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701:'s orders until the rest of Menelik's army could join the battle. Once Menelik arrived at Mekelle, he called off the attack and had established contact with the Italian commander, giving him the opportunity to leave peacefully in exchange for surrender. On January 21, with permission from the Italian high command, the Italian commander agreed to surrender, allowing them to peacefully leave Mekelle with their weapons. Ras Mekonnen was sent to "escort" them back to Italian lines â a convenient way to bring a major part of the Ethiopian army to scout deep into Italian-held territory.
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missionaries and a growing number of
Europeans enroute to the capital. From there he learned as much as possible about the outside world. He especially appreciated Russians due to their shared Orthodox faith, and unlike other western Europeans, did not have colonial pretensions. Makonnen also had a
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from their dwellings to install themselves in their place, and devastated everything around them." Trade and traders were driven away from the city and markets were held instead in the remote countryside. As the occupation progressed, Makonnen set about undermining Harari wealth by expropriating
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soon revolted and
Makonnen marched into town with his troops, cowed the population, and imprisoned Ali. Once in the town, the troops went wild, demolished and looted homes, tyrannized the population, and killed several people. According to historian Norman Bennett, Makonnen may have aroused an
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Makonnen which followed mosques changed into churches and
Abyssinian Christians arriving from the north to settle in the town. Makonnen had ordered the primary mosque of Harar to be replaced by an Orthodox Church. The French traveler Charles Michel notes that "the first years of the Abyssinian
670:, Ras Makonnen and his well equipped troops eagerly took part in the war against the Italians. Ras Makonnen's Harar army took spearheaded Menelik's forces in their northern march to confront the occupying Italians in Tigray province. The first clash occurred on 7 December 1895 during
732:. He arrived in June to the ceremony originally scheduled for 26 June, and stayed in Europe while the King recovered from an operation, attending the rescheduled ceremony on 9 August. Between these dates, he paid visits to various parts of the United Kingdom, and visited
596:. The Harari nobility was allowed some participation in the city's government, as running of the city was entrusted to the Amir's nephew, Ali. However ravaging and additional atrocities against the populace by the Abyssinians did not cease, the
712:'s Brigade on the slopes of Enda Keret, then occupying Mount Gusoso between Albertone's and Dabormida's position. His forces then turn on Dabormida Brigade, allowing the Oromo cavalry to decimate it while attempting to withdraw.
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625:, where he purchased land on behalf of the Ethiopian government, and the Greek patriarch presented him with a gold crucifix in which a sliver of the True Cross was embedded. In April of that year, after arriving in
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came under attack by the troops of Ras
Makonnen, had occupied the road leading back to Eritrea, and launched a surprise attack on the flanks of Toselli's men, completely devastating the Italian force.
535:. According to Jules Borelli, Harar was pillaged by Abyssinian soldiers with half its population fleeing, despite pleas from the despoiled locals to Makonnen. According to Hararis, the oppression of
685:, surrounding it with his men and launching a series of abortive attacks on the Italian fort. Makonnen had hinted girmly that he might not come out alive during this attack, which resulted in
834:, a Croatian sculptor active in former Yugoslavia and the United States. In June 2020 the equestrian Monument to Ras Makonnen was toppled and destroyed by Oromo mobs who participated in
650:, and an attempted palace coup. Makonnen spent much of the next 2 years participating in internal and external debates about Article 17. In the meantime his well equipped troops in
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occupation were far from prosperous" as the
Abyssinians "took for themselves what could have any value", while "the soldiers, several thousand in number, chased the
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state police officers supported its removal. The event was also followed by smashing of the Statue of Ras
Makonnen Wolde Mikael's son and Ethiopian leader
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Back at home, Makonnen took part in debates about
Article 17 of the Treaty of Wuchale, condemning Italy's position. In 1892, Ras Makonnen was summoned to
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underwent raiding expeditions throughout the Somali lowlands to capture sheep and cattle to restock highland herds decimated by the rinderpest epidemic.
482:, the son of Makonnen and Yeshimebet Ali, was born. In 1901, following the death of Yeshimebet Ali, Makonnen was briefly married to a niece of Empress
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a whispered benediction. Menelik was said to be very distraught after hearing about the death of his cousin and intensely grieved for three days.
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told Oromia Media
Network (OMN) said that people should remember that all the horses seen mounted by old rulers leaders belonged to the people.
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Due to his familiarly with the
Europeans, he was soon made to lead Ethiopian missions aboard. His first trip took place in 1889 to witness
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insurrection to obtain absolute power in Harar. He successively replaced Ali with two other Harari viceroys, Yusuf
Berkhedle and Haji
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752:(KCMG) during an audience with King Edward VII on 8 August 1902, Star of the Russian Order of St. Anne, Star of the French
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passion for firearms and was heavily involved in the local arms trade, he imported weapons, some of whom he shipped to
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Pan-Africanism: Political Philosophy and Socio-Economic Anthropology for African Liberation and Governance: Vol. 2
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which provided a welcome opportunity to buy modern weapons and ammunition. On his way home in 1890, he stopped in
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565:. Makonnen pushed the expansion of the empire to the east and south of Harar, conquering the territories of the
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Wolete Giyorgis. In 1875, Yilma Makonnen was born to Makonnen and a woman who was not Yeshimebet Ali. In 1892,
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1088:Ăthiopie mĂ©ridionale journal de mon voyage aux pays Amhara, Oromo et Sidama, septembre 1885 Ă novembre 1888
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Mentewab Wale. Makonnen's marriage to Mentewab Wale was never consummated and, in 1902, it was annulled.
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Centres in the Periphery: Negotiating Territoriality and Identification in Harar and Jijiga from 1942
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and by 1881 commanded 1,000 well armed troops. In the same year he served in a campaign against the
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758:(Third Republic), Star of the Order of the Crown of Italy, Star of the Ottoman Order of Osmania.
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72:. The article properly refers to the person by his given name, Mekonen, and not as Wolde Mikael.
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to prevent him from getting killed and keep watch on his cousin. As a result, Alula and
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In early 1895, tensions with Italy dramatically increased into the outbreak of the
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Conditions in the city rapidly improved once the soldiers left for service in the
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CAN WE CELEBRATE THE VICTORY OF ADWA, AFTER WE DESTROYED THE HERO OF ADWA STATUE?
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Kasuka, Bridgette (2012), Prominent African Leaders Since Independence p.19
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Black Witness. Ras Makonnen : Pan-Africanism from within [compte-rendu
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after it was incorporated into the Ethiopian Empire by his cousin, Emperor
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Haile Selassie: Statue of former Ethiopian leader destroyed in London park
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Islam, Ethnicity, and Conflict in Ethiopia The Bale Insurgency, 1963-1970
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Conflict and Peace in the Horn of Africa: federalism and its alternatives
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Ras Makonnen followed up this victory by reaching the Italian fort at
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At Harar, Makonnen enjoyed good relations with expatriates, including
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355:: á«á” ááźáá ááá° áá«á€á ááá° áááźá”; 8 May 1852 â 21 March 1906), or simply
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Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
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Makonnen Wolde Mikael Wolde Melekot was born in Derefo Maryam near
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Wolde Mikael Wolde Melekot, who was the governor of the provinces
748:. He received the following decorations: Knight Commander of the
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Alessandro Baussi, "Ras MĂ€kwĂ€nnÇn", in Siegbert von Uhlig, ed.,
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Alessandro Baussi, "Ras MĂ€kwĂ€nnÇn", in Siegbert von Uhlig, ed.,
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as âone of the greatest leaders of Abyssiniaâ, he served in the
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In 1865, at the age of 14 his father took him to the court of
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History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935
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History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935
1091:. Quantin, Librairies-imprimeries rĂ©unies. pp. 238â239.
1235:"Menilek and the Utilisation of Foreign Skills in Ethiopia"
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427:
411:
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Haile Selassie, My life and the steps of Ethiopia(Amharic)
854:, UK. Referring to a statue in Addis Ababa of Menelik II,
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with a Solomonic genealogy, his mother was a daughter of
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The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire
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Leadership in Eastern Africa Six Political Biographies
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Ras Makonnen's troops played an important role at the
1493:"Deadly protests erupt after Ethiopian singer killed"
68:
This article is about a person whose name includes a
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The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844â1913
1522:"Ethiopians Angered At Singer's Death Topple Statue"
1467:
The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844â1913
1408:. No. 36842. London. 9 August 1902. p. 6.
826:The Monument to Ras Makonnen previously located in
1019:Le HĂ©ros d'Adoua: Ras Makonnen, Prince d'Ăthiopie
957:Le HĂ©ros d'Adoua. Ras Makonnen, Prince d'Ăthiopie
1615:
818:Equestrian statue of Ras Makonnen previously in
523:In 1887, Makonnen was given the governorship of
30:For the Guyanese-born Pan-African activist, see
1307:(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2007), p. 227.
1075:(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2007), p. 226.
1478:The Antun AugustinÄiÄ Gallery. Archived from
86:
1439:Kinni, Fongot Kini-Yen (23 September 2015).
1111:. The University of Edinburgh. p. 198.
1043:From Emperor Haile Selassie to H.J. Polotsky
1010:
914:Prominent African Leaders Since Independence
887:Prominent African Leaders Since Independence
549:their land and offering it to his soldiers.
809:
708:, his men spent much of the battle mauling
1469:(Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1995), p. 6
1389:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1360:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1331:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1212:. Cambridge University Press. p. 68.
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493:In 1876, Makonnen was awarded the rank of
420:Tenagnework Sahle Selassie and his father
252:Military officer, diplomat, court official
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1245:(1). Institute of Ethiopian Studies: 52.
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724:Makonnen attended the coronation of King
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1143:. Harvard University Press. p. 76.
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774:, was on an official visit to Ethiopia.
581:by 1891. In 1896 Ras Makonnen appointed
503:who were disrupting trade caravans from
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822:but later toppled by protestors in 2020
410:, in what was then in the province of
61:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
1644:Ethiopian Oriental Orthodox Christians
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1577:
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1482:on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2020
1270:. Boston University Press. p. 29.
1233:Pankhurst, Richard (25 October 1967).
1205:
1178:
1021:. Paris: Librairie Plon. p. 299.
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577:allowed Makonnen to occupy all of the
363:(á ᣠááá), was an Ethiopian royal from
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1438:
1137:Jonas ·, Raymond (29 November 2011).
911:Kasuka, Bridgette (8 February 2012).
434:) His maternal lineage is ethnically
367:, a military leader, the governor of
27:Ethiopian prince of Shewa (1852â1906)
1547:Haile, Mulugeta (27 February 2021).
573:. In 1890, more reinforcements from
539:began with the invasion of Harar by
63: instead of Ethiopic characters.
1046:. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 13.
890:. Glagoslav Publications B.V. (N).
750:Order of St. Michael and St. George
666:. Despite the security problems in
371:, and the father of future Emperor
346:Makonnen Wolde Mikael Wolde Melekot
24:
25:
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1597:
1377:Armies of the Adowa Campaign 1896
1348:Armies of the Adowa Campaign 1896
1319:Armies of the Adowa Campaign 1896
629:, he was promoted to the rank of
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1379:. Osprey Publishing. p. 13.
1350:. Osprey Publishing. p. 12.
1321:. Osprey Publishing. p. 11.
1185:. Greenwood Press. p. 317.
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1428:. 29 August 1902. p. 5603.
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970:"Doba, Amhara Region, Ethiopia"
642:because of Italian intrigue in
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430:and Doba (which are located in
1206:ĂstebĂž, Terje (October 2020).
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798:. His officers brought him to
766:In early 1906 the governor of
617:'s formal ratification of the
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1679:20th-century Ethiopian people
1649:Ethiopian Orthodox Christians
1624:19th-century Ethiopian people
1571:
1305:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica He-N
1073:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica He-N
697:had Makonnen under arrest at
507:. He served in the battle of
84:Makonnen Wolde Mikael Gudessa
1239:Journal of Ethiopian Studies
1017:PĂ©tridĂšs, S. Pierre (1963).
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383:, playing a key role at the
7:
1281:Pankhurst, Richard (1982),
1164:Pankhurst, Richard (1982).
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10:
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1654:Oriental Orthodox monarchs
1582:. Lawrenceville: Red Sea.
1578:Marcus, Harold G. (1995).
1102:Matshanda, Namhla (2014).
1040:Ullendorf, Edward (1995).
67:
29:
917:. Bankole Kamara Taylor.
884:Gumilev, Nikolai (2018).
838:, following the death of
830:was sculpted in 1959, by
778:summoned Ras Makonnen to
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399:Ras Makonnen, August 1902
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1346:McLachlan, Sean (2011).
1317:McLachlan, Sean (2011).
1264:Bennett, Norman (1968).
1182:Muslim Peoples: Acehnese
1179:Weekes, Richard (1984).
995:Woodward, Peter (1994),
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810:Monument to Ras Makonnen
794:Makonnen came down with
782:. While travelling from
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1168:. Steiner. p. 255.
1085:Borelli, Jules (1890).
1639:Ethiopian Royal Family
1526:www.mybrytfmonline.com
836:Hachalu Hundessa riots
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49:This article contains
1611:at Wikimedia Commons
999:. Dartmouth Pub. Co.
817:
695:Ras Mengesha Yohannes
646:, an insurrection in
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955:S. Pierre PĂ©tridĂšs,
842:. It is alleged the
672:Battle of Amba Alagi
314:Battle of Amba Alagi
285:Menelik's Expansions
1126:on 31 January 2020.
658:Italo-Ethiopian War
1629:Deaths from typhus
1465:Harold G. Marcus,
1425:The London Gazette
1404:"Court Circular".
824:
772:Ferdinando Martini
533:Battle of Chelenqo
513:Battle of Chelenqo
401:
294:Battle of Chelenqo
204:, Ethiopian Empire
1664:Solomonic dynasty
1634:Ethiopian princes
1607:Media related to
1219:978-1-108-83968-6
1192:978-0-313-24639-5
1150:978-0-674-06279-5
1053:978-3-447-03615-3
832:Antun AugustinÄiÄ
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51:Ethiopic text
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1609:Ras Makonnen
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1530:. Retrieved
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1501:. Retrieved
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357:Ras Makonnen
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280:Battles/wars
193:(1906-03-21)
150:Succeeded by
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18:Ras Makonnen
1674:1906 deaths
1669:1852 births
1532:16 November
1420:"No. 27469"
788:Addis Ababa
780:Addis Ababa
699:Taytu Betul
627:Addis Ababa
575:Addis Ababa
484:Taytu Betul
361:Abba Qagnew
209:Nationality
1618:Categories
1572:References
974:Mindat.org
776:Menelik II
726:Edward VII
687:Menelik II
571:Gadabuursi
501:Arsi Oromo
496:Balambaras
262:Allegiance
249:Occupation
171:8 May 1852
143:Menelik II
70:patronymic
1406:The Times
1385:cite book
1356:cite book
1327:cite book
1117:157882043
872:Citations
867:Footnotes
720:In 1902,
691:Ras Alula
689:to order
623:Jerusalem
470:Dejazmach
423:Dejazmach
391:Biography
221:Ethiopian
134:1887â1906
130:In office
1497:BBC News
1251:41965750
1007:, p. 29.
668:Hararghe
609:Diplomat
569:and the
554:Capuchin
505:Tadjoura
472:Ali and
237:Children
202:Hararghe
118:Governor
1027:9958972
976:. 2023.
856:Hachalu
746:Germany
683:Mekelle
587:Jigjiga
563:Somalis
546:Hararis
529:Menelik
488:Woizero
475:Woizero
454:Menelik
417:Woizero
408:Ankober
353:Amharic
349:Gudessa
139:Monarch
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648:Gojjam
644:Tigray
594:Ogaden
579:Ogaden
464:, the
436:Amhara
271:
227:Spouse
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198:Kulubi
1247:JSTOR
1124:(PDF)
1113:S2CID
1109:(PDF)
862:Notes
828:Harar
820:Harar
784:Harar
762:Death
734:Italy
674:when
652:Harar
640:Shewa
559:Shewa
525:Harar
466:Oromo
458:Shewa
451:Negus
444:Shewa
369:Harar
365:Shewa
122:Harar
1584:ISBN
1534:2022
1505:2020
1447:ISBN
1391:link
1362:link
1333:link
1214:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1048:ISBN
1023:OCLC
1001:ISBN
919:ISBN
892:ISBN
615:Rome
567:Issa
428:Menz
412:Menz
188:Died
174:Menz
168:Born
94:KCMG
850:in
792:Ras
786:to
728:in
722:Ras
632:Ras
541:Ras
442:of
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342:Ras
120:of
80:Ras
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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