4824:15 4818:19 4812:18 4806:15 4803:18 4777:27 4757:15 4751:19 4745:18 4739:15 4736:18 4725:18 4714:26 4694:15 4688:19 4682:18 4676:15 4673:18 4662:18 4651:25 4631:15 4625:19 4619:18 4613:15 4610:18 4585:24 4565:15 4559:19 4553:18 4547:15 4544:18 4533:18 4519:23 4499:15 4493:19 4487:18 4481:15 4478:18 4455:22 4435:15 4429:19 4423:18 4417:15 4414:18 4392:21 4372:15 4366:19 4360:18 4354:15 4351:18 4330:20 4310:15 4304:19 4298:18 4292:15 4289:18 4267:19 4247:15 4241:19 4235:18 4229:15 4226:18 4205:18 4185:15 4179:19 4173:18 4167:15 4164:18 4141:17 4121:15 4115:19 4109:18 4103:15 4100:18 4075:16 4055:15 4049:19 4043:18 4037:15 4034:18 4023:18 4012:15 3899:15 3893:19 3887:18 3881:15 3878:18 3839:15 3836:JZ 3833:19 3827:18 3821:15 3818:18 3815:JZ 3794:19 3791:18 3788:17 3785:16 3782:15 3779:14 3776:13 3773:12 3770:11 3767:10 3694:IR 3691:PC 3593:15 3587:19 3581:18 3575:15 3572:18 3527:15 3521:19 3515:18 3509:15 3506:18 3495:18 3492:15 3484:15 3464:15 3458:19 3452:18 3444:18 3433:18 3420:14 3400:15 3394:19 3388:18 3382:15 3379:18 3368:18 3357:13 3242:15 3236:19 3230:18 3225:15 3222:18 3177:15 3171:19 3165:18 3159:15 3156:18 3145:18 3134:15 3114:15 3108:19 3102:18 3096:15 3093:18 3082:18 3072:14 3052:15 3046:19 3040:18 3034:15 3031:18 3020:18 3009:13 2941:15 2935:19 2929:18 2923:15 2920:18 2898:12 2879:15 2873:19 2867:18 2861:15 2858:18 2833:11 2813:15 2807:19 2801:18 2795:15 2770:10 2750:15 2744:19 2738:18 2732:15 2729:18 2594:15 2588:19 2582:18 2576:15 2573:18 2534:15 2531:JZ 2528:19 2522:18 2516:15 2513:18 2510:JZ 2489:19 2486:18 2483:17 2480:16 2477:15 2474:14 2471:13 2468:12 2465:11 2462:10 2389:IR 2386:PC 2325:15 2319:19 2313:18 2307:15 2304:18 2262:15 2256:19 2250:18 2244:15 2241:18 2199:15 2193:19 2187:18 2181:15 2178:18 2136:15 2130:19 2124:18 2118:15 2115:18 2023:15 2017:19 2011:18 2005:15 2002:18 1961:15 1955:19 1949:18 1943:15 1940:18 1899:15 1893:19 1887:18 1881:15 1878:18 1837:15 1831:19 1825:18 1819:15 1816:18 1775:15 1769:19 1763:18 1757:15 1754:18 1713:19 1707:19 1701:18 1695:15 1692:18 1652:15 1646:19 1640:18 1634:15 1631:18 1497:15 1491:19 1485:18 1479:15 1476:18 1437:15 1434:JZ 1431:19 1425:18 1419:15 1416:18 1413:JZ 1392:19 1389:18 1386:17 1383:16 1380:15 1377:14 1374:13 1371:12 1368:11 1365:10 1292:IR 1289:PC 1247:15 1241:19 1235:18 1229:15 1226:18 1089:15 1083:19 1077:18 1071:15 1068:18 1029:15 1026:JZ 1023:19 1017:18 1011:15 1008:18 1005:JZ 984:19 981:18 978:17 975:16 972:15 969:14 966:13 963:12 960:11 957:10 881:PC 856:,⟪h 652:15 646:19 640:18 634:15 631:18 596:15 593:JZ 590:19 584:18 578:15 575:18 572:JZ 555:19 552:18 549:17 546:16 543:15 540:14 537:13 534:12 531:11 528:10 459:IR 456:PC 441:⟫ } 437:,⟪h 317:19: 308:18: 296:15: 263:INC 248:DEC 78:In 6437:: 6389:, 6263:. 6253:74 6251:. 6221:, 6213:, 6145:, 6071:, 6067:, 6049:, 6045:, 6038:. 6002:7 5988:6 5974:5 5960:4 5946:3 5932:2 5918:1 5885:. 5790:0 5780:0 5777:5 5771:3 5765:1 5759:2 5750:3 5745:1 5725:0 5715:0 5712:5 5706:3 5700:1 5694:2 5685:3 5680:1 5661:0 5651:0 5648:5 5642:3 5636:1 5630:2 5621:3 5616:1 5597:1 5587:0 5584:5 5578:3 5572:1 5566:2 5557:3 5552:1 5529:0 5519:0 5516:5 5510:3 5504:1 5498:2 5489:3 5484:1 5465:0 5455:0 5452:5 5446:3 5440:1 5434:2 5425:3 5420:0 5389:0 5386:5 5380:3 5374:1 5368:2 5359:3 5323:0 5320:5 5314:3 5308:1 5302:2 5293:3 5285:0 5259:0 5256:5 5250:3 5244:1 5238:2 5229:3 5196:0 5193:5 5187:3 5181:1 5175:2 5166:3 5158:0 5133:0 5130:5 5124:3 5118:1 5112:2 5103:3 5095:1 5069:0 5066:5 5060:3 5054:1 5048:2 5039:3 5031:1 4956:0 4953:5 4947:3 4941:1 4935:2 4926:3 4893:0 4890:5 4884:3 4878:1 4872:2 4863:3 4830:0 4827:5 4821:3 4815:1 4809:2 4800:3 4789:9 4770:n 4763:0 4760:5 4754:3 4748:1 4742:2 4733:3 4722:9 4707:n 4700:0 4697:5 4691:3 4685:1 4679:2 4670:3 4665:n 4659:9 4644:n 4637:0 4634:5 4628:3 4622:1 4616:2 4607:3 4602:n 4596:9 4578:n 4571:0 4568:5 4562:3 4556:1 4550:2 4541:3 4536:n 4512:n 4505:0 4502:5 4496:3 4490:1 4484:2 4475:3 4470:n 4467:0 4464:9 4448:n 4441:0 4438:5 4432:3 4426:1 4420:2 4411:3 4406:n 4400:8 4385:n 4378:0 4375:5 4369:3 4363:1 4357:2 4348:3 4343:n 4338:8 4323:n 4316:0 4313:5 4307:3 4301:1 4295:2 4286:3 4281:n 4278:1 4275:8 4260:n 4253:0 4250:5 4244:3 4238:1 4232:2 4223:3 4218:n 4213:8 4198:n 4191:0 4188:5 4182:3 4176:1 4170:2 4161:3 4156:n 4153:2 4150:8 4134:n 4127:0 4124:5 4118:3 4112:1 4106:2 4097:3 4092:n 4068:n 4061:0 4058:5 4052:3 4046:1 4040:2 4031:3 4026:n 4020:8 3912:n 3905:0 3902:5 3896:3 3890:1 3884:2 3875:3 3866:5 3852:n 3845:H 3842:5 3806:5 3764:9 3761:8 3758:7 3755:6 3752:5 3749:4 3746:3 3743:2 3740:1 3612:2 3605:n 3596:5 3590:3 3584:1 3578:2 3569:3 3564:n 3547:1 3540:n 3533:0 3530:5 3524:3 3518:1 3512:2 3503:3 3498:n 3477:n 3470:0 3467:5 3461:3 3455:1 3449:2 3441:3 3436:n 3413:n 3406:0 3403:5 3397:3 3391:1 3385:2 3376:3 3371:n 3262:2 3255:n 3248:0 3245:5 3239:3 3233:1 3219:3 3214:n 3197:1 3190:n 3183:0 3180:5 3174:3 3168:1 3162:2 3153:3 3148:n 3142:8 3127:n 3120:0 3117:5 3111:3 3105:1 3099:2 3090:3 3085:n 3065:n 3058:0 3055:5 3049:3 3043:1 3037:2 3028:3 3023:n 3002:n 2971:n 2954:n 2947:0 2944:5 2938:3 2932:1 2926:2 2917:3 2907:6 2885:0 2882:5 2876:3 2870:1 2864:2 2855:3 2845:6 2826:n 2819:0 2816:5 2810:3 2804:1 2798:2 2790:3 2763:n 2756:0 2753:5 2747:3 2741:1 2735:2 2726:3 2719:3 2708:9 2607:n 2600:0 2597:5 2591:3 2585:1 2579:2 2570:3 2561:5 2547:n 2540:H 2537:5 2501:5 2459:9 2456:8 2453:7 2450:6 2447:5 2444:4 2441:3 2438:2 2435:1 2338:n 2331:0 2328:5 2322:3 2316:1 2310:2 2301:3 2294:3 2291:5 2282:9 2275:n 2268:0 2265:5 2259:3 2253:1 2247:2 2238:3 2231:3 2228:5 2219:— 2212:n 2205:0 2202:5 2196:3 2190:1 2184:2 2175:3 2168:3 2165:5 2156:— 2149:n 2142:0 2139:5 2133:3 2127:1 2121:2 2112:3 2105:3 2102:5 2093:— 2051:5 2043:8 2036:n 2029:0 2026:5 2020:3 2014:1 2008:2 1999:3 1992:0 1989:5 1981:7 1974:n 1967:0 1964:5 1958:3 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Knowledge

Random-access stored-program machine

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