11547:
12875:
10934:
12857:
8745:
11542:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\left={\ce {0}}{\frac {1}{k_{1}+k_{-1}}}\left(k_{-1}+k_{1}e^{-\left(k_{1}+k_{-1}\right)t}\right)+{\ce {0}}{\frac {k_{-1}}{k_{1}+k_{-1}}}\left(1-e^{-\left(k_{1}+k_{-1}\right)t}\right)\\&\left={\ce {0}}{\frac {k_{1}}{k_{1}+k_{-1}}}\left(1-e^{-\left(k_{1}+k_{-1}\right)t}\right)+{\ce {0}}{\frac {1}{k_{1}+k_{-1}}}\left(k_{1}+k_{-1}e^{-\left(k_{1}+k_{-1}\right)t}\right)\end{aligned}}}
12356:
12348:
3071:. Although not affecting the above math, the majority of first order reactions proceed via intermolecular collisions. Such collisions, which contribute the energy to the reactant, are necessarily second order. The rate of these collisions is, however, masked by the fact that the rate determining step remains the unimolecular breakdown of the energized reactant.
10476:
12852:{\displaystyle \left={\begin{cases}{\ce {0}}\left(1+{\frac {k_{1}e^{-k_{2}t}-k_{2}e^{-k_{1}t}}{k_{2}-k_{1}}}\right)+{\ce {0}}\left(1-e^{-k_{2}t}\right)+{\ce {0}}&k_{1}\neq k_{2}\\{\ce {0}}\left(1-e^{-k_{1}t}-k_{1}te^{-k_{1}t}\right)+{\ce {0}}\left(1-e^{-k_{1}t}\right)+{\ce {0}}&{\text{otherwise}}\\\end{cases}}}
14891:
11991:
13712:
This can be the case when studying a bimolecular reaction and a simultaneous hydrolysis (which can be treated as pseudo order one) takes place: the hydrolysis complicates the study of the reaction kinetics, because some reactant is being "spent" in a parallel reaction. For example, A reacts with R to
7831:
represents concurrent first order and second order reactions (or more often concurrent pseudo-first order and second order) reactions, and can be described as mixed first and second order. For sufficiently large values of such a reaction will approximate second order kinetics, but for smaller the
5037:
One way to obtain a pseudo-first order reaction is to use a large excess of one reactant (say, ≫) so that, as the reaction progresses, only a small fraction of the reactant in excess (B) is consumed, and its concentration can be considered to stay constant. For example, the hydrolysis of esters by
8012:
This is zero-order with respect to hexacyanoferrate (III) at the onset of the reaction (when its concentration is high and the ruthenium catalyst is quickly regenerated), but changes to first-order when its concentration decreases and the regeneration of catalyst becomes rate-determining.
10101:
8739:
2055:
The tentative rate equation determined by the method of initial rates is therefore normally verified by comparing the concentrations measured over a longer time (several half-lives) with the integrated form of the rate equation; this assumes that the reaction goes to completion.
14389:
17017:
4093:
540:
may or may not have reaction orders equal to their stoichiometric coefficients. This implies that the order and the rate equation of a given reaction cannot be reliably deduced from the stoichiometry and must be determined experimentally, since an unknown
398:
is a number which quantifies the degree to which the rate of a chemical reaction depends on concentrations of the reactants. In other words, the order of reaction is the exponent to which the concentration of a particular reactant is raised. The constant
9025:
15033:
8326:
4833:
2800:
For zero-order reactions, the reaction rate is independent of the concentration of a reactant, so that changing its concentration has no effect on the rate of the reaction. Thus, the concentration changes linearly with time. The rate law for
571:
reaction order with respect to a reactant if the rate is not simply proportional to some power of the concentration of that reactant; for example, one cannot talk about reaction order in the rate equation for a bimolecular reaction between
14675:
1012:
12343:{\displaystyle \left={\begin{cases}{\ce {0}}{\frac {k_{1}}{k_{2}-k_{1}}}\left(e^{-k_{1}t}-e^{-k_{2}t}\right)+{\ce {0}}e^{-k_{2}t}&k_{1}\neq k_{2}\\{\ce {0}}k_{1}te^{-k_{1}t}+{\ce {0}}e^{-k_{1}t}&{\text{otherwise}}\\\end{cases}}}
14508:
7731:
13626:
13475:
723:
10868:
49:
of a given reaction in terms of concentrations of chemical species and constant parameters (normally rate coefficients and partial orders of reaction) only. For many reactions, the initial rate is given by a power law such as
8008:
9702:
10928:= 0 is different from above, the simplifications above are invalid, and a system of differential equations must be solved. However, this system can also be solved exactly to yield the following generalized expressions:
10471:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}-{\frac {d}{dt}}&={k_{1}_{t}}-{k_{-1}_{t}}\\-{\frac {dx}{dt}}&={k_{1}x}-{k_{-1}_{t}}\\&={k_{1}x}-{k_{-1}({\ce {0}}-x)}\\&={(k_{1}+k_{-1})x}-{k_{-1}{\ce {0}}}\end{aligned}}}
14203:
10702:
4636:
10106:
8150:
When a partial order is negative, the overall order is usually considered as undefined. In the above example, for instance, the reaction is not described as first order even though the sum of the partial orders is
6631:
13703:
8499:
3897:
5926:
4246:
16489:
15988:
10578:
5145:
862:
10939:
9540:
8504:
13914:
7135:
6526:
6395:
9427:
9278:
1127:
15368:
10020:
6455:
1907:
14592:
7532:
7439:
3418:
1748:
7039:
6161:
1753:
This can be used to estimate the order of reaction of each reactant. For example, the initial rate can be measured in a series of experiments at different initial concentrations of reactant
13088:
9836:
8453:
8145:
7199:
3509:
1276:
17248:
Walsh, Dylan J.; Lau, Sii Hong; Hyatt, Michael G.; Guironnet, Damien (2017-09-25). "Kinetic Study of Living Ring-Opening
Metathesis Polymerization with Third-Generation Grubbs Catalysts".
13996:
13324:
8023:
for enzyme-catalysis: first-order in substrate (second-order overall) at low substrate concentrations, zero order in substrate (first-order overall) at higher substrate concentrations; and
3235:
2414:
803:
11825:
6120:
3140:
16865:
11654:
7271:
1516:
6009:
3923:
16555:
15501:
13758:
11901:
With the individual concentrations scaled by the total population of reactants to become probabilities, linear systems of differential equations such as these can be formulated as a
6956:
2908:
Many enzyme-catalyzed reactions are zero order, provided that the reactant concentration is much greater than the enzyme concentration which controls the rate, so that the enzyme is
2557:
17653:
Manso, José A.; Pérez-Prior, M. Teresa; García-Santos, M. del Pilar; Calle, Emilio; Casado, Julio (2005). "A Kinetic
Approach to the Alkylating Potential of Carcinogenic Lactones".
11730:
2881:
2140:
1370:
16627:
15823:
14208:
13792:
13226:
13157:
11983:
11896:
9904:
8841:
7829:
6265:
6311:
6082:
6052:
2614:
16664:
5846:
3054:
2319:. In this method, the concentration of one reactant is measured with all other reactants in large excess so that their concentration remains essentially constant. For a reaction
122:
16049:
12943:
12915:
2897:. This may occur when there is a bottleneck which limits the number of reactant molecules that can react at the same time, for example if the reaction requires contact with an
8906:
4987:
7832:
kinetics will approximate first order (or pseudo-first order). As the reaction progresses, the reaction can change from second order to first order as reactant is consumed.
5773:
5702:
5628:
516:
6846:
15110:
6220:
1196:
246:
3809:
3669:
2046:
the rate equation will not be completely determined if the rate also depends on substances not present at the beginning of the reaction, such as intermediates or products.
1833:
386:
360:
217:
14026:
5554:
5487:
14902:
5032:
1568:
16604:
14886:{\displaystyle r_{1j}{\ce {X}}_{1}+r_{2j}{\ce {X}}_{2}+\cdots +r_{Nj}{\ce {X}}_{N}{\ce {->}}\ p_{1j}{\ce {X}}_{1}+\ p_{2j}{\ce {X}}_{2}+\cdots +p_{Nj}{\ce {X}}_{N},}
9321:
8884:
8218:
6666:
4659:
2718:
2690:
2492:
2464:
2028:
1777:
16238:
16202:
15728:
15672:
15610:
15548:
8190:
5374:
5249:
4907:
4458:
3727:
3603:
4350:
2788:
1626:
16372:
16322:
16083:
15245:
15215:
10025:
The derivative is negative because this is the rate of the reaction going from A to P, and therefore the concentration of A is decreasing. To simplify notation, let
2759:
2278:
2240:
16292:
16265:
16110:
15159:
12997:
12970:
11620:
11593:
10093:
5034:
The second-order rate equation has been reduced to a pseudo–first-order rate equation, which makes the treatment to obtain an integrated rate equation much easier.
1942:
881:
16736:
10062:
9179:
9140:
9098:
9063:
4463:
The rate is first-order in one reactant (ethyl acetate), and also first-order in imidazole, which as a catalyst does not appear in the overall chemical equation.
1978:
2175:
16888:
16704:
16684:
16578:
16342:
16166:
16146:
15866:
15846:
15748:
15692:
15630:
15568:
15183:
15130:
15079:
15059:
14667:
14647:
14627:
6718:
6694:
2662:
2638:
2436:
2303:
2199:
2000:
1395:
1046:
419:
330:
306:
282:
7550:
187:
155:
13480:
13329:
3617:
A reaction is said to be second order when the overall order is two. The rate of a second-order reaction may be proportional to one concentration squared,
582:
14394:
8200:
A pair of forward and reverse reactions may occur simultaneously with comparable speeds. For example, A and B react into products P and Q and vice versa (
7753:
if they approximate to the laws for more than one order at different concentrations of the chemical species involved. For example, a rate law of the form
556:
from the underlying elementary reactions, and compared with the experimental rate equation as a test of the assumed mechanism. The equation may involve a
10713:
17053:
7866:
16051:, for systems composed of merely reversible reactions. In this case, the rate of the forward and backward reactions are equal, a principle called
9551:
10593:
4492:
15993:
This is the product of the stoichiometric matrix and the vector of reaction rate functions. Particular simple solutions exist in equilibrium,
4847:, or because it is in great excess with respect to the other reactants), its concentration can be included in the rate constant, leading to a
1424:. This predicts that the rate depends only on the concentrations of the reactants, raised to the powers of their stoichiometric coefficients.
17963:
8734:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&k_{1}^{a}^{b}=k_{-1}^{p}^{q}\\&K={\frac {^{p}^{q}}{^{a}^{b}}}={\frac {k_{1}}{k_{-1}}}\end{aligned}}}
6532:
2039:
measurement of the initial rate requires accurate determination of small changes in concentration in short times (compared to the reaction
14034:
13634:
545:
could be either elementary or complex. When the experimental rate equation has been determined, it is often of use for deduction of the
394:
reaction order is the sum of the exponents. These are often positive integers, but they may also be zero, fractional, or negative. The
3820:
5852:
4122:
16380:
5407:
to occur. However, overall reactions composed of several elementary steps can, of course, be of any (including non-integer) order.
15874:
10487:
5048:
814:
12882:
When a substance reacts simultaneously to give two different products, a parallel or competitive reaction is said to take place.
2985:). Other reactants can be present, but their concentration has no effect on the rate. The rate law for a first order reaction is
11556:
of molecules, other methods are required for the determination of rate constants for instance by complete lineshape analysis in
9442:
532:
for each reactant. The overall reaction order, i.e. the sum of stoichiometric coefficients of reactants, is always equal to the
18415:
2954:
17740:
17469:
17437:
17300:
17205:
7048:
6461:
6330:
1054:
17614:
Rushton, Gregory T.; Burns, William G.; Lavin, Judi M.; Chong, Yong S.; Pellechia, Perry; Shimizu, Ken D. (September 2007).
9336:
9187:
15260:
17930:
9912:
6401:
18175:
18052:
13797:
1843:
16629:
be the function that takes a vector and constructs a diagonal matrix whose on-diagonal entries are those of the vector.
16240:, an analytic form for the time-evolution of the species can be found. Let the rate constant of conversion from species
14515:
7450:
18009:
17483:
17430:
A Textbook of physical chemistry. Vol. 5: Dynamics of chemical reactions, statistical thermodynamics and macromolecules
17293:
A Textbook of physical chemistry. Vol. 5: Dynamics of chemical reactions, statistical thermodynamics and macromolecules
17198:
A Textbook of physical chemistry. Vol. 5: Dynamics of chemical reactions, statistical thermodynamics and macromolecules
16929:
7296:
6126:
3522:(nucleophilic substitution unimolecular) reactions consists of first-order reactions. For example, in the reaction of
3241:
1656:
18316:
17956:
17907:
17881:
17859:
17840:
17821:
17778:
17707:
17416:
17380:
17364:
17325:
16959:
6981:
1204:
14606:
13002:
9720:
8337:
8054:
7141:
3424:
2315:
The partial order with respect to a given reactant can be evaluated by the method of flooding (or of isolation) of
13919:
13233:
4088:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\ce {}}}{{\ce {}}}}={\frac {{\ce {0}}}{{\ce {0}}}}e^{\left({\ce {0}}-{\ce {0}}\right)kt};}
3814:
For the rate proportional to a single concentration squared, the time dependence of the concentration is given by
3155:
2337:
6088:
757:
11737:
3081:
18224:
18219:
18029:
16744:
14384:{\displaystyle \ln {\frac {{\ce {0}}}{{\ce {0-}}}}={\frac {k_{2}{\ce {0}}}{k_{1}'}}\left(1-e^{-k_{1}'t}\right)}
7835:
Another type of mixed-order rate law has a denominator of two or more terms, often because the identity of the
1441:
11625:
8039:
A reaction rate can have a negative partial order with respect to a substance. For example, the conversion of
7208:
552:
The rate equation of a reaction with an assumed multi-step mechanism can often be derived theoretically using
18389:
18384:
16914:
16899:
16497:
8020:
5932:
4102:
15376:
13716:
13713:
give our product C, but meanwhile the hydrolysis reaction takes away an amount of A to give B, a byproduct:
6866:
4851:(or occasionally pseudo–second-order) rate equation. For a typical second-order reaction with rate equation
2809:
17949:
16964:
16612:
15763:
11663:
7756:
2065:
1303:
17616:"Determination of the Rotational Barrier for Kinetically Stable Conformational Isomers via NMR and 2D TLC"
13763:
13162:
13093:
11911:
11832:
9844:
9020:{\displaystyle K\ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\ {\frac {k_{1}}{k_{-1}}}={\frac {\left_{e}}{\left_{e}}}}
8781:
8331:
The reaction rate expression for the above reactions (assuming each one is elementary) can be written as:
6230:
6058:
6028:
16635:
8147:
in an excess of oxygen. This corresponds to second order in ozone and order (−1) with respect to oxygen.
6275:
2921:
1629:
868:
529:
56:
6742:
5779:
2991:
2501:
1289:. This law generally cannot be deduced from the chemical equation and must be determined by experiment.
18410:
18354:
18044:
8209:
867:
The prefactors −1, −2 and 3 (with negative signs for reactants because they are consumed) are known as
15996:
12920:
12892:
557:
18081:
17981:
16995:(4 ed.). Research Triangle Park, NC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
2562:
17667:
17615:
17564:
17375:
R.H. Petrucci, W.S. Harwood and F.G. Herring, General
Chemistry (8th ed., Prentice-Hall 2002) p.588
15028:{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{N}r_{ij}{\ce {X}}_{i}{\ce {->}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}\ p_{ij}{\ce {X}}_{i}.}
12381:
12016:
5713:
5634:
5560:
457:
18311:
17565:"Ruthenium(VI)-Catalyzed Oxidation of Alcohols by Hexacyanoferrate(III): An Example of Mixed Order"
16944:
12863:
11553:
8489:
are related to the equilibrium coefficient for the reaction (K) by the following relationship (set
8321:{\displaystyle {\ce {{{\mathit {a}}A}+{{\mathit {b}}B}<=>{{\mathit {p}}P}+{{\mathit {q}}Q}}}}
6961:
6776:
4828:{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3CH2CH2CH2Br+NaO{\mathit {t}}-Bu->CH3CH2CH=CH2+NaBr+HO{\mathit {t}}-Bu}}}
4645:, another common type of second-order reaction, if the sodium iodide and acetone are replaced with
3143:
1432:
1155:
553:
226:
42:
15755:
15086:
7290:
In the steady state, the rates of formation and destruction of methyl radicals are equal, so that
6181:
2722:
in excess) is determined by a series of similar experiments with a range of initial concentration
1786:
369:
343:
200:
18359:
18160:
11552:
When the equilibrium constant is close to unity and the reaction rates very fast for instance in
8472:
is the rate coefficient for the backwards reaction, which consumes P and Q and produces A and B.
7537:
The reaction rate equals the rate of the propagation steps which form the main reaction products
3750:
3620:
2928:
5493:
5437:
4912:
18114:
17662:
16939:
16870:
thus providing the relation between the initial conditions of the system and its state at time
16583:
15162:
14512:
The integrated equations were analytically obtained but during the process it was assumed that
10913:
6647:
2699:
2671:
2473:
2445:
2009:
1758:
1527:
1401:
425:
36:
17936:
17813:
17804:
16207:
16171:
15697:
15641:
15579:
15517:
11905:. The differential equations can be solved analytically and the integrated rate equations are
9286:
8849:
8154:
6722:
for the reaction rate constant. The half-life of a first-order reaction is often expressed as
1007:{\displaystyle -{\frac {d}{dt}}=-{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d}{dt}}={\frac {1}{3}}{\frac {d}{dt}}.}
18344:
18276:
18134:
18124:
16919:
16113:
7836:
5254:
5171:
4854:
4369:
3674:
3549:
2950:
1022:
573:
561:
443:. Its value may depend on conditions such as temperature, ionic strength, surface area of an
39:
16347:
16297:
16058:
15220:
15190:
14594:. Therefore, previous equation for can only be used for low concentrations of compared to
14001:
4257:
2727:
2208:
1586:
871:. One molecule of A combines with two of B to form 3 of C, so if we use the symbol for the
18339:
18067:
16270:
16243:
16088:
15137:
12975:
12948:
11598:
11571:
10071:
8894:
5039:
4646:
4642:
2931:
can be zero order if the catalytic surface is saturated. For example, the decomposition of
2247:
1921:
16712:
7726:{\displaystyle v_{0}={\frac {d}{dt}}|_{0}=k_{p}{\ce {}}\quad \propto \quad {\ce {^{3/2}}}}
4992:
2946:
surface at high pressure is zero order in phosphine, which decomposes at a constant rate.
8:
18349:
18281:
18266:
18209:
17924:
16949:
15504:
10032:
9708:
9149:
9110:
9068:
9033:
8030:
for unimolecular reactions: second-order at low pressures, first-order at high pressures.
8027:
7840:
6965:
5404:
2958:
1413:
872:
748:
521:
192:
13621:{\displaystyle ={\frac {k_{2}}{k_{1}+k_{2}}}{\ce {0}}\left(1-e^{-(k_{1}+k_{2})t}\right)}
13470:{\displaystyle ={\frac {k_{1}}{k_{1}+k_{2}}}{\ce {0}}\left(1-e^{-(k_{1}+k_{2})t}\right)}
8192:, because the rate equation is more complex than that of a simple first-order reaction.
2768:
2150:
1949:
18374:
18144:
17973:
17891:
16873:
16689:
16669:
16563:
16327:
16151:
16131:
15851:
15831:
15733:
15677:
15615:
15553:
15252:
15168:
15115:
15064:
15044:
14652:
14632:
14612:
6746:
6703:
6679:
5150:
2962:
2647:
2623:
2421:
2288:
2184:
1985:
1421:
1380:
1031:
546:
542:
404:
315:
291:
267:
5042:, where the concentration of water is constant because it is present in large excess:
164:
132:
18369:
18364:
18326:
18271:
18190:
18170:
18106:
17903:
17877:
17855:
17836:
17817:
17774:
17736:
17703:
17680:
17635:
17584:
17489:
17479:
17433:
17412:
17376:
17360:
17321:
17296:
17273:
17265:
17201:
16969:
16117:
14503:{\displaystyle =-{\frac {k_{1}'}{k_{2}}}\ln \left(1-{\frac {\ce {}}{\ce {0}}}\right)}
10878:
of the concentration of A in time minus the concentration at equilibrium versus time
10875:
9323:
is not present because, in this simple example, the initial concentration of P is 0.
1647:
740:
718:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k{\frac {K_{1}K_{2}C_{A}C_{B}}{(1+K_{1}C_{A}+K_{2}C_{B})^{2}}}.}
537:
17063:
12878:
Time course of two first order, competitive reactions with differing rate constants.
12874:
10863:{\displaystyle \ln \left({\frac {{\ce {0}}-_{e}}{_{t}-_{e}}}\right)=(k_{1}+k_{-1})t}
6863:
has order 1 with respect to phosgene itself and order 0.5 with respect to chlorine:
6741:
In fractional order reactions, the order is a non-integer, which often indicates a
2244:
is the initial concentration at zero time. The first-order rate law is confirmed if
18301:
18250:
18204:
17869:
17728:
17672:
17627:
17576:
17352:
17257:
17067:
17058:
16996:
16954:
16052:
11557:
1417:
8016:
Notable mechanisms with mixed-order rate laws with two-term denominators include:
18379:
18291:
18240:
16909:
11902:
6770:
2316:
18086:
18075:
7839:
depends on the values of the concentrations. An example is the oxidation of an
3523:
17732:
8003:{\displaystyle v_{0}={\frac {{\ce {^2-}}}{k_{\alpha }+k_{\beta }{\ce {^2-}}}}}
1628:
represents the concentrations of the reactants, raised to the powers of their
18404:
18306:
18214:
18165:
18139:
17895:
17639:
17588:
17269:
17062:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
16934:
16112:. All other cases where detailed balance is violated are commonly studied by
10584:
9697:{\displaystyle \ _{e}={\ce {0}}-_{e}={\frac {k_{-1}}{k_{1}+k_{-1}}}{\ce {0}}}
7863:. For this reaction, the rate of disappearance of hexacyanoferrate (III) is
7276:
where • denotes a free radical. To simplify the theory, the reactions of the
6969:
4479:
4475:
4113:
3917:
The time dependence for a rate proportional to two unequal concentrations is
2281:
1578:
1571:
1018:
734:
525:
452:
46:
17941:
17900:
Physical chemistry : principles and applications in biological sciences
17071:
15247:
are the stoichiometric coefficients of reactants and products, respectively.
2953:
zero order behavior can come about from reversible inhibition. For example,
18286:
18092:
17999:
17989:
17799:
17684:
17277:
16904:
7848:
6754:
4650:
4474:(bimolecular nucleophilic substitution) reactions, such as the reaction of
3527:
3515:
2917:
533:
16:
Relation between chemical reaction rate and concentrations of the reactants
17493:
17476:
Kinetic systems: mathematical description of chemical kinetics in solution
10697:{\displaystyle {\frac {dx}{dt}}={\frac {k_{-1}{\ce {0}}}{x_{e}}}(x_{e}-x)}
4631:{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + NaI -> CH3CH2CH2CH2I + NaBr(v)}}}
18245:
18180:
17261:
4251:
This reaction is first-order in each reactant and second-order overall:
448:
251:
15373:
which denotes the flux of molecules per unit time and unit volume. Here
2961:
catalyst exhibits zero order behavior in catalyst due to the reversible
17631:
17580:
16923:
16085:
alone and does not depend on the particular form of the rate functions
8846:
where the reaction starts with an initial concentration of reactant A,
4109:
1198:
has some functional dependence on the concentrations of the reactants,
17676:
15868:. The reaction rate equations can then be written in the general form
8744:
6964:
approximation for the concentration of reactive intermediates such as
6626:{\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}={\frac {{\ce {0}}^{g}(1-2^{-g})}{gk}}}
5168:) in acid solution is often cited as a first-order reaction with rate
18296:
17000:
14198:{\displaystyle {\ce {=0}}\left0}}\left(1-e^{-k_{1}'t}\right)}\right]}
7852:
6750:
4843:
If the concentration of a reactant remains constant (because it is a
4360:
4356:
4098:
if the concentrations are equal, they satisfy the previous equation.
3075:
2932:
2902:
2040:
444:
20:
14958:
14772:
17723:
Chen, Luonan; Wang, Ruiqi; Li, Chunguang; Aihara, Kazuyuki (2010).
16922:: rate equations for reactions where at least one of the reactants
13698:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\ce {}}}{{\ce {}}}}={\frac {k_{1}}{k_{2}}}}
7860:
6860:
6849:
6671:
5388:
are normally constant, so that the reaction is pseudo–first-order.
4844:
4106:
2966:
2943:
2059:
For example, the integrated rate law for a first-order reaction is
744:
259:
17652:
16128:
For a general unimolecular reaction involving interconversion of
6766:
4483:
3747:
and zero order in the reactant CO. The observed rate is given by
2913:
17833:
Chemical kinetics : the study of reaction rates in solution
17757:
System modeling in cell biology: from concepts to nuts and bolts
13707:
9100:
are the concentrations of A and P at equilibrium, respectively.
8465:
is the rate coefficient for the reaction that consumes A and B;
3892:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{{\ce {}}}}={\frac {1}{{\ce {0}}}}+kt.}
451:. If the reaction goes to completion, the rate equation for the
17018:"14.3: Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates: The Rate Law"
15754:
Each of these is discussed in detail below. One can define the
8048:
7844:
5921:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{{\ce {}}}}={\frac {1}{{\ce {0}}}}+kt}
4241:{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3COOC2H5 + OH- -> CH3COO- + C2H5OH}}}
2898:
17432:. Vol. 5 (repr ed.). New Dehi: Macmillan India Ltd.
17295:. Vol. 5 (repr ed.). New Dehi: Macmillan India Ltd.
17200:. Vol. 5 (repr ed.). New Dehi: Macmillan India Ltd.
16990:
16123:
16055:. Detailed balance is a property of the stoichiometric matrix
15503:
is the vector of concentrations. This definition includes the
12866:
approximation leads to very similar results in an easier way.
18199:
17563:
Mucientes, Antonio E.; de la Peña, María A. (November 2006).
16484:{\displaystyle X(t)=(X_{1}(t),X_{2}(t),\ldots ,X_{N}(t))^{T}}
15983:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=\sum _{j=1}^{R}r_{ij}f_{j}().}
10573:{\displaystyle k_{1}+k_{-1}=k_{-1}{\frac {{\ce {0}}}{x_{e}}}}
8040:
5391:
5140:{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3COOCH3 + H2O -> CH3COOH + CH3OH}}}
4641:
This same compound can be made to undergo a bimolecular (E2)
3078:
is independent of the starting concentration and is given by
1913:
255:
6960:
The order of a chain reaction can be rationalized using the
6773:
proceeds with an order of 1.5 with respect to acetaldehyde:
857:{\displaystyle -\mathrm {A} -2\mathrm {B} +3\mathrm {C} =0.}
16992:
The IUPAC Compendium of
Chemical Terminology: The Gold Book
12845:
12336:
9535:{\displaystyle _{e}={\frac {k_{1}}{k_{1}+k_{-1}}}{\ce {0}}}
4466:
Another well-known class of second-order reactions are the
3606:
9711:, and allow us to solve for the concentration of A alone.
8886:, and an initial concentration of 0 for product P at time
1021:
at constant temperature and volume, without a build-up of
18019:
15481:
15449:
15425:
14580:
14538:
14490:
14319:
14262:
14239:
14142:
14073:
13868:
13737:
13556:
13405:
13270:
12831:
12766:
12662:
12610:
12545:
12403:
12299:
12237:
12162:
12038:
11948:
11411:
11278:
11124:
10978:
10749:
10655:
10554:
10459:
10362:
9690:
9598:
9528:
9415:
9387:
9361:
9309:
9266:
9238:
9212:
8872:
8120:
8090:
7980:
7912:
7701:
7669:
7648:
7587:
7499:
7472:
7408:
7368:
7323:
7259:
7246:
7230:
7181:
7156:
7123:
7101:
7082:
7066:
7018:
6996:
6923:
6902:
6810:
6577:
6511:
6373:
5978:
5903:
5818:
5752:
5353:
5314:
5301:
5288:
5231:
5218:
5205:
5130:
5111:
5092:
5076:
5063:
4770:
4757:
4713:
4700:
4687:
4674:
4610:
4597:
4584:
4571:
4546:
4533:
4520:
4507:
4467:
4440:
4427:
4414:
4317:
4304:
4291:
4231:
4218:
4192:
4163:
4150:
4137:
4065:
4039:
4004:
3981:
3871:
3784:
3671:
or (more commonly) to the product of two concentrations,
3497:
3468:
3452:
3439:
3380:
3367:
3342:
3311:
3282:
3269:
3223:
3207:
3187:
3174:
1574:
of change of reactant concentration with respect to time.
7130:{\displaystyle {\ce {.CH3 + CH3CHO -> CH3CO. + CH4}}}
6521:{\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}={\frac {1}{k{\ce {0}}}}}
6390:{\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}={\frac {{\ce {0}}}{2k}}}
16491:
be the vector of concentrations as a function of time.
9422:{\displaystyle {\ce {_{\mathit {e}}=0-_{\mathit {e}}}}}
9273:{\displaystyle {\ce {_{\mathit {t}}=0-_{\mathit {t}}}}}
2280:
is in fact a linear function of time. In this case the
1122:{\displaystyle v={\frac {1}{\nu _{i}}}{\frac {d}{dt}},}
17755:
Szallasi, Z., and
Stelling, J. and Periwal, V. (2006)
17613:
17247:
15363:{\displaystyle f_{j}()=k_{j}\prod _{z=1}^{N}^{r_{zj}}}
14031:
The integrated rate equation for the main product is
9873:
8810:
8271:
7444:
so that the concentration of methyl radical satisfies
3477:
3084:
1589:
1530:
16876:
16747:
16715:
16692:
16672:
16638:
16615:
16586:
16566:
16500:
16383:
16350:
16330:
16300:
16273:
16246:
16210:
16174:
16154:
16134:
16091:
16061:
15999:
15877:
15854:
15834:
15766:
15736:
15700:
15680:
15644:
15618:
15582:
15556:
15520:
15379:
15263:
15223:
15193:
15171:
15140:
15118:
15089:
15067:
15047:
14905:
14678:
14669:-th reaction can then be written in the generic form
14655:
14635:
14615:
14518:
14397:
14391:. Concentration of B is related to that of C through
14211:
14037:
14004:
13922:
13800:
13766:
13719:
13637:
13483:
13332:
13236:
13165:
13096:
13005:
12978:
12951:
12923:
12895:
12359:
11994:
11914:
11835:
11740:
11666:
11628:
11601:
11574:
11568:
If the rate constants for the following reaction are
10937:
10716:
10596:
10490:
10104:
10074:
10035:
10015:{\displaystyle -{\frac {d}{dt}}=k_{1}_{t}-k_{-1}_{t}}
9915:
9847:
9723:
9554:
9445:
9339:
9289:
9190:
9152:
9113:
9071:
9036:
8909:
8852:
8784:
8752:= 0.25 mol/L) and B versus time reaching equilibrium
8502:
8340:
8221:
8157:
8057:
7869:
7759:
7553:
7453:
7299:
7211:
7144:
7051:
6984:
6869:
6779:
6706:
6682:
6650:
6535:
6464:
6404:
6333:
6278:
6233:
6184:
6129:
6091:
6061:
6031:
5935:
5855:
5782:
5716:
5637:
5563:
5496:
5440:
5257:
5174:
5051:
4995:
4915:
4857:
4662:
4495:
4372:
4260:
4125:
3926:
3823:
3753:
3677:
3623:
3552:
3427:
3244:
3158:
2994:
2981:
depends on the concentration of only one reactant (a
2812:
2771:
2730:
2702:
2674:
2650:
2626:
2565:
2504:
2476:
2448:
2424:
2340:
2291:
2250:
2211:
2187:
2153:
2068:
2012:
1988:
1952:
1924:
1846:
1789:
1761:
1659:
1444:
1405:. The exponents, which can be fractional, are called
1383:
1306:
1207:
1158:
1057:
1034:
884:
817:
760:
585:
460:
407:
372:
346:
318:
294:
270:
229:
203:
167:
135:
59:
13909:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=k_{1}{\ce {}}=k_{1}'}
12869:
9330:
is at infinity; i.e., equilibrium has been reached:
7749:
More complex rate laws have been described as being
6450:{\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}={\frac {\ln(2)}{k}}}
4909:
if the concentration of reactant B is constant then
2642:
may be determined by the integral method. The order
2035:
However, this method is not always reliable because
1902:{\displaystyle \ln v_{0}=x\ln+{\textrm {constant}}.}
1297:
A common form for the rate equation is a power law:
17562:
15251:The rate of such a reaction can be inferred by the
14600:
14587:{\displaystyle {\ce {0}}-{\ce {}}\approx {\ce {0}}}
10919:
7527:{\displaystyle {\ce {\quad \propto \quad ^{1/2}.}}}
17931:Reaction kinetics, examples of important rate laws
17803:
16882:
16859:
16730:
16698:
16678:
16658:
16621:
16598:
16572:
16549:
16483:
16366:
16336:
16316:
16286:
16259:
16232:
16196:
16160:
16140:
16104:
16077:
16043:
15982:
15860:
15840:
15817:
15742:
15722:
15686:
15666:
15624:
15604:
15562:
15542:
15495:
15362:
15239:
15209:
15177:
15153:
15124:
15104:
15073:
15053:
15027:
14885:
14661:
14641:
14621:
14586:
14502:
14383:
14197:
14020:
13990:
13908:
13786:
13752:
13697:
13620:
13469:
13318:
13220:
13151:
13082:
12991:
12964:
12937:
12909:
12851:
12342:
11977:
11890:
11819:
11724:
11648:
11614:
11587:
11541:
10862:
10696:
10572:
10470:
10087:
10056:
10014:
9898:
9830:
9696:
9534:
9421:
9315:
9272:
9173:
9134:
9092:
9057:
9019:
8878:
8835:
8733:
8447:
8320:
8184:
8139:
8002:
7823:
7725:
7526:
7434:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=k_{i}-k_{t}^{2}=0,}
7433:
7265:
7193:
7129:
7033:
6950:
6840:
6712:
6688:
6660:
6625:
6520:
6449:
6389:
6305:
6259:
6214:
6155:
6114:
6076:
6046:
6003:
5920:
5840:
5767:
5696:
5622:
5548:
5481:
5368:
5243:
5139:
5026:
4981:
4901:
4827:
4630:
4452:
4344:
4240:
4087:
3891:
3803:
3721:
3663:
3597:
3503:
3412:
3229:
3134:
3048:
2875:
2782:
2753:
2712:
2684:
2656:
2632:
2608:
2551:
2486:
2458:
2430:
2408:
2297:
2272:
2234:
2193:
2169:
2134:
2022:
1994:
1972:
1936:
1901:
1827:
1771:
1742:
1636:
1620:
1562:
1510:
1389:
1364:
1270:
1190:
1121:
1040:
1006:
856:
797:
717:
510:
413:
380:
354:
324:
300:
276:
240:
211:
181:
149:
116:
9881:
9880:
9863:
9862:
8818:
8817:
8800:
8799:
8279:
8278:
8261:
8260:
7736:in agreement with the experimental order of 3/2.
5376:however, the concentrations of both the catalyst
3413:{\displaystyle {\ce {^2+ + H2O -> ^3+ + Cl-}}}
1743:{\displaystyle \ln v_{0}=\ln k+x\ln+y\ln+\cdots }
18402:
17722:
17697:
16148:different species, whose concentrations at time
10095:be the concentration of A at equilibrium. Then:
7034:{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3CHO -> .CH3 + .CHO}}}
6156:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\rm {M}}^{g}}{\rm {s}}}}
1409:and their sum is the overall order of reaction.
1143:is the stoichiometric coefficient for chemical X
17768:
17473:
9714:The reaction equation was given previously as:
9142:, is related to the concentration of P at time
5399:Elementary reaction steps with order 3 (called
3811:and is independent of the concentration of CO.
518:applies throughout the course of the reaction.
17798:
17769:Iglesias, Pablo A.; Ingalls, Brian P. (2010).
17511:
17474:Capellos, Christos; Bielski, Benon H. (1972).
17340:
17223:
17159:
17135:
17099:
17082:
17041:
14896:which is often written in the equivalent form
13083:{\displaystyle -{\frac {d}{dt}}=(k_{1}+k_{2})}
9831:{\displaystyle v=k_{1}^{a}^{b}-k_{-1}^{p}^{q}}
8448:{\displaystyle v=k_{1}^{a}^{b}-k_{-1}^{p}^{q}}
8140:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k{\ce {^2}}{\ce {^{-1}}}}
7194:{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3CO. -> .CH3 + CO}}}
6968:. For the pyrolysis of acetaldehyde, the Rice-
3729:As an example of the first type, the reaction
3504:{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2 -> H2O + 1/2O2}}}
1271:{\displaystyle v_{0}=f\left(,,\ldots \right),}
17971:
17957:
17698:Heinrich, Reinhart; Schuster, Stefan (2012).
17534:
17532:
13991:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=k_{2}{\ce {}}}
13708:One first order and one second order reaction
13319:{\displaystyle ={\ce {0}}e^{-(k_{1}+k_{2})t}}
8775:In a simple equilibrium between two species:
3230:{\displaystyle {\ce {2N2O5 -> 4NO2 + O2}}}
17507:
17505:
17503:
17465:
17463:
17461:
17407:Whitten K. W., Galley K. D. and Davis R. E.
12885:
2409:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k\cdot ^{x}\cdot ^{y},}
798:{\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+ {2B}-> {3C}}}.}
560:, and may depend on the concentration of an
17925:Chemical kinetics, reaction rate, and order
17095:
17093:
17091:
17012:
17010:
16124:General dynamics of unimolecular conversion
13631:One important relationship in this case is
11820:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=k_{1}-k_{2}}
6115:{\displaystyle {\rm {\frac {1}{M\cdot s}}}}
4989:where the pseudo–first-order rate constant
3135:{\textstyle t_{1/2}={\frac {\ln {(2)}}{k}}}
2912:. For example, the biological oxidation of
17964:
17950:
17890:
17529:
17452:
17392:
17390:
17388:
17359:(3rd ed., Harper & Row 1987), p.303-5
17235:
14629:of distinct chemical species reacting via
2307:is equal to the slope with sign reversed.
1641:
468:
464:
74:
70:
17852:Chemical kinetics and reaction mechanisms
17702:. Springer Science & Business Media.
17666:
17500:
17458:
17318:Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms
17219:
17217:
16860:{\displaystyle X(t)={\mathcal {L}}^{-1},}
16116:, which has been developed to understand
14649:reactions. The chemical equation of the
11649:{\displaystyle {\ce {A -> B -> C}}}
9707:These equations allow us to uncouple the
7266:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 .CH3 -> C2H6}}}
7216:
6241:
5392:Summary for reaction orders 0, 1, 2, and
3196:
3163:
1511:{\displaystyle -{d \over dt}=k\prod _{i}}
786:
774:
17849:
17550:
17411:(4th edition, Saunders 1992), pp. 638–9
17315:
17250:Journal of the American Chemical Society
17183:
17171:
17147:
17088:
17047:
17007:
15828:denoting the net extent of molecules of
15061:is the reaction index running from 1 to
12873:
11563:
9181:, by the equilibrium reaction equation:
8743:
6004:{\displaystyle ^{g}={{\ce {0}}^{g}}-gkt}
1416:(one having a single step with a single
17868:
17830:
17812:(8th ed.). W.H. Freeman. pp.
17725:Modeling Biomolecular Networks in Cells
17601:
17538:
17523:
17396:
17385:
17123:
17111:
16550:{\displaystyle J=(1,1,1,\ldots ,1)^{T}}
16324:, and construct a rate-constant matrix
15496:{\displaystyle {\ce {()=(,,\ldots ,)}}}
13753:{\displaystyle {\ce {A + H2O -> B}}}
13230:The integrated rate equations are then
9856:
8793:
8254:
6951:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k{\ce { }}^{1/2}.}
5251:The true rate equation is third-order,
1149:, with a negative sign for a reactant.
18403:
17990:Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution
17427:
17290:
17214:
17195:
16666:be the inverse Laplace transform from
15694:; that is, a bimolecular reaction, or
11725:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=-k_{1}}
9432:then it follows, by the definition of
4101:The second type includes nucleophilic
2955:ring-opening metathesis polymerization
2876:{\displaystyle -{d \over dt}=k^{0}=k,}
2468:is determined using a large excess of
2135:{\displaystyle \ln {}=-kt+\ln {_{0}},}
1365:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k^{x}^{y}\cdots }
18000:Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution
17945:
16622:{\displaystyle \operatorname {diag} }
15818:{\displaystyle N_{ij}=p_{ij}-r_{ij},}
15475:
13787:{\displaystyle {\ce {A + R -> C}}}
13221:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=k_{2}}
13152:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=k_{1}}
11978:{\displaystyle ={\ce {0}}e^{-k_{1}t}}
11891:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=k_{2}}
9899:{\displaystyle {\ce {A <=> P}}}
9409:
9355:
9260:
9206:
8836:{\displaystyle {\ce {A <=> P}}}
8308:
8293:
8241:
8226:
7824:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k_{1}+k_{2}^{2}}
6260:{\displaystyle {\ce {{\frac {1}{}}}}}
4838:
4811:
4731:
2310:
536:of the elementary reaction. However,
17470:NDRL Radiation Chemistry Data Center
16988:
14028:is the pseudo first order constant.
8195:
6306:{\displaystyle {\ce {{\rm {}}^{g}}}}
6077:{\displaystyle {\rm {\frac {1}{s}}}}
6047:{\displaystyle {\rm {\frac {M}{s}}}}
5038:dilute mineral acids follows pseudo-
1281:and this dependence is known as the
33:empirical differential rate equation
18053:Electrophilic aromatic substitution
16659:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}^{-1}}
15750:; that is, a dimerization reaction.
15390:
6736:
5841:{\displaystyle {\ce { = 0}}e^{-kt}}
4355:If the same hydrolysis reaction is
3514:In organic chemistry, the class of
3049:{\displaystyle -{\frac {d}{dt}}=k,}
1420:) is empirically found to obey the
117:{\displaystyle v_{0}\;=\;k^{x}^{y}}
13:
18020:Nucleophilic internal substitution
18010:Nucleophilic aromatic substitution
17876:(3rd ed.). Harper & Row.
17771:Control theory and systems biology
17700:The Regulation of Cellular Systems
17059:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
16930:Reaction progress kinetic analysis
16766:
16642:
14605:The most general description of a
8932:
8929:
8926:
6653:
6147:
6135:
6105:
6099:
6068:
6038:
6035:
2736:
2705:
2677:
2588:
2552:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k'\cdot ^{x}}
2534:
2479:
2451:
2388:
2365:
2217:
2159:
2050:
2015:
1809:
1795:
1764:
1650:of the power-law rate equation is
1247:
1233:
1092:
983:
942:
898:
844:
833:
822:
528:have reaction orders equal to the
522:Elementary (single-step) reactions
374:
348:
231:
205:
172:
140:
100:
82:
14:
18427:
17918:
17831:Connors, Kenneth Antonio (1990).
17805:"The rates of chemical reactions"
16044:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}=0}
12938:{\displaystyle {\ce {A -> C}}}
12910:{\displaystyle {\ce {A -> B}}}
12870:Parallel or competitive reactions
10924:If the concentration at the time
10882:gives a straight line with slope
10064:, the concentration of A at time
8770:
8034:
2924:(LADH) is zero order in ethanol.
2043:) and is sensitive to errors, and
1431:for an elementary reaction using
1017:If the reaction takes place in a
17478:. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
15967:
15281:
14601:Stoichiometric reaction networks
10920:Generalization of simple example
9709:system of differential equations
3740:is second-order in the reactant
3149:Examples of such reactions are:
2694:under the same conditions (with
18176:Lindemann–Hinshelwood mechanism
17902:(3rd ed.). Prentice Hall.
17762:
17749:
17716:
17691:
17655:Chemical Research in Toxicology
17646:
17607:
17595:
17556:
17544:
17517:
17446:
17421:
17401:
17369:
17346:
17334:
17309:
17284:
17241:
17229:
17189:
17177:
17165:
17153:
17141:
9103:The concentration of A at time
7739:
7684:
7680:
7483:
7479:
5768:{\displaystyle {\ce { = 0}}-kt}
5697:{\displaystyle -{d}/{dt}=k^{n}}
5623:{\displaystyle -{d}/{dt}=k^{2}}
3612:
2609:{\displaystyle k'=k\cdot ^{y},}
1637:Determination of reaction order
511:{\displaystyle v\;=\;k^{x}^{y}}
18225:Outer sphere electron transfer
18220:Inner sphere electron transfer
18030:Nucleophilic acyl substitution
17791:
17129:
17117:
17105:
17076:
17035:
16982:
16851:
16848:
16842:
16827:
16810:
16801:
16783:
16780:
16757:
16751:
16725:
16719:
16538:
16507:
16472:
16468:
16462:
16440:
16434:
16418:
16412:
16399:
16393:
16387:
16227:
16221:
16191:
16185:
16021:
16006:
15974:
15971:
15963:
15960:
15899:
15884:
15488:
15484:
15466:
15452:
15436:
15428:
15412:
15408:
15398:
15394:
15386:
15382:
15341:
15325:
15288:
15285:
15277:
15274:
14570:
14564:
14553:
14547:
14528:
14522:
14480:
14474:
14468:
14462:
14406:
14398:
14309:
14303:
14277:
14271:
14252:
14246:
14229:
14223:
14132:
14126:
14063:
14057:
14046:
14040:
13983:
13977:
13972:
13966:
13937:
13929:
13903:
13895:
13874:
13855:
13850:
13844:
13815:
13807:
13777:
13743:
13661:
13655:
13648:
13642:
13605:
13579:
13546:
13540:
13492:
13484:
13454:
13428:
13395:
13389:
13341:
13333:
13308:
13282:
13260:
13254:
13245:
13237:
13215:
13207:
13180:
13172:
13146:
13138:
13111:
13103:
13077:
13069:
13066:
13040:
13023:
13015:
12928:
12900:
12821:
12815:
12756:
12750:
12652:
12646:
12600:
12594:
12535:
12529:
12393:
12387:
12289:
12283:
12227:
12221:
12152:
12146:
12028:
12022:
11938:
11932:
11923:
11915:
11885:
11877:
11850:
11842:
11814:
11806:
11790:
11782:
11755:
11747:
11719:
11711:
11681:
11673:
11639:
11633:
11401:
11395:
11268:
11262:
11114:
11108:
10968:
10962:
10854:
10825:
10806:
10797:
10785:
10776:
10765:
10756:
10739:
10733:
10691:
10672:
10645:
10639:
10544:
10538:
10449:
10443:
10416:
10387:
10372:
10352:
10346:
10340:
10288:
10279:
10203:
10194:
10167:
10158:
10126:
10118:
10045:
10036:
10003:
9994:
9969:
9960:
9933:
9925:
9883:
9858:
9819:
9810:
9801:
9792:
9767:
9758:
9749:
9740:
9680:
9674:
9614:
9605:
9588:
9582:
9567:
9558:
9518:
9512:
9455:
9446:
9403:
9397:
9377:
9371:
9349:
9343:
9299:
9293:
9254:
9248:
9228:
9222:
9200:
9194:
9162:
9153:
9123:
9114:
9081:
9072:
9046:
9037:
8862:
8856:
8820:
8795:
8685:
8676:
8667:
8658:
8647:
8638:
8629:
8620:
8597:
8588:
8579:
8570:
8545:
8536:
8527:
8518:
8436:
8427:
8418:
8409:
8384:
8375:
8366:
8357:
8281:
8256:
8173:
8164:
8123:
8107:
8093:
8077:
7983:
7970:
7964:
7956:
7915:
7902:
7896:
7888:
7812:
7805:
7789:
7783:
7744:
7707:
7688:
7675:
7656:
7651:
7632:
7607:
7591:
7573:
7505:
7486:
7475:
7456:
7413:
7391:
7375:
7354:
7327:
7306:
7233:
7165:
7088:
7002:
6926:
6910:
6905:
6889:
6841:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k^{3/2}.}
6818:
6796:
6609:
6587:
6567:
6561:
6501:
6495:
6438:
6432:
6363:
6357:
6290:
6284:
6250:
6244:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6193:
5968:
5962:
5945:
5936:
5893:
5887:
5869:
5863:
5808:
5802:
5791:
5785:
5742:
5736:
5725:
5719:
5685:
5676:
5653:
5645:
5611:
5602:
5579:
5571:
5543:
5535:
5512:
5504:
5456:
5448:
5360:
5339:
5336:
5321:
5318:
5274:
5235:
5191:
5098:
5018:
5010:
4973:
4965:
4951:
4943:
4940:
4932:
4893:
4885:
4882:
4874:
4744:
4623:
4558:
4444:
4400:
4397:
4389:
4339:
4324:
4321:
4277:
4179:
4103:addition-elimination reactions
4055:
4049:
4029:
4023:
3994:
3988:
3971:
3965:
3950:
3944:
3937:
3931:
3861:
3855:
3837:
3831:
3789:
3770:
3713:
3705:
3702:
3694:
3649:
3640:
3589:
3569:
3455:
3383:
3370:
3354:
3348:
3329:
3322:
3317:
3285:
3272:
3256:
3248:
3190:
3122:
3116:
3040:
3032:
3012:
3004:
2972:
2855:
2848:
2828:
2822:
2740:
2731:
2594:
2583:
2540:
2529:
2394:
2383:
2371:
2360:
2266:
2258:
2221:
2212:
2162:
2154:
2119:
2110:
2084:
2076:
1980:then corresponds to the order
1967:
1959:
1883:
1875:
1812:
1804:
1798:
1790:
1781:with all other concentrations
1731:
1723:
1708:
1700:
1615:
1600:
1557:
1549:
1505:
1490:
1471:
1463:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1251:
1243:
1237:
1229:
1102:
1087:
987:
979:
946:
938:
902:
894:
779:
700:
647:
554:quasi-steady state assumptions
538:complex (multi-step) reactions
499:
490:
481:
472:
176:
168:
144:
136:
105:
96:
87:
78:
1:
18416:Chemical reaction engineering
18390:Diffusion-controlled reaction
17854:(2nd ed.). McGraw Hill.
17620:Journal of Chemical Education
17569:Journal of Chemical Education
16975:
16960:Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction
15105:{\displaystyle {\ce {X}}_{i}}
11656:, then the rate equation is:
6215:{\displaystyle {\ce {\ln()}}}
2795:
2179:is the concentration at time
1433:mathematical product notation
1292:
1191:{\displaystyle v_{0}=v_{t=0}}
728:
241:{\displaystyle \mathrm {B} ,}
16709:Then the time-evolved state
9326:This applies even when time
6670:stands for concentration in
4363:, the rate equation becomes
3804:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k^{2},}
3664:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k^{2},}
1828:{\displaystyle ,,\dots }}}}}
567:A reaction can also have an
381:{\displaystyle \mathrm {B} }
355:{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }
212:{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }
7:
18045:Electrophilic substitutions
17850:Espenson, James H. (1987).
17320:. McGraw-Hill. p. 14.
17316:Espenson, James H. (1981).
16893:
8210:stoichiometric coefficients
5549:{\displaystyle -{d}/{dt}=k}
5482:{\displaystyle -{d}/{dt}=k}
4982:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k=k',}
2922:liver alcohol dehydrogenase
1630:stoichiometric coefficients
869:stoichiometric coefficients
530:stoichiometric coefficients
10:
18432:
18355:Energy profile (chemistry)
18317:More O'Ferrall–Jencks plot
17982:Nucleophilic substitutions
17810:Atkins' Physical chemistry
17802:; de Paula, Julio (2006).
17512:Atkins & de Paula 2006
17341:Atkins & de Paula 2006
17224:Atkins & de Paula 2006
17160:Atkins & de Paula 2006
17136:Atkins & de Paula 2006
17100:Atkins & de Paula 2006
17083:Atkins & de Paula 2006
17042:Atkins & de Paula 2006
16989:Gold, Victor, ed. (2019).
16945:Steady state approximation
13794:. The rate equations are:
8051:follows the rate equation
2969:and the ruthenium center.
1563:{\textstyle -{d \over dt}}
1429:differential rate equation
1407:partial orders of reaction
1152:The initial reaction rate
747:A and B combine to form a
732:
18385:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
18325:
18259:
18233:
18189:
18153:
18105:
18066:
18043:
17980:
17835:. John Wiley & Sons.
17733:10.1007/978-1-84996-214-8
16915:Reaction–diffusion system
16900:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
16599:{\displaystyle N\times N}
14607:chemical reaction network
14205:, which is equivalent to
12886:Two first order reactions
9316:{\displaystyle {\ce {0}}}
8879:{\displaystyle {\ce {0}}}
8021:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
6859:) to carbon monoxide and
6661:{\displaystyle {\rm {M}}}
6167:Linear Plot to determine
2927:Similarly reactions with
2763:so that the variation of
2713:{\displaystyle {\rm {B}}}
2685:{\displaystyle {\rm {B}}}
2487:{\displaystyle {\rm {B}}}
2459:{\displaystyle {\rm {A}}}
2023:{\displaystyle {\rm {A}}}
2004:with respect to reactant
1772:{\displaystyle {\rm {A}}}
1412:In a dilute solution, an
808:This can also be written
441:specific rate of reaction
18312:Potential energy surface
18191:Electron/Proton transfer
18076:Unimolecular elimination
16965:Lotka–Volterra equations
16233:{\displaystyle X_{N}(t)}
16197:{\displaystyle X_{1}(t)}
15723:{\displaystyle r_{zj}=2}
15667:{\displaystyle r_{zj}=1}
15605:{\displaystyle r_{zj}=1}
15543:{\displaystyle r_{zj}=0}
8185:{\displaystyle 2+(-1)=1}
6019:Units of Rate Constant (
5369:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k;}
5244:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k.}
4902:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k,}
4453:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k.}
3722:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k.}
3598:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k,}
1837:kept constant, so that
1632:and multiplied together.
18360:Transition state theory
18161:Intramolecular reaction
18087:Bimolecular elimination
17072:10.1351/goldbook.R05156
16557:be the vector of ones.
11554:conformational analysis
10914:reaction rate constants
10874:A plot of the negative
6743:chemical chain reaction
4345:{\displaystyle v_{0}=k}
3546:, the rate equation is
2959:third-generation Grubbs
2929:heterogeneous catalysis
1642:Method of initial rates
1621:{\textstyle \prod _{i}}
435:and at very few places
43:mathematical expression
18154:Unimolecular reactions
18115:Electrophilic addition
17759:. MIT Press Cambridge.
17453:Tinoco & Wang 1995
17428:Kapoor, K. L. (2007).
17291:Kapoor, K. L. (2007).
17236:Tinoco & Wang 1995
17196:Kapoor, K. L. (2007).
16940:Reaction rate constant
16884:
16861:
16732:
16700:
16680:
16660:
16623:
16600:
16574:
16551:
16485:
16368:
16367:{\displaystyle k_{ij}}
16344:whose entries are the
16338:
16318:
16317:{\displaystyle k_{ij}}
16288:
16261:
16234:
16198:
16162:
16142:
16106:
16079:
16078:{\displaystyle N_{ij}}
16045:
15984:
15936:
15862:
15842:
15819:
15744:
15724:
15688:
15668:
15635:second order reactions
15626:
15606:
15564:
15544:
15497:
15364:
15324:
15241:
15240:{\displaystyle p_{ij}}
15211:
15210:{\displaystyle r_{ij}}
15179:
15155:
15126:
15106:
15075:
15055:
15029:
14993:
14926:
14887:
14663:
14643:
14623:
14588:
14504:
14385:
14199:
14022:
14021:{\displaystyle k_{1}'}
13992:
13910:
13788:
13754:
13699:
13622:
13471:
13320:
13222:
13153:
13084:
12993:
12966:
12939:
12911:
12879:
12853:
12344:
11979:
11892:
11821:
11726:
11650:
11616:
11589:
11543:
10864:
10698:
10574:
10472:
10089:
10058:
10016:
9900:
9832:
9698:
9536:
9423:
9317:
9274:
9175:
9136:
9094:
9059:
9021:
8880:
8837:
8767:
8735:
8449:
8322:
8186:
8141:
8004:
7849:hexacyanoferrate (III)
7825:
7727:
7528:
7435:
7267:
7195:
7131:
7035:
6952:
6842:
6714:
6690:
6662:
6627:
6522:
6451:
6391:
6307:
6261:
6216:
6157:
6116:
6078:
6048:
6005:
5922:
5842:
5769:
5698:
5624:
5550:
5483:
5370:
5245:
5141:
5028:
4983:
4903:
4829:
4632:
4454:
4346:
4242:
4089:
3893:
3805:
3723:
3665:
3605:where Ar indicates an
3599:
3505:
3414:
3231:
3136:
3050:
2877:
2803:zero order reaction is
2784:
2755:
2754:{\displaystyle _{0}}}}
2714:
2686:
2658:
2634:
2610:
2553:
2488:
2460:
2432:
2410:
2299:
2274:
2273:{\displaystyle \ln {}}
2236:
2235:{\displaystyle _{0}}}}
2195:
2171:
2136:
2024:
1996:
1974:
1938:
1903:
1829:
1773:
1744:
1622:
1564:
1512:
1391:
1366:
1272:
1192:
1123:
1042:
1023:reaction intermediates
1008:
858:
799:
719:
512:
426:reaction rate constant
415:
382:
356:
326:
302:
278:
242:
213:
183:
151:
118:
18345:Rate-determining step
18277:Reactive intermediate
18135:Free-radical addition
18125:Nucleophilic addition
18068:Elimination reactions
17933:(lecture with audio).
16920:Reactions on surfaces
16885:
16862:
16733:
16701:
16681:
16661:
16624:
16601:
16575:
16552:
16486:
16369:
16339:
16319:
16289:
16287:{\displaystyle X_{j}}
16262:
16260:{\displaystyle X_{i}}
16235:
16199:
16163:
16143:
16114:flux balance analysis
16107:
16105:{\displaystyle f_{j}}
16080:
16046:
15985:
15916:
15863:
15843:
15820:
15756:stoichiometric matrix
15745:
15725:
15689:
15669:
15627:
15607:
15573:first order reactions
15565:
15545:
15498:
15365:
15304:
15242:
15212:
15180:
15156:
15154:{\displaystyle k_{j}}
15132:-th chemical species,
15127:
15107:
15076:
15056:
15030:
14973:
14906:
14888:
14664:
14644:
14624:
14589:
14505:
14386:
14200:
14023:
13993:
13911:
13789:
13755:
13700:
13623:
13472:
13321:
13223:
13154:
13085:
12994:
12992:{\displaystyle k_{2}}
12967:
12965:{\displaystyle k_{1}}
12940:
12912:
12877:
12854:
12345:
11980:
11893:
11822:
11727:
11651:
11617:
11615:{\displaystyle k_{2}}
11590:
11588:{\displaystyle k_{1}}
11564:Consecutive reactions
11544:
10865:
10699:
10575:
10473:
10090:
10088:{\displaystyle x_{e}}
10059:
10017:
9901:
9833:
9699:
9537:
9424:
9318:
9275:
9176:
9137:
9095:
9060:
9022:
8881:
8838:
8748:Concentration of A (A
8747:
8736:
8450:
8323:
8187:
8142:
8005:
7837:rate-determining step
7826:
7728:
7529:
7436:
7268:
7196:
7132:
7036:
6953:
6848:The decomposition of
6843:
6715:
6691:
6663:
6628:
6523:
6452:
6392:
6308:
6262:
6217:
6158:
6117:
6079:
6049:
6006:
5923:
5843:
5770:
5699:
5625:
5551:
5484:
5371:
5246:
5142:
5029:
5027:{\displaystyle k'=k.}
4984:
4904:
4830:
4633:
4455:
4347:
4243:
4090:
3894:
3806:
3724:
3666:
3600:
3530:in aqueous solution,
3506:
3415:
3232:
3137:
3051:
2983:unimolecular reaction
2951:homogeneous catalysis
2878:
2785:
2756:
2715:
2687:
2659:
2635:
2611:
2554:
2489:
2461:
2433:
2411:
2300:
2275:
2237:
2196:
2172:
2137:
2025:
1997:
1975:
1939:
1937:{\displaystyle \ln v}
1904:
1830:
1774:
1745:
1623:
1565:
1513:
1392:
1367:
1273:
1193:
1124:
1043:
1009:
859:
800:
720:
513:
416:
383:
357:
327:
303:
279:
243:
214:
184:
152:
119:
18340:Equilibrium constant
17927:(needs flash player)
17870:Laidler, Keith James
17262:10.1021/jacs.7b08010
17022:Chemistry LibreTexts
16874:
16745:
16731:{\displaystyle X(t)}
16713:
16690:
16670:
16636:
16613:
16584:
16564:
16498:
16381:
16348:
16328:
16298:
16271:
16244:
16208:
16172:
16152:
16132:
16089:
16059:
15997:
15875:
15852:
15832:
15764:
15734:
15698:
15678:
15642:
15616:
15580:
15554:
15518:
15511:zero order reactions
15505:elementary reactions
15377:
15261:
15221:
15191:
15169:
15138:
15116:
15087:
15065:
15045:
14903:
14676:
14653:
14633:
14613:
14516:
14395:
14209:
14035:
14002:
13920:
13798:
13764:
13717:
13635:
13481:
13330:
13234:
13163:
13094:
13003:
12976:
12949:
12921:
12893:
12357:
11992:
11912:
11833:
11738:
11664:
11626:
11599:
11572:
10935:
10896:. By measurement of
10714:
10594:
10488:
10102:
10072:
10057:{\displaystyle _{t}}
10033:
9913:
9845:
9721:
9552:
9443:
9337:
9287:
9188:
9174:{\displaystyle _{t}}
9150:
9135:{\displaystyle _{t}}
9111:
9093:{\displaystyle _{e}}
9069:
9058:{\displaystyle _{e}}
9034:
8907:
8895:equilibrium constant
8850:
8782:
8500:
8338:
8219:
8155:
8055:
7867:
7757:
7551:
7451:
7297:
7209:
7142:
7049:
6982:
6867:
6777:
6704:
6680:
6648:
6533:
6462:
6402:
6331:
6276:
6231:
6182:
6127:
6089:
6059:
6029:
5933:
5853:
5780:
5714:
5708:Integrated Rate Law
5635:
5561:
5494:
5438:
5255:
5172:
5049:
5040:first order kinetics
4993:
4913:
4855:
4660:
4647:sodium tert-butoxide
4643:elimination reaction
4493:
4370:
4258:
4123:
3924:
3821:
3751:
3675:
3621:
3550:
3425:
3242:
3156:
3082:
2992:
2979:first order reaction
2965:that occurs between
2810:
2769:
2728:
2700:
2672:
2648:
2624:
2563:
2502:
2474:
2446:
2422:
2338:
2289:
2248:
2209:
2185:
2151:
2066:
2010:
1986:
1950:
1922:
1844:
1787:
1759:
1657:
1587:
1528:
1442:
1381:
1304:
1205:
1156:
1055:
1032:
882:
815:
758:
583:
458:
405:
370:
344:
316:
292:
268:
227:
201:
193:molar concentrations
165:
133:
57:
18350:Reaction coordinate
18282:Radical (chemistry)
18267:Elementary reaction
18210:Grotthuss mechanism
17974:reaction mechanisms
17892:Tinoco, Ignacio Jr.
17256:(39): 13644–13647.
16950:Gillespie algorithm
15483:
15451:
15427:
14969:
14783:
14609:considers a number
14582:
14540:
14492:
14429:
14370:
14336:
14321:
14264:
14241:
14177:
14144:
14120:
14075:
14017:
13894:
13870:
13739:
13558:
13407:
13272:
12999:and rate equations
12833:
12768:
12664:
12612:
12547:
12405:
12301:
12239:
12164:
12040:
11950:
11413:
11280:
11126:
10980:
10751:
10657:
10556:
10461:
10364:
9869:
9692:
9600:
9530:
9417:
9389:
9363:
9311:
9268:
9240:
9214:
8874:
8806:
8267:
8122:
8092:
8028:Lindemann mechanism
7982:
7914:
7703:
7671:
7650:
7589:
7501:
7474:
7410:
7370:
7325:
7261:
7248:
7232:
7183:
7158:
7125:
7103:
7084:
7068:
7020:
6998:
6925:
6904:
6812:
6749:. For example, the
6579:
6513:
6375:
5980:
5905:
5820:
5754:
5427:th order (g = 1−n)
5355:
5316:
5303:
5290:
5233:
5220:
5207:
5132:
5113:
5094:
5078:
5065:
4795:
4772:
4759:
4715:
4702:
4689:
4676:
4612:
4599:
4586:
4573:
4548:
4535:
4522:
4509:
4442:
4429:
4416:
4319:
4306:
4293:
4233:
4220:
4194:
4165:
4152:
4139:
4067:
4041:
4006:
3983:
3873:
3786:
3587:
3499:
3470:
3454:
3441:
3382:
3369:
3344:
3313:
3284:
3271:
3225:
3209:
3189:
3176:
1973:{\displaystyle \ln}
1414:elementary reaction
873:molar concentration
739:Consider a typical
27:(also known as the
18375:Arrhenius equation
18145:Oxidative addition
18107:Addition reactions
17632:10.1021/ed084p1499
17581:10.1021/ed083p1643
17541:, pp. 310–311
17162:, pp. 798–800
16880:
16857:
16728:
16696:
16676:
16656:
16619:
16596:
16570:
16547:
16481:
16364:
16334:
16314:
16284:
16257:
16230:
16194:
16158:
16138:
16118:metabolic pathways
16102:
16075:
16041:
15980:
15858:
15838:
15815:
15740:
15720:
15684:
15664:
15622:
15602:
15560:
15540:
15493:
15469:
15439:
15415:
15360:
15253:law of mass action
15237:
15207:
15175:
15151:
15122:
15102:
15071:
15051:
15025:
14883:
14659:
14639:
14619:
14584:
14562:
14520:
14500:
14472:
14417:
14381:
14358:
14324:
14301:
14244:
14221:
14195:
14165:
14124:
14108:
14055:
14018:
14005:
13988:
13906:
13882:
13858:
13784:
13750:
13727:
13695:
13618:
13538:
13467:
13387:
13316:
13252:
13218:
13149:
13080:
12989:
12962:
12935:
12907:
12880:
12849:
12844:
12813:
12748:
12644:
12592:
12527:
12385:
12340:
12335:
12281:
12219:
12144:
12020:
11975:
11930:
11888:
11817:
11722:
11646:
11612:
11585:
11539:
11537:
11393:
11260:
11106:
10960:
10860:
10731:
10707:which results in:
10694:
10637:
10570:
10536:
10468:
10466:
10441:
10344:
10085:
10054:
10012:
9896:
9888:
9828:
9694:
9672:
9580:
9532:
9510:
9419:
9395:
9369:
9341:
9313:
9291:
9270:
9246:
9220:
9192:
9171:
9132:
9090:
9055:
9017:
8876:
8854:
8833:
8825:
8768:
8731:
8729:
8445:
8318:
8286:
8182:
8137:
8110:
8080:
8000:
7962:
7894:
7821:
7723:
7691:
7659:
7638:
7577:
7524:
7489:
7462:
7431:
7398:
7358:
7313:
7263:
7249:
7236:
7220:
7191:
7171:
7146:
7127:
7113:
7091:
7072:
7056:
7031:
7008:
6986:
6948:
6913:
6892:
6838:
6800:
6747:reaction mechanism
6733:(as ln(2)≈0.693).
6710:
6686:
6658:
6623:
6559:
6518:
6493:
6447:
6387:
6355:
6303:
6257:
6212:
6153:
6112:
6074:
6044:
6001:
5960:
5918:
5885:
5838:
5800:
5765:
5734:
5694:
5620:
5546:
5479:
5366:
5343:
5304:
5291:
5278:
5241:
5221:
5208:
5195:
5137:
5120:
5101:
5082:
5066:
5053:
5024:
4979:
4899:
4849:pseudo–first-order
4839:Pseudo-first order
4825:
4781:
4760:
4747:
4703:
4690:
4677:
4664:
4628:
4600:
4587:
4574:
4561:
4536:
4523:
4510:
4497:
4450:
4430:
4417:
4404:
4342:
4307:
4294:
4281:
4238:
4221:
4208:
4182:
4153:
4140:
4127:
4085:
4047:
4021:
3986:
3963:
3889:
3853:
3801:
3774:
3719:
3661:
3595:
3573:
3501:
3487:
3486:
3458:
3442:
3429:
3410:
3357:
3352:
3332:
3301:
3259:
3254:
3227:
3213:
3197:
3177:
3164:
3132:
3046:
2873:
2783:{\displaystyle k'}
2780:
2751:
2710:
2682:
2654:
2630:
2606:
2549:
2484:
2456:
2428:
2416:the partial order
2406:
2311:Method of flooding
2295:
2270:
2232:
2191:
2170:{\displaystyle }}}
2167:
2132:
2020:
1992:
1970:
1934:
1899:
1825:
1769:
1740:
1618:
1599:
1560:
1508:
1489:
1422:law of mass action
1387:
1362:
1268:
1188:
1119:
1038:
1004:
854:
795:
715:
574:adsorbed molecules
547:reaction mechanism
543:reaction mechanism
508:
411:
378:
352:
336:orders of reaction
322:
298:
274:
238:
209:
179:
147:
114:
18411:Chemical kinetics
18398:
18397:
18370:Activated complex
18365:Activation energy
18327:Chemical kinetics
18272:Reaction dynamics
18171:Photodissociation
17937:Rates of Reaction
17874:Chemical kinetics
17742:978-1-84996-213-1
17677:10.1021/tx050031d
17553:, pp. 34, 60
17439:978-1-4039-2277-9
17409:General Chemistry
17357:Chemical Kinetics
17302:978-1-4039-2277-9
17207:978-1-4039-2277-9
16970:Chemical kinetics
16883:{\displaystyle t}
16699:{\displaystyle t}
16679:{\displaystyle s}
16606:identity matrix.
16573:{\displaystyle I}
16337:{\displaystyle K}
16161:{\displaystyle t}
16141:{\displaystyle N}
16033:
16013:
15911:
15891:
15861:{\displaystyle j}
15841:{\displaystyle i}
15743:{\displaystyle z}
15687:{\displaystyle z}
15625:{\displaystyle z}
15563:{\displaystyle z}
15477:
15472:
15442:
15418:
15392:
15332:
15178:{\displaystyle j}
15125:{\displaystyle i}
15094:
15074:{\displaystyle R}
15054:{\displaystyle j}
15014:
14996:
14970:
14944:
14872:
14838:
14820:
14807:
14789:
14784:
14758:
14724:
14696:
14662:{\displaystyle j}
14642:{\displaystyle R}
14622:{\displaystyle N}
14569:
14552:
14527:
14493:
14479:
14467:
14440:
14404:
14337:
14308:
14282:
14276:
14251:
14228:
14131:
14121:
14062:
14045:
13982:
13971:
13949:
13935:
13901:
13873:
13861:
13849:
13827:
13813:
13782:
13776:
13770:
13748:
13742:
13730:
13723:
13693:
13666:
13660:
13647:
13545:
13535:
13490:
13394:
13384:
13339:
13259:
13243:
13213:
13192:
13178:
13144:
13123:
13109:
13075:
13035:
13021:
12945:, with constants
12933:
12927:
12905:
12899:
12840:
12820:
12755:
12651:
12599:
12534:
12516:
12392:
12367:
12331:
12288:
12226:
12151:
12079:
12027:
12002:
11937:
11921:
11883:
11862:
11848:
11812:
11788:
11767:
11753:
11717:
11693:
11679:
11644:
11638:
11632:
11448:
11400:
11322:
11267:
11250:
11171:
11113:
11015:
10967:
10950:
10876:natural logarithm
10816:
10803:
10782:
10762:
10738:
10670:
10644:
10615:
10568:
10543:
10448:
10351:
10285:
10238:
10200:
10164:
10138:
10124:
10042:
10000:
9966:
9945:
9931:
9894:
9890:
9851:
9816:
9798:
9764:
9746:
9679:
9669:
9611:
9587:
9564:
9557:
9517:
9507:
9452:
9411:
9402:
9376:
9357:
9348:
9298:
9262:
9253:
9227:
9208:
9199:
9159:
9120:
9078:
9043:
9015:
9003:
8983:
8968:
8942:
8937:
8915:
8900:is expressed as:
8861:
8831:
8827:
8788:
8725:
8695:
8682:
8664:
8644:
8626:
8594:
8576:
8542:
8524:
8433:
8415:
8381:
8363:
8315:
8310:
8300:
8295:
8288:
8248:
8243:
8233:
8228:
8196:Opposed reactions
8113:
8083:
7998:
7969:
7961:
7901:
7893:
7719:
7706:
7694:
7674:
7662:
7641:
7603:
7580:
7517:
7504:
7492:
7465:
7401:
7373:
7361:
7339:
7316:
7280:to form a second
7252:
7239:
7223:
7189:
7174:
7161:
7149:
7116:
7106:
7094:
7087:
7075:
7059:
7029:
7011:
7001:
6989:
6916:
6895:
6815:
6803:
6745:or other complex
6713:{\displaystyle k}
6689:{\displaystyle t}
6640:
6639:
6635:
6621:
6566:
6548:
6516:
6500:
6477:
6445:
6417:
6385:
6362:
6346:
6319:
6299:
6289:
6254:
6249:
6202:
6151:
6109:
6071:
6041:
6013:
5967:
5942:
5907:
5892:
5874:
5868:
5807:
5790:
5741:
5724:
5682:
5651:
5608:
5577:
5541:
5510:
5454:
5405:rare and unlikely
5401:ternary reactions
5358:
5346:
5328:
5307:
5294:
5281:
5224:
5211:
5198:
5135:
5123:
5116:
5104:
5097:
5085:
5069:
5056:
5016:
4971:
4949:
4938:
4891:
4880:
4823:
4813:
4808:
4799:
4784:
4775:
4763:
4750:
4743:
4733:
4728:
4719:
4706:
4693:
4680:
4667:
4621:
4615:
4603:
4590:
4577:
4564:
4557:
4551:
4539:
4526:
4513:
4500:
4433:
4420:
4407:
4395:
4331:
4310:
4297:
4284:
4236:
4224:
4211:
4198:
4185:
4172:
4156:
4143:
4130:
4054:
4028:
4008:
3993:
3970:
3955:
3949:
3936:
3875:
3860:
3842:
3836:
3777:
3711:
3700:
3646:
3576:
3490:
3485:
3473:
3461:
3445:
3432:
3402:
3360:
3347:
3335:
3327:
3316:
3304:
3262:
3253:
3216:
3200:
3180:
3167:
3130:
3038:
3024:
3010:
2840:
2792:can be measured.
2657:{\displaystyle y}
2633:{\displaystyle x}
2431:{\displaystyle x}
2298:{\displaystyle k}
2264:
2194:{\displaystyle t}
2116:
2082:
1995:{\displaystyle x}
1965:
1946:as a function of
1893:
1881:
1729:
1706:
1648:natural logarithm
1607:
1590:
1555:
1547:
1497:
1480:
1469:
1461:
1390:{\displaystyle k}
1347:
1329:
1114:
1079:
1041:{\displaystyle v}
999:
971:
958:
930:
914:
789:
777:
765:
741:chemical reaction
710:
496:
478:
437:velocity constant
414:{\displaystyle k}
396:order of reaction
325:{\displaystyle y}
301:{\displaystyle x}
286:). The exponents
277:{\displaystyle M}
18423:
18302:Collision theory
18251:Matrix isolation
18205:Harpoon reaction
18082:E1cB-elimination
17966:
17959:
17952:
17943:
17942:
17913:
17887:
17865:
17846:
17827:
17807:
17785:
17784:
17766:
17760:
17753:
17747:
17746:
17720:
17714:
17713:
17695:
17689:
17688:
17670:
17661:(7): 1161–1166.
17650:
17644:
17643:
17611:
17605:
17599:
17593:
17592:
17560:
17554:
17548:
17542:
17536:
17527:
17521:
17515:
17509:
17498:
17497:
17467:
17456:
17455:, pp. 328–9
17450:
17444:
17443:
17425:
17419:
17405:
17399:
17394:
17383:
17373:
17367:
17353:Keith J. Laidler
17350:
17344:
17343:, pp. 813–4
17338:
17332:
17331:
17313:
17307:
17306:
17288:
17282:
17281:
17245:
17239:
17233:
17227:
17221:
17212:
17211:
17193:
17187:
17186:, pp. 30–31
17181:
17175:
17174:, pp. 15–18
17169:
17163:
17157:
17151:
17145:
17139:
17138:, pp. 797–8
17133:
17127:
17121:
17115:
17109:
17103:
17097:
17086:
17080:
17074:
17064:Rate of reaction
17051:
17045:
17039:
17033:
17032:
17030:
17029:
17014:
17005:
17004:
17001:10.1351/goldbook
16986:
16955:Balance equation
16889:
16887:
16886:
16881:
16866:
16864:
16863:
16858:
16838:
16837:
16825:
16824:
16779:
16778:
16770:
16769:
16737:
16735:
16734:
16729:
16705:
16703:
16702:
16697:
16685:
16683:
16682:
16677:
16665:
16663:
16662:
16657:
16655:
16654:
16646:
16645:
16628:
16626:
16625:
16620:
16605:
16603:
16602:
16597:
16579:
16577:
16576:
16571:
16556:
16554:
16553:
16548:
16546:
16545:
16490:
16488:
16487:
16482:
16480:
16479:
16461:
16460:
16433:
16432:
16411:
16410:
16373:
16371:
16370:
16365:
16363:
16362:
16343:
16341:
16340:
16335:
16323:
16321:
16320:
16315:
16313:
16312:
16293:
16291:
16290:
16285:
16283:
16282:
16266:
16264:
16263:
16258:
16256:
16255:
16239:
16237:
16236:
16231:
16220:
16219:
16203:
16201:
16200:
16195:
16184:
16183:
16167:
16165:
16164:
16159:
16147:
16145:
16144:
16139:
16111:
16109:
16108:
16103:
16101:
16100:
16084:
16082:
16081:
16076:
16074:
16073:
16053:detailed balance
16050:
16048:
16047:
16042:
16034:
16032:
16024:
16020:
16019:
16014:
16011:
16001:
15989:
15987:
15986:
15981:
15970:
15959:
15958:
15949:
15948:
15935:
15930:
15912:
15910:
15902:
15898:
15897:
15892:
15889:
15879:
15867:
15865:
15864:
15859:
15847:
15845:
15844:
15839:
15824:
15822:
15821:
15816:
15811:
15810:
15795:
15794:
15779:
15778:
15749:
15747:
15746:
15741:
15729:
15727:
15726:
15721:
15713:
15712:
15693:
15691:
15690:
15685:
15674:for exactly two
15673:
15671:
15670:
15665:
15657:
15656:
15631:
15629:
15628:
15623:
15611:
15609:
15608:
15603:
15595:
15594:
15569:
15567:
15566:
15561:
15549:
15547:
15546:
15541:
15533:
15532:
15502:
15500:
15499:
15494:
15492:
15491:
15487:
15482:
15479:
15478:
15470:
15455:
15450:
15447:
15440:
15431:
15426:
15423:
15416:
15406:
15401:
15397:
15393:
15369:
15367:
15366:
15361:
15359:
15358:
15357:
15356:
15339:
15338:
15333:
15330:
15323:
15318:
15303:
15302:
15284:
15273:
15272:
15246:
15244:
15243:
15238:
15236:
15235:
15216:
15214:
15213:
15208:
15206:
15205:
15185:-th reaction and
15184:
15182:
15181:
15176:
15160:
15158:
15157:
15152:
15150:
15149:
15131:
15129:
15128:
15123:
15111:
15109:
15108:
15103:
15101:
15100:
15095:
15092:
15080:
15078:
15077:
15072:
15060:
15058:
15057:
15052:
15034:
15032:
15031:
15026:
15021:
15020:
15015:
15012:
15009:
15008:
14994:
14992:
14987:
14972:
14971:
14968:
14967:
14954:
14951:
14950:
14945:
14942:
14939:
14938:
14925:
14920:
14892:
14890:
14889:
14884:
14879:
14878:
14873:
14870:
14867:
14866:
14845:
14844:
14839:
14836:
14833:
14832:
14818:
14814:
14813:
14808:
14805:
14802:
14801:
14787:
14786:
14785:
14782:
14781:
14768:
14765:
14764:
14759:
14756:
14753:
14752:
14731:
14730:
14725:
14722:
14719:
14718:
14703:
14702:
14697:
14694:
14691:
14690:
14668:
14666:
14665:
14660:
14648:
14646:
14645:
14640:
14628:
14626:
14625:
14620:
14593:
14591:
14590:
14585:
14583:
14581:
14578:
14573:
14567:
14557:
14556:
14550:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14531:
14525:
14509:
14507:
14506:
14501:
14499:
14495:
14494:
14491:
14488:
14483:
14477:
14471:
14465:
14460:
14441:
14439:
14438:
14425:
14416:
14405:
14402:
14390:
14388:
14387:
14382:
14380:
14376:
14375:
14374:
14366:
14338:
14332:
14323:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14312:
14306:
14299:
14298:
14288:
14283:
14281:
14280:
14274:
14269:
14263:
14260:
14255:
14249:
14242:
14240:
14237:
14232:
14226:
14219:
14204:
14202:
14201:
14196:
14194:
14190:
14189:
14188:
14187:
14183:
14182:
14181:
14173:
14145:
14143:
14140:
14135:
14129:
14122:
14116:
14107:
14106:
14097:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14066:
14060:
14054:
14049:
14043:
14027:
14025:
14024:
14019:
14013:
13997:
13995:
13994:
13989:
13987:
13986:
13980:
13975:
13969:
13963:
13962:
13950:
13948:
13940:
13936:
13933:
13924:
13915:
13913:
13912:
13907:
13902:
13899:
13890:
13878:
13877:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13859:
13853:
13847:
13841:
13840:
13828:
13826:
13818:
13814:
13811:
13802:
13793:
13791:
13790:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13774:
13768:
13759:
13757:
13756:
13751:
13749:
13746:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13728:
13721:
13704:
13702:
13701:
13696:
13694:
13692:
13691:
13682:
13681:
13672:
13667:
13665:
13664:
13658:
13652:
13651:
13645:
13639:
13627:
13625:
13624:
13619:
13617:
13613:
13612:
13611:
13604:
13603:
13591:
13590:
13559:
13557:
13554:
13549:
13543:
13536:
13534:
13533:
13532:
13520:
13519:
13509:
13508:
13499:
13491:
13488:
13476:
13474:
13473:
13468:
13466:
13462:
13461:
13460:
13453:
13452:
13440:
13439:
13408:
13406:
13403:
13398:
13392:
13385:
13383:
13382:
13381:
13369:
13368:
13358:
13357:
13348:
13340:
13337:
13325:
13323:
13322:
13317:
13315:
13314:
13307:
13306:
13294:
13293:
13273:
13271:
13268:
13263:
13257:
13244:
13241:
13227:
13225:
13224:
13219:
13214:
13211:
13206:
13205:
13193:
13191:
13183:
13179:
13176:
13167:
13158:
13156:
13155:
13150:
13145:
13142:
13137:
13136:
13124:
13122:
13114:
13110:
13107:
13098:
13089:
13087:
13086:
13081:
13076:
13073:
13065:
13064:
13052:
13051:
13036:
13034:
13026:
13022:
13019:
13010:
12998:
12996:
12995:
12990:
12988:
12987:
12971:
12969:
12968:
12963:
12961:
12960:
12944:
12942:
12941:
12936:
12934:
12931:
12925:
12916:
12914:
12913:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12897:
12858:
12856:
12855:
12850:
12848:
12847:
12841:
12838:
12834:
12832:
12829:
12824:
12818:
12808:
12804:
12803:
12802:
12798:
12797:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12759:
12753:
12743:
12739:
12738:
12737:
12733:
12732:
12712:
12711:
12699:
12698:
12694:
12693:
12665:
12663:
12660:
12655:
12649:
12638:
12637:
12625:
12624:
12613:
12611:
12608:
12603:
12597:
12587:
12583:
12582:
12581:
12577:
12576:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12538:
12532:
12522:
12518:
12517:
12515:
12514:
12513:
12501:
12500:
12490:
12489:
12488:
12484:
12483:
12466:
12465:
12453:
12452:
12448:
12447:
12430:
12429:
12419:
12406:
12404:
12401:
12396:
12390:
12372:
12368:
12365:
12349:
12347:
12346:
12341:
12339:
12338:
12332:
12329:
12325:
12324:
12320:
12319:
12302:
12300:
12297:
12292:
12286:
12276:
12275:
12271:
12270:
12250:
12249:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12230:
12224:
12213:
12212:
12200:
12199:
12188:
12187:
12183:
12182:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12155:
12149:
12139:
12135:
12134:
12133:
12129:
12128:
12108:
12107:
12103:
12102:
12080:
12078:
12077:
12076:
12064:
12063:
12053:
12052:
12043:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12031:
12025:
12007:
12003:
12000:
11984:
11982:
11981:
11976:
11974:
11973:
11969:
11968:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11941:
11935:
11922:
11919:
11897:
11895:
11894:
11889:
11884:
11881:
11876:
11875:
11863:
11861:
11853:
11849:
11846:
11837:
11826:
11824:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11810:
11805:
11804:
11789:
11786:
11781:
11780:
11768:
11766:
11758:
11754:
11751:
11742:
11734:For reactant B:
11731:
11729:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11715:
11710:
11709:
11694:
11692:
11684:
11680:
11677:
11668:
11660:For reactant A:
11655:
11653:
11652:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11636:
11630:
11621:
11619:
11618:
11613:
11611:
11610:
11594:
11592:
11591:
11586:
11584:
11583:
11558:NMR spectroscopy
11548:
11546:
11545:
11540:
11538:
11534:
11530:
11529:
11528:
11524:
11520:
11519:
11518:
11503:
11502:
11480:
11479:
11464:
11463:
11449:
11447:
11446:
11445:
11430:
11429:
11416:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11404:
11398:
11388:
11384:
11383:
11382:
11378:
11374:
11373:
11372:
11357:
11356:
11323:
11321:
11320:
11319:
11304:
11303:
11293:
11292:
11283:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11271:
11265:
11255:
11251:
11248:
11241:
11237:
11233:
11232:
11231:
11227:
11223:
11222:
11221:
11206:
11205:
11172:
11170:
11169:
11168:
11153:
11152:
11142:
11141:
11129:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11117:
11111:
11101:
11097:
11096:
11095:
11091:
11087:
11086:
11085:
11070:
11069:
11047:
11046:
11034:
11033:
11016:
11014:
11013:
11012:
10997:
10996:
10983:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10971:
10965:
10955:
10951:
10948:
10941:
10869:
10867:
10866:
10861:
10853:
10852:
10837:
10836:
10821:
10817:
10815:
10814:
10813:
10804:
10801:
10793:
10792:
10783:
10780:
10774:
10773:
10772:
10763:
10760:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10742:
10736:
10728:
10703:
10701:
10700:
10695:
10684:
10683:
10671:
10669:
10668:
10659:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10648:
10642:
10635:
10634:
10621:
10616:
10614:
10606:
10598:
10579:
10577:
10576:
10571:
10569:
10567:
10566:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10547:
10541:
10534:
10532:
10531:
10516:
10515:
10500:
10499:
10477:
10475:
10474:
10469:
10467:
10463:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10452:
10446:
10439:
10438:
10422:
10415:
10414:
10399:
10398:
10379:
10375:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10355:
10349:
10339:
10338:
10322:
10318:
10317:
10301:
10297:
10296:
10295:
10286:
10283:
10278:
10277:
10261:
10257:
10256:
10239:
10237:
10229:
10221:
10212:
10211:
10210:
10201:
10198:
10193:
10192:
10176:
10175:
10174:
10165:
10162:
10157:
10156:
10139:
10137:
10129:
10125:
10122:
10113:
10094:
10092:
10091:
10086:
10084:
10083:
10063:
10061:
10060:
10055:
10053:
10052:
10043:
10040:
10021:
10019:
10018:
10013:
10011:
10010:
10001:
9998:
9993:
9992:
9977:
9976:
9967:
9964:
9959:
9958:
9946:
9944:
9936:
9932:
9929:
9920:
9905:
9903:
9902:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9891:
9889:
9887:
9886:
9879:
9871:
9870:
9868:
9861:
9853:
9849:
9837:
9835:
9834:
9829:
9827:
9826:
9817:
9814:
9809:
9808:
9799:
9796:
9791:
9790:
9775:
9774:
9765:
9762:
9757:
9756:
9747:
9744:
9739:
9738:
9703:
9701:
9700:
9695:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9683:
9677:
9670:
9668:
9667:
9666:
9651:
9650:
9640:
9639:
9627:
9622:
9621:
9612:
9609:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9591:
9585:
9575:
9574:
9565:
9562:
9555:
9545:and, therefore,
9541:
9539:
9538:
9533:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9521:
9515:
9508:
9506:
9505:
9504:
9489:
9488:
9478:
9477:
9468:
9463:
9462:
9453:
9450:
9428:
9426:
9425:
9420:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9412:
9406:
9400:
9394:
9388:
9385:
9380:
9374:
9368:
9362:
9359:
9358:
9352:
9346:
9322:
9320:
9319:
9314:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9302:
9296:
9279:
9277:
9276:
9271:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9263:
9257:
9251:
9245:
9239:
9236:
9231:
9225:
9219:
9213:
9210:
9209:
9203:
9197:
9180:
9178:
9177:
9172:
9170:
9169:
9160:
9157:
9141:
9139:
9138:
9133:
9131:
9130:
9121:
9118:
9099:
9097:
9096:
9091:
9089:
9088:
9079:
9076:
9064:
9062:
9061:
9056:
9054:
9053:
9044:
9041:
9026:
9024:
9023:
9018:
9016:
9014:
9013:
9008:
9004:
9001:
8994:
8993:
8988:
8984:
8981:
8974:
8969:
8967:
8966:
8954:
8953:
8944:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8936:
8935:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8885:
8883:
8882:
8877:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8865:
8859:
8842:
8840:
8839:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8824:
8823:
8816:
8808:
8807:
8805:
8798:
8790:
8786:
8740:
8738:
8737:
8732:
8730:
8726:
8724:
8723:
8711:
8710:
8701:
8696:
8694:
8693:
8692:
8683:
8680:
8675:
8674:
8665:
8662:
8656:
8655:
8654:
8645:
8642:
8637:
8636:
8627:
8624:
8618:
8609:
8605:
8604:
8595:
8592:
8587:
8586:
8577:
8574:
8569:
8568:
8553:
8552:
8543:
8540:
8535:
8534:
8525:
8522:
8517:
8516:
8506:
8493:=0 in balance):
8454:
8452:
8451:
8446:
8444:
8443:
8434:
8431:
8426:
8425:
8416:
8413:
8408:
8407:
8392:
8391:
8382:
8379:
8374:
8373:
8364:
8361:
8356:
8355:
8327:
8325:
8324:
8319:
8317:
8316:
8313:
8312:
8311:
8301:
8298:
8297:
8296:
8289:
8287:
8285:
8284:
8277:
8269:
8268:
8266:
8259:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8244:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8229:
8191:
8189:
8188:
8183:
8146:
8144:
8143:
8138:
8136:
8135:
8134:
8126:
8121:
8118:
8111:
8103:
8102:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8088:
8081:
8067:
8066:
8009:
8007:
8006:
8001:
7999:
7997:
7996:
7995:
7994:
7986:
7981:
7978:
7973:
7967:
7959:
7952:
7951:
7939:
7938:
7928:
7927:
7926:
7918:
7913:
7910:
7905:
7899:
7891:
7884:
7879:
7878:
7830:
7828:
7827:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7804:
7803:
7782:
7781:
7769:
7768:
7732:
7730:
7729:
7724:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7712:
7710:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7692:
7679:
7678:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7660:
7654:
7649:
7646:
7639:
7629:
7628:
7616:
7615:
7610:
7604:
7602:
7594:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7578:
7568:
7563:
7562:
7543:
7533:
7531:
7530:
7525:
7523:
7519:
7518:
7510:
7508:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7490:
7478:
7473:
7470:
7463:
7440:
7438:
7437:
7432:
7421:
7420:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7399:
7390:
7389:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7340:
7338:
7330:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7314:
7301:
7286:
7279:
7272:
7270:
7269:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7250:
7247:
7244:
7237:
7231:
7228:
7221:
7200:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7182:
7179:
7172:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7147:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7114:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7092:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7073:
7067:
7064:
7057:
7040:
7038:
7037:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7019:
7016:
7009:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6987:
6957:
6955:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6943:
6939:
6930:
6929:
6924:
6921:
6914:
6908:
6903:
6900:
6893:
6879:
6878:
6858:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6833:
6829:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6801:
6789:
6788:
6764:
6737:Fractional order
6721:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6711:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6634:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6570:
6564:
6555:
6550:
6549:
6541:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6504:
6498:
6484:
6479:
6478:
6470:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6446:
6441:
6424:
6419:
6418:
6410:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6366:
6360:
6353:
6348:
6347:
6339:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6287:
6270:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6247:
6242:
6236:
6225:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6200:
6176:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6138:
6131:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6094:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6064:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6034:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6007:
6002:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5971:
5965:
5953:
5952:
5943:
5940:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5896:
5890:
5880:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5866:
5857:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5794:
5788:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5745:
5739:
5733:
5728:
5722:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5683:
5680:
5669:
5661:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5609:
5606:
5595:
5587:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5539:
5528:
5520:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5472:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5410:
5409:
5387:
5380:and the solvent
5379:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5344:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5326:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5279:
5267:
5266:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5196:
5184:
5183:
5167:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5054:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5017:
5014:
5003:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4972:
4969:
4964:
4950:
4947:
4939:
4936:
4925:
4924:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4892:
4889:
4881:
4878:
4867:
4866:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4797:
4794:
4789:
4782:
4780:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4665:
4653:as the solvent:
4649:as the salt and
4637:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4498:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4405:
4396:
4393:
4382:
4381:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4329:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4282:
4270:
4269:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4183:
4178:
4177:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4128:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4080:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3961:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3848:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3834:
3825:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3775:
3763:
3762:
3746:
3739:
3735:+ CO → NO + CO
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3712:
3709:
3701:
3698:
3687:
3686:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3647:
3644:
3633:
3632:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3574:
3562:
3561:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3488:
3478:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3430:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3333:
3325:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3260:
3251:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3198:
3188:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3165:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3036:
3025:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3008:
2999:
2941:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2863:
2862:
2841:
2839:
2831:
2817:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2666:with respect to
2665:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2573:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2525:
2514:
2513:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2440:with respect to
2439:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2379:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2350:
2349:
2333:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2114:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1882:
1879:
1862:
1861:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1730:
1727:
1707:
1704:
1675:
1674:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1598:
1581:of the reaction.
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1535:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1488:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1449:
1418:transition state
1398:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1330:
1327:
1316:
1315:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1236:
1217:
1216:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1168:
1167:
1142:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1065:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
998:
990:
986:
974:
972:
964:
959:
957:
949:
945:
933:
931:
923:
915:
913:
905:
901:
889:
863:
861:
860:
855:
847:
836:
825:
804:
802:
801:
796:
791:
790:
787:
778:
775:
766:
763:
724:
722:
721:
716:
711:
709:
708:
707:
698:
697:
688:
687:
675:
674:
665:
664:
645:
644:
643:
634:
633:
624:
623:
614:
613:
603:
595:
594:
558:fractional order
517:
515:
514:
509:
507:
506:
497:
494:
489:
488:
479:
476:
432:rate coefficient
422:
420:
418:
417:
412:
389:
387:
385:
384:
379:
377:
363:
361:
359:
358:
353:
351:
334:are the partial
333:
331:
329:
328:
323:
309:
307:
305:
304:
299:
285:
283:
281:
280:
275:
249:
247:
245:
244:
239:
234:
220:
218:
216:
215:
210:
208:
190:
188:
186:
185:
182:{\displaystyle }
180:
175:
158:
156:
154:
153:
150:{\displaystyle }
148:
143:
123:
121:
120:
115:
113:
112:
103:
95:
94:
85:
69:
68:
18431:
18430:
18426:
18425:
18424:
18422:
18421:
18420:
18401:
18400:
18399:
18394:
18380:Eyring equation
18321:
18292:Stereochemistry
18255:
18241:Solvent effects
18229:
18185:
18149:
18130:
18120:
18101:
18096:
18062:
18058:
18039:
18035:
18025:
18015:
18005:
17995:
17976:
17970:
17921:
17916:
17910:
17884:
17862:
17843:
17824:
17794:
17789:
17788:
17781:
17767:
17763:
17754:
17750:
17743:
17721:
17717:
17710:
17696:
17692:
17668:10.1.1.632.3473
17651:
17647:
17612:
17608:
17600:
17596:
17561:
17557:
17549:
17545:
17537:
17530:
17522:
17518:
17510:
17501:
17486:
17468:
17459:
17451:
17447:
17440:
17426:
17422:
17406:
17402:
17395:
17386:
17374:
17370:
17351:
17347:
17339:
17335:
17328:
17314:
17310:
17303:
17289:
17285:
17246:
17242:
17234:
17230:
17222:
17215:
17208:
17194:
17190:
17182:
17178:
17170:
17166:
17158:
17154:
17146:
17142:
17134:
17130:
17122:
17118:
17110:
17106:
17098:
17089:
17081:
17077:
17052:
17048:
17040:
17036:
17027:
17025:
17016:
17015:
17008:
16987:
16983:
16978:
16910:Petersen matrix
16896:
16875:
16872:
16871:
16830:
16826:
16820:
16816:
16771:
16765:
16764:
16763:
16746:
16743:
16742:
16714:
16711:
16710:
16691:
16688:
16687:
16671:
16668:
16667:
16647:
16641:
16640:
16639:
16637:
16634:
16633:
16614:
16611:
16610:
16585:
16582:
16581:
16565:
16562:
16561:
16541:
16537:
16499:
16496:
16495:
16475:
16471:
16456:
16452:
16428:
16424:
16406:
16402:
16382:
16379:
16378:
16355:
16351:
16349:
16346:
16345:
16329:
16326:
16325:
16305:
16301:
16299:
16296:
16295:
16278:
16274:
16272:
16269:
16268:
16251:
16247:
16245:
16242:
16241:
16215:
16211:
16209:
16206:
16205:
16179:
16175:
16173:
16170:
16169:
16168:are denoted by
16153:
16150:
16149:
16133:
16130:
16129:
16126:
16096:
16092:
16090:
16087:
16086:
16066:
16062:
16060:
16057:
16056:
16025:
16015:
16010:
16009:
16002:
16000:
15998:
15995:
15994:
15966:
15954:
15950:
15941:
15937:
15931:
15920:
15903:
15893:
15888:
15887:
15880:
15878:
15876:
15873:
15872:
15853:
15850:
15849:
15833:
15830:
15829:
15803:
15799:
15787:
15783:
15771:
15767:
15765:
15762:
15761:
15735:
15732:
15731:
15705:
15701:
15699:
15696:
15695:
15679:
15676:
15675:
15649:
15645:
15643:
15640:
15639:
15617:
15614:
15613:
15587:
15583:
15581:
15578:
15577:
15555:
15552:
15551:
15525:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15515:
15480:
15474:
15473:
15465:
15448:
15443:
15435:
15424:
15419:
15411:
15407:
15402:
15389:
15385:
15381:
15380:
15378:
15375:
15374:
15349:
15345:
15344:
15340:
15334:
15329:
15328:
15319:
15308:
15298:
15294:
15280:
15268:
15264:
15262:
15259:
15258:
15228:
15224:
15222:
15219:
15218:
15198:
15194:
15192:
15189:
15188:
15170:
15167:
15166:
15145:
15141:
15139:
15136:
15135:
15117:
15114:
15113:
15096:
15091:
15090:
15088:
15085:
15084:
15066:
15063:
15062:
15046:
15043:
15042:
15016:
15011:
15010:
15001:
14997:
14988:
14977:
14963:
14959:
14953:
14952:
14946:
14941:
14940:
14931:
14927:
14921:
14910:
14904:
14901:
14900:
14874:
14869:
14868:
14859:
14855:
14840:
14835:
14834:
14825:
14821:
14809:
14804:
14803:
14794:
14790:
14777:
14773:
14767:
14766:
14760:
14755:
14754:
14745:
14741:
14726:
14721:
14720:
14711:
14707:
14698:
14693:
14692:
14683:
14679:
14677:
14674:
14673:
14654:
14651:
14650:
14634:
14631:
14630:
14614:
14611:
14610:
14603:
14597:
14579:
14574:
14563:
14561:
14546:
14545:
14537:
14532:
14521:
14519:
14517:
14514:
14513:
14489:
14484:
14473:
14461:
14459:
14452:
14448:
14434:
14430:
14421:
14415:
14401:
14396:
14393:
14392:
14362:
14354:
14350:
14343:
14339:
14328:
14318:
14313:
14302:
14300:
14294:
14290:
14289:
14287:
14270:
14265:
14261:
14256:
14245:
14243:
14238:
14233:
14222:
14220:
14218:
14210:
14207:
14206:
14169:
14161:
14157:
14150:
14146:
14141:
14136:
14125:
14123:
14112:
14102:
14098:
14096:
14092:
14088:
14081:
14077:
14072:
14067:
14056:
14050:
14039:
14038:
14036:
14033:
14032:
14009:
14003:
14000:
13999:
13976:
13965:
13964:
13958:
13954:
13941:
13932:
13925:
13923:
13921:
13918:
13917:
13898:
13886:
13867:
13862:
13854:
13843:
13842:
13836:
13832:
13819:
13810:
13803:
13801:
13799:
13796:
13795:
13767:
13765:
13762:
13761:
13736:
13731:
13720:
13718:
13715:
13714:
13710:
13687:
13683:
13677:
13673:
13671:
13654:
13653:
13641:
13640:
13638:
13636:
13633:
13632:
13599:
13595:
13586:
13582:
13575:
13571:
13564:
13560:
13555:
13550:
13539:
13537:
13528:
13524:
13515:
13511:
13510:
13504:
13500:
13498:
13487:
13482:
13479:
13478:
13448:
13444:
13435:
13431:
13424:
13420:
13413:
13409:
13404:
13399:
13388:
13386:
13377:
13373:
13364:
13360:
13359:
13353:
13349:
13347:
13336:
13331:
13328:
13327:
13302:
13298:
13289:
13285:
13278:
13274:
13269:
13264:
13253:
13251:
13240:
13235:
13232:
13231:
13210:
13201:
13197:
13184:
13175:
13168:
13166:
13164:
13161:
13160:
13141:
13132:
13128:
13115:
13106:
13099:
13097:
13095:
13092:
13091:
13072:
13060:
13056:
13047:
13043:
13027:
13018:
13011:
13009:
13004:
13001:
13000:
12983:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12973:
12956:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12946:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12918:
12896:
12894:
12891:
12890:
12888:
12872:
12843:
12842:
12837:
12835:
12830:
12825:
12814:
12812:
12793:
12789:
12785:
12781:
12774:
12770:
12765:
12760:
12749:
12747:
12728:
12724:
12720:
12716:
12707:
12703:
12689:
12685:
12681:
12677:
12670:
12666:
12661:
12656:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12639:
12633:
12629:
12620:
12616:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12593:
12591:
12572:
12568:
12564:
12560:
12553:
12549:
12544:
12539:
12528:
12526:
12509:
12505:
12496:
12492:
12491:
12479:
12475:
12471:
12467:
12461:
12457:
12443:
12439:
12435:
12431:
12425:
12421:
12420:
12418:
12411:
12407:
12402:
12397:
12386:
12384:
12377:
12376:
12364:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12354:
12334:
12333:
12328:
12326:
12315:
12311:
12307:
12303:
12298:
12293:
12282:
12280:
12266:
12262:
12258:
12254:
12245:
12241:
12236:
12231:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12214:
12208:
12204:
12195:
12191:
12189:
12178:
12174:
12170:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12145:
12143:
12124:
12120:
12116:
12112:
12098:
12094:
12090:
12086:
12085:
12081:
12072:
12068:
12059:
12055:
12054:
12048:
12044:
12042:
12037:
12032:
12021:
12019:
12012:
12011:
11999:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11989:
11964:
11960:
11956:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11931:
11929:
11918:
11913:
11910:
11909:
11903:master equation
11880:
11871:
11867:
11854:
11845:
11838:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11830:
11829:For product C:
11809:
11800:
11796:
11785:
11776:
11772:
11759:
11750:
11743:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11735:
11714:
11705:
11701:
11685:
11676:
11669:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11661:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11623:
11606:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11596:
11579:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11569:
11566:
11536:
11535:
11511:
11507:
11498:
11494:
11493:
11489:
11485:
11481:
11472:
11468:
11459:
11455:
11454:
11450:
11438:
11434:
11425:
11421:
11420:
11415:
11410:
11405:
11394:
11392:
11365:
11361:
11352:
11348:
11347:
11343:
11339:
11335:
11328:
11324:
11312:
11308:
11299:
11295:
11294:
11288:
11284:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11261:
11259:
11247:
11243:
11239:
11238:
11214:
11210:
11201:
11197:
11196:
11192:
11188:
11184:
11177:
11173:
11161:
11157:
11148:
11144:
11143:
11134:
11130:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11107:
11105:
11078:
11074:
11065:
11061:
11060:
11056:
11052:
11048:
11042:
11038:
11026:
11022:
11021:
11017:
11005:
11001:
10992:
10988:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10961:
10959:
10947:
10943:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10932:
10922:
10916:will be known.
10907:
10901:
10894:
10887:
10845:
10841:
10832:
10828:
10809:
10805:
10800:
10788:
10784:
10779:
10775:
10768:
10764:
10759:
10748:
10743:
10732:
10730:
10729:
10727:
10723:
10715:
10712:
10711:
10679:
10675:
10664:
10660:
10654:
10649:
10638:
10636:
10627:
10623:
10622:
10620:
10607:
10599:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10591:
10562:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10537:
10535:
10533:
10524:
10520:
10508:
10504:
10495:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10485:
10465:
10464:
10458:
10453:
10442:
10440:
10431:
10427:
10426:
10407:
10403:
10394:
10390:
10386:
10377:
10376:
10361:
10356:
10345:
10343:
10331:
10327:
10326:
10313:
10309:
10308:
10299:
10298:
10291:
10287:
10282:
10270:
10266:
10265:
10252:
10248:
10247:
10240:
10230:
10222:
10220:
10214:
10213:
10206:
10202:
10197:
10185:
10181:
10180:
10170:
10166:
10161:
10152:
10148:
10147:
10140:
10130:
10121:
10114:
10112:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10099:
10079:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10069:
10048:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10031:
10030:
10006:
10002:
9997:
9985:
9981:
9972:
9968:
9963:
9954:
9950:
9937:
9928:
9921:
9919:
9914:
9911:
9910:
9906:this is simply
9882:
9875:
9874:
9872:
9864:
9857:
9855:
9854:
9852:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9842:
9822:
9818:
9813:
9804:
9800:
9795:
9783:
9779:
9770:
9766:
9761:
9752:
9748:
9743:
9734:
9730:
9722:
9719:
9718:
9689:
9684:
9673:
9671:
9659:
9655:
9646:
9642:
9641:
9632:
9628:
9626:
9617:
9613:
9608:
9597:
9592:
9581:
9579:
9570:
9566:
9561:
9553:
9550:
9549:
9527:
9522:
9511:
9509:
9497:
9493:
9484:
9480:
9479:
9473:
9469:
9467:
9458:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9441:
9440:
9414:
9408:
9407:
9396:
9390:
9386:
9381:
9370:
9364:
9360:
9354:
9353:
9342:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9334:
9308:
9303:
9292:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9284:
9265:
9259:
9258:
9247:
9241:
9237:
9232:
9221:
9215:
9211:
9205:
9204:
9193:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9185:
9165:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9148:
9147:
9126:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9109:
9108:
9084:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9067:
9066:
9049:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9009:
9000:
8996:
8995:
8989:
8980:
8976:
8975:
8973:
8959:
8955:
8949:
8945:
8943:
8925:
8924:
8919:
8917:
8916:
8908:
8905:
8904:
8871:
8866:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8819:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8801:
8794:
8792:
8791:
8789:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8779:
8773:
8765:
8758:
8751:
8728:
8727:
8716:
8712:
8706:
8702:
8700:
8688:
8684:
8679:
8670:
8666:
8661:
8657:
8650:
8646:
8641:
8632:
8628:
8623:
8619:
8617:
8607:
8606:
8600:
8596:
8591:
8582:
8578:
8573:
8561:
8557:
8548:
8544:
8539:
8530:
8526:
8521:
8512:
8508:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8488:
8481:
8471:
8464:
8439:
8435:
8430:
8421:
8417:
8412:
8400:
8396:
8387:
8383:
8378:
8369:
8365:
8360:
8351:
8347:
8339:
8336:
8335:
8307:
8306:
8305:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8280:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8262:
8255:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8240:
8239:
8238:
8225:
8224:
8223:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8198:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8127:
8119:
8114:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8097:
8089:
8084:
8076:
8075:
8074:
8062:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8052:
8046:
8037:
7987:
7979:
7974:
7963:
7955:
7954:
7953:
7947:
7943:
7934:
7930:
7929:
7919:
7911:
7906:
7895:
7887:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7874:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7858:
7815:
7811:
7799:
7795:
7777:
7773:
7764:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7747:
7742:
7711:
7700:
7695:
7687:
7686:
7685:
7668:
7663:
7655:
7647:
7642:
7631:
7630:
7624:
7620:
7611:
7606:
7605:
7595:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7569:
7567:
7558:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7542:
7538:
7509:
7498:
7493:
7485:
7484:
7471:
7466:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7416:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7394:
7385:
7381:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7348:
7344:
7331:
7322:
7317:
7309:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7258:
7253:
7245:
7240:
7229:
7224:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7180:
7175:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7122:
7117:
7100:
7095:
7081:
7076:
7065:
7060:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7017:
7012:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6935:
6931:
6922:
6917:
6909:
6901:
6896:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6874:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6857:
6853:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6784:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6771:carbon monoxide
6762:
6758:
6739:
6728:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6613:
6600:
6596:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6540:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6510:
6505:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6483:
6469:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6425:
6423:
6409:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6338:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6314:
6296:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6243:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6196:
6192:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6146:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6098:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6026:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5948:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5902:
5897:
5886:
5884:
5879:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5826:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5801:
5795:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5751:
5746:
5735:
5729:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5688:
5684:
5679:
5662:
5657:
5648:
5641:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5614:
5610:
5605:
5588:
5583:
5574:
5567:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5538:
5521:
5516:
5507:
5500:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5465:
5460:
5451:
5444:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5397:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5313:
5308:
5300:
5295:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5262:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5230:
5225:
5217:
5212:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5179:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5129:
5124:
5110:
5105:
5091:
5086:
5075:
5070:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5013:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4968:
4957:
4946:
4935:
4920:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4888:
4877:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4841:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4785:
4776:
4769:
4764:
4756:
4751:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4699:
4694:
4686:
4681:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4622:
4609:
4604:
4596:
4591:
4583:
4578:
4570:
4565:
4545:
4540:
4532:
4527:
4519:
4514:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4476:n-butyl bromide
4471:
4439:
4434:
4426:
4421:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4392:
4377:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4316:
4311:
4303:
4298:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4230:
4225:
4217:
4212:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4157:
4149:
4144:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4064:
4059:
4048:
4046:
4038:
4033:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3998:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3943:
3942:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3870:
3865:
3854:
3852:
3847:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3708:
3697:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3519:
3496:
3491:
3467:
3462:
3451:
3446:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3403:
3399:
3387:
3379:
3374:
3366:
3361:
3353:
3341:
3336:
3328:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3305:
3289:
3281:
3276:
3268:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3222:
3217:
3206:
3201:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3035:
3016:
3007:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2975:
2940:
2936:
2858:
2854:
2832:
2818:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2798:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2518:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2496:. In this case
2478:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2320:
2313:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2051:Integral method
2014:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1962:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1890:
1889:
1878:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1808:
1807:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1726:
1703:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1639:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1552:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1484:
1466:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1246:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1106:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1033:
1030:
1029:
991:
982:
975:
973:
963:
950:
941:
934:
932:
922:
906:
897:
890:
888:
883:
880:
879:
875:of chemical X,
843:
832:
821:
816:
813:
812:
782:
770:
762:
761:
759:
756:
755:
737:
731:
703:
699:
693:
689:
683:
679:
670:
666:
660:
656:
646:
639:
635:
629:
625:
619:
615:
609:
605:
604:
602:
590:
586:
584:
581:
580:
502:
498:
493:
484:
480:
475:
459:
456:
455:
406:
403:
402:
400:
373:
371:
368:
367:
365:
347:
345:
342:
341:
339:
317:
314:
313:
311:
293:
290:
289:
287:
269:
266:
265:
263:
230:
228:
225:
224:
222:
204:
202:
199:
198:
196:
195:of the species
171:
166:
163:
162:
160:
139:
134:
131:
130:
128:
108:
104:
99:
90:
86:
81:
64:
60:
58:
55:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
18429:
18419:
18418:
18413:
18396:
18395:
18393:
18392:
18387:
18382:
18377:
18372:
18367:
18362:
18357:
18352:
18347:
18342:
18337:
18331:
18329:
18323:
18322:
18320:
18319:
18314:
18309:
18304:
18299:
18294:
18289:
18284:
18279:
18274:
18269:
18263:
18261:
18260:Related topics
18257:
18256:
18254:
18253:
18248:
18243:
18237:
18235:
18234:Medium effects
18231:
18230:
18228:
18227:
18222:
18217:
18212:
18207:
18202:
18196:
18194:
18187:
18186:
18184:
18183:
18178:
18173:
18168:
18163:
18157:
18155:
18151:
18150:
18148:
18147:
18142:
18137:
18132:
18128:
18122:
18118:
18111:
18109:
18103:
18102:
18100:
18099:
18094:
18090:
18084:
18079:
18072:
18070:
18064:
18063:
18061:
18060:
18056:
18049:
18047:
18041:
18040:
18038:
18037:
18033:
18027:
18023:
18017:
18013:
18007:
18003:
17997:
17993:
17986:
17984:
17978:
17977:
17969:
17968:
17961:
17954:
17946:
17940:
17939:
17934:
17928:
17920:
17919:External links
17917:
17915:
17914:
17908:
17896:Wang, James C.
17888:
17882:
17866:
17860:
17847:
17841:
17828:
17822:
17795:
17793:
17790:
17787:
17786:
17779:
17761:
17748:
17741:
17715:
17708:
17690:
17645:
17606:
17594:
17555:
17543:
17528:
17516:
17499:
17485:978-0471134503
17484:
17457:
17445:
17438:
17420:
17400:
17384:
17368:
17345:
17333:
17326:
17308:
17301:
17283:
17240:
17228:
17213:
17206:
17188:
17176:
17164:
17152:
17150:, pp. 5–8
17140:
17128:
17116:
17104:
17087:
17075:
17046:
17034:
17006:
16980:
16979:
16977:
16974:
16973:
16972:
16967:
16962:
16957:
16952:
16947:
16942:
16937:
16932:
16927:
16926:onto a surface
16917:
16912:
16907:
16902:
16895:
16892:
16879:
16868:
16867:
16856:
16853:
16850:
16847:
16844:
16841:
16836:
16833:
16829:
16823:
16819:
16815:
16812:
16809:
16806:
16803:
16800:
16797:
16794:
16791:
16788:
16785:
16782:
16777:
16774:
16768:
16762:
16759:
16756:
16753:
16750:
16727:
16724:
16721:
16718:
16695:
16675:
16653:
16650:
16644:
16618:
16595:
16592:
16589:
16569:
16544:
16540:
16536:
16533:
16530:
16527:
16524:
16521:
16518:
16515:
16512:
16509:
16506:
16503:
16478:
16474:
16470:
16467:
16464:
16459:
16455:
16451:
16448:
16445:
16442:
16439:
16436:
16431:
16427:
16423:
16420:
16417:
16414:
16409:
16405:
16401:
16398:
16395:
16392:
16389:
16386:
16361:
16358:
16354:
16333:
16311:
16308:
16304:
16294:be denoted as
16281:
16277:
16254:
16250:
16229:
16226:
16223:
16218:
16214:
16193:
16190:
16187:
16182:
16178:
16157:
16137:
16125:
16122:
16099:
16095:
16072:
16069:
16065:
16040:
16037:
16031:
16028:
16023:
16018:
16008:
16005:
15991:
15990:
15979:
15976:
15973:
15969:
15965:
15962:
15957:
15953:
15947:
15944:
15940:
15934:
15929:
15926:
15923:
15919:
15915:
15909:
15906:
15901:
15896:
15886:
15883:
15857:
15837:
15826:
15825:
15814:
15809:
15806:
15802:
15798:
15793:
15790:
15786:
15782:
15777:
15774:
15770:
15752:
15751:
15739:
15719:
15716:
15711:
15708:
15704:
15683:
15663:
15660:
15655:
15652:
15648:
15636:
15633:
15621:
15601:
15598:
15593:
15590:
15586:
15574:
15571:
15559:
15539:
15536:
15531:
15528:
15524:
15512:
15490:
15486:
15468:
15464:
15461:
15458:
15454:
15446:
15438:
15434:
15430:
15422:
15414:
15410:
15405:
15400:
15396:
15388:
15384:
15371:
15370:
15355:
15352:
15348:
15343:
15337:
15327:
15322:
15317:
15314:
15311:
15307:
15301:
15297:
15293:
15290:
15287:
15283:
15279:
15276:
15271:
15267:
15249:
15248:
15234:
15231:
15227:
15204:
15201:
15197:
15186:
15174:
15148:
15144:
15133:
15121:
15099:
15082:
15070:
15050:
15036:
15035:
15024:
15019:
15007:
15004:
15000:
14991:
14986:
14983:
14980:
14976:
14966:
14962:
14957:
14949:
14937:
14934:
14930:
14924:
14919:
14916:
14913:
14909:
14894:
14893:
14882:
14877:
14865:
14862:
14858:
14854:
14851:
14848:
14843:
14831:
14828:
14824:
14817:
14812:
14800:
14797:
14793:
14780:
14776:
14771:
14763:
14751:
14748:
14744:
14740:
14737:
14734:
14729:
14717:
14714:
14710:
14706:
14701:
14689:
14686:
14682:
14658:
14638:
14618:
14602:
14599:
14595:
14577:
14572:
14566:
14560:
14555:
14549:
14544:
14535:
14530:
14524:
14498:
14487:
14482:
14476:
14470:
14464:
14458:
14455:
14451:
14447:
14444:
14437:
14433:
14428:
14424:
14420:
14414:
14411:
14408:
14400:
14379:
14373:
14369:
14365:
14361:
14357:
14353:
14349:
14346:
14342:
14335:
14331:
14327:
14316:
14311:
14305:
14297:
14293:
14286:
14279:
14273:
14268:
14259:
14254:
14248:
14236:
14231:
14225:
14217:
14214:
14193:
14186:
14180:
14176:
14172:
14168:
14164:
14160:
14156:
14153:
14149:
14139:
14134:
14128:
14119:
14115:
14111:
14105:
14101:
14095:
14091:
14087:
14084:
14080:
14070:
14065:
14059:
14053:
14048:
14042:
14016:
14012:
14008:
13985:
13979:
13974:
13968:
13961:
13957:
13953:
13947:
13944:
13939:
13931:
13928:
13905:
13897:
13893:
13889:
13885:
13881:
13876:
13865:
13857:
13852:
13846:
13839:
13835:
13831:
13825:
13822:
13817:
13809:
13806:
13779:
13773:
13745:
13734:
13726:
13709:
13706:
13690:
13686:
13680:
13676:
13670:
13663:
13657:
13650:
13644:
13616:
13610:
13607:
13602:
13598:
13594:
13589:
13585:
13581:
13578:
13574:
13570:
13567:
13563:
13553:
13548:
13542:
13531:
13527:
13523:
13518:
13514:
13507:
13503:
13497:
13494:
13486:
13465:
13459:
13456:
13451:
13447:
13443:
13438:
13434:
13430:
13427:
13423:
13419:
13416:
13412:
13402:
13397:
13391:
13380:
13376:
13372:
13367:
13363:
13356:
13352:
13346:
13343:
13335:
13313:
13310:
13305:
13301:
13297:
13292:
13288:
13284:
13281:
13277:
13267:
13262:
13256:
13250:
13247:
13239:
13217:
13209:
13204:
13200:
13196:
13190:
13187:
13182:
13174:
13171:
13148:
13140:
13135:
13131:
13127:
13121:
13118:
13113:
13105:
13102:
13079:
13071:
13068:
13063:
13059:
13055:
13050:
13046:
13042:
13039:
13033:
13030:
13025:
13017:
13014:
13008:
12986:
12982:
12959:
12955:
12930:
12902:
12887:
12884:
12871:
12868:
12860:
12859:
12846:
12836:
12828:
12823:
12817:
12811:
12807:
12801:
12796:
12792:
12788:
12784:
12780:
12777:
12773:
12763:
12758:
12752:
12746:
12742:
12736:
12731:
12727:
12723:
12719:
12715:
12710:
12706:
12702:
12697:
12692:
12688:
12684:
12680:
12676:
12673:
12669:
12659:
12654:
12648:
12642:
12641:
12636:
12632:
12628:
12623:
12619:
12615:
12607:
12602:
12596:
12590:
12586:
12580:
12575:
12571:
12567:
12563:
12559:
12556:
12552:
12542:
12537:
12531:
12525:
12521:
12512:
12508:
12504:
12499:
12495:
12487:
12482:
12478:
12474:
12470:
12464:
12460:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12442:
12438:
12434:
12428:
12424:
12417:
12414:
12410:
12400:
12395:
12389:
12383:
12382:
12380:
12375:
12371:
12363:
12351:
12350:
12337:
12327:
12323:
12318:
12314:
12310:
12306:
12296:
12291:
12285:
12279:
12274:
12269:
12265:
12261:
12257:
12253:
12248:
12244:
12234:
12229:
12223:
12217:
12216:
12211:
12207:
12203:
12198:
12194:
12190:
12186:
12181:
12177:
12173:
12169:
12159:
12154:
12148:
12142:
12138:
12132:
12127:
12123:
12119:
12115:
12111:
12106:
12101:
12097:
12093:
12089:
12084:
12075:
12071:
12067:
12062:
12058:
12051:
12047:
12035:
12030:
12024:
12018:
12017:
12015:
12010:
12006:
11998:
11986:
11985:
11972:
11967:
11963:
11959:
11955:
11945:
11940:
11934:
11928:
11925:
11917:
11899:
11898:
11887:
11879:
11874:
11870:
11866:
11860:
11857:
11852:
11844:
11841:
11827:
11816:
11808:
11803:
11799:
11795:
11792:
11784:
11779:
11775:
11771:
11765:
11762:
11757:
11749:
11746:
11732:
11721:
11713:
11708:
11704:
11700:
11697:
11691:
11688:
11683:
11675:
11672:
11641:
11635:
11609:
11605:
11582:
11578:
11565:
11562:
11550:
11549:
11533:
11527:
11523:
11517:
11514:
11510:
11506:
11501:
11497:
11492:
11488:
11484:
11478:
11475:
11471:
11467:
11462:
11458:
11453:
11444:
11441:
11437:
11433:
11428:
11424:
11419:
11408:
11403:
11397:
11391:
11387:
11381:
11377:
11371:
11368:
11364:
11360:
11355:
11351:
11346:
11342:
11338:
11334:
11331:
11327:
11318:
11315:
11311:
11307:
11302:
11298:
11291:
11287:
11275:
11270:
11264:
11258:
11254:
11246:
11242:
11240:
11236:
11230:
11226:
11220:
11217:
11213:
11209:
11204:
11200:
11195:
11191:
11187:
11183:
11180:
11176:
11167:
11164:
11160:
11156:
11151:
11147:
11140:
11137:
11133:
11121:
11116:
11110:
11104:
11100:
11094:
11090:
11084:
11081:
11077:
11073:
11068:
11064:
11059:
11055:
11051:
11045:
11041:
11037:
11032:
11029:
11025:
11020:
11011:
11008:
11004:
11000:
10995:
10991:
10986:
10975:
10970:
10964:
10958:
10954:
10946:
10942:
10940:
10921:
10918:
10908:the values of
10903:
10897:
10892:
10885:
10872:
10871:
10859:
10856:
10851:
10848:
10844:
10840:
10835:
10831:
10827:
10824:
10820:
10812:
10808:
10799:
10796:
10791:
10787:
10778:
10771:
10767:
10758:
10755:
10746:
10741:
10735:
10726:
10722:
10719:
10705:
10704:
10693:
10690:
10687:
10682:
10678:
10674:
10667:
10663:
10652:
10647:
10641:
10633:
10630:
10626:
10619:
10613:
10610:
10605:
10602:
10581:
10580:
10565:
10561:
10551:
10546:
10540:
10530:
10527:
10523:
10519:
10514:
10511:
10507:
10503:
10498:
10494:
10479:
10478:
10456:
10451:
10445:
10437:
10434:
10430:
10425:
10421:
10418:
10413:
10410:
10406:
10402:
10397:
10393:
10389:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10378:
10374:
10371:
10368:
10359:
10354:
10348:
10342:
10337:
10334:
10330:
10325:
10321:
10316:
10312:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10300:
10294:
10290:
10281:
10276:
10273:
10269:
10264:
10260:
10255:
10251:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10236:
10233:
10228:
10225:
10219:
10216:
10215:
10209:
10205:
10196:
10191:
10188:
10184:
10179:
10173:
10169:
10160:
10155:
10151:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10136:
10133:
10128:
10120:
10117:
10111:
10108:
10107:
10082:
10078:
10051:
10047:
10038:
10023:
10022:
10009:
10005:
9996:
9991:
9988:
9984:
9980:
9975:
9971:
9962:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9943:
9940:
9935:
9927:
9924:
9918:
9885:
9878:
9867:
9860:
9839:
9838:
9825:
9821:
9812:
9807:
9803:
9794:
9789:
9786:
9782:
9778:
9773:
9769:
9760:
9755:
9751:
9742:
9737:
9733:
9729:
9726:
9705:
9704:
9687:
9682:
9676:
9665:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9649:
9645:
9638:
9635:
9631:
9625:
9620:
9616:
9607:
9604:
9595:
9590:
9584:
9578:
9573:
9569:
9560:
9543:
9542:
9525:
9520:
9514:
9503:
9500:
9496:
9492:
9487:
9483:
9476:
9472:
9466:
9461:
9457:
9448:
9430:
9429:
9405:
9399:
9393:
9384:
9379:
9373:
9367:
9351:
9345:
9306:
9301:
9295:
9281:
9280:
9256:
9250:
9244:
9235:
9230:
9224:
9218:
9202:
9196:
9168:
9164:
9155:
9129:
9125:
9116:
9087:
9083:
9074:
9052:
9048:
9039:
9028:
9027:
9012:
9007:
8999:
8992:
8987:
8979:
8972:
8965:
8962:
8958:
8952:
8948:
8934:
8931:
8928:
8922:
8912:
8869:
8864:
8858:
8844:
8843:
8822:
8815:
8804:
8797:
8772:
8771:Simple example
8769:
8763:
8756:
8749:
8742:
8741:
8722:
8719:
8715:
8709:
8705:
8699:
8691:
8687:
8678:
8673:
8669:
8660:
8653:
8649:
8640:
8635:
8631:
8622:
8616:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8603:
8599:
8590:
8585:
8581:
8572:
8567:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8551:
8547:
8538:
8533:
8529:
8520:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8505:
8486:
8479:
8475:The constants
8469:
8462:
8456:
8455:
8442:
8438:
8429:
8424:
8420:
8411:
8406:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8390:
8386:
8377:
8372:
8368:
8359:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8343:
8329:
8328:
8304:
8283:
8276:
8265:
8258:
8237:
8197:
8194:
8181:
8178:
8175:
8172:
8169:
8166:
8163:
8160:
8133:
8130:
8125:
8117:
8109:
8100:
8095:
8087:
8079:
8073:
8070:
8065:
8061:
8044:
8036:
8035:Negative order
8033:
8032:
8031:
8024:
7993:
7990:
7985:
7977:
7972:
7966:
7958:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7937:
7933:
7925:
7922:
7917:
7909:
7904:
7898:
7890:
7882:
7877:
7873:
7856:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7807:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7791:
7788:
7785:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7767:
7763:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7734:
7733:
7718:
7715:
7709:
7698:
7690:
7683:
7677:
7666:
7658:
7653:
7645:
7637:
7634:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7601:
7598:
7593:
7584:
7575:
7572:
7566:
7561:
7557:
7540:
7535:
7534:
7522:
7516:
7513:
7507:
7496:
7488:
7482:
7477:
7469:
7461:
7458:
7442:
7441:
7430:
7427:
7424:
7419:
7415:
7405:
7397:
7393:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7377:
7365:
7356:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7337:
7334:
7329:
7320:
7312:
7308:
7305:
7283:
7274:
7273:
7256:
7243:
7235:
7227:
7219:
7215:
7204:
7201:
7186:
7178:
7170:
7167:
7164:
7153:
7137:
7120:
7112:
7109:
7098:
7090:
7079:
7071:
7063:
7055:
7044:
7041:
7026:
7023:
7015:
7007:
7004:
6993:
6977:
6972:mechanism is
6947:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6928:
6920:
6912:
6907:
6899:
6891:
6885:
6882:
6877:
6873:
6855:
6837:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6807:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6787:
6783:
6760:
6738:
6735:
6726:
6709:
6698:for time, and
6685:
6655:
6638:
6637:
6619:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6584:
6574:
6569:
6563:
6553:
6547:
6544:
6539:
6528:
6508:
6503:
6497:
6491:
6487:
6482:
6476:
6473:
6468:
6457:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6422:
6416:
6413:
6408:
6397:
6383:
6380:
6370:
6365:
6359:
6351:
6345:
6342:
6337:
6326:
6322:
6321:
6292:
6286:
6271:
6252:
6246:
6240:
6226:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6188:
6177:
6171:
6164:
6163:
6149:
6143:
6137:
6122:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6097:
6084:
6070:
6067:
6054:
6040:
6037:
6024:
6016:
6015:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5985:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5956:
5951:
5947:
5938:
5928:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5900:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5878:
5871:
5865:
5860:
5848:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5815:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5793:
5787:
5775:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5749:
5744:
5738:
5732:
5727:
5721:
5709:
5705:
5704:
5691:
5687:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5647:
5644:
5640:
5630:
5617:
5613:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5556:
5545:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5527:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5506:
5503:
5499:
5489:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5413:
5396:
5390:
5383:
5365:
5362:
5350:
5341:
5338:
5332:
5323:
5320:
5311:
5298:
5285:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5240:
5237:
5228:
5215:
5202:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5182:
5178:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5151:The hydrolysis
5148:
5147:
5127:
5119:
5108:
5100:
5089:
5081:
5073:
5060:
5023:
5020:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4978:
4975:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4945:
4942:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4898:
4895:
4887:
4884:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4819:
4803:
4793:
4788:
4779:
4767:
4754:
4746:
4739:
4723:
4710:
4697:
4684:
4671:
4639:
4638:
4625:
4618:
4607:
4594:
4581:
4568:
4560:
4554:
4543:
4530:
4517:
4504:
4469:
4461:
4460:
4449:
4446:
4437:
4424:
4411:
4402:
4399:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4353:
4352:
4341:
4335:
4326:
4323:
4314:
4301:
4288:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4249:
4248:
4228:
4215:
4207:
4202:
4189:
4181:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4147:
4134:
4105:, such as the
4096:
4095:
4084:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4018:
4013:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3959:
3952:
3946:
3939:
3933:
3900:
3899:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3846:
3839:
3833:
3828:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3743:
3736:
3732:
3718:
3715:
3707:
3704:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3614:
3611:
3594:
3591:
3585:
3580:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3542:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3494:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3436:
3420:
3406:
3398:
3393:
3390:
3385:
3377:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3350:
3339:
3331:
3324:
3319:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3279:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3237:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3195:
3192:
3184:
3171:
3162:
3129:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3057:
3056:
3045:
3042:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3006:
3003:
2997:
2974:
2971:
2938:
2920:by the enzyme
2872:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2797:
2794:
2778:
2775:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2707:
2679:
2653:
2629:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2481:
2453:
2427:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2334:with rate law
2312:
2309:
2294:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2190:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2143:
2142:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2017:
1991:
1969:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1916:of a graph of
1910:
1909:
1898:
1888:
1885:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1766:
1751:
1750:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1617:
1612:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1582:
1575:
1559:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1519:
1518:
1507:
1502:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1399:is called the
1386:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1294:
1291:
1279:
1278:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1048:is defined as
1037:
1015:
1014:
1003:
997:
994:
989:
985:
981:
978:
970:
967:
962:
956:
953:
948:
944:
940:
937:
929:
926:
921:
918:
912:
909:
904:
900:
896:
893:
887:
865:
864:
853:
850:
846:
842:
839:
835:
831:
828:
824:
820:
806:
805:
794:
785:
781:
773:
769:
733:Main article:
730:
727:
726:
725:
714:
706:
702:
696:
692:
686:
682:
678:
673:
669:
663:
659:
655:
652:
649:
642:
638:
632:
628:
622:
618:
612:
608:
601:
598:
593:
589:
526:reaction steps
505:
501:
492:
487:
483:
474:
471:
467:
463:
410:
376:
350:
321:
297:
273:
237:
233:
207:
178:
174:
170:
146:
142:
138:
125:
124:
111:
107:
102:
98:
93:
89:
84:
80:
77:
73:
67:
63:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18428:
18417:
18414:
18412:
18409:
18408:
18406:
18391:
18388:
18386:
18383:
18381:
18378:
18376:
18373:
18371:
18368:
18366:
18363:
18361:
18358:
18356:
18353:
18351:
18348:
18346:
18343:
18341:
18338:
18336:
18335:Rate equation
18333:
18332:
18330:
18328:
18324:
18318:
18315:
18313:
18310:
18308:
18307:Arrow pushing
18305:
18303:
18300:
18298:
18295:
18293:
18290:
18288:
18285:
18283:
18280:
18278:
18275:
18273:
18270:
18268:
18265:
18264:
18262:
18258:
18252:
18249:
18247:
18244:
18242:
18239:
18238:
18236:
18232:
18226:
18223:
18221:
18218:
18216:
18215:Marcus theory
18213:
18211:
18208:
18206:
18203:
18201:
18198:
18197:
18195:
18192:
18188:
18182:
18179:
18177:
18174:
18172:
18169:
18167:
18166:Isomerization
18164:
18162:
18159:
18158:
18156:
18152:
18146:
18143:
18141:
18140:Cycloaddition
18138:
18136:
18133:
18126:
18123:
18116:
18113:
18112:
18110:
18108:
18104:
18098:
18091:
18088:
18085:
18083:
18080:
18077:
18074:
18073:
18071:
18069:
18065:
18054:
18051:
18050:
18048:
18046:
18042:
18031:
18028:
18021:
18018:
18011:
18008:
18001:
17998:
17991:
17988:
17987:
17985:
17983:
17979:
17975:
17967:
17962:
17960:
17955:
17953:
17948:
17947:
17944:
17938:
17935:
17932:
17929:
17926:
17923:
17922:
17911:
17909:9780131865457
17905:
17901:
17897:
17893:
17889:
17885:
17883:9780060438623
17879:
17875:
17871:
17867:
17863:
17861:9780071139496
17857:
17853:
17848:
17844:
17842:9781560810063
17838:
17834:
17829:
17825:
17823:0-7167-8759-8
17819:
17815:
17811:
17806:
17801:
17800:Atkins, Peter
17797:
17796:
17782:
17780:9780262013345
17776:
17773:. MIT Press.
17772:
17765:
17758:
17752:
17744:
17738:
17734:
17730:
17726:
17719:
17711:
17709:9781461311614
17705:
17701:
17694:
17686:
17682:
17678:
17674:
17669:
17664:
17660:
17656:
17649:
17641:
17637:
17633:
17629:
17625:
17621:
17617:
17610:
17604:, p. 305
17603:
17598:
17590:
17586:
17582:
17578:
17574:
17570:
17566:
17559:
17552:
17551:Espenson 1987
17547:
17540:
17535:
17533:
17526:, p. 301
17525:
17520:
17514:, p. 830
17513:
17508:
17506:
17504:
17495:
17491:
17487:
17481:
17477:
17471:
17466:
17464:
17462:
17454:
17449:
17441:
17435:
17431:
17424:
17418:
17417:0-03-072373-6
17414:
17410:
17404:
17398:
17393:
17391:
17389:
17382:
17381:0-13-014329-4
17378:
17372:
17366:
17365:0-06-043862-2
17362:
17358:
17354:
17349:
17342:
17337:
17329:
17327:0-07-019667-2
17323:
17319:
17312:
17304:
17298:
17294:
17287:
17279:
17275:
17271:
17267:
17263:
17259:
17255:
17251:
17244:
17238:, p. 331
17237:
17232:
17226:, p. 796
17225:
17220:
17218:
17209:
17203:
17199:
17192:
17185:
17184:Espenson 1987
17180:
17173:
17172:Espenson 1987
17168:
17161:
17156:
17149:
17148:Espenson 1987
17144:
17137:
17132:
17125:
17120:
17113:
17108:
17102:, p. 796
17101:
17096:
17094:
17092:
17085:, p. 795
17084:
17079:
17073:
17069:
17065:
17061:
17060:
17055:
17050:
17044:, p. 794
17043:
17038:
17023:
17019:
17013:
17011:
17002:
16998:
16994:
16993:
16985:
16981:
16971:
16968:
16966:
16963:
16961:
16958:
16956:
16953:
16951:
16948:
16946:
16943:
16941:
16938:
16936:
16935:Reaction rate
16933:
16931:
16928:
16925:
16921:
16918:
16916:
16913:
16911:
16908:
16906:
16903:
16901:
16898:
16897:
16891:
16877:
16854:
16845:
16839:
16834:
16831:
16821:
16817:
16813:
16807:
16804:
16798:
16795:
16792:
16789:
16786:
16775:
16772:
16760:
16754:
16748:
16741:
16740:
16739:
16722:
16716:
16707:
16693:
16673:
16651:
16648:
16630:
16616:
16607:
16593:
16590:
16587:
16567:
16558:
16542:
16534:
16531:
16528:
16525:
16522:
16519:
16516:
16513:
16510:
16504:
16501:
16492:
16476:
16465:
16457:
16453:
16449:
16446:
16443:
16437:
16429:
16425:
16421:
16415:
16407:
16403:
16396:
16390:
16384:
16375:
16359:
16356:
16352:
16331:
16309:
16306:
16302:
16279:
16275:
16252:
16248:
16224:
16216:
16212:
16188:
16180:
16176:
16155:
16135:
16121:
16119:
16115:
16097:
16093:
16070:
16067:
16063:
16054:
16038:
16035:
16029:
16026:
16016:
16003:
15977:
15955:
15951:
15945:
15942:
15938:
15932:
15927:
15924:
15921:
15917:
15913:
15907:
15904:
15894:
15881:
15871:
15870:
15869:
15855:
15835:
15812:
15807:
15804:
15800:
15796:
15791:
15788:
15784:
15780:
15775:
15772:
15768:
15760:
15759:
15758:
15757:
15737:
15730:for a single
15717:
15714:
15709:
15706:
15702:
15681:
15661:
15658:
15653:
15650:
15646:
15637:
15634:
15619:
15612:for a single
15599:
15596:
15591:
15588:
15584:
15575:
15572:
15557:
15537:
15534:
15529:
15526:
15522:
15513:
15510:
15509:
15508:
15506:
15462:
15459:
15456:
15444:
15432:
15420:
15403:
15353:
15350:
15346:
15335:
15320:
15315:
15312:
15309:
15305:
15299:
15295:
15291:
15269:
15265:
15257:
15256:
15255:
15254:
15232:
15229:
15225:
15202:
15199:
15195:
15187:
15172:
15164:
15163:rate constant
15146:
15142:
15134:
15119:
15097:
15083:
15068:
15048:
15041:
15040:
15039:
15022:
15017:
15005:
15002:
14998:
14989:
14984:
14981:
14978:
14974:
14964:
14960:
14955:
14947:
14935:
14932:
14928:
14922:
14917:
14914:
14911:
14907:
14899:
14898:
14897:
14880:
14875:
14863:
14860:
14856:
14852:
14849:
14846:
14841:
14829:
14826:
14822:
14815:
14810:
14798:
14795:
14791:
14778:
14774:
14769:
14761:
14749:
14746:
14742:
14738:
14735:
14732:
14727:
14715:
14712:
14708:
14704:
14699:
14687:
14684:
14680:
14672:
14671:
14670:
14656:
14636:
14616:
14608:
14598:
14575:
14558:
14542:
14533:
14510:
14496:
14485:
14456:
14453:
14449:
14445:
14442:
14435:
14431:
14426:
14422:
14418:
14412:
14409:
14377:
14371:
14367:
14363:
14359:
14355:
14351:
14347:
14344:
14340:
14333:
14329:
14325:
14314:
14295:
14291:
14284:
14266:
14257:
14234:
14215:
14212:
14191:
14184:
14178:
14174:
14170:
14166:
14162:
14158:
14154:
14151:
14147:
14137:
14117:
14113:
14109:
14103:
14099:
14093:
14089:
14085:
14082:
14078:
14068:
14051:
14029:
14014:
14010:
14006:
13959:
13955:
13951:
13945:
13942:
13926:
13891:
13887:
13883:
13879:
13863:
13837:
13833:
13829:
13823:
13820:
13804:
13771:
13732:
13724:
13705:
13688:
13684:
13678:
13674:
13668:
13629:
13614:
13608:
13600:
13596:
13592:
13587:
13583:
13576:
13572:
13568:
13565:
13561:
13551:
13529:
13525:
13521:
13516:
13512:
13505:
13501:
13495:
13463:
13457:
13449:
13445:
13441:
13436:
13432:
13425:
13421:
13417:
13414:
13410:
13400:
13378:
13374:
13370:
13365:
13361:
13354:
13350:
13344:
13311:
13303:
13299:
13295:
13290:
13286:
13279:
13275:
13265:
13248:
13228:
13202:
13198:
13194:
13188:
13185:
13169:
13133:
13129:
13125:
13119:
13116:
13100:
13061:
13057:
13053:
13048:
13044:
13037:
13031:
13028:
13012:
13006:
12984:
12980:
12957:
12953:
12883:
12876:
12867:
12865:
12826:
12809:
12805:
12799:
12794:
12790:
12786:
12782:
12778:
12775:
12771:
12761:
12744:
12740:
12734:
12729:
12725:
12721:
12717:
12713:
12708:
12704:
12700:
12695:
12690:
12686:
12682:
12678:
12674:
12671:
12667:
12657:
12634:
12630:
12626:
12621:
12617:
12605:
12588:
12584:
12578:
12573:
12569:
12565:
12561:
12557:
12554:
12550:
12540:
12523:
12519:
12510:
12506:
12502:
12497:
12493:
12485:
12480:
12476:
12472:
12468:
12462:
12458:
12454:
12449:
12444:
12440:
12436:
12432:
12426:
12422:
12415:
12412:
12408:
12398:
12378:
12373:
12369:
12361:
12353:
12352:
12321:
12316:
12312:
12308:
12304:
12294:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12263:
12259:
12255:
12251:
12246:
12242:
12232:
12209:
12205:
12201:
12196:
12192:
12184:
12179:
12175:
12171:
12167:
12157:
12140:
12136:
12130:
12125:
12121:
12117:
12113:
12109:
12104:
12099:
12095:
12091:
12087:
12082:
12073:
12069:
12065:
12060:
12056:
12049:
12045:
12033:
12013:
12008:
12004:
11996:
11988:
11987:
11970:
11965:
11961:
11957:
11953:
11943:
11926:
11908:
11907:
11906:
11904:
11872:
11868:
11864:
11858:
11855:
11839:
11828:
11801:
11797:
11793:
11777:
11773:
11769:
11763:
11760:
11744:
11733:
11706:
11702:
11698:
11695:
11689:
11686:
11670:
11659:
11658:
11657:
11607:
11603:
11580:
11576:
11561:
11559:
11555:
11531:
11525:
11521:
11515:
11512:
11508:
11504:
11499:
11495:
11490:
11486:
11482:
11476:
11473:
11469:
11465:
11460:
11456:
11451:
11442:
11439:
11435:
11431:
11426:
11422:
11417:
11406:
11389:
11385:
11379:
11375:
11369:
11366:
11362:
11358:
11353:
11349:
11344:
11340:
11336:
11332:
11329:
11325:
11316:
11313:
11309:
11305:
11300:
11296:
11289:
11285:
11273:
11256:
11252:
11244:
11234:
11228:
11224:
11218:
11215:
11211:
11207:
11202:
11198:
11193:
11189:
11185:
11181:
11178:
11174:
11165:
11162:
11158:
11154:
11149:
11145:
11138:
11135:
11131:
11119:
11102:
11098:
11092:
11088:
11082:
11079:
11075:
11071:
11066:
11062:
11057:
11053:
11049:
11043:
11039:
11035:
11030:
11027:
11023:
11018:
11009:
11006:
11002:
10998:
10993:
10989:
10984:
10973:
10956:
10952:
10944:
10931:
10930:
10929:
10927:
10917:
10915:
10911:
10906:
10900:
10895:
10888:
10881:
10877:
10857:
10849:
10846:
10842:
10838:
10833:
10829:
10822:
10818:
10810:
10794:
10789:
10769:
10753:
10744:
10724:
10720:
10717:
10710:
10709:
10708:
10688:
10685:
10680:
10676:
10665:
10661:
10650:
10631:
10628:
10624:
10617:
10611:
10608:
10603:
10600:
10590:
10589:
10588:
10586:
10585:reaction rate
10563:
10559:
10549:
10528:
10525:
10521:
10517:
10512:
10509:
10505:
10501:
10496:
10492:
10484:
10483:
10482:
10454:
10435:
10432:
10428:
10423:
10419:
10411:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10395:
10391:
10383:
10381:
10369:
10366:
10357:
10335:
10332:
10328:
10323:
10319:
10314:
10310:
10305:
10303:
10292:
10274:
10271:
10267:
10262:
10258:
10253:
10249:
10244:
10242:
10234:
10231:
10226:
10223:
10217:
10207:
10189:
10186:
10182:
10177:
10171:
10153:
10149:
10144:
10142:
10134:
10131:
10115:
10109:
10098:
10097:
10096:
10080:
10076:
10067:
10049:
10028:
10007:
9989:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9973:
9955:
9951:
9947:
9941:
9938:
9922:
9916:
9909:
9908:
9907:
9876:
9865:
9823:
9805:
9787:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9771:
9753:
9735:
9731:
9727:
9724:
9717:
9716:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9685:
9663:
9660:
9656:
9652:
9647:
9643:
9636:
9633:
9629:
9623:
9618:
9602:
9593:
9576:
9571:
9548:
9547:
9546:
9523:
9501:
9498:
9494:
9490:
9485:
9481:
9474:
9470:
9464:
9459:
9439:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9391:
9382:
9365:
9333:
9332:
9331:
9329:
9324:
9304:
9242:
9233:
9216:
9184:
9183:
9182:
9166:
9145:
9127:
9106:
9101:
9085:
9050:
9010:
9005:
8997:
8990:
8985:
8977:
8970:
8963:
8960:
8956:
8950:
8946:
8920:
8910:
8903:
8902:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8891:
8889:
8867:
8813:
8802:
8778:
8777:
8776:
8762:
8755:
8746:
8720:
8717:
8713:
8707:
8703:
8697:
8689:
8671:
8651:
8633:
8614:
8611:
8601:
8583:
8565:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8549:
8531:
8513:
8509:
8496:
8495:
8494:
8492:
8485:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8461:
8440:
8422:
8404:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8388:
8370:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8341:
8334:
8333:
8332:
8302:
8274:
8263:
8235:
8215:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8193:
8179:
8176:
8170:
8167:
8161:
8158:
8148:
8131:
8128:
8115:
8098:
8085:
8071:
8068:
8063:
8059:
8050:
8042:
8029:
8025:
8022:
8019:
8018:
8017:
8014:
8010:
7991:
7988:
7975:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7935:
7931:
7923:
7920:
7907:
7880:
7875:
7871:
7862:
7855:(VI) ion (RuO
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7833:
7816:
7808:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7786:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7765:
7761:
7752:
7737:
7716:
7713:
7696:
7681:
7664:
7643:
7635:
7625:
7621:
7617:
7612:
7599:
7596:
7582:
7570:
7564:
7559:
7555:
7547:
7546:
7545:
7520:
7514:
7511:
7494:
7480:
7467:
7459:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7428:
7425:
7422:
7417:
7403:
7395:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7363:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7335:
7332:
7318:
7310:
7303:
7293:
7292:
7291:
7288:
7287:are ignored.
7254:
7241:
7225:
7217:
7213:
7205:
7202:
7184:
7176:
7168:
7162:
7151:
7138:
7118:
7110:
7107:
7096:
7077:
7069:
7061:
7053:
7045:
7042:
7024:
7021:
7013:
7005:
6991:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6967:
6966:free radicals
6963:
6958:
6945:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6918:
6897:
6883:
6880:
6875:
6871:
6862:
6851:
6835:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6805:
6793:
6790:
6785:
6781:
6772:
6768:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6734:
6732:
6725:
6707:
6683:
6673:
6636:
6617:
6614:
6604:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6582:
6572:
6551:
6545:
6542:
6537:
6529:
6506:
6489:
6485:
6480:
6474:
6471:
6466:
6458:
6442:
6435:
6429:
6426:
6420:
6414:
6411:
6406:
6398:
6381:
6378:
6368:
6349:
6343:
6340:
6335:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6272:
6238:
6227:
6189:
6186:
6178:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6141:
6123:
6102:
6095:
6085:
6065:
6055:
6025:
6022:
6018:
6017:
6014:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5983:
5973:
5954:
5949:
5929:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5898:
5881:
5876:
5858:
5849:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5823:
5813:
5796:
5776:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5747:
5730:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5689:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5658:
5642:
5638:
5631:
5615:
5599:
5596:
5592:
5589:
5584:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5532:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5517:
5501:
5497:
5490:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5461:
5445:
5441:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5421:Second order
5420:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5389:
5363:
5348:
5330:
5309:
5296:
5283:
5271:
5268:
5263:
5259:
5238:
5226:
5213:
5200:
5188:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5152:
5125:
5117:
5106:
5087:
5079:
5071:
5058:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5035:
5021:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4976:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4929:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4896:
4871:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4850:
4846:
4817:
4801:
4791:
4786:
4777:
4765:
4752:
4737:
4721:
4708:
4695:
4682:
4669:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4616:
4605:
4592:
4579:
4566:
4552:
4541:
4528:
4515:
4502:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4480:sodium iodide
4477:
4473:
4464:
4447:
4435:
4422:
4409:
4386:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4333:
4312:
4299:
4286:
4274:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4226:
4213:
4205:
4200:
4187:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4145:
4132:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:ethyl acetate
4111:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4082:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4043:
4034:
4016:
4011:
3999:
3976:
3957:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3866:
3849:
3844:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3798:
3793:
3779:
3767:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3716:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3658:
3653:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3610:
3608:
3592:
3583:
3578:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3541:+ X → ArX + N
3529:
3525:
3524:aryldiazonium
3521:
3492:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3463:
3447:
3434:
3421:
3404:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3375:
3362:
3337:
3306:
3298:
3293:
3290:
3277:
3264:
3238:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3193:
3182:
3169:
3160:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:mean lifetime
3127:
3119:
3112:
3109:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3043:
3029:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3001:
2995:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2793:
2776:
2773:
2744:
2651:
2627:
2616:
2603:
2598:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2544:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2497:
2425:
2403:
2398:
2380:
2375:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2308:
2292:
2283:
2282:rate constant
2254:
2251:
2225:
2188:
2129:
2123:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2072:
2069:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
1989:
1956:
1953:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1915:
1896:
1886:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1818:
1815:
1801:
1737:
1734:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1631:
1610:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1580:
1579:rate constant
1576:
1573:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1500:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1402:rate constant
1384:
1375:The constant
1359:
1354:
1336:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:rate equation
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1240:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1136:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1097:
1084:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1035:
1028:
1027:reaction rate
1024:
1020:
1019:closed system
1001:
995:
992:
976:
968:
965:
960:
954:
951:
935:
927:
924:
919:
916:
910:
907:
891:
885:
878:
877:
876:
874:
870:
851:
848:
840:
837:
829:
826:
818:
811:
810:
809:
792:
783:
771:
767:
754:
753:
752:
750:
746:
743:in which two
742:
736:
735:Reaction rate
712:
704:
694:
690:
684:
680:
676:
671:
667:
661:
657:
653:
650:
640:
636:
630:
626:
620:
616:
610:
606:
599:
596:
591:
587:
579:
578:
577:
575:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
503:
485:
469:
465:
461:
454:
453:reaction rate
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:
428:
427:
408:
397:
393:
337:
319:
295:
271:
261:
257:
253:
235:
194:
109:
91:
75:
71:
65:
61:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:reaction rate
44:
41:
38:
34:
30:
26:
25:rate equation
22:
18334:
18287:Molecularity
17899:
17873:
17851:
17832:
17809:
17770:
17764:
17756:
17751:
17724:
17718:
17699:
17693:
17658:
17654:
17648:
17623:
17619:
17609:
17602:Laidler 1987
17597:
17575:(11): 1643.
17572:
17568:
17558:
17546:
17539:Laidler 1987
17524:Laidler 1987
17519:
17475:
17472:. See also:
17448:
17429:
17423:
17408:
17403:
17397:Connors 1990
17371:
17356:
17348:
17336:
17317:
17311:
17292:
17286:
17253:
17249:
17243:
17231:
17197:
17191:
17179:
17167:
17155:
17143:
17131:
17126:, p. 12
17124:Connors 1990
17119:
17114:, p. 13
17112:Connors 1990
17107:
17078:
17057:
17049:
17037:
17026:. Retrieved
17024:. 2015-01-18
17021:
16991:
16984:
16905:Molecularity
16869:
16738:is given by
16708:
16631:
16608:
16559:
16493:
16376:
16127:
15992:
15848:in reaction
15827:
15753:
15372:
15250:
15112:denotes the
15037:
14895:
14604:
14511:
14030:
13711:
13630:
13229:
12889:
12881:
12864:steady state
12861:
11900:
11567:
11551:
10925:
10923:
10912:and the two
10909:
10904:
10898:
10890:
10883:
10879:
10873:
10706:
10582:
10480:
10065:
10026:
10024:
9840:
9713:
9706:
9544:
9433:
9431:
9327:
9325:
9282:
9143:
9104:
9102:
9029:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8845:
8774:
8760:
8759:= 2 min and
8753:
8490:
8483:
8476:
8474:
8466:
8459:
8457:
8330:
8205:
8201:
8199:
8149:
8038:
8015:
8011:
7834:
7750:
7748:
7740:Complex laws
7735:
7536:
7443:
7289:
7275:
6962:steady state
6959:
6755:acetaldehyde
6740:
6730:
6723:
6641:
6633:
6317:
6168:
6020:
6011:
5424:
5418:First order
5400:
5398:
5393:
5153:of sucrose (
5149:
5036:
4848:
4842:
4651:tert-butanol
4640:
4465:
4462:
4354:
4250:
4100:
4097:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3903:
3902:The unit of
3901:
3813:
3616:
3613:Second order
3528:nucleophiles
3513:
3148:
3146:is τ = 1/k.
3073:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3059:The unit of
3058:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2948:
2926:
2918:acetaldehyde
2909:
2907:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2885:The unit of
2884:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2617:
2498:
2329:
2328:·B →
2325:
2321:
2314:
2144:
2058:
2054:
2034:
1911:
1752:
1645:
1520:
1428:
1426:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1374:
1296:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1151:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1026:
1016:
866:
807:
738:
568:
566:
562:intermediate
551:
534:molecularity
520:
440:
436:
431:
430:
424:
395:
391:
335:
126:
40:differential
32:
28:
24:
18:
18246:Cage effect
18181:RRKM theory
18097:elimination
17792:Books cited
17626:(9): 1499.
16267:to species
7751:mixed order
7745:Mixed order
7203:Termination
7043:Propagation
6674:(mol · L),
5415:Zero order
2973:First order
2942:) on a hot
449:irradiation
447:, or light
250:usually in
18405:Categories
17028:2023-04-10
16976:References
16377:Also, let
15638:for which
15576:for which
15514:for which
7851:ion with
6976:Initiation
6325:Half-life
4110:hydrolysis
3526:ions with
2963:inhibition
2905:surface.
2796:Zero order
2324:·A +
1293:Power laws
729:Definition
18297:Catalysis
18193:reactions
17663:CiteSeerX
17640:0021-9584
17589:0021-9584
17270:0002-7863
16832:−
16814:−
16799:
16773:−
16649:−
16591:×
16529:…
16447:…
15918:∑
15797:−
15460:…
15306:∏
14975:∑
14908:∑
14850:⋯
14736:⋯
14559:≈
14543:−
14457:−
14446:
14413:−
14356:−
14348:−
14267:−
14216:
14163:−
14155:−
14094:−
14086:−
13778:⟶
13744:⟶
13577:−
13569:−
13426:−
13418:−
13280:−
13007:−
12929:⟶
12901:⟶
12839:otherwise
12787:−
12779:−
12722:−
12701:−
12683:−
12675:−
12627:≠
12566:−
12558:−
12503:−
12473:−
12455:−
12437:−
12330:otherwise
12309:−
12260:−
12202:≠
12172:−
12118:−
12110:−
12092:−
12066:−
11958:−
11794:−
11699:−
11640:⟶
11634:⟶
11513:−
11487:−
11474:−
11440:−
11367:−
11341:−
11333:−
11314:−
11216:−
11190:−
11182:−
11163:−
11136:−
11080:−
11054:−
11028:−
11007:−
10847:−
10795:−
10754:−
10721:
10686:−
10629:−
10587:becomes:
10526:−
10510:−
10433:−
10424:−
10409:−
10367:−
10333:−
10324:−
10272:−
10263:−
10218:−
10187:−
10178:−
10110:−
9987:−
9979:−
9917:−
9884:⇀
9877:−
9866:−
9859:↽
9785:−
9777:−
9661:−
9634:−
9603:−
9499:−
9392:−
9283:The term
9243:−
8961:−
8893:Then the
8821:⇀
8814:−
8803:−
8796:↽
8718:−
8563:−
8402:−
8394:−
8282:⇀
8275:−
8264:−
8257:↽
8168:−
8129:−
7992:−
7949:β
7936:α
7924:−
7853:ruthenate
7682:∝
7636:⋅
7521:⋅
7481:∝
7460:⋅
7396:⋅
7379:−
7311:⋅
7234:⟶
7218:⋅
7169:⋅
7166:⟶
7163:⋅
7108:⋅
7089:⟶
7054:⋅
7025:⋅
7006:⋅
7003:⟶
6751:pyrolysis
6602:−
6594:−
6430:
6190:
6103:⋅
5990:−
5828:−
5757:−
5639:−
5565:−
5498:−
5442:−
5432:Rate Law
5099:⟶
4818:−
4745:⟶
4738:−
4624:↓
4559:⟶
4394:imidazole
4361:imidazole
4357:catalyzed
4334:−
4201:−
4180:⟶
4175:−
4044:−
3456:⟶
3405:−
3318:⟶
3191:⟶
3113:
3076:half-life
2996:−
2933:phosphine
2910:saturated
2903:catalytic
2814:−
2581:⋅
2527:⋅
2381:⋅
2358:⋅
2255:
2107:
2092:−
2073:
2041:half-life
1957:
1929:
1873:
1851:
1819:…
1738:⋯
1721:
1698:
1683:
1664:
1606:Reactants
1592:∏
1577:k is the
1554:Reactants
1532:−
1496:Reactants
1482:∏
1468:Reactants
1446:−
1360:⋯
1258:…
1071:ν
920:−
886:−
827:−
819:−
780:⟶
745:reactants
569:undefined
564:species.
445:adsorbent
37:empirical
21:chemistry
17898:(1995).
17872:(1987).
17685:16022509
17278:28944665
16894:See also
16204:through
15550:for all
14956:→
14770:→
14427:′
14368:′
14334:′
14175:′
14118:′
14015:′
13998:, where
13892:′
8208:are the
7861:catalyst
7544:and CO:
6970:Herzfeld
6861:chlorine
6850:phosgene
6729:= 0.693/
6672:molarity
5001:′
4962:′
4845:catalyst
4107:alkaline
3911:mol dm s
2967:pyridine
2944:tungsten
2894:mol dm s
2777:′
2571:′
2523:′
1892:constant
1287:rate law
390:and the
260:molarity
191:are the
45:for the
35:) is an
29:rate law
17814:791–823
16924:adsorbs
16580:be the
15165:of the
15161:is the
10481:Since:
9436:, that
8766:= 1 min
8458:where:
8202:a, b, p
7841:alcohol
6767:methane
6765:) into
6720:
6700:
6696:
6676:
6668:
6644:
4484:acetone
3609:group.
2914:ethanol
2790:
2765:
2761:
2724:
2720:
2696:
2692:
2668:
2664:
2644:
2640:
2620:
2494:
2470:
2466:
2442:
2438:
2418:
2332:·C
2317:Ostwald
2305:
2285:
2242:
2205:
2201:
2181:
2177:
2147:
2030:
2006:
2002:
1982:
1944:
1918:
1835:
1783:
1779:
1755:
1570:is the
1521:Where:
1397:
1377:
749:product
423:is the
421:
401:
392:overall
388:
366:
362:
340:
332:
312:
308:
288:
284:
264:
248:
223:
219:
197:
189:
161:
157:
129:
17972:Basic
17906:
17880:
17858:
17839:
17820:
17777:
17739:
17706:
17683:
17665:
17638:
17587:
17494:247275
17492:
17482:
17436:
17415:
17379:
17363:
17324:
17299:
17276:
17268:
17204:
14995:
14819:
14788:
13159:and
10068:. Let
9556:
9030:where
8941:
8914:
8204:, and
8049:oxygen
7845:ketone
5403:) are
3142:. The
2957:using
2899:enzyme
2145:where
1132:where
1025:, the
127:where
23:, the
18200:Redox
18036:Acyl)
17054:IUPAC
15038:Here
8047:) to
8041:ozone
7859:) as
7843:to a
6642:Here
5068:COOCH
4478:with
2901:or a
2559:with
1914:slope
256:liter
252:moles
18089:(E2)
18078:(E1)
17904:ISBN
17878:ISBN
17856:ISBN
17837:ISBN
17818:ISBN
17775:ISBN
17737:ISBN
17704:ISBN
17681:PMID
17636:ISSN
17585:ISSN
17490:OCLC
17480:ISBN
17434:ISBN
17413:ISBN
17377:ISBN
17361:ISBN
17322:ISBN
17297:ISBN
17274:PMID
17266:ISSN
17202:ISBN
16796:diag
16632:Let
16617:diag
16609:Let
16560:Let
16494:Let
15217:and
13916:and
13760:and
13477:and
13090:;
12972:and
12917:and
12862:The
11595:and
10902:and
10583:the
9841:For
9065:and
8890:=0.
8482:and
8026:the
7278:*CHO
6894:COCl
6854:COCl
6769:and
6313:vs.
6267:vs.
6222:vs.
6173:vs.
5115:COOH
4798:NaBr
4620:NaBr
4419:COOC
4296:COOC
4142:COOC
3914:.
3607:aryl
3252:CoCl
3074:The
2618:and
2203:and
1912:The
1646:The
1572:rate
1435:is:
1427:The
524:and
364:and
338:for
310:and
254:per
221:and
159:and
18059:Ar)
18016:Ar)
17729:doi
17673:doi
17628:doi
17577:doi
17258:doi
17254:139
17068:doi
17066:".
16997:doi
16686:to
10029:be
8212:):
7847:by
7705:CHO
7673:CHO
7503:CHO
7372:CHO
7282:*CH
7086:CHO
7028:CHO
7000:CHO
6814:CHO
6763:CHO
6753:of
6727:1/2
4727:NaO
4556:NaI
4482:in
4359:by
4197:COO
4112:of
3908:is
3575:ArN
3532:ArN
3065:is
2949:In
2916:to
2891:is
1285:or
751:C:
439:or
429:or
31:or
19:In
18407::
18127:(A
18117:(A
18055:(S
18032:(S
18026:i)
18022:(S
18012:(S
18006:2)
18002:(S
17996:1)
17992:(S
17894:;
17816:.
17808:.
17735:.
17727:.
17679:.
17671:.
17659:18
17657:.
17634:.
17624:84
17622:.
17618:.
17583:.
17573:83
17571:.
17567:.
17531:^
17502:^
17488:.
17460:^
17387:^
17355:,
17272:.
17264:.
17252:.
17216:^
17090:^
17056:,
17020:.
17009:^
16890:.
16706:.
16374:.
16120:.
15507::
14443:ln
14213:ln
13628:.
13326:;
11622:;
11560:.
10893:−1
10889:+
10718:ln
9146:,
9107:,
8764:−1
8487:−1
8470:−1
8043:(O
7968:CN
7960:Fe
7900:CN
7892:Fe
7693:CH
7661:CH
7640:CH
7579:CH
7539:CH
7491:CH
7464:CH
7400:CH
7360:CH
7315:CH
7222:CH
7188:CO
7173:CH
7160:CO
7148:CH
7115:CH
7105:CO
7093:CH
7074:CH
7058:CH
7010:CH
6988:CH
6915:Cl
6802:CH
6759:CH
6427:ln
6187:ln
6023:)
5310:11
5297:22
5284:12
5227:11
5214:22
5201:12
5165:11
5161:22
5157:12
5134:OH
5122:CH
5103:CH
5055:CH
4822:Bu
4807:HO
4783:CH
4774:CH
4762:CH
4749:CH
4742:Bu
4718:Br
4705:CH
4692:CH
4679:CH
4666:CH
4602:CH
4589:CH
4576:CH
4563:CH
4550:Br
4538:CH
4525:CH
4512:CH
4499:CH
4486::
4406:CH
4330:OH
4283:CH
4235:OH
4184:CH
4171:OH
4129:CH
4116::
3776:NO
3742:NO
3731:NO
3401:Cl
3359:NH
3326:Co
3261:NH
3199:NO
3110:ln
2977:A
2937:PH
2252:ln
2104:ln
2070:ln
2032:.
1954:ln
1926:ln
1870:ln
1848:ln
1718:ln
1695:ln
1680:ln
1661:ln
852:0.
576::
549:.
262:,
18131:)
18129:N
18121:)
18119:E
18095:i
18093:E
18057:E
18034:N
18024:N
18014:N
18004:N
17994:N
17965:e
17958:t
17951:v
17912:.
17886:.
17864:.
17845:.
17826:.
17783:.
17745:.
17731::
17712:.
17687:.
17675::
17642:.
17630::
17591:.
17579::
17496:.
17442:.
17330:.
17305:.
17280:.
17260::
17210:.
17070::
17031:.
17003:.
16999::
16878:t
16855:,
16852:]
16849:)
16846:0
16843:(
16840:X
16835:1
16828:)
16822:T
16818:K
16811:)
16808:J
16805:K
16802:(
16793:+
16790:I
16787:s
16784:(
16781:[
16776:1
16767:L
16761:=
16758:)
16755:t
16752:(
16749:X
16726:)
16723:t
16720:(
16717:X
16694:t
16674:s
16652:1
16643:L
16594:N
16588:N
16568:I
16543:T
16539:)
16535:1
16532:,
16526:,
16523:1
16520:,
16517:1
16514:,
16511:1
16508:(
16505:=
16502:J
16477:T
16473:)
16469:)
16466:t
16463:(
16458:N
16454:X
16450:,
16444:,
16441:)
16438:t
16435:(
16430:2
16426:X
16422:,
16419:)
16416:t
16413:(
16408:1
16404:X
16400:(
16397:=
16394:)
16391:t
16388:(
16385:X
16360:j
16357:i
16353:k
16332:K
16310:j
16307:i
16303:k
16280:j
16276:X
16253:i
16249:X
16228:)
16225:t
16222:(
16217:N
16213:X
16192:)
16189:t
16186:(
16181:1
16177:X
16156:t
16136:N
16098:j
16094:f
16071:j
16068:i
16064:N
16039:0
16036:=
16030:t
16027:d
16022:]
16017:i
16012:X
16007:[
16004:d
15978:.
15975:)
15972:]
15968:X
15964:[
15961:(
15956:j
15952:f
15946:j
15943:i
15939:r
15933:R
15928:1
15925:=
15922:j
15914:=
15908:t
15905:d
15900:]
15895:i
15890:X
15885:[
15882:d
15856:j
15836:i
15813:,
15808:j
15805:i
15801:r
15792:j
15789:i
15785:p
15781:=
15776:j
15773:i
15769:N
15738:z
15718:2
15715:=
15710:j
15707:z
15703:r
15682:z
15662:1
15659:=
15654:j
15651:z
15647:r
15632:,
15620:z
15600:1
15597:=
15592:j
15589:z
15585:r
15570:,
15558:z
15538:0
15535:=
15530:j
15527:z
15523:r
15489:)
15485:]
15476:N
15471:X
15467:[
15463:,
15457:,
15453:]
15445:2
15441:X
15437:[
15433:,
15429:]
15421:1
15417:X
15413:[
15409:(
15404:=
15399:)
15395:]
15391:X
15387:[
15383:(
15354:j
15351:z
15347:r
15342:]
15336:z
15331:X
15326:[
15321:N
15316:1
15313:=
15310:z
15300:j
15296:k
15292:=
15289:)
15286:]
15282:X
15278:[
15275:(
15270:j
15266:f
15233:j
15230:i
15226:p
15203:j
15200:i
15196:r
15173:j
15147:j
15143:k
15120:i
15098:i
15093:X
15081:,
15069:R
15049:j
15023:.
15018:i
15013:X
15006:j
15003:i
14999:p
14990:N
14985:1
14982:=
14979:i
14965:j
14961:k
14948:i
14943:X
14936:j
14933:i
14929:r
14923:N
14918:1
14915:=
14912:i
14881:,
14876:N
14871:X
14864:j
14861:N
14857:p
14853:+
14847:+
14842:2
14837:X
14830:j
14827:2
14823:p
14816:+
14811:1
14806:X
14799:j
14796:1
14792:p
14779:j
14775:k
14762:N
14757:X
14750:j
14747:N
14743:r
14739:+
14733:+
14728:2
14723:X
14716:j
14713:2
14709:r
14705:+
14700:1
14695:X
14688:j
14685:1
14681:r
14657:j
14637:R
14617:N
14596:0
14576:0
14571:]
14568:A
14565:[
14554:]
14551:C
14548:[
14534:0
14529:]
14526:A
14523:[
14497:)
14486:0
14481:]
14478:R
14475:[
14469:]
14466:C
14463:[
14454:1
14450:(
14436:2
14432:k
14423:1
14419:k
14410:=
14407:]
14403:B
14399:[
14378:)
14372:t
14364:1
14360:k
14352:e
14345:1
14341:(
14330:1
14326:k
14315:0
14310:]
14307:A
14304:[
14296:2
14292:k
14285:=
14278:]
14275:C
14272:[
14258:0
14253:]
14250:R
14247:[
14235:0
14230:]
14227:R
14224:[
14192:]
14185:)
14179:t
14171:1
14167:k
14159:e
14152:1
14148:(
14138:0
14133:]
14130:A
14127:[
14114:1
14110:k
14104:2
14100:k
14090:e
14083:1
14079:[
14069:0
14064:]
14061:R
14058:[
14052:=
14047:]
14044:C
14041:[
14011:1
14007:k
13984:]
13981:R
13978:[
13973:]
13970:A
13967:[
13960:2
13956:k
13952:=
13946:t
13943:d
13938:]
13934:C
13930:[
13927:d
13904:]
13900:A
13896:[
13888:1
13884:k
13880:=
13875:]
13872:O
13864:2
13860:H
13856:[
13851:]
13848:A
13845:[
13838:1
13834:k
13830:=
13824:t
13821:d
13816:]
13812:B
13808:[
13805:d
13781:C
13775:R
13772:+
13769:A
13747:B
13741:O
13733:2
13729:H
13725:+
13722:A
13689:2
13685:k
13679:1
13675:k
13669:=
13662:]
13659:C
13656:[
13649:]
13646:B
13643:[
13615:)
13609:t
13606:)
13601:2
13597:k
13593:+
13588:1
13584:k
13580:(
13573:e
13566:1
13562:(
13552:0
13547:]
13544:A
13541:[
13530:2
13526:k
13522:+
13517:1
13513:k
13506:2
13502:k
13496:=
13493:]
13489:C
13485:[
13464:)
13458:t
13455:)
13450:2
13446:k
13442:+
13437:1
13433:k
13429:(
13422:e
13415:1
13411:(
13401:0
13396:]
13393:A
13390:[
13379:2
13375:k
13371:+
13366:1
13362:k
13355:1
13351:k
13345:=
13342:]
13338:B
13334:[
13312:t
13309:)
13304:2
13300:k
13296:+
13291:1
13287:k
13283:(
13276:e
13266:0
13261:]
13258:A
13255:[
13249:=
13246:]
13242:A
13238:[
13216:]
13212:A
13208:[
13203:2
13199:k
13195:=
13189:t
13186:d
13181:]
13177:C
13173:[
13170:d
13147:]
13143:A
13139:[
13134:1
13130:k
13126:=
13120:t
13117:d
13112:]
13108:B
13104:[
13101:d
13078:]
13074:A
13070:[
13067:)
13062:2
13058:k
13054:+
13049:1
13045:k
13041:(
13038:=
13032:t
13029:d
13024:]
13020:A
13016:[
13013:d
12985:2
12981:k
12958:1
12954:k
12932:C
12926:A
12904:B
12898:A
12827:0
12822:]
12819:C
12816:[
12810:+
12806:)
12800:t
12795:1
12791:k
12783:e
12776:1
12772:(
12762:0
12757:]
12754:B
12751:[
12745:+
12741:)
12735:t
12730:1
12726:k
12718:e
12714:t
12709:1
12705:k
12696:t
12691:1
12687:k
12679:e
12672:1
12668:(
12658:0
12653:]
12650:A
12647:[
12635:2
12631:k
12622:1
12618:k
12606:0
12601:]
12598:C
12595:[
12589:+
12585:)
12579:t
12574:2
12570:k
12562:e
12555:1
12551:(
12541:0
12536:]
12533:B
12530:[
12524:+
12520:)
12511:1
12507:k
12498:2
12494:k
12486:t
12481:1
12477:k
12469:e
12463:2
12459:k
12450:t
12445:2
12441:k
12433:e
12427:1
12423:k
12416:+
12413:1
12409:(
12399:0
12394:]
12391:A
12388:[
12379:{
12374:=
12370:]
12366:C
12362:[
12322:t
12317:1
12313:k
12305:e
12295:0
12290:]
12287:B
12284:[
12278:+
12273:t
12268:1
12264:k
12256:e
12252:t
12247:1
12243:k
12233:0
12228:]
12225:A
12222:[
12210:2
12206:k
12197:1
12193:k
12185:t
12180:2
12176:k
12168:e
12158:0
12153:]
12150:B
12147:[
12141:+
12137:)
12131:t
12126:2
12122:k
12114:e
12105:t
12100:1
12096:k
12088:e
12083:(
12074:1
12070:k
12061:2
12057:k
12050:1
12046:k
12034:0
12029:]
12026:A
12023:[
12014:{
12009:=
12005:]
12001:B
11997:[
11971:t
11966:1
11962:k
11954:e
11944:0
11939:]
11936:A
11933:[
11927:=
11924:]
11920:A
11916:[
11886:]
11882:B
11878:[
11873:2
11869:k
11865:=
11859:t
11856:d
11851:]
11847:C
11843:[
11840:d
11815:]
11811:B
11807:[
11802:2
11798:k
11791:]
11787:A
11783:[
11778:1
11774:k
11770:=
11764:t
11761:d
11756:]
11752:B
11748:[
11745:d
11720:]
11716:A
11712:[
11707:1
11703:k
11696:=
11690:t
11687:d
11682:]
11678:A
11674:[
11671:d
11643:C
11637:B
11631:A
11608:2
11604:k
11581:1
11577:k
11532:)
11526:t
11522:)
11516:1
11509:k
11505:+
11500:1
11496:k
11491:(
11483:e
11477:1
11470:k
11466:+
11461:1
11457:k
11452:(
11443:1
11436:k
11432:+
11427:1
11423:k
11418:1
11407:0
11402:]
11399:P
11396:[
11390:+
11386:)
11380:t
11376:)
11370:1
11363:k
11359:+
11354:1
11350:k
11345:(
11337:e
11330:1
11326:(
11317:1
11310:k
11306:+
11301:1
11297:k
11290:1
11286:k
11274:0
11269:]
11266:A
11263:[
11257:=
11253:]
11249:P
11245:[
11235:)
11229:t
11225:)
11219:1
11212:k
11208:+
11203:1
11199:k
11194:(
11186:e
11179:1
11175:(
11166:1
11159:k
11155:+
11150:1
11146:k
11139:1
11132:k
11120:0
11115:]
11112:P
11109:[
11103:+
11099:)
11093:t
11089:)
11083:1
11076:k
11072:+
11067:1
11063:k
11058:(
11050:e
11044:1
11040:k
11036:+
11031:1
11024:k
11019:(
11010:1
11003:k
10999:+
10994:1
10990:k
10985:1
10974:0
10969:]
10966:A
10963:[
10957:=
10953:]
10949:A
10945:[
10926:t
10910:K
10905:e
10899:e
10891:k
10886:1
10884:k
10880:t
10870:.
10858:t
10855:)
10850:1
10843:k
10839:+
10834:1
10830:k
10826:(
10823:=
10819:)
10811:e
10807:]
10802:A
10798:[
10790:t
10786:]
10781:A
10777:[
10770:e
10766:]
10761:A
10757:[
10745:0
10740:]
10737:A
10734:[
10725:(
10692:)
10689:x
10681:e
10677:x
10673:(
10666:e
10662:x
10651:0
10646:]
10643:A
10640:[
10632:1
10625:k
10618:=
10612:t
10609:d
10604:x
10601:d
10564:e
10560:x
10550:0
10545:]
10542:A
10539:[
10529:1
10522:k
10518:=
10513:1
10506:k
10502:+
10497:1
10493:k
10455:0
10450:]
10447:A
10444:[
10436:1
10429:k
10420:x
10417:)
10412:1
10405:k
10401:+
10396:1
10392:k
10388:(
10384:=
10373:)
10370:x
10358:0
10353:]
10350:A
10347:[
10341:(
10336:1
10329:k
10320:x
10315:1
10311:k
10306:=
10293:t
10289:]
10284:P
10280:[
10275:1
10268:k
10259:x
10254:1
10250:k
10245:=
10235:t
10232:d
10227:x
10224:d
10208:t
10204:]
10199:P
10195:[
10190:1
10183:k
10172:t
10168:]
10163:A
10159:[
10154:1
10150:k
10145:=
10135:t
10132:d
10127:]
10123:A
10119:[
10116:d
10081:e
10077:x
10066:t
10050:t
10046:]
10041:A
10037:[
10027:x
10008:t
10004:]
9999:P
9995:[
9990:1
9983:k
9974:t
9970:]
9965:A
9961:[
9956:1
9952:k
9948:=
9942:t
9939:d
9934:]
9930:A
9926:[
9923:d
9893:P
9850:A
9824:q
9820:]
9815:Q
9811:[
9806:p
9802:]
9797:P
9793:[
9788:1
9781:k
9772:b
9768:]
9763:B
9759:[
9754:a
9750:]
9745:A
9741:[
9736:1
9732:k
9728:=
9725:v
9686:0
9681:]
9678:A
9675:[
9664:1
9657:k
9653:+
9648:1
9644:k
9637:1
9630:k
9624:=
9619:e
9615:]
9610:P
9606:[
9594:0
9589:]
9586:A
9583:[
9577:=
9572:e
9568:]
9563:A
9559:[
9524:0
9519:]
9516:A
9513:[
9502:1
9495:k
9491:+
9486:1
9482:k
9475:1
9471:k
9465:=
9460:e
9456:]
9451:P
9447:[
9434:K
9410:e
9404:]
9401:P
9398:[
9383:0
9378:]
9375:A
9372:[
9366:=
9356:e
9350:]
9347:A
9344:[
9328:t
9305:0
9300:]
9297:P
9294:[
9261:t
9255:]
9252:P
9249:[
9234:0
9229:]
9226:A
9223:[
9217:=
9207:t
9201:]
9198:A
9195:[
9167:t
9163:]
9158:P
9154:[
9144:t
9128:t
9124:]
9119:A
9115:[
9105:t
9086:e
9082:]
9077:P
9073:[
9051:e
9047:]
9042:A
9038:[
9011:e
9006:]
9002:A
8998:[
8991:e
8986:]
8982:P
8978:[
8971:=
8964:1
8957:k
8951:1
8947:k
8933:f
8930:e
8927:d
8921:=
8911:K
8898:K
8888:t
8868:0
8863:]
8860:A
8857:[
8830:P
8787:A
8761:k
8757:1
8754:k
8750:0
8721:1
8714:k
8708:1
8704:k
8698:=
8690:b
8686:]
8681:B
8677:[
8672:a
8668:]
8663:A
8659:[
8652:q
8648:]
8643:Q
8639:[
8634:p
8630:]
8625:P
8621:[
8615:=
8612:K
8602:q
8598:]
8593:Q
8589:[
8584:p
8580:]
8575:P
8571:[
8566:1
8559:k
8555:=
8550:b
8546:]
8541:B
8537:[
8532:a
8528:]
8523:A
8519:[
8514:1
8510:k
8491:v
8484:k
8480:1
8477:k
8467:k
8463:1
8460:k
8441:q
8437:]
8432:Q
8428:[
8423:p
8419:]
8414:P
8410:[
8405:1
8398:k
8389:b
8385:]
8380:B
8376:[
8371:a
8367:]
8362:A
8358:[
8353:1
8349:k
8345:=
8342:v
8314:Q
8309:q
8303:+
8299:P
8294:p
8247:B
8242:b
8236:+
8232:A
8227:a
8206:q
8180:1
8177:=
8174:)
8171:1
8165:(
8162:+
8159:2
8132:1
8124:]
8116:2
8112:O
8108:[
8099:2
8094:]
8086:3
8082:O
8078:[
8072:k
8069:=
8064:0
8060:v
8045:3
7989:2
7984:]
7976:6
7971:)
7965:(
7957:[
7945:k
7941:+
7932:k
7921:2
7916:]
7908:6
7903:)
7897:(
7889:[
7881:=
7876:0
7872:v
7857:4
7817:2
7813:]
7809:A
7806:[
7801:2
7797:k
7793:+
7790:]
7787:A
7784:[
7779:1
7775:k
7771:=
7766:0
7762:v
7717:2
7714:3
7708:]
7697:3
7689:[
7676:]
7665:3
7657:[
7652:]
7644:3
7633:[
7626:p
7622:k
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2081:A
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2016:A
1990:x
1968:]
1964:A
1960:[
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1884:]
1880:A
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1864:=
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1805:[
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1796:B
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1701:[
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1550:[
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1475:=
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1464:[
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1346:B
1342:[
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1328:A
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141:A
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97:[
92:x
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83:A
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72:=
66:0
62:v
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