Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War

1590:. The majority of the war babies were adopted in the Netherlands and Canada as the state wished to remove the reminders of Pakistan from the newly formed nation. However, not all women wanted their child taken, and some were forcibly removed and sent for adoption, a practice which was encouraged by Rahman, who said, "I do not want those polluted blood in this country". While many women were glad for the abortion programme, as they did not have to bear a child conceived of rape, others had to go full term, filled with hatred towards the child they carried. Others, who had their children adopted out so as to return to "mainstream life", would not look at their newborn as it was taken from them. In the 1990s many of these children returned to Bangladesh to search for their birth mothers. In 2008, D'Costa attempted to find those who had been adopted, however very few responded, one who did said "I hated being a kid, and I am angry at Bangladesh for not taking care of me when I needed it most. I don’t have any roots and that makes me cry. So that is why I am trying to learn more about where I was born." 1246:

considered to be a triumph for good." Bengalis were dehumanised and Bengali women were perceived as prostitutes inviting sex. They were thought to have Hindu features which deleted any thought for their "Muslim" status that might prevent a perpetrator's savage activities. Faisal, a Pakistani officer who had been in East Pakistan, portrays Bengali culture in terms of the differences between East and West Pakistani ladies, pushing the open discrimination against Bengali women: "The women bathe openly so that men walking by can see them, and they wear saris that with one pull fall off their body, like Indians. They are very attached to music, like Hindus, and they have their daughters dance for guests, they take pride in this dancing and music, like prostitutes. My daughter does not dance, neither does my wife. This music and dancing isn't Islamic. Our ladies are not prostitutes like Bengalis." A Bengali Muslim lady Ferdousi Priyabhashini says the soldiers raping her said to her, "You are a Hindu! You are a spy," because she wore a sari and bindi.

1121: 1651: 1508: 5872: 1902:"Rape can be especially effective as a tactic of genocide when used against females of communities that cast shame upon the rape victim rather than the rapist. In such communities, the rape forever damages the social standing of the survivor. Bengali girls and women who endured the genocidal rape had to cope not only with their physical injuries and trauma, but with a society hostile to violated women. The blame for loss of honour falls not upon the rapist, but upon the raped.". 7659: 5854: 966: 7810: 1148:" and their application of Islam as "inferior and impure", and this made them unreliable. To this extent the West began a strategy to forcibly assimilate the Bengalis culturally. The Bengalis of East Pakistan were chiefly Muslim, but their numbers were interspersed with a significant Hindu minority. Very few spoke Urdu, which in 1948 had been declared the national language of Pakistan. To express their opposition, activists in East Pakistan founded the 7669: 96: 1399: 1390:, Jamaat-e-Islami and Jamiat Ulema Pakistan, who had lost the election, collaborated with the military and acted as an intelligence organisation for them. Members of Jamaat-e-Islami and some of its leaders collaborated with the Pakistani forces in rapes and targeted killings. The atrocities by Al-Badr and the Al-Shams garnered worldwide attention from news agencies; accounts of massacres and rapes were widely reported. 27: 1493:

who were kidnapped by Pakistan army were never seen again; mostly they were killed after being raped. Bina D'Costa interacted with families of two Hindu women who were taken by "Punjabi" army men, neither of them returned to their respective homes after the war. Aubrey Menen who was a war correspondent wrote about a 17 year old Hindu bride who was gang raped by six Pakistani soldiers according to her father.

1597:. Aleya stated she had been taken by the Pakistani army when she was thirteen, and was gang raped repeatedly for seven months. She states she was tortured and was five months pregnant when she returned to her home. Her sister, Laily, says she was pregnant when she was taken by the armed forces, and lost the child. Later she fought alongside the Mukti Bahini. Both say that the state has failed the 1218:, who was the architect of Operation Searchlight and was given the name the "butcher of Bengal" by the Bengalis for his actions. Khan said—when reminded on 27 March 1971 that he was in charge of a majority province—"I will reduce this majority to a minority". Bina D'Costa believes an anecdote used by Khan is significant, in that it provides proof of the mass rapes being a deliberate strategy. In 1702:, the first person to face charges related to the conflict, was indicted by the ICT on twenty counts of war crimes, which included murder, rape and arson. He denied all charges. On 28 February 2013, Sayeedi was found guilty of genocide, rape and religious persecution, and was sentenced to death by hanging. Four other members of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh, including 1263:. While the Pakistani government estimated the number of rapes in the hundreds, other estimates range between 200,000 and 400,000. The Pakistani government had tried to censor reports coming out of the region, but media reports on the atrocities did reach the public worldwide, and gave rise to widespread international public support for the liberation movement. 1206:, the Pakistani army looked upon the Bengalis as "subhuman" and viewed the Hindus "as Jews to the Nazis: scum and vermin that best be exterminated". This racism was then expressed in that the Bengalis, being inferior, must have their gene pool "fixed" through forcible impregnation. Belén Martín Lucas has described the rapes as "ethnically motivated". 1498:

came out, his uniform in disarray. He grinned to his companions. Another soldier took his place in the extra room. And so on, until all six had raped the belle of the village. Then all six left, hurriedly. The father found his daughter lying on the string unconscious and bleeding. Her husband was crouched on the floor, kneeling over his vomit.

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Bina D'Costa spoke with many respondents who especially mentioned the brutality of Pakistan's army in its "handling" of Hindus. The members from the Hindu community with whom she interacted with firmly believed in the persecution of Hindus by the Pakistan army and Razakaar during the war. Hindu women

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Female Hindu captives were raped in Pakistani Army camps. The Pakistani Army committed mass rape of Hindu women because they were Hindus and the Army intended to destroy their faith, social position and self-esteem. The policy of raping Hindu captives intended to change the community's bloodline. The

1325:, Anwar Pirzado, who was a member of the air force, Professor M. R. Hassan, Tahera Mazhar and Imtiaz Ahmed. Malik Ghulam Jilani, who was also arrested, had openly opposed the armed action in the East; a letter he had written to Yahya Khan was widely publicised. Altaf Hussain Gauhar, the editor of the 1040:

The Pakistani elite believed that Hindus were behind the revolt and that as soon as there was a solution to the "Hindu problem", the conflict would resolve. For Pakistanis, the violence against Hindus was a strategic policy. Muslim Pakistani men believed the sacrifice of Hindu women was needed to fix

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Two went into the room that had been built for the bridal couple. The others stayed behind with the family, one of them covering them with his gun. They heard a barked order, and the bridegroom's voice protesting. Then there was silence until the bride screamed...In a few minutes one of the soldiers

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The Pakistani elite believed that Hindus were behind the revolt and that as soon as there was a solution to the "Hindu problem" the conflict would resolve. For Pakistanis, the violence against Hindus was a strategic policy. Muslim Pakistani men believed the sacrifice of Hindu women was needed to fix

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said, "Whatever the precise numbers, the teams of American and British surgeons carrying out abortions and the widespread government efforts to persuade people to accept these girls into the community, testify to the scale on which raping occurred". The commission also said that Pakistani officers

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It is also rape unto death, rape as massacre, rape to kill and to make the victims wish they were dead. It is rape as an instrument of forced exile, rape to make you leave your home and never want to go back. It is rape to be seen and heard and watched and told to others: rape as spectacle. It is

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A consensus has formed among scholars that genocides in the 20th century encompassed (although were not limited to) the following cases: Herero in 1904–1907, the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire in 1915–1923, the Holodomor in the former Soviet Ukraine in 1932–1933, the Jewish Holocaust in

2087:, pp. 208–209: "Sometime during the war, a fatwa originating in West Pakistan labeled Bengali freedom fighters 'Hindus' and declared that 'the wealth and women' to be secured by warfare with them could be treated as the booty of war. S. A. Hossain, "Fatwa in Islam: Bangladesh Perspective," 1544:

and suicides by victims. His estimate of the total number of rape victims was 400,000, twice as high as the official estimate of 200,000 cited by the Bangladeshi government. Most of the victims also contracted sexual infections. Many suffered from feelings of intense shame and humiliation, and a

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The mostly Punjabi soldiers hated anything to do with Hinduism. The extreme hatred Pakistanis felt towards Hindus could be seen in their especially brutal violence against Hindus as the Pakistani Army and its local allies raped and murdered Hindu women. The implication for Bengali women of being

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in West Pakistan. In the next decade and half, Bengalis became gradually disenchanted with the balance of power in Pakistan, which was under military rule during much of this time; eventually some began to call for secession. By the late 1960s, a perception had emerged that the people of East

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In the immediate aftermath of the war, one pressing problem was the very high number of unwanted pregnancies of rape victims. Estimates of the number of pregnancies resulting in births range from 25,000 to the Bangladeshi government's figure of 70,000, while one publication by the Centre for

1464:, a group of women said in response to women being shunned by family and husbands, "It is unthinkable that innocent wives whose lives were virtually destroyed by war are now being totally destroyed by their own husbands". International aid was also forthcoming owing to the issue of war rape. 1245:

Jessica Lee Rehman calls rape in 1971 an instance of religious terrorism. She said "The Pakistan Army is an Islamic institution, its soldiers are warriors of God and ...they rape in God's name. Therefore the raping of girls and women, the forced bodily transgressions, and the mutilations are

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women. Some of these women died in captivity or committed suicide, while others moved from Bangladesh to India. Imams and Muslim religious leaders declared the women "war booty". The activists and leaders of Islamic parties are also accused to be involved in the rapes and abduction of women.

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was released. It is a collection of eyewitness testimony from seven rape victims, which Ibrahim documented while working in rehabilitation centres. The narratives of the survivors in this work is heavily critical of post-war Bangladeshi society's failure to support the victims of rape.

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were removed from their positions for attempting to interfere with the commission. The Commission based its reports on interviews with politicians, officers and senior commanders. The final reports were submitted in July 1972, but all were subsequently destroyed except for one held by

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Before the end of the war the international community had begun to provide aid in large quantities to the refugees living in India. Although humanitarian aid was given, there was little support for the war crimes trials which Bangladesh proposed at the end of the war. Critics of the

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the national malaise. Anecdotal evidence suggests that Imams and Mullahs supported the rapes by the Pakistani Army and issued fatwas declaring the women war booty. A fatwa from West Pakistan during the war asserted that women taken from Bengali Hindus could be considered war booty.

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A conservative Muslim society has preferred to throw a veil of negligence and denial on the issue, allowed those who committed or colluded with gender violence to thrive, and left the women victims to struggle in anonymity and shame and without much state or community support.

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where they were repeatedly assaulted. Many of those held in the camps were murdered or committed suicide, with some taking their own lives by using their hair to hang themselves; the soldiers responded to these suicides by cutting the women's hair off.

1201:

alleges elements of racism in the Pakistan army, who he says considered the Bengalis "racially inferior—a non-martial and physically weak race", and has accused the army of using organised rape as a weapon of war. According to the political scientist

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On 18 February 1972 the state formed the Bangladesh Women's Rehabilitation Board, which was tasked with helping the victims of rape and to help with the adoption programme. Several international agencies took part in the adoption programme, such as

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proposed a motion supported by a further 200 members of parliament condemning the atrocities being carried out by the Pakistani armed forces. Although this motion was presented twice before parliament, the government did not find time to debate it.

1270:, a political scientist, has said that one of the reasons for the mass rapes was to undermine Bengali society through the "dishonoring" of Bengali women and that some women were raped until they died or were killed following repeated attacks. The 1477:

connected in any way to a "Hindu" identity was rape by the Army. Women were captured and taken to camps established throughout the country. In these military camps and cantonments the Pakistani soldiers kept the captives as their sex-slaves.

2011:, p. 175: "The Pakistani occupation army and its local collaborators targeted mostly the Hindu women and girls for rape and sexual violence. Many rape victims were killed in captivity while others migrated to India or committed suicide" 3607:"Mollah smiled because for him, a man convicted of beheading a poet, raping an 11-year-old girl and shooting 344 people during the 1971 Bangladesh war of independence – charges that have earned him the nickname the Butcher of Mirpur 3837: 1771: 1886:, among others, is meant to "send shivers down the viewers' spine. We want to make it so repulsive that no one even entertains the thought of pardoning rapists, let alone commit the crime. The shoot took its toll on all of us." 1790:". One of the more emotive photographs at the exhibition, the woman has her hands clenched, her face completely covered by her hair. Tulloch describes the image as having the "Capability to reveal or suggest what is unsayable". 7625: 1176:, won a clear majority. The West Pakistani establishment was displeased with the results. In Dacca following the election a general said "Don't worry, we will not allow these black bastards to rule over us". Soon President 766: 1095:(ICT) has indicted, tried, and sentenced several people to life imprisonment or death for their actions during the conflict. The stories of the rape victims have been told in movies and literature, and depicted in art. 1258:

magazine reported on 563 girls who had been kidnapped and held by the military; all of them were between three and five months pregnant when the military began to release them. Some women were forcibly used as

1278:

said the rapes were too widespread and systematic to be anything but conscious military policy, "planned by the West Pakistanis in a deliberate effort to create a new race" or to undermine Bengali separatism.

1718:, faced seven charges of war crimes, including planning and advising on the rape of women in the village of Shohaghpur on 25 July 1971. The ICT sentenced him to death by hanging on 9 May 2013. In July 2013 1613:, a judicial commission to prepare an account of the circumstances surrounding Pakistan's loss of the 1971 war. The commission was highly critical of the army. The chiefs of staff of the army and the 1574:("prostitute"). The official strategy of marrying the women off and encouraging them to be seen as war heroines failed as few men came forward, and those who did expected the state to provide a large 1108:

to refer to victims of rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War, in an attempt to prevent them from being outcast by the society. Since 1972, victims of rape during the war have been recognized as

1665:

In 2008, after a 17-year investigation, the War Crimes Fact Finding Committee released documentation identifying 1,597 people who had taken part in the atrocities. The list included members of the

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facilities to help rape victims terminate unwanted pregnancies. A doctor at a rehabilitation centre in Dhaka reported 170,000 abortions of pregnancies caused by the rapes, and the births of 30,000

1433:, the US Consul General in Dhaka, and was signed by him as well as US officials from USAID and USIS who at the time were serving in Dhaka. In it, the signatories denounced American "complicity in 7655: 761: 1758:

and asked for it to upgrade Molla's sentence from life in prison to death. On 17 September 2013, the Supreme Court accepted the appeal and sentenced Molla to death. Finally he was hanged in

1685:, director of the Asia branch of Human Rights Watch, has said that those accused must be given the full protection of the law to avoid the risk of the trials not being taken seriously, and 4010: 1418:

to attract international media attention, and Sally J. Scholz has written that this was the first genocide to capture the interest of the mass media. The women's human rights organisation

3827: 1861:(Symbol of Valour) for her actions, there are nine interviews with women who were raped. The book's publication in English at the time of the fortieth anniversary of the war was noted in 1249:

The perpetrators conducted nighttime raids, assaulting women in their villages, often in front of their families, as part of the terror campaign. Victims were also kidnapped and held in

3679: 1830:

was shown at the Guwahati International Film Festival. It explores the war from two perspectives: that of a woman who loved a Pakistani soldier and that of a person born from rape.

1195:, the army caused the deaths of up to 3 million people, created up to 10 million refugees who fled to India, and displaced a further 30 million within East Pakistan. 1489:

case the Bangladeshi Tribunal emphasised that the violence against Hindu women was committed not just against them individually but because of their membership of their community.

1266:

In what has been described by Jenneke Arens as a deliberate attempt to destroy an ethnic group, many of those assaulted were raped, murdered and then bayoneted in the genitalia.

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Mookherjee, Nayanika (2012). "Mass rape and the inscription of gendered and racial domination during the Bangladesh War of 1971". In Raphaelle Branche; Fabrice Virgili (eds.).

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celebration. It draws on the experiences of an actor called Altaf. While trying to reach safe haven in Calcutta, he encounters women who have been raped. The images of these

1441:, the Indian prime minister, justified the use of military intervention, saying, "Shall we sit and watch their women get raped?" The events were discussed extensively in the 1631:. The report said that 26,000 people were killed, rapes numbered in the hundreds, and that the Mukti Bahini rebels engaged in widespread rape and other human rights abuses. 1710:, a member of the Razakars, was the first person to be sentenced for crimes during the war. He was found guilty of murder and rape in absentia, and was sentenced to death. 1635:, a political scientist, believes that the Pakistani establishment has yet to come to terms with the atrocities carried out, saying that, in a visit to Bangladesh in 2002, 7591: 3653: 1283:, reporting from Bangladesh following the Pakistan armed forces surrender, wrote that one West Pakistani soldier said: "We are going. But we are leaving our seed behind". 7647: 1560:

Following the conflict the rape victims were seen as a symbol of "social pollution" and shame. Few were able to return to families or old homes because of this. Sheikh

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Mookherjee, Nayanika (2009a). "Denunciatory practices and the constitutive role of collaboration in the Bangladesh War". In Sharika Thiranagama; Tobias Kelly (eds.).

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Southwick, Katherine (2011). "The Urdu-speakers of Bangladesh: an unfinished story of enforcing citizenship rights". In Brad K. Blitz; Maureen Jessica Lynch (eds.).

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Mookherjee, Nayanika (2009). "Denunciatory Practices and the Constitutive Role of Collaboration in the Bangladesh War". In Sharika Thiranagama; Tobias Kelly (eds.).

1809:, stripped and vacant-eyed from the trauma, are used as testimony to the assault. Other victims Altaf meets are shown committing suicide or having lost their minds. 1242:). D'Costa argues that this shows that in the highest echelons of the armed forces the Bengalis were perceived as being disloyal Muslims and unpatriotic Pakistanis. 487: 3594: 3709: 7513: 7333: 1689:, a human rights activist, has expressed doubt about whether the mass rapes and killings of women will be addressed. Khan has said of her government's reaction: 1570:("heroine"), but this served as a reminder that these women were now deemed socially unacceptable as they were "dishonored", and the term became associated with 563: 332: 7732: 7538: 7318: 6583: 2212:"Historicising the Birangona : Interrogating the Politics of Commemorating the Wartime Rape of 1971 in the Context of the 50 th Anniversary of Bangladesh" 1363:("the sun") to conduct operations against the nationalist movement. These militias targeted non-combatants and committed rapes as well as other crimes. Local 7586: 7689: 7508: 5323:

Saikia, Yasmin (2011b). "War as history, humanity in violence: Women, men and memories of 1971, East Pakistan/Bangladesh". In Elizabeth D. Heineman (ed.).

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Tulloch, John; Blood, Richard Warwick (2010). "Iconic photojournalism and absent images: Democratization and memories of terror". In Stuart Allan (ed.).

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Molla, Gyasuddin (2004). "The Awami League: From Charismatic Leadership to Political Party". In Mike Enskat; Subrata K. Mitra, Clemens Spiess (eds.).

1754:. After the government had amended the war crimes law to allow a sentence to be appealed based on leniency of punishment, prosecutors appealed to the 7596: 5478:

Siddiqi, Dina M. (1998). "Taslima Nasreen and Others: The Contest over Gender in Bangladesh". In Herbert L. Bodman; Nayereh Esfahlani Tohidi (eds.).

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Owing to the scale of the atrocities, US embassy staff had sent telegrams indicating that a genocide was occurring. One, which became known as the

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Mookherjee, Nayanika (2007). "Available Motherhood: Legal technologies, 'state of exception' and the dekinning of 'war-babies' in Bangladesh".

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In 1974 the commission was reopened and issued a supplementary report, which remained classified for 25 years until published by the magazine

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concluded that the atrocities carried out by the Pakistan armed forces "were part of a deliberate policy by a disciplined force". The writer

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Mookherjee, Nayanika (2006). "Muktir Gaan, the raped woman and migrant identities of the Bangladesh war". In Navnita Chadha Behera (ed.).

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Mookherjee, Nayanika (2009b). "Friendships and Encounters on the Political Left in Bangladesh". In Heidi Armbruster; Anna Laerke (eds.).

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Reproductive Law and Policy gave a total of 250,000. A government-mandated victim relief programme was set up with the support of the

5880: 7863: 7684: 7338: 6171: 3619: 1578:. Those women who did marry were usually mistreated, and the majority of men, once having received a dowry, abandoned their wives. 119: 5217:

Roy, Srila (2010c). "Wounds and Cures in South Asian Gender and Memory Politics". In Hannah Bradby; Gillian Lewando Hundt (eds.).

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Hossain, Tania; Tollefson, James W. (2006). "Language policy in education in Bangladesh". In Amy Tsui; James W. Tollefson (eds.).

7898: 7436: 7286: 6563: 5835: 5076: 1065:, abortions, infanticide, suicide, and ostracism of the victims. This is often asserted to be one of the severest occurrences of 738: 3649: 1536:, an Australian doctor and abortion specialist who worked for the programme, estimated that there had been about 5,000 cases of 1168:

There had been opposition to military rule in West Pakistan as well. Eventually the military relented, and in December 1970 the

7893: 3885: 996: 862: 713: 318: 87: 4359:

Ghadbian, Najib (2002). "Political Islam: Inclusion or violence?". In Kent Worcester; Sally A. Bermanzohn; Mark Ungar (eds.).

7848: 6644: 6459: 6378: 5798: 5775: 5756: 5735: 5716: 5697: 5678: 5659: 5640: 5592: 5573: 5554: 5535: 5516: 5491: 5468: 5412: 5393: 5374: 5355: 5332: 5313: 5294: 5245: 5226: 5207: 5168: 5149: 5126: 5065: 5046: 5010: 4991: 4972: 4953: 4934: 4915: 4883: 4835: 4796: 4777: 4758: 4700: 4681: 4642: 4623: 4601: 4582: 4563: 4544: 4506: 4487: 4468: 4449: 4404: 4368: 4349: 4328: 4309: 4290: 4271: 4240: 4196: 4162: 4115: 4094: 4075: 4056: 4037: 3980: 3957: 3930: 3085: 1993: 1084:, a scholar, was informed repeatedly in Bangladesh that Pakistani, Bengali, and Bihari men raped Hindu women during the war. 671: 623: 4497:

Huq, M. Zahurul (2011). "Case against Delwar Hossain Sayeedi". In Michael N. Schmitt; Louise Arimatsu; T. McCormack (eds.).

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have used the atrocities of 1971 to argue that military intervention was the only thing to stop the mass murder. Writing to

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has been supportive of the tribunal, it has also been critical of reported harassment of lawyers representing the accused.

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Linton, Suzannah (2010). "Completing the Circle: Accountability for the Crimes of the 1971 Bangladesh War of Liberation".

7883: 6120: 3584: 2103:, p. 593: "The Bangladesh liberation war is often asserted to be one of the most grievous examples of wartime rape". 1553: 1271: 1191:

on 25 March 1971. According to Eric Heinze the Pakistani forces targeted both Bengali Muslims and Hindus In the ensuing

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1938–1945, Bangladesh in 1971, Cambodia in 1975–1979, East Timor in 1975–1999, Bosnia in 1991–1995, and Rwanda in 1994.

4414: 1313:, protested over the actions of the armed forces. Those imprisoned for their dissenting views on the violence included 5037:

Narine, Shaun (2009). "International Human Rights". In Joseph Masciulli; Mikhail A. Molchanov; W. Andy Knight (eds.).

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has written that some pregnancies were intended by the soldiers and perhaps their officers as well. A report from the

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A photograph taken during the conflict of a woman who had been assaulted featured in an exhibition in London. Titled

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Simms, Brendan (2011). "Towards a history of humanitarian intervention". In Brendan Simms; D. J. B. Trim (eds.).

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After the conflict, the Pakistani government decided on a policy of silence regarding the rapes. They set up the

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Jessica Lee Rehman, Rape as Religious Terrorism and Genocide The 1971 War Between East and West Pakistan (2012)

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rape to drive a wedge through a community, to shatter a society, to destroy a people. It is rape as genocide

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Thomas, Dorothy Q.; Ralph, Reagan E. (1998). "Rape in War: The case of Bosnia". In Sabrina P. Ramet (ed.).

1802: 1670: 1165:, head of Pakistani Forces in East Pakistan, called East Pakistan a "low-lying land of low, lying people". 786: 4906:

Mohsin, Amena (2005). "Gendered nation, gendered peace: A study of Bangladesh". In Samir Kumar Das (ed.).

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Ganguly, Sumit (2010). "Pakistan: Neither state nor nation". In Jacques Bertrand; André Laliberté (eds.).

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wings were separated not only geographically, but also culturally. The authorities of the West viewed the

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Gender Politics in the Western Balkans: Women and Society in Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav Successor States

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Saikia, Yasmin (2017). "Nations, Neighbours, and Humanity: Destroyed and Recovered in War and Violence".

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The Liberation War Museum in Dhaka conserves artefacts and records of violence, death, and rape in 1971.

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militia during the war was charged with abetting the Pakistani army and actively participating in the

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National Trials of International Crimes in Bangladesh: Transitional Justice as Reflected in Judgments

2173:"'Remembering to forget': public secrecy and memory of sexual violence in the Bangladesh war of 1971" 1751: 1707: 1517: 1481:

total effect of mass sexual violence against Hindu women demonstrated the existence of the genocidal

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Thomas, Dorothy Q.; Ralph, Regan E. (1994). "Rape in War: Challenging the Tradition of Impunity".

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Khondker, Habibul Haque (2006). "US imperialism and Bengali nationalism". In Vedi R. Hadiz (ed.).

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could be considered war booty. Those rapes apparently caused thousands of pregnancies, births of

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The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers

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includes oral testimonies of women affected by the Liberation War. As well as an account from

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Jahan, Rounaq (2008). "Genocide in Bangladesh". In Samuel Totten; William S. Parsons (eds.).

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Hamoodur Rahman Commission of Inquiry into the 1971 India-Pakistan War, Supplementary Report

3866:"Letter to the Bangladesh Prime Minister regarding the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act" 1422:

took part in the war by publicising the atrocities being carried out by the Pakistani army.

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Ashgate. pp. 335–357. 2229:10.1080/09700161.2021.2009663 1909: 1675:International Crimes Tribunal 1605:Pakistani government reaction 1187:, the Pakistan Army launched 1115: 1093:International Crimes Tribunal 1069:. The atrocities ended after 88:Persecution of Bengali Hindus 7849:Military history of Pakistan 6665:Shadhin Bangla Football Team 5974:Indian independence movement 5751:. Rowman & Littlefield. 4787:Midlarsky, Manus I. (2011). 4501:. Springer. pp. 462 f. 4133:. Vol. 98. p. 157. 4032:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1866–. 2295:Hossain & Tollefson 2006 2151:Melbourne Historical Journal 1889: 1849:Published in 2012, the book 1803:Bangladeshi Independence Day 1671:Bangladesh Nationalist Party 1502: 1437:". In an interview in 1972, 1305:, a Balochi politician, and 787:Marital rape laws by country 276:2017 Kha Maung Seik massacre 7: 7356:2013 Pakistan Embassy siege 7339:2001 Indo-Bangla skirmishes 6809: 6660:Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra 5789:A Brief History of Pakistan 5770:. Oxford University Press. 5690:Dictionary of Genocide: A-L 5654:. Oxford University Press. 4653:"Kamaruzzaman: The Charges" 4577:(3rd ed.). Routledge. 4338:Gerlach, Christian (2010). 4085:Brownmiller, Susan (1975). 3864:Adams, Brad (18 May 2011). 1756:Supreme Court of Bangladesh 1338: 1224:"Pehle inko Mussalman karo" 1071:the December 1971 surrender 754:Russian invasion of Ukraine 150:Freight equalisation policy 10: 7915: 7884:Pakistan military scandals 7728:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 7497:Decorations and depictions 7478:Martyred Intellectuals Day 7412:National Martyrs' Memorial 7329:Bangladesh–India relations 7307:Hamoodur Rahman Commission 6783:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 6670:The Concert for Bangladesh 6099:Bengali self-determination 6085:1958 Pakistani coup d'état 6014:Partition of Bengal (1947) 5959:Partition of Bengal (1905) 5692:. Vol. 1. Greenwood. 5566:Genocide and the Europeans 5365:Schmid, Alex, ed. (2011). 5056:Newberg, Paula R. (2002). 4616:Pakistan: Eye of the Storm 4533:Islam, M. Rafiqul (2019). 4463:. SUNY. pp. 350–358. 4281:Enloe, Cynthia H. (2000). 4227:. In Samuel Totten (ed.). 3890:Thomson Reuters Foundation 2487:Chalk & Jonassohn 1990 2379:Hagerty & Ganguly 2005 1839:The Voices of War Heroines 1732:1971 Bangladesh atrocities 1716:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami 1611:Hamoodur Rahman Commission 1420:Bangladesh Mahila Parishat 1375:akin to the western term " 1355:, formed militias such as 848:Sexual violence statistics 7805: 7774: 7758: 7705:Bangladesh Liberation War 7703: 7677: 7564: 7526: 7496: 7483:Victory day of Bangladesh 7455: 7404: 7397: 7393: 7375: 7277: 7266: 7208: 7107: 7100: 7045: 6964: 6957: 6877: 6826: 6819: 6815: 6804: 6775: 6690: 6627: 6551: 6448: 6402: 6340: 6296:Special Guerrilla Forces 6229: 6222: 6218: 6188: 6139: 6098: 6065:Bengali language movement 6022: 5951: 5905: 5901: 5890: 5865: 5859:Bangladesh Liberation War 5785:Wynbrandt, James (2009). 5308:. Duke University Press. 5163:. Brookings Institution. 5159:Riedel, Bruce O. (2011). 5117:Rahman, Hamoodur (2007). 5075:Payaslian, Simon (2012). 4724:10.1007/s10609-010-9119-8 4378:Gotam, Nachiketa (1971). 4300:Friend, Theodore (2011). 4257:. Pakistan. 9 March 2013. 1816:produced the documentary 1752:Bangladesh Liberation War 1518:World Health Organization 1150:Bengali language movement 1011:Bangladesh Liberation War 709:Bangladesh Liberation War 7834:1971 Bangladesh genocide 7713:1971 Bangladesh genocide 6905:Muhammad Hamidullah Khan 6864:Muhammad Hamidullah Khan 6574:Battle of Dhalai Outpost 6460:Pakistan Eastern Command 6152:Non-cooperation movement 6116:Agartala Conspiracy Case 5964:Eastern Bengal and Assam 5564:Smith, Karen E. (2010). 5304:Saikia, Yasmin (2011a). 5198:Roy, Rituparna (2010b). 5077:"20th Century Genocides" 4859:10.1177/0907568207079213 4596:. Taylor & Francis. 4539:. BRILL. pp. 175–. 4438:Ḥaqqānī, Ḥusain (2005). 4380:The Traitors of Pakistan 4231:. Transaction. pp. 4223:Debnath, Angela (2009). 3948:. Transaction. pp. 3921:Alffram, Henrik (2009). 3743:Tulloch & Blood 2012 3731:Tulloch & Blood 2010 3311:Rahman & Baxter 2002 1820:, which was screened on 1443:British House of Commons 1237:First, make them Muslims 1193:1971 Bangladesh genocide 802:False accusation of rape 528:Sociobiological theories 196:1964 East Pakistan riots 186:1950 East Pakistan riots 7405:Monuments and memorials 7324:Bangladeshi nationalism 7058:Dr. Abdul Motaleb Malik 6705:Shankharibazar massacre 6488:Eastern Command (India) 6379:Central Peace Committee 5969:All-India Muslim League 4691:Lee, Steven P. (2011). 4633:Kabia, John M. (2008). 4461:Waging Humanitarian War 4415:"Business of the House" 3940:Arens, Jenneke (2010). 2564:Thomas & Ralph 1994 2552:Thomas & Ralph 1998 1766:In literature and media 1742:of Bangladeshis in the 1646:War Crimes prosecutions 1067:wartime sexual violence 523:Secondary victimisation 475:Effects and motivations 191:1962 Rajshahi massacres 181:1946 Noakhali massacres 7514:Awards and decorations 6935:Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad 6543:Operation Cactus-Lilly 6538:Operation Chengiz Khan 6040:Pakistan Muslim League 5669:Tomsen, Peter (2011). 5616:10.1353/sais.1994.0019 5001:Murphy, Eamon (2012). 4986:. Palgrave Macmillan. 4185:D'Costa, Bina (2011). 4151:D'Costa, Bina (2010). 4051:. Palgrave Macmillan. 4047:Biswas, Rajiv (2012). 3925:. Human Rights Watch. 3903:"Kamaruzzaman to hang" 2367:Sisson & Rose 1992 1976:Jacobs, Steven Leonard 1791: 1734:: rape (including the 1700:Delwar Hossain Sayeedi 1696: 1662: 1538:self-induced abortions 1512: 1500: 1407: 1406:, sent on 6 April 1971 1394:International reaction 1210:Pakistani Army actions 1129: 900:Rape and revenge films 858:Military sexual trauma 714:Sierra Leone Civil War 7740:Admiral Ahsan Mission 7534:2013 Shahbag protests 7504:Muktijuddho e-Archive 7432:Liberation War Museum 7155:Minoo Merwan Engineer 7140:Gopal Gurunath Bewoor 6885:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 6465:Operation Searchlight 6350:Pakistan Armed Forces 6167:Operation Searchlight 6162:Admiral Ahsan Mission 6045:Objectives Resolution 5994:Muslim National Guard 5424:New Political Science 5236:Rummel, R.J. (1997). 5081:Oxford Bibliographies 4459:Heinze, Eric (2009). 3967:Ball, Howard (2011). 1795:Orunodoyer Ognishakhi 1773: 1712:Muhammad Kamaruzzaman 1691: 1659:2013 Shahbagh Protest 1653: 1510: 1495: 1401: 1359:("the moon") and the 1189:Operation Searchlight 1174:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 1123: 1106:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 945:Sexual trauma therapy 817:Sexual consent in law 792:Marry-your-rapist law 672:Occupation of Germany 483:Effects and aftermath 397:Drug-facilitated rape 221:1989 Bangladesh riots 7879:Pakistani war crimes 7839:Crimes against women 7797:Indian reunification 7787:Bengalis in Pakistan 7145:Sourendra Nath Kohli 7078:Motiur Rahman Nizami 6945:Abu Sayeed Chowdhury 6730:Jathibhanga massacre 6584:Battle of Ajmiriganj 6528:Sinking of PNS Ghazi 6437:(Indo-Bangali group) 6276:Bangladesh Air Force 6030:Dominion of Pakistan 4749:Malik, Anas (2010). 4592:Jones, Adam (2010). 4125:Coggin, Dan (1971). 1835:Ami Birangana Bolchi 1799:Pledge to a New Dawn 1704:Motiur Rahman Nizami 1548:The feminist writer 1311:National Awami Party 1307:Khan Abdul Wali Khan 1303:Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo 1288:Sahabzada Yaqub Khan 1170:first ever elections 1144:in the East as "too 758:Israeli–Palestinian 704:Sri Lankan Civil War 685:Liberation of France 503:Rape trauma syndrome 498:Rape crisis movement 392:Cybersex trafficking 271:2016 Kaliachak riots 211:Marichjhapi massacre 36:factual accuracy is 7844:Human rights abuses 7509:Artistic depictions 7488:Vijay Diwas (India) 7334:Indira-Mujib Treaty 7226:Gopal Swarup Pathak 7185:Inderjit Singh Gill 7130:Jagjit Singh Aurora 7053:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 6930:Muhammad Mansur Ali 6925:Chitta Ranjan Dutta 6915:Dhirendranath Datta 6745:Madhyapara massacre 6640:Bangladesh genocide 6599:Battle of Longewala 6415:Indian Armed Forces 6410:Parliament of India 5928:Bengali nationalism 5913:Bengali Renaissance 4612:Jones, Owen Bennett 4558:. Information Age. 4304:. Wm. B. Eerdmans. 4174:"Victory's silence" 3361:, pp. 344–345. 3337:, pp. 157–158. 3040:, pp. 101–102. 2716:, pp. 191–311. 2578:, pp. 147–148. 2321:, pp. 227–228. 1824:. In 2011 the film 1620:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1564:called the victims 1185:Bengali nationalism 1124:Female students of 863:Preventive measures 493:Pregnancy from rape 462:Unacknowledged rape 422:Live streaming rape 201:Bangladesh genocide 130:Vested Property Act 82:Part of a series on 7859:Rape in Bangladesh 7607:Military personnel 7592:Causes and prelude 7447:Shabash Bangladesh 7422:Swadhinata Stambha 7150:Nilakanta Krishnan 7068:Shah Azizur Rahman 6750:Bakhrabad massacre 6740:Chuknagar massacre 6604:Battle of Basantar 6589:Battle of Garibpur 6569:Battle of Goalhati 6493:Meghna Heli Bridge 6140:Declaration of war 6126:1970 Bhola cyclone 6111:Six point movement 6009:Partition of India 5673:. Public Affairs. 5184:The New York Times 4712:Criminal Law Forum 3997:. 10 February 2011 3870:Human Rights Watch 3833:The Times of India 3791:Assam Tribune 2011 3133:, p. 176–177. 2629:, pp. 29, 41. 2216:Strategic Analysis 1863:The New York Times 1833:In 1994, the book 1792: 1778:, but also called 1760:Dhaka Central Jail 1726:, a member of the 1724:Abdul Quader Molla 1679:Human Rights Watch 1663: 1615:Pakistan Air Force 1588:Sisters of Charity 1534:Dr. Geoffrey Davis 1513: 1461:The New York Times 1408: 1130: 1015:Pakistani military 885:Rape crisis centre 833:Anti-rape movement 807:Rape investigation 375:Child sexual abuse 266:2013 Canning riots 241:2010 Deganga riots 7821: 7820: 7623: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7522: 7521: 7371: 7370: 7262: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7246:Dilip Mahalanabis 7096: 7095: 6953: 6952: 6910:Serajul Alam Khan 6890:Syed Nazrul Islam 6800: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6776:Related conflicts 6760:Sohagpur massacre 6715:Sutrapur massacre 6692:List of massacres 6655:Refugees in India 6609:Battle of Kushtia 6513:Operation Trident 6498:Operation Jackpot 6470:Operation Barisal 6444: 6443: 6291:Bangladesh Police 6281:Bangladesh Rifles 6184: 6183: 6180: 6179: 5999:Direct Action Day 5984:Lahore Resolution 5979:Pakistan Movement 5952:Pakistan Movement 5923:Two-nation theory 5800:978-0-8160-6184-6 5777:978-0-19-829621-8 5758:978-0-8476-8746-6 5737:978-0-415-69804-7 5718:978-0-415-66953-5 5699:978-0-313-32967-8 5680:978-1-58648-763-8 5661:978-0-19-926748-4 5642:978-0-271-01802-7 5594:978-1-78195-215-3 5575:978-0-521-13329-6 5556:978-0-520-07665-5 5537:978-0-521-19027-5 5518:978-0-19-514890-9 5493:978-1-55587-578-7 5486:. Lynne Rienner. 5470:978-0-415-57673-4 5436:10.1080/713687893 5414:978-1-4020-9159-9 5395:978-1-4020-4677-3 5376:978-0-415-41157-8 5357:978-1-4128-4759-9 5334:978-0-8122-4318-5 5315:978-0-8223-5038-5 5296:978-1-85109-919-1 5247:978-1-56000-927-6 5228:978-0-7546-7523-5 5209:978-90-8964-245-5 5170:978-0-8157-0557-4 5151:978-81-7094-588-8 5128:978-1-60450-020-2 5067:978-0-521-89440-1 5048:978-0-7546-7182-4 5012:978-0-415-56526-4 4993:978-0-230-36399-1 4974:978-1-84545-701-3 4955:978-0-8122-4213-3 4936:978-0-275-96832-8 4917:978-0-7619-3391-5 4885:978-0-8122-4213-3 4837:978-0-7619-3455-4 4798:978-0-521-87708-4 4779:978-0-415-80608-4 4760:978-0-415-77924-1 4702:978-0-521-72757-0 4683:978-0-415-39080-4 4644:978-0-7546-7444-3 4625:978-0-300-10147-8 4603:978-0-415-48618-7 4584:978-0-415-99084-4 4565:978-1-59311-074-1 4546:978-90-04-38938-0 4508:978-90-6704-810-1 4489:978-0-8058-5693-4 4470:978-0-7914-7695-6 4451:978-0-87003-214-1 4406:978-0-295-98635-7 4370:978-0-415-93111-3 4351:978-0-521-70681-0 4330:978-0-521-14363-9 4311:978-0-8028-6673-8 4292:978-0-520-22071-3 4273:978-0-415-30472-6 4242:978-1-4128-0827-9 4198:978-0-415-56566-0 4164:978-0-415-56566-0 4117:978-0-300-04446-1 4096:978-0-449-90820-4 4077:978-0-8122-1982-1 4058:978-1-137-02721-4 4039:978-1-61069-364-6 3982:978-1-59884-488-7 3959:978-1-4128-1495-9 3932:978-1-56432-483-2 3896:on 11 March 2016. 3757:, pp. 48–49. 3745:, pp. 54–55. 3652:. Supreme Court. 3559:Ahmed et al. 2013 3238:, pp. 40–41. 3087:978-0-8223-7522-7 2992:, pp. 85–86. 2704:, pp. 73–74. 2566:, pp. 82–99. 2475:Martin-Lucas 2010 1995:978-1-61069-364-6 1925:, pp. 92–93. 1788:Madonna and Child 1315:Sabihuddin Ghausi 1013:, members of the 1007: 1006: 935:Sexual harassment 647:Armenian genocide 467:Rape by deception 365:Acquaintance rape 343: 342: 256:2012 Chirirbandar 176:Direct Action Day 77: 76: 69: 7906: 7812: 7811: 7733:Prisoners of war 7678:Diplomatic posts 7672: 7671: 7662: 7661: 7650: 7643: 7636: 7627: 7626: 7442:Aparajeyo Bangla 7402: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7377: 7376: 7268: 7267: 7175:Khem Karan Singh 7160:Hari Chand Dewan 7105: 7104: 6997:Mohammad Shariff 6962: 6961: 6900:AHM Qamaruzzaman 6844:Khaled Mosharraf 6824: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6806: 6805: 6755:Burunga massacre 6720:Jinjira massacre 6619:Battle of Atgram 6579:Battle of Dhalai 6559:Battle of Daruin 6508:Operation Python 6286:Bangladesh Ansar 6227: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6190: 6189: 6157:Rodionov message 5903: 5902: 5892: 5891: 5874: 5857: 5856: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5804: 5792: 5781: 5762: 5741: 5722: 5703: 5684: 5665: 5646: 5627: 5598: 5579: 5560: 5541: 5522: 5497: 5485: 5474: 5451: 5418: 5399: 5380: 5361: 5338: 5319: 5300: 5281: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5251: 5232: 5213: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5174: 5155: 5136:Rahman, Syedur; 5132: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5071: 5052: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5016: 4997: 4978: 4959: 4940: 4921: 4902: 4889: 4870: 4853:(339): 339–355. 4841: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4802: 4783: 4764: 4745: 4735: 4706: 4687: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4648: 4629: 4607: 4588: 4569: 4550: 4529: 4512: 4493: 4474: 4455: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4410: 4391: 4374: 4355: 4334: 4315: 4296: 4277: 4258: 4246: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4202: 4181: 4168: 4147: 4134: 4121: 4100: 4081: 4062: 4043: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3986: 3974: 3963: 3936: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3897: 3892:. 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A. G. Osmani 6811: 6792: 6771: 6725:Akhira massacre 6686: 6623: 6614:Battle of Boyra 6594:Battle of Hilli 6547: 6453: 6451: 6440: 6398: 6374:Jamaat-e-Islami 6336: 6293: 6271:Bangladesh Navy 6249:Bangladesh Army 6214: 6176: 6135: 6094: 6018: 5947: 5897: 5886: 5885: 5861: 5851: 5849: 5812: 5807: 5801: 5778: 5759: 5738: 5719: 5700: 5681: 5662: 5643: 5595: 5576: 5557: 5538: 5519: 5494: 5471: 5415: 5396: 5377: 5358: 5335: 5316: 5297: 5262: 5260: 5248: 5240:. Transaction. 5229: 5210: 5188: 5186: 5171: 5152: 5129: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5068: 5049: 5027: 5025: 5013: 4994: 4984:Rape in Wartime 4975: 4956: 4937: 4918: 4886: 4838: 4816: 4814: 4799: 4780: 4761: 4703: 4684: 4662: 4660: 4645: 4626: 4604: 4585: 4566: 4547: 4509: 4490: 4471: 4452: 4428: 4426: 4407: 4371: 4352: 4331: 4312: 4293: 4274: 4243: 4213: 4211: 4199: 4165: 4118: 4097: 4078: 4059: 4040: 4016: 4014: 4000: 3998: 3983: 3960: 3933: 3911: 3909: 3874: 3872: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3767:Mookherjee 2006 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3600: 3598: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3547:BD News 24 2013 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3511:Al Jazeera 2013 3509: 3505: 3497: 3490: 3482: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3359:Mookherjee 2007 3357: 3353: 3347:Mookherjee 2007 3345: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3212:Mookherjee 2012 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3095: 3088: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2966:Mookherjee 2006 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2702:Mookherjee 2012 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2633: 2625: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2522: 2514: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2259:Mookherjee 2009 2257: 2253: 2208: 2204: 2170: 2169: 2162: 2147: 2143: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2083: 2076: 2068: 2061: 2053: 2046: 2038: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1996: 1978:, eds. (2014). 1969: 1965: 1959:Mookherjee 2012 1957: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1880:Victor Banerjee 1871:Children of War 1818:War Crimes File 1768: 1708:Abul Kalam Azad 1667:Jamaat-e-Islami 1648: 1642: 1607: 1505: 1470: 1447:John Stonehouse 1396: 1382:Members of the 1353:Jamaat-e-Islami 1341: 1333:Faiz Ahmad Faiz 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1212: 1118: 1003: 963: 950:Sexual violence 940:Sexual predator 930:Sex trafficking 925:Sex and the law 915:Rape statistics 853:History of rape 797:Rape shield law 734:Darfur genocide 380:Corrective rape 339: 107: 73: 62: 56: 53: 42: 34:This article's 30: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7912: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7874:Genocidal rape 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7819: 7818: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7768: 7762: 7760: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7736: 7735: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7709: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7681: 7679: 7675: 7674: 7653: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7630: 7621: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7572:Liberation War 7568: 7566: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7558: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7541: 7536: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7408: 7406: 7399: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7384: 7383:Related topics 7373: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7202: 7197: 7195:E. C. Kuruvila 7192: 7190:J. F. R. Jacob 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7111: 7109: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7032:Siddique Salik 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7012:Khadim Hussain 7009: 7004: 7002:Rao Farman Ali 6999: 6994: 6992:Yaqub Ali Khan 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6959: 6955: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6895:Tajuddin Ahmad 6892: 6887: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6859:A. K. Khandker 6856: 6851: 6849:K M Shafiullah 6846: 6841: 6836: 6830: 6828: 6821: 6813: 6812: 6802: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6735:Demra massacre 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6710:Ramna massacre 6707: 6702: 6696: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6677: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6635:Blood Telegram 6631: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6456: 6454: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6412: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6346: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6325:Hemayet Bahini 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6294: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6246: 6241: 6235: 6233: 6224: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6004:Noakhali riots 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5933:Bengal studies 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5909: 5907: 5899: 5898: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5848: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5811: 5810:External links 5808: 5806: 5805: 5799: 5782: 5776: 5763: 5757: 5742: 5736: 5723: 5717: 5704: 5698: 5685: 5679: 5666: 5660: 5647: 5641: 5628: 5599: 5593: 5580: 5574: 5561: 5555: 5542: 5536: 5523: 5517: 5498: 5492: 5475: 5469: 5452: 5419: 5413: 5400: 5394: 5381: 5375: 5362: 5356: 5339: 5333: 5320: 5314: 5301: 5295: 5282: 5278:The Daily Star 5269: 5252: 5246: 5233: 5227: 5214: 5208: 5195: 5175: 5169: 5156: 5150: 5133: 5127: 5114: 5097: 5072: 5066: 5053: 5047: 5034: 5017: 5011: 4998: 4992: 4979: 4973: 4960: 4954: 4941: 4935: 4922: 4916: 4903: 4890: 4884: 4871: 4842: 4836: 4823: 4803: 4797: 4784: 4778: 4765: 4759: 4746: 4718:(2): 191–311. 4707: 4701: 4688: 4682: 4669: 4649: 4643: 4630: 4624: 4608: 4602: 4589: 4583: 4570: 4564: 4551: 4545: 4530: 4513: 4507: 4494: 4488: 4475: 4469: 4456: 4450: 4435: 4411: 4405: 4392: 4375: 4369: 4356: 4350: 4335: 4329: 4316: 4310: 4297: 4291: 4278: 4272: 4259: 4247: 4241: 4220: 4210:. bdnews24.com 4203: 4197: 4182: 4178:Himal Magazine 4169: 4163: 4148: 4144:Deutsche Welle 4135: 4122: 4116: 4101: 4095: 4089:. Ballantine. 4082: 4076: 4063: 4057: 4044: 4038: 4023: 4007: 3987: 3981: 3964: 3958: 3937: 3931: 3918: 3898: 3881: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3819: 3807: 3795: 3783: 3771: 3759: 3747: 3735: 3733:, p. 513. 3723: 3693: 3667: 3650:"Case history" 3641: 3611: 3575: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3515: 3503: 3501:, p. 463. 3488: 3471: 3459: 3447: 3435: 3423: 3421:, p. 203. 3419:Wynbrandt 2009 3411: 3399: 3387: 3385:, p. 266. 3375: 3363: 3351: 3349:, p. 344. 3339: 3327: 3325:, p. 260. 3315: 3303: 3291: 3289:, p. 157. 3279: 3267: 3265:, p. 209. 3252: 3250:, p. 112. 3240: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3192: 3190:, p. 223. 3180: 3178:, p. 340. 3165: 3153: 3144: 3135: 3120: 3118:, p. 176. 3108: 3106:, p. 177. 3093: 3086: 3066: 3064:, p. 155. 3054: 3052:, p. 102. 3042: 3030: 3018: 3006: 3004:, p. 150. 2994: 2982: 2980:, p. 819. 2970: 2958: 2956:, p. 163. 2946: 2944:, p. 244. 2934: 2932:, p. 202. 2919: 2917:, p. 388. 2907: 2905:, p. 277. 2892: 2880: 2868: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2818:, p. 240. 2805: 2803:, p. 600. 2793: 2781: 2779:, p. 120. 2769: 2765:Mohaiemen 2011 2757: 2745: 2730: 2718: 2706: 2694: 2692:, p. 343. 2682: 2680:, p. 128. 2670: 2668:, p. 183. 2658: 2646: 2644:, p. 157. 2631: 2616: 2604: 2602:, p. 157. 2592: 2580: 2568: 2556: 2554:, p. 204. 2544: 2532: 2520: 2503: 2491: 2489:, p. 369. 2479: 2477:, p. 158. 2467: 2463:Mohaiemen 2011 2455: 2453:, p. 335. 2443: 2441:, p. 250. 2431: 2429:, p. 248. 2419: 2407: 2395: 2393:, p. 119. 2391:Southwick 2011 2383: 2371: 2369:, p. 141. 2359: 2347: 2345:, p. 257. 2343:Midlarsky 2011 2335: 2333:, p. 102. 2323: 2311: 2299: 2297:, p. 345. 2287: 2285:, p. 217. 2275: 2263: 2251: 2222:(6): 588–597. 2202: 2183:(2): 433–450. 2160: 2141: 2139:, p. 104. 2129: 2117: 2105: 2093: 2074: 2059: 2057:, p. 101. 2044: 2042:, p. 108. 2025: 2023:, p. 208. 2013: 2001: 1994: 1963: 1951: 1949:, p. 111. 1939: 1937:, p. 225. 1927: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1868:The 2014 film 1843:Nilima Ibrahim 1767: 1764: 1736:rape of minors 1647: 1644: 1606: 1603: 1595:Deutsche Welle 1562:Mujibur Rahman 1504: 1501: 1469: 1466: 1456:United Nations 1429:, was sent by 1427:Blood telegram 1404:Blood telegram 1395: 1392: 1340: 1337: 1276:Mulk Raj Anand 1211: 1208: 1163:A. A. K. Niazi 1142:Bengali Muslim 1117: 1114: 1059:Bengali Hindus 1030:genocidal rape 1005: 1004: 1002: 1001: 994: 987: 979: 976: 975: 974: 973: 971:Law portal 961: 955: 954: 953: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 876: 875: 868:Rape by gender 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 843:Date rape drug 840: 835: 827: 826: 822: 821: 820: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 781: 780: 774: 773: 772: 771: 770: 769: 764: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 682: 669: 668: 667: 665:Imperial Japan 662: 657: 649: 641: 640: 634: 633: 632: 631: 626: 624:United Kingdom 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 543: 542: 538: 537: 536: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 477: 476: 472: 471: 470: 469: 464: 459: 457:Statutory rape 454: 452:Sexual assault 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 412:Genocidal rape 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 388: 387: 377: 372: 367: 359: 358: 352: 351: 341: 340: 338: 337: 330: 323: 315: 312: 311: 310: 309: 304: 299: 294: 286: 285: 281: 280: 279: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 246:2012 Hathazari 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 160: 159: 155: 154: 153: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 114: 113: 112:Discrimination 109: 108: 99: 91: 90: 84: 83: 75: 74: 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7911: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7854:Pakistan Army 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7816: 7815: 7804: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7782:East Pakistan 7780: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7757: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7651: 7646: 7644: 7639: 7637: 7632: 7631: 7628: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7557: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7456:Anniversaries 7454: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7398:Commemoration 7396: 7392: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7378: 7374: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7269: 7265: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7231:Rameshwar Kao 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7216:Indira Gandhi 7214: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7135:K. P. Candeth 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7115:Sam Manekshaw 7113: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7101:Indian allies 7099: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7044: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6869:Matiur Rahman 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6854:Shafaat Jamil 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6807: 6803: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552:Major battles 6550: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6450:Campaigns and 6447: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6403:Indian allies 6401: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6332:Crack Platoon 6330: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6075:East Pakistan 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023:East Pakistan 6021: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5989:United Bengal 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5846: 5841: 5839: 5834: 5832: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5802: 5796: 5791: 5790: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5730:. Routledge. 5729: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5520: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5484: 5483: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5463:. Routledge. 5462: 5458: 5453: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5430:(1): 89–102. 5429: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5369:. Routledge. 5368: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5344:Samuel Totten 5340: 5336: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5144:. Scarecrow. 5143: 5139: 5138:Baxter, Craig 5134: 5130: 5124: 5121:. Arc Manor. 5120: 5115: 5112: 5100: 5098:9780199743292 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5005:. Routledge. 5004: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4772:. Routledge. 4771: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4753:. Routledge. 4752: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4676:. Routledge. 4675: 4670: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4538: 4537: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4482:. Routledge. 4481: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4436: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4363:. Routledge. 4362: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4266:. Routledge. 4265: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4191:. Routledge. 4190: 4189: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4157:. Routledge. 4156: 4155: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4024: 4012: 4008: 3996: 3995:Assam Tribune 3992: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3973: 3972: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3861: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3823: 3817:, p. 56. 3816: 3811: 3805:, p. 78. 3804: 3799: 3792: 3787: 3780: 3775: 3769:, p. 80. 3768: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3732: 3727: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3608: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3579: 3572: 3567: 3560: 3555: 3548: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3524: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3485: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3468: 3463: 3456: 3451: 3445:, p. 11. 3444: 3439: 3433:, p. 93. 3432: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3409:, p. 63. 3408: 3403: 3397:, p. 90. 3396: 3391: 3384: 3379: 3372: 3367: 3360: 3355: 3348: 3343: 3336: 3331: 3324: 3319: 3313:, p. 52. 3312: 3307: 3301:, p. 57. 3300: 3295: 3288: 3283: 3277:, p. 37. 3276: 3271: 3264: 3259: 3257: 3249: 3248:Ghadbian 2002 3244: 3237: 3232: 3225: 3224:D'Costa 2010a 3220: 3214:, p. 77. 3213: 3208: 3202:, p. 92. 3201: 3196: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3170: 3163:, p. 49. 3162: 3157: 3148: 3139: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3089: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3039: 3034: 3028:, p. 89. 3027: 3022: 3016:, p. 46. 3015: 3010: 3003: 2998: 2991: 2986: 2979: 2974: 2968:, p. 73. 2967: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2942:Khondker 2006 2938: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2916: 2911: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2890:, p. 17. 2889: 2884: 2877: 2872: 2866:, p. 93. 2865: 2860: 2854:, p. 77. 2853: 2848: 2842:, p. 49. 2841: 2836: 2829: 2824: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2802: 2797: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2767:, p. 42. 2766: 2761: 2755:, p. 62. 2754: 2749: 2743:, p. 95. 2742: 2741:Sharlach 2000 2737: 2735: 2728:, p. 85. 2727: 2722: 2715: 2710: 2703: 2698: 2691: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2656:, p. 10. 2655: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2614:, p. 83. 2613: 2608: 2601: 2596: 2590:, p. 82. 2589: 2584: 2577: 2572: 2565: 2560: 2553: 2548: 2541: 2540:Yasmin Saikia 2536: 2527: 2525: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2501:, p. 26. 2500: 2495: 2488: 2483: 2476: 2471: 2465:, p. 47. 2464: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2440: 2435: 2428: 2423: 2417:, p. 34. 2416: 2411: 2405:, p. 79. 2404: 2399: 2392: 2387: 2381:, p. 31. 2380: 2375: 2368: 2363: 2357:, p. 71. 2356: 2351: 2344: 2339: 2332: 2327: 2320: 2315: 2308: 2303: 2296: 2291: 2284: 2279: 2273:, p. 42. 2272: 2271:Thompson 2007 2267: 2261:, p. 51. 2260: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2206: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2165: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2138: 2133: 2127:, p. 13. 2126: 2121: 2115:, p. 13. 2114: 2109: 2102: 2097: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2071: 2070:Yasmin Saikia 2066: 2064: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2022: 2017: 2010: 2005: 1997: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1961:, p. 68. 1960: 1955: 1948: 1947:Ghadbian 2002 1943: 1936: 1931: 1924: 1923:Sharlach 2000 1919: 1915: 1899: 1895: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1876:Farooq Sheikh 1873: 1872: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1633:Sumit Ganguly 1630: 1629: 1623: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1584:Mother Teresa 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1550:Cynthia Enloe 1546: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1509: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1474: 1468:Hindu victims 1465: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1439:Indira Gandhi 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1405: 1400: 1391: 1389: 1388:Nizam-e-Islam 1385: 1384:Muslim League 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1365:collaborators 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1343:According to 1336: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1251:special camps 1247: 1243: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1207: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1159: 1158:Muslim League 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1127: 1122: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1082:Yasmin Saikia 1079: 1078:Bihari Muslim 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055:West Pakistan 1052: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1000: 995: 993: 988: 986: 981: 980: 978: 977: 972: 967: 962: 959: 958: 957: 956: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 910:Rape schedule 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 874: 873:Rape of males 871: 870: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 830: 829: 828: 824: 823: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 784: 783: 782: 779: 776: 775: 768: 765: 763: 760: 759: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 686: 683: 681: 677: 673: 670: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 655:Eastern Front 653: 652: 651:World War II 650: 648: 645: 644: 643: 642: 639: 636: 635: 630: 629:United States 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 546: 545: 544: 540: 539: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 480: 479: 478: 474: 473: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 386: 383: 382: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 362: 361: 360: 357: 354: 353: 350: 347: 346: 336: 331: 329: 324: 322: 317: 316: 314: 313: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 297:United Bengal 295: 293: 290: 289: 288: 287: 283: 282: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 251:2012 Fatehpur 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 162: 161: 157: 156: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 117: 116: 115: 111: 110: 106: 104: 103:Bengali Hindu 97: 93: 92: 89: 86: 85: 81: 80: 71: 68: 60: 50: 46: 40: 39: 32: 23: 22: 19: 7807: 7717: 7241:Jagjivan Ram 7236:Swaran Singh 7180:Sartaj Singh 7027:Inamul Haque 6940:M. A. Hannan 6839:Ziaur Rahman 6765: 6649: 6628:Other events 6435:Mitro Bahini 6320:Afsar Bahini 6315:Baten Bahini 6310:Kader Bahini 6305:Mujib Bahini 6244:Mukti Bahini 6060:United Front 6055:Awami League 5788: 5767: 5747: 5727: 5708: 5689: 5670: 5651: 5632: 5610:(1): 82–99. 5607: 5603: 5584: 5565: 5546: 5527: 5503: 5481: 5460: 5447: 5427: 5423: 5407:. Springer. 5404: 5388:. Springer. 5385: 5366: 5347: 5324: 5305: 5286: 5277: 5261:. Retrieved 5237: 5218: 5199: 5187:. Retrieved 5183: 5160: 5141: 5118: 5109: 5102:. Retrieved 5080: 5057: 5038: 5026:. Retrieved 5002: 4983: 4967:. Berghahn. 4964: 4945: 4926: 4907: 4901:(36): 40–52. 4898: 4894: 4875: 4850: 4846: 4827: 4815:. Retrieved 4811: 4788: 4769: 4750: 4733:10722/124770 4715: 4711: 4692: 4673: 4661:. Retrieved 4659:. 9 May 2013 4656: 4634: 4615: 4593: 4574: 4555: 4535: 4517: 4498: 4479: 4460: 4444:. Carnegie. 4440: 4427:. Retrieved 4422: 4418: 4396: 4379: 4360: 4340: 4320: 4301: 4282: 4263: 4254: 4228: 4212:. 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Retrieved 3590:The Guardian 3588: 3578: 3571:Sadique 2013 3566: 3554: 3542: 3535:Mustafa 2013 3530: 3523:Minegar 2013 3518: 3506: 3462: 3450: 3443:Alffram 2009 3438: 3431:Ganguly 2010 3426: 3414: 3407:Saikia 2011a 3402: 3390: 3378: 3366: 3354: 3342: 3335:Gerlach 2010 3330: 3323:Saikia 2011a 3318: 3306: 3299:Saikia 2011a 3294: 3287:Gerlach 2010 3282: 3270: 3263:Siddiqi 1998 3243: 3231: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3161:Debnath 2009 3156: 3147: 3138: 3111: 3076: 3069: 3062:Gerlach 2010 3057: 3050:D'Costa 2011 3045: 3038:D'Costa 2010 3033: 3021: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2978:Hansard 1971 2973: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2930:Siddiqi 2008 2910: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2852:Ḥaqqānī 2005 2847: 2835: 2830:, p. 3. 2828:Saikia 2011a 2823: 2796: 2784: 2777:Newberg 2002 2772: 2760: 2748: 2721: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2642:Saikia 2011b 2607: 2595: 2583: 2571: 2559: 2547: 2535: 2516:D'Costa 2008 2494: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2422: 2410: 2398: 2386: 2374: 2362: 2350: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2309:, p. 9. 2302: 2290: 2278: 2266: 2254: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2180: 2176: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2137:D'Costa 2011 2132: 2125:Wheeler 2000 2120: 2108: 2101:Shafqat 2007 2096: 2088: 2085:Siddiqi 1998 2055:D'Costa 2011 2040:D'Costa 2011 2021:Siddiqi 1998 2016: 2004: 1980: 1966: 1954: 1942: 1930: 1918: 1898: 1869: 1867: 1862: 1855:Taramon Bibi 1850: 1848: 1838: 1832: 1825: 1817: 1811: 1806: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1779: 1776:Shamed Woman 1775: 1697: 1692: 1664: 1655:Bangladeshis 1641: 1626: 1624: 1608: 1598: 1592: 1580: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1547: 1542:infanticides 1514: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1459: 1452: 1431:Archer Blood 1424: 1409: 1381: 1345:Peter Tomsen 1342: 1326: 1292:Ikram Sehgal 1285: 1265: 1255: 1248: 1244: 1223: 1213: 1204:R. J. Rummel 1199:Rounaq Jahan 1197: 1182: 1167: 1154:Awami League 1131: 1109: 1099: 1097: 1086: 1075: 1039: 1022:paramilitary 1008: 905:Rape fantasy 762:By Palestine 708: 687: / 678: / 674: / 614:South Africa 609:Saudi Arabia 533:Rape culture 447:Sexual abuse 427:Marital rape 385:LGBT victims 205: 100: 63: 57:January 2024 54: 35: 18: 7200:S. H. Sarma 7170:T. N. Raina 7165:Sagat Singh 7120:S. M. Nanda 7073:Ghulam Azam 7022:Ahmad Zamir 7017:Mitty Masud 6300:Gono Bahini 6035:East Bengal 5604:SAIS Review 5221:. Ashgate. 4929:. Praeger. 4637:. Ashgate. 4429:24 February 3779:Sahgal 2011 3716:12 December 3686:12 December 3660:12 December 3601:26 February 3467:Adams 2011b 3455:Adams 2011a 3188:Mohsin 2005 2954:Biswas 2012 2915:Scholz 2011 2903:Scholz 2006 2816:Tomsen 2011 2801:Schmid 2011 2753:Friend 2011 2714:Linton 2010 2654:Riedel 2011 2627:Rahman 2007 2600:Coggin 1971 2451:Rummel 1997 2403:Heinze 2009 2355:Murphy 2012 2307:Riedel 2011 2157:(1): 23–40. 1935:Sajjad 2012 1814:Gita Sahgal 1780:Brave Woman 1750:during the 1740:mass murder 1720:Ghulam Azam 1628:India Today 1323:Ahmad Salim 1321:, the poet 1299:Asghar Khan 1296:Air Marshal 1281:Amita Malik 1261:prostitutes 920:Rape threat 719:Bosnian War 699:Vietnam War 604:Philippines 549:Afghanistan 442:Serial rape 432:Prison rape 370:Campus rape 226:Hojai riots 158:Persecution 7828:Categories 7565:Categories 7386:Categories 7312:War Report 7221:V. V. Giri 7088:Tridev Roy 7083:J.A. Rahim 7063:Nurul Amin 7007:A.O. Mitha 6987:A.K. Niazi 6982:S.M. 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Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War

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