440:, which superseded the conservative schema, "On the Sources of Revelation", that originally had been submitted. While it stated that Scripture teaches "solidly, faithfully and without error that truth which God wanted put into sacred writings for the sake of salvation," Brown pointed out the ambiguity of this statement, which opened the way for a new interpretation of inerrancy by shifting from a literal interpretation of the text towards a focus on "the extent to which it conforms to the salvific purpose of God." Brown saw this as the Catholic Church "turning the corner" on inerrancy, saying, "the Roman Catholic Church does not change her official stance in a blunt way. Past statements are not rejected but are requoted with praise and then reinterpreted at the same time....What was really going on was an attempt gracefully to retain what was salvageable from the past and to move in a new direction at the same time."
566:, and George A. Kelly. Gilsdorf defined Brown's work as "a major contribution to the befogged wasteland of an 'American Church' progressively alienated from its divinely constituted center." George A. Kelly found fault with Brown's questioning of whether the Virgin birth of Jesus could be proven historically.
458:
Thirty years later, Brown revisited the issue in an introductory text for the general public, writing, "three reasonably clear instances in the NT (Hebrews 1:8–9, John 1:1, 20:28) and in five instances that have probability, Jesus is called God," a usage Brown regarded as a natural development of
496:
Brown has been described as "the premier
Johannine scholar in the English-speaking world." Terrence T. Prendergast stated that “for nearly 40 years Father Brown caught the entire church up into the excitement and new possibilities of scriptural scholarship." Much of Brown's work was given a
454:
examining whether Jesus was ever called "God" in the New
Testament, Brown wrote, "Even the fourth Gospel never portrays Jesus as saying specifically that he is God" and "there is no reason to think that Jesus was called God in the earliest layers of New Testament tradition." He wrote that,
41:
541:, complimented Brown saying that he "would be very happy if we had many exegetes like Father Brown". Later on however, Ratzinger would critique the overuse of historical criticism and parts of Brown's scholarship, saying that "we need a self-criticism of the historical method".
482:
Brown identified three layers of text in John: 1) an initial version Brown considers based on personal experience of Jesus; 2) a structured literary creation by the evangelist which draws upon additional sources; and 3) the edited version that readers of the Bible know today.
518:, which must normally be issued by a bishop of the diocese of publication, is the official endorsement "let it be printed" that a book contains nothing damaging to Catholic faith and morals. Brown was the expert appointed to review and provide the
553:
of the whole of scripture and casting doubt on the historical accuracy of numerous articles of the
Catholic faith. He was regarded as occupying the center ground in the field of biblical studies, opposing literalism found among many
569:
Other writers, critical of historical
Christian claims about Jesus, criticized Brown for excessive caution, arguing that he was unwilling to acknowledge the radical implications of the critical methods he was using. Literary critic
455:"Gradually, in the development of Christian thought God was understood to be a broader term. It was seen that God had revealed so much of Himself in Jesus that God had to be able to include both Father and Son."
479:. The Book of Signs recounts Jesus' public miracles, which are called signs. The Book of Glory features Jesus' private teachings to his disciples, his crucifixion, and his resurrection.
602:, Gustav Niebuhr wrote: "Father Brown was regarded as a centrist, with a reputation as a man of the church and a rigorous, exacting scholar whose work had to be reckoned with."
391:
hailed him as "the most distinguished and renowned
Catholic biblical scholar to emerge in this country ever" and his death, the cardinal said, was "a great loss to the Church."
1609:
1742:
1061:
534:, the standard basic reference book for Catholic Biblical studies, and he served as one of its editors and authors along with dozens of other Catholic scholars.
2187:
2197:
2122:
1840:
2177:
116:
2157:
1583:
1796:
2142:
1490:
The New Jerome
Biblical Commentary. Ed. Raymond E. Brown, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, and Roland E. Murphy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990.
1464:
Most
Reverend Terrence T. Prendergast, 'The Church's Great Challenge: Proclaiming God's Word in the New Millennium', in John R Donahue, ed,
2207:
514:
is a statement by an official reviewer, appointed by a bishop, that "nothing stands in the way" of a book being given an imprimatur; the
1283:
373:
346:
212:
167:
2192:
945:
The Death of the
Messiah: from Gethsemane to the grave : a commentary on the Passion narratives in the four Gospels - in 2 Vols
2167:
1833:
2182:
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1617:
268:
264:
189:
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365:(1986–87). Brown was awarded 24 honorary doctoral degrees by universities in the United States and Europe, including many from
426:
expressed approval of historical-critical methods. For Brown, this was a "Magna Carta for biblical progress." In 1965, at the
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1958:
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1028:
400:
385:
1066:
Peter in the New
Testament : a collaborative assessment by Protestant and Roman Catholic scholars
2162:
1968:
628:
381:
272:
1988:
555:
288:
97:
703:
The Gospel
According to John: Chapters 13–21: translated, with introduction, notes, and commentary
252:
2147:
1938:
1717:
672:
The Gospel According to John: Chapters 1-12: translated, with introduction, notes, and commentary
422:
1813:
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but not carrying his conclusions as far as many other scholars. His critics included Cardinal
2059:
1993:
431:
412:
331:
2117:
2112:
1917:
1540:"The Self-Critique of the Historical-Critical Method: Cardinal Ratzinger's Erasmus Lecture"
244:
349:
in New York City, where he taught from 1971 until 1990, when he retired with the title of
8:
2202:
1973:
1889:
1884:
1863:
982:
949:
911:
563:
292:
1140:(Revision of Jerome Biblical Commentary ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
345:
and again in 1996. He was the Auburn Distinguished Professor of Biblical Studies at the
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2013:
1380:
1174:
1092:
1057:
976:
848:
701:
670:
598:
550:
350:
1801:
Msgr. George A. Kelly, (1999). Critical article from the traditionalist point of view.
1499:
Francis J Moloney, 'The Legacy of Raymond E Brown and Beyond', in John R Donahue, ed,
1451:
Francis J Moloney, 'The Legacy of Raymond E Brown and Beyond', in John R Donahue, ed,
2054:
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professor to gain tenure there, where he earned a reputation as a superior lecturer.
1983:
1384:
908:
The Birth of the Messiah: a commentary on the infancy narratives in Matthew and Luke
732:
The Birth of the Messiah: a commentary on the infancy narratives in Matthew and Luke
2049:
2018:
1943:
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1372:
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1024:
321:
240:
193:
89:
637:
and had an enormous influence on the twentieth-century debate concerning the term.
2044:
1953:
1544:
1426:
1399:
1127:
1020:
559:
305:
260:
220:
1284:"Library : Traditional Catholic Scholars Long Opposed Fr. Brown's Theories"
1376:
935:
633:
468:
248:
201:
929:
585:
2106:
2039:
1998:
1978:
1818:
1565:
1360:
1212:
571:
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472:
417:
407:
399:
Brown was one of the first Catholic scholars in the United States to use the
366:
232:
216:
1155:
1000:
967:
898:
869:
592:, has described Brown's coverage as "the primary example of the position of
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2008:
1948:
1894:
1523:
1123:
1114:
1016:
838:
809:
780:
749:
660:
499:
388:
1501:
Life in Abundance: Studies of John's Gospel in Tribute to Raymond E. Brown
1466:
Life in Abundance: Studies of John's Gospel in Tribute to Raymond E. Brown
1453:
Life in Abundance: Studies of John's Gospel in Tribute to Raymond E. Brown
1254:"Honorary Doctors of the Faculty of Theology – Uppsala University, Sweden"
1083:
1048:
820:
The Epistles of John: translated, with introduction, notes, and commentary
722:
691:
2069:
2003:
1651:
256:
1322:
Riding Time Like a River: The Catholic Moral Tradition Since Vatican II
580:
505:
436:
300:
184:
132:
31:
313:
280:
40:
326:
235:, the son of Robert H. and Loretta Brown, Raymond studied at the
304:, St. Mary's Seminary, until 1971. During this period, he was a
142:
1519:"Biblical Interpretation in Crisis - The 1988 Erasmus Lecture"
1277:
1275:
205:
707:. Anchor Bible. Vol. 29A. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
430:, the Church moved further in this direction, adopting the
200:, which he speculated contributed to the authorship of the
1577:
1575:
1272:
823:. Anchor Bible. Vol. 30. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
676:. Anchor Bible. Vol. 29. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
627:– This was his dissertation in partial fulfillment of his
549:
Brown's scholarship was controversial for questioning the
1201:"Raymond E. Brown, 70, Dies; A Leading Biblical Scholar"
471:
and divided it into two sections, which he labelled the
1718:"Books in Review: An Introduction to the New Testament"
1572:
406:
In 1943, reversing the approach that had existed since
1121:
1014:
324:. In 1963, he served as an expert adviser, known as a
204:, and he also wrote studies on the birth and death of
1805:
Felix Corley, "Obituary: The Rev Raymond E. Brown",
1237:
Felix Corley, "Obituary: The Rev Raymond E. Brown",
1055:
646:
His total of 25 books on biblical subjects include:
1503:, Liturgical Press, 2005, p. 251, footnote quoting
1479:
Consecrated Phrases: A Latin Theological Dictionary
1584:"Library : A Wayward Turn in Biblical Theory"
847:
758:
700:
669:
584:of the Catholic Church. The Hebraic Jesus scholar
578:, accused Brown of being too eager to secure the
219:, where he taught for 29 years. He was the first
188:(May 22, 1928 – August 8, 1998) was an American
2104:
1668:"Responses to 101 Questions on the Bible". 1991.
914:(Revised ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
16:American priest and biblical scholar (1928-1998)
1090:
1848:
625:(Ph.D.). Baltimore, MD: St. Mary's University.
1834:
1706:(from Amazon.com). Retrieved October 1, 2018.
2123:20th-century American Roman Catholic priests
1607:
1401:An Introduction to New Testament Christology
443:
1324:, Georgetown University Press, 1993, p. 76.
1311:, Westminster John Knox Press (2001), p. 49
298:Following his studies, Brown taught at his
2188:St. Mary's Seminary and University faculty
2178:Participants in the Second Vatican Council
1841:
1827:
448:In a detailed 1965 article in the journal
196:. He was a specialist on the hypothetical
39:
2198:St. Mary's Seminary and University alumni
1537:
1516:
1361:"Does the New Testament Call Jesus God?"
1068:. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Pub. House.
2158:Contributors to the Anchor Bible Series
1715:
1198:
1033:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
880:Responses to 101 Questions on the Bible
374:Saint Patrick's Seminary and University
2105:
1763:"An Introduction to the New Testament"
1359:Brown, Raymond E. (December 1, 1965).
1030:Jerome Biblical Commentary – in 2 Vols
334:, the Bishop of St. Augustine, at the
2143:Catholic University of America alumni
1822:
1581:
1507:, 17/35, (February 11, 1988), p. 595.
1428:The Community of the Beloved Disciple
1424:
1397:
1358:
1282:King, Henry V. (September 10, 1998).
974:
941:
905:
876:
850:Biblical Exegesis and Church Doctrine
845:
816:
787:
761:The Community of the Beloved Disciple
756:
729:
698:
667:
650:
616:
459:early references to Jesus as "Lord".
310:American Schools of Oriental Research
1745:An Introduction to the New Testament
1610:"Obituary: The Rev Raymond E. Brown"
1281:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1099:. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press.
978:An Introduction to the New Testament
631:. Brown did much to define the term
353:. He served as the President of the
1538:Waldstein, Michael (October 2012).
1199:Niebuhr, Gustav (August 11, 1998).
341:Brown was appointed in 1972 to the
13:
2208:Union Theological Seminary faculty
531:The New Jerome Biblical Commentary
394:
283:. He earned a second doctorate in
115:First tenured Catholic scholar at
14:
2224:
1798:A Wayward Turn in Biblical Theory
1784:
1752:, 15/2. Retrieved October 1, 2018
1582:Kelly, George A. (January 2000).
1481:, Liturgical Press (1998), p. 90.
1468:, Liturgical Press, 2005, pp. 3–4
1347:The Critical Meaning of the Bible
1226:
1187:
791:The Critical Meaning of the Bible
462:
2193:Roman Catholic biblical scholars
1741:Andreas J. Köstenberger (1998).
1656:The Nativity: History and Legend
1608:Felix Corley (August 19, 1998).
1558:10.1111/j.1468-0025.2012.01781.x
1455:, Liturgical Press, 2005, p. 19.
363:Society of New Testament Studies
291:, where one of his advisors was
211:Brown was professor emeritus at
137:St. Mary's University, Baltimore
2168:Johns Hopkins University alumni
2091:Union Seminary Quarterly Review
1814:Quotables from R.E. Brown, S.S.
1755:
1735:
1709:
1693:
1661:
1645:
1632:
1601:
1531:
1510:
1493:
1484:
1471:
1458:
1445:
1418:
1391:
434:on Divine Revelation, known as
2183:Pontifical Biblical Commission
1934:William Greenough Thayer Shedd
1716:Johnson, Luke Timothy (1997).
1658:, London, Penguin, 2006, p. 21
1425:Brown, Raymond Edward (1979).
1404:. Paulist Press. p. 189.
1398:Brown, Raymond Edward (1994).
1352:
1349:, Paulist Press (1981), p. 18.
1339:
1327:
1314:
1309:Handbook of Biblical Criticism
1301:
1246:
1137:New Jerome Biblical Commentary
985:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
983:Anchor Bible Reference Library
975:——— (1997).
952:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
950:Anchor Bible Reference Library
942:——— (1994).
912:Anchor Bible Reference Library
906:——— (1993).
877:——— (1990).
846:——— (1985).
817:——— (1982).
788:——— (1981).
757:——— (1979).
734:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
730:——— (1977).
699:——— (1970).
668:——— (1966).
651:——— (1965).
594:having your cake and eating it
525:The Jerome Biblical Commentary
359:Society of Biblical Literature
343:Pontifical Biblical Commission
237:Catholic University of America
1:
1180:
355:Catholic Biblical Association
271:following his reception of a
934:– with a reappraisal of the
655:. Milwaukee: Bruce Pub. Co.
629:doctorate in Sacred Theology
544:
486:
273:doctorate in Sacred Theology
7:
1869:Jewish Theological Seminary
1170:John Shelby Spong#Criticism
1163:
883:. New York: Paulist Press.
854:. New York: Paulist Press.
794:. New York: Paulist Press.
765:. New York: Paulist Press.
10:
2229:
2128:American biblical scholars
1850:Union Theological Seminary
1791:Biblical Theology Bulletin
1642:, 29 June 1978, pp. 39–42.
1517:Ratzinger, Joseph (1988).
1377:10.1177/004056396502600401
1097:Mary and the New Testament
617:Brown, Raymond E. (1955).
491:
401:historical-critical method
347:Union Theological Seminary
213:Union Theological Seminary
168:Union Theological Seminary
117:Union Theological Seminary
2153:Clergy from New York City
2082:
2027:
1926:
1910:
1903:
1877:
1856:
1241:, London, 19 August 1998
1008:
610:
556:fundamentalist Christians
444:New Testament Christology
382:Archbishop of Los Angeles
267:. In 1955, he joined the
174:
163:
158:
141:
131:
126:
122:
111:
103:
85:
66:
47:
38:
23:
1989:Beverly Wildung Harrison
1809:, London, 19 August 1998
1640:New York Review of Books
1062:Reumann, John Henry Paul
641:
605:
576:The Birth of the Messiah
537:Joseph Ratzinger, later
289:Johns Hopkins University
269:Society of Saint-Sulpice
265:Diocese of St. Augustine
98:Society of Saint-Sulpice
1939:Charles Augustus Briggs
1320:William James O'Brian,
1122:———;
1091:———;
1056:———;
1015:———;
596:." In his obituary for
423:Divino afflante Spiritu
316:, where he worked on a
226:
2173:New Testament scholars
1017:Bea, Augustin Cardinal
428:Second Vatican Council
378:Menlo Park, California
336:Second Vatican Council
243:, where he received a
78:Menlo Park, California
2138:Burials in California
2060:John Anthony McGuckin
1994:Harry Emerson Fosdick
1767:Yale University Press
1704:"Look inside" preview
432:Dogmatic constitution
413:Providentissimus Deus
192:priest and prominent
653:New Testament Essays
403:to study the Bible.
251:degree in 1949 as a
181:Raymond Edward Brown
1974:Henry Sloane Coffin
1890:Joseph C. Hough Jr.
1885:Henry Sloane Coffin
1864:Columbia University
1620:on November 6, 2012
1365:Theological Studies
1128:Fitzmyer, Joseph A.
1093:Achtemeier, Paul J.
1021:Fitzmyer, Joseph A.
623:of Sacred Scripture
590:Nativity narratives
574:, in his review of
564:Richard W. Gilsdorf
467:Brown analyzed the
451:Theological Studies
361:(1976–77), and the
293:William F. Albright
277:St. Mary's Seminary
198:Johannine community
152:of Sacred Scripture
127:Academic background
61:New York City, U.S.
2213:Biblical criticism
2133:Bible commentators
2065:Ann Belford Ulanov
2014:Harrison S. Elliot
1477:James T. Bretzke,
1307:R.Kendall Soulen,
1205:The New York Times
1175:Catholic modernism
599:The New York Times
588:, speaking of the
416:50 years earlier,
351:professor emeritus
255:. In 1953, he was
2100:
2099:
2078:
2077:
2055:Christopher Morse
1750:Faith and Mission
1681:Missing or empty
1438:978-0-8091-2174-8
1431:. Paulist Press.
1411:978-0-8091-3516-5
1132:Murphy, Roland E.
1058:Donfried, Karl P.
1025:Murphy, Roland E.
539:Pope Benedict XVI
285:Semitic languages
245:bachelor's degree
178:
177:
104:Years active
2220:
2163:Dead Sea Scrolls
2050:Chung Hyun Kyung
2019:J. Brooke Mosley
1964:Raymond E. Brown
1944:Reinhold Niebuhr
1908:
1907:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1759:
1753:
1739:
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1728:
1713:
1707:
1697:
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1679:
1677:
1669:
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1659:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1616:. Archived from
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1588:Catholic Culture
1579:
1570:
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1535:
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1528:
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1343:
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1331:
1325:
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1312:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1288:Catholic Culture
1279:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1250:
1244:
1235:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1196:
1159:
1118:
1087:
1052:
1004:
971:
933:
902:
873:
853:
842:
813:
784:
764:
753:
726:
706:
695:
675:
664:
626:
332:Joseph P. Hurley
322:Dead Sea Scrolls
253:Basselin scholar
241:Washington, D.C.
194:biblical scholar
187:
90:Biblical scholar
73:
57:
55:
43:
28:Raymond E. Brown
21:
20:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2074:
2045:Paul F. Knitter
2023:
1969:Edward Robinson
1954:John Macquarrie
1922:
1899:
1873:
1852:
1847:
1807:The Independent
1793:obituary notice
1787:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1743:Book review of
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1722:www.leaderu.com
1714:
1710:
1698:
1694:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1650:
1646:
1638:Frank Kermode,
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1614:The Independent
1606:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1580:
1573:
1545:Modern Theology
1536:
1532:
1515:
1511:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1396:
1392:
1357:
1353:
1345:Raymond Brown,
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1280:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1239:The Independent
1236:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1197:
1188:
1183:
1166:
1148:
1134:, eds. (1990).
1107:
1095:, eds. (1978).
1076:
1064:, eds. (1973).
1041:
1027:, eds. (1968).
1011:
993:
960:
936:infancy gospels
922:
891:
862:
831:
802:
773:
742:
715:
684:
644:
613:
608:
560:Lawrence Shehan
547:
494:
489:
465:
446:
397:
395:Scholarly views
306:research fellow
261:Catholic priest
229:
183:
94:Catholic priest
81:
75:
71:
62:
59:
53:
51:
34:
29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2226:
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2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2148:Christologists
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
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1981:
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1961:
1959:Robert Pollack
1956:
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1941:
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1928:
1924:
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247:in 1948 and a
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418:Pope Pius XII
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287:in 1958 from
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37:
33:
22:
19:
2089:
2083:Publications
2035:Mary C. Boys
2009:Roger Haight
1963:
1949:Paul Tillich
1895:Serene Jones
1806:
1797:
1770:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1721:
1711:
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1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:the original
1613:
1603:
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1587:
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1524:First Things
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1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1287:
1264:February 17,
1262:. Retrieved
1260:(in Swedish)
1257:
1248:
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1216:. Retrieved
1204:
1136:
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529:
523:
520:nihil obstat
519:
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512:nihil obstat
511:
504:
500:nihil obstat
498:
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481:
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398:
389:Roger Mahony
371:
340:
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299:
297:
230:
210:
180:
179:
164:Institutions
154: (1955)
151:
147:
72:(1998-08-08)
58:May 22, 1928
25:The Rev. Dr.
18:
2118:1998 deaths
2113:1928 births
2070:Cornel West
2004:Walter Wink
1700:Description
1652:Geza Vermes
1624:January 29,
586:Géza Vermes
318:concordance
2203:Sulpicians
2107:Categories
1878:Presidents
1857:Affiliates
1683:|url=
1334:Dei verbum
1181:References
930:1000840333
581:imprimatur
516:imprimatur
506:imprimatur
437:Dei verbum
367:Protestant
301:alma mater
133:Alma mater
54:1928-05-22
1566:1468-0025
1258:www.uu.se
1213:0362-4331
562:, Father
551:inerrancy
545:Criticism
487:Reactions
314:Jerusalem
281:Baltimore
215:(UTS) in
190:Sulpician
107:1955–1998
1911:Founding
1772:June 15,
1727:June 15,
1674:cite web
1593:June 15,
1385:53007327
1293:June 15,
1218:June 15,
1164:See also
1156:19388491
1001:35990175
968:27432279
899:21483229
870:13076569
475:and the
386:Cardinal
263:for the
257:ordained
231:Born in
221:Catholic
2028:Present
1904:Faculty
1505:Origins
1115:4004724
839:7925227
810:8020578
781:4944691
750:2967987
661:6530571
503:and an
492:Support
327:peritus
320:of the
308:at the
1927:Former
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723:350246
721:
711:
692:350246
690:
680:
659:
611:Thesis
380:. The
357:, the
143:Thesis
80:, U.S.
1381:S2CID
1336:, 11.
642:Books
606:Works
330:, to
275:from
206:Jesus
170:(UTS)
1774:2023
1729:2023
1687:help
1626:2010
1595:2023
1562:ISSN
1433:ISBN
1406:ISBN
1295:2023
1266:2017
1220:2023
1209:ISSN
1152:OCLC
1142:ISBN
1111:OCLC
1101:ISBN
1080:OCLC
1070:ISBN
1045:OCLC
1035:ISBN
997:OCLC
987:ISBN
964:OCLC
954:ISBN
926:OCLC
916:ISBN
895:OCLC
885:ISBN
866:OCLC
856:ISBN
835:OCLC
825:ISBN
806:OCLC
796:ISBN
777:OCLC
767:ISBN
746:OCLC
736:ISBN
719:OCLC
709:ISBN
688:OCLC
678:ISBN
657:OCLC
619:The
528:and
522:for
510:The
227:Life
148:The
67:Died
48:Born
1554:doi
1373:doi
376:in
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279:in
239:in
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