1474:
1144:
1267:
humbled and asked
Saladin for a truce, which was granted. The truce was made and duly sworn to. Caravans then went back and forth between Syria and Egypt. , a large caravan, rich in goods and with many men, accompanied by a good number of soldiers, passed by him. The accursed one treacheously seized every last man and made their goods, animals and weapons his booty. Those he made captive he consigned to his prisons. Saladin sent blaming him, deploring his treacherous action and threatening him if he did not release the captives and the goods, but he would not agree to do that and persisted in his refusal. Saladin vowed that, if ever had him in his power, he would kill him.
1099:, the governor of Egypt, dispatched a fleet to the Red Sea. The Egyptians relieved Pharaoh's Island and destroyed the Christian fleet. Some of the soldiers were captured near Medina because they landed either to escape or to attack the city. Raynald's men were executed, and Saladin took an oath that he would never forgive him. Though Raynald's naval expedition "showed a remarkable degree of initiative" according to Hamilton, most modern historians agree that it contributed to the unification of Syria and Egypt under Saladin's rule. Saladin captured Aleppo in June 1183, completing the encirclement of the crusader states.
552:
4917:
40:
906:
917:, came to the Holy Land at the head of a crusader army in early August 1177. The king offered him the regency, but Philip refused the offer, saying that he did not want to stay in the kingdom. Philip declared that he was "willing to take orders" from anybody, but he protested when Baldwin confirmed Raynald's position as "regent of the kingdom and of the armies" as he thought that a military commander without special powers should lead the army. Philip left the kingdom a month after his arrival.
1385:, Raynald refused to drink from the cup that Guy of Lusignan handed to him. According to Ernoul, Raynald's head was struck off by Saladin's soldiers and it was brought to Damascus to be "dragged along the ground to show the Saracens, whom the prince had wronged, that vengeance had been exacted". Baha ad-Din also wrote that Raynald's fate shocked Guy of Lusignan, but Saladin soon comforted him, stating that "A king does not kill a king, but that man's perfidy and insolence went too far".
997:
1291:
1056:'s partisans to reconcile him with the monarch. A close relative of Baldwin, Raymond had assumed the regency in 1174 but was banned from the kingdom for allegedly plotting against the ailing king. Raymond's return to the royal court put an end to Raynald's paramount position. After accepting the new situation, Raynald cooperated with the king and Raymond during the fights against Saladin in the summer of 1182.
587:, did not hide his dismay at Constance's second marriage. He even refused to pay a subsidy to Raynald, although Raynald, as Barber underlines, "was in dire need of money". In retaliation for Aimery's refusal, Raynald arrested and tortured him in the summer of 1154, forcing him to sit naked and covered with honey in the sun, before imprisoning him. Aimery was only released on Baldwin
1216:, where she was crowned. She also arranged the coronation of her husband, although he was unpopular even among her supporters. Her opponents tried to persuade Raynald's stepson, Humphrey, to claim the crown on his wife's behalf, but Humphrey deserted them and swore fealty to Sybilla and Guy. Raynald headed the list of secular witnesses in four royal charters issued between 21
734:
633:. They attacked Cyprus, plundering the prosperous Byzantine island for three weeks in early 1156. Hearing rumours of an imperial fleet approaching the island, they left Cyprus, but only after they had forced all Cypriots to ransom themselves, with the exception of the wealthiest individuals (including Manuel's nephew,
1236:
according to
Hamilton. He took all the merchants and their families prisoner, seized a large amount of booty, and refused to receive envoys from Saladin demanding compensation. Saladin sent his envoys to Guy of Lusignan, who accepted his demands. However, Raynald refused to obey the king, stating in the words of the
408:. In spite of a truce between Saladin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Raynald attacked a caravan travelling from Egypt to Syria in late 1186 or early 1187, claiming that the truce was not binding upon him. After Raynald refused to pay compensation, Saladin invaded the kingdom and annihilated the crusader army in the
1362:(who was present) recorded that Raynald drank from the cup. Since customary law prescribed that a man who gave food or drink to a prisoner could not kill him, Saladin pointed out that it was Guy who had given the cup to Raynald. After calling Raynald to his tent, Saladin accused him of many crimes (including
1569:
at Hattin. Among modern historians, Hamilton portrays
Raynald as "an experienced and responsible crusader leader" who made several attempts to prevent Saladin from uniting the Muslim realms along the borders of the crusader states. His comments are described by Cobb as "attempts to dispel" Raynald's
1110:
IV's sister, Isabella, in Kerak. Saladin unexpectedly invaded
Oultrejordain, forcing the local inhabitants to seek refuge in Kerak. After Saladin broke into the town, Raynald only managed to escape to the fortress because one of his retainers had hindered the attackers from seizing the bridge between
535:, had proposed to be her husband. Raynald and Constance kept their betrothal a secret until Baldwin gave his permission for their marriage. According to the historian Andrew D. Buck, they needed a royal permission because Raynald was in Baldwin's service. The early-13th-century chronicle known as the
1374:
or death, according to Imad ad-Din and Ibn al-Athir. After
Raynald flatly refused to convert, Saladin took a sword and struck Raynald with it. As Raynald fell to the ground, Saladin beheaded him. The reliability of the reports of Saladin's offer to Raynald is subject to scholarly debate, because the
666:
who paid an annual tribute to
Raynald. Baldwin was planning to grant the fortress to Thierry of Flanders, but Raynald demanded that the count should pay homage to him for the town. After Thierry sharply refused to swear fealty to an upstart, the crusaders abandoned the siege. They marched on Harenc
1409:
who died in 1149. The widowed
Constance's marriage to Raynald is described as "the misalliance of the century" by Hamilton, but Buck emphasises that "the marriage went unmentioned in Western chronicles". Buck adds that Raynald's relatively low birth "actually made him the ideal candidate" to marry
1522:
stated that
Raynald's attack against a caravan at the turn of 1186 and 1187 was the "reason of the loss of the Kingdom of Jerusalem". Modern historians have usually also treated Raynald as a "maverick who did more harm to the Christian than to the cause". Runciman describes him as a marauder who
1318:
incorrectly claims that
Saladin's sister was also among the prisoners taken by Raynald when he seized the caravan. She returned from Mecca to Damascus in a separate pilgrim caravan in March 1187. To protect her against an attack by Raynald, Saladin escorted the pilgrims while they were travelling
1235:
in the kingdom. In late 1186 or early 1187, a rich caravan travelled through
Oultrejordain from Egypt to Syria. Ali ibn al-Athir mentioned that a group of armed men accompanied the caravan. Raynald seized the caravan, possibly because he regarded the presence of soldiers as a breach of the truce,
690:
to voluntarily make his submission to the emperor. On Manuel's demand, Raynald and his retainers walked barefoot and bareheaded through the streets of the town to the imperial tent where he prostrated himself, begging for mercy. William of Tyre stated that "the glory of the Latin world was put to
416:. Many historians have regarded Raynald as an irresponsible adventurer whose lust for booty caused the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. On the other hand, the historian Bernard Hamilton says that he was the only crusader leader who tried to prevent Saladin from unifying the nearby Muslim states.
1586:
to "cultural self-hatred", but historians such as Matthew Gabriele sharply criticised Lee's approach. Gabriele concludes that Lee's book "does violence to the study of the past" due to his uncritical use of primary sources and his obvious attempt to make a connection between medieval history and
1266:
Prince Reynald, lord of Kerak, was one of the greatest and wickedest of the Franks, the most hostile to the Muslims and the most dangerous to them. Aware of this, Saladin targeted him with blockades time after time and raided his territory occasion after occasion. As a result he was abashed and
563:
merchants. William of Tyre records that his subjects were astonished that their "famous, powerful and well-born" princess married to a man of low status. No coins struck for Raynald have survived. According to Buck, this indicates that Raynald's position was relatively weak. Whereas Raymond of
1607:
mentions that Raynald was "the brother of the lord of Gien" in France. For chronological reasons, this lord of Gien can only be associated with Hervé—a brother of Geoffrey II of Donzy—who gave the castle of Gien to his daughter Alix in dowry in 1153. They were both sons of Hervé II of
1342:
III of Tripoli had tried to persuade the king to avoid a direct fight with it. During the debate, Raynald accused Raymond of Tripoli of co-operating with the enemy. Raynald and Rideford had fatally misjudged the situation. Saladin inflicted a crushing defeat on the crusaders in the
1570:"bad press". The historian Alex Mallett refers to Raynald's naval expedition as "one of the most extraordinary episodes in the history of the Crusades, and yet one of the most overlooked". In 2017, the journalist Jeffrey Lee published a biography about Raynald, entitled
1523:
could not resist the temptation presented by the rich caravans passing through Oultrejordain. He argues that Raynald attacked a caravan during the 1180 truce because he "could not understand a policy that ran counter to his wishes". Cobb introduces Raynald as the
1230:
and other Muslim historians stated that Raynald made a separate truce with Saladin in 1186. This "seems unlikely to be true", according to Hamilton, because the truce between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Saladin legally covered Raynald's domains as they formed a
1023:
travelling between Egypt and Syria, breaking the truce. Modern historians debate whether Raynald's military actions sprang from a desire for booty, or were deliberate maneuvers to prevent Saladin from annexing new territories. After as-Salih died on
380:
between Egypt and Syria, he was the only Christian leader to pursue an offensive policy against Saladin, by making plundering raids against the caravans travelling near his domains. After Raynald's newly constructed fleet plundered the coast of the
4501:
1438:, from Constance, according to Hamilton and Buck, but Runciman says that Baldwin was Constance's son from her first husband. Baldwin moved to Constantinople in the early 1160s. He died fighting at the head of a Byzantine cavalry regiment in the
1473:
1527:
nemesis of Saladin", adding that Raynald's provocative actions inevitably led to Saladin's fatal invasion against the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Along with Guy of Lusignan and the Knights Templar, Raynald is one of the negative characters in the
1484:
Most information on Raynald's life was recorded by Muslim authors, who were hostile to him. Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad described him as a "monstrous infidel and terrible oppressor" in his biography of Saladin. Saladin compared Raynald with the
944:
Raynald signed a majority of royal charters between 1177 and 1180, with his name always first among signatories, showing that he was the king's most influential official during this period. Raynald became one of the principal supporters of
878:. The first extant charter styling Raynald as "Lord of Hebron and Montréal" was issued in November 1177. He owed service of 60 knights to the Crown, showing that he had become one of the wealthiest barons of the realm. From his castles at
779:. Constance died around 1163, shortly after her son reached the age of majority. Her death deprived Raynald of his claim to Antioch. However, he had become an important personality, with prominent family connections, as his stepdaughter,
814:, Gümüshtekin sought the support of Raynald's stepson Bohemond III of Antioch, and on his request released Raynald along with Joscelin of Courtenay and all other Christian prisoners in 1176. Raynald's ransom, fixed at 120,000
699:
was forced to move to Jerusalem. Raynald had to promise that he would allow a Byzantine garrison to stay in the citadel whenever it was required and would send a troop to fight in the Byzantine army. Before long,
1193:
III of Courtenay, took control of Jerusalem with the support of Raynald and other influential prelates and royal officials. Raynald urged the townspeople to accept Sybilla as the lawful monarch, according to the
4157:
940:
and other Muslim authors recorded that Raynald was the supreme commander. Saladin himself referred to the battle as a "major defeat which God mended with the famous battle of Hattin", according to Baha ad-Din.
720:
to seize cattle, horses and camels from the local peasants in November 1160 or 1161. Majd ad-Din, Nur ad-Din's commander of Aleppo, gathered his troops (10,000 people, according to the contemporary historian
704:
III of Jerusalem persuaded Manuel to consent to the return of the Latin patriarch, Aimery, to Antioch, instead of installing a Greek patriarch. When the emperor entered Antioch with much pomp and ceremony on
526:
III (who was Constance's cousin) led his army to Antioch at least three times during the following years. He tried to persuade Constance to remarry, but she did not accept his candidates. She also refused
1429:
III of Hungary in 1172. She followed her husband to Hungary, where she gave birth to seven children before she died around 1184. Raynald and Constance's second daughter, Alice, became the third wife of
1115:. According to Ernoul, Raynald's wife sent dishes from the wedding to Saladin, persuading him to stop bombarding the tower where her son and his wife stayed. After envoys from Kerak informed Baldwin
564:
Poitiers had issued around half of his charters without a reference to Constance, Raynald always mentioned that he made the decision with his wife's consent. Raynald did control appointments to
1641:
between 1098 and 1105. Occupying a narrow strip of land, the crusader states' survival depended on external support, and their leaders often appealed for help to the rulers of Catholic Europe.
1246:". For Barber, Raynald's disobedience indicates that the kingdom was "on the brink of breaking up into a collection of semi-autonomous fiefdoms" under Guy's rule. Saladin proclaimed a
4833:
1673:) of Antioch was one of the eleven highest-ranking officers in the principality but available sources do not contain detailed information on the dukes' role in state administration.
4181:
Cotts, John D. (2021). "Oppressor, Martyr, and Hollywood Villain: Reynald of Châtillon and the Representation of Crusading Violence". In Horswell, Mike; Skottki, Kristin (eds.).
1181:
V's mother, Sybilla (who was Guy of Lusignan's wife), nor her sister, Isabella (who was the wife of Raynald's stepson), could be crowned without the decision of the pope, the
725:), and attacked Raynald and his retinue on the way back to Antioch. Raynald tried to fight, but he was unhorsed and captured. He was sent to Aleppo where he was put in jail.
902:, to strengthen the defence of the southern and eastern frontier of the kingdom. After William of Montferrat died in June 1177, the king made Raynald regent of the kingdom.
543:
states that Baldwin happily consented to the marriage because it freed him from his obligation to "defend a land" (namely Antioch) "which was so far away" from his kingdom.
4182:
4050:
Baldwin, Marshall W. (1969) . "The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174; The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189". In Baldwin, Marshall W. (ed.).
559:
After Baldwin granted his consent, Constance married Raynald. He was installed as prince in or shortly before May 1153. In that month, he confirmed the privileges of the
1501:. Ibn al-Athir described him as "one of the most devilish of the Franks, and one of the most demonic", adding that Raynald "had the strongest hostility to the Muslims".
845:
that he had asked "Prince Raynald" to deliver a copy of the work to Aimery of Limoges. Hamilton writes that these words suggest that Raynald led the embassy that Baldwin
1102:
Baldwin IV, who had become seriously ill, made Guy of Lusignan regent in October 1183. Within a month, Baldwin had dismissed Guy, and had Guy's five-year-old stepson,
629:
Always in need of funds, Raynald urged Manuel to send the promised subsidy to him, but Manuel failed to pay the money. Raynald made an alliance with the Armenian lord
614:, who had risen up against Byzantine rule. He also promised that he would compensate Raynald for the expenses of the campaign. After Raynald defeated the Armenians at
4551:(1989). "Aux origines d'un grand lignage: Des Palladii à Renaud de Châtillon" [On the Origins of a Great Lineage: From the Palladii to Raynald of Châtillon].
5023:
1204:
III of Tripoli, and his supporters tried to prevent her coronation and reminded her partisans of the decision of the High Court. Ignoring their protest, Raynald and
606:
Emperor Manuel, who claimed suzerainty over Antioch, sent his envoys to Raynald, proposing to recognize him as the new prince if he launched a campaign against the
1106:, crowned king in association with himself. Raynald was not present at the child's coronation, because he was at the wedding of his stepson, Humphrey, and Baldwin
1410:
the widowed princess who had a son with a strong claim to rule upon reaching the age of majority, and Raynald was possibly "expected to eventually step aside".
1546:, Raynald is presented in the film as an aggressive Christian fanatic who deliberately provokes a conflict with the Muslims to achieve their total destruction.
4952:
1516:
Most Christian authors who wrote of Raynald in the 12th and 13th centuries were influenced by Raynald's political opponent, William of Tyre. The author of the
1258:
remarks that Saladin "badly needed a victory against the Franks to silence those who criticized him for spending so much time at war with his fellow Muslims".
1019:
Raynald was the only Christian leader who fought against Saladin in the 1180s. The contemporary chronicler Ernoul mentions two raids that Raynald made against
1715:
had taken advantage of the establishment of the crusader states to strengthen their position against the Byzantines and their Turkic neighbours. The Armenian
4826:
1574:, presenting him, according to the historian John Cotts, in a nearly hagiographic style as a loyal, valiant, and talented warrior. Lee's book was praised by
1480:'s biography of Saladin with parallel Arabic and Latin text, published in 1732. Baha ad-Din's work contains several (mainly negative) references to Raynald.
671:), which had been an Antiochene fortress before Nur ad-Din captured it in 1150. After the crusaders captured Harenc in February 1158, Raynald granted it to
626:
that the Armenians had recently invaded. Although the sources are unclear, Runciman and Barber agree that it was Raynald who granted the territory to them.
4557:
Media in France: A Collection of Various Studies Offered to Karl Ferdinand Werner on the Occasion of his 65th birthday by his French Friends and Colleagues
595:
for his abuse of a high-ranking cleric. Buck argues that Raynald could avoid the punishment because of Aimery's previous disputes with the papacy over the
404:, during conflicts regarding Baldwin IV's succession. Sibylla and Guy were able to seize the throne in 1186 due to Raynald's co-operation with her uncle,
1690:
had established the Principality of Antioch on former Byzantine territory, but the Byzantines never abandoned their claim to the region. First, Bohemond
691:
shame" on this occasion, because envoys from the nearby Muslim and Christian rulers were also present at Raynald's humiliation. Manuel demanded that a
891:
487:
in 1147, and stayed behind when the French abandoned the military campaign two years later. Early in 1153, he is known to have fought in the army of
4819:
4106:
4055:
425:
4476:
4553:
Media in Francia: Recueil de mélanges offert à Karl Ferdinand Werner à l'occasion de son 65e anniversaire par ses amis et collègues français
1067:, but his ships were forced to retreat. Raynald ordered the building of at least five ships in Oultrejordain. They were carried across the
4927:
5018:
1450:
863:
345:
186:
116:
502:, who was Raynald's political opponent, describes him as "a kind of mercenary knight", emphasising the distance between Raynald and
5003:
849:
IV sent to Constantinople to confirm an alliance between Jerusalem and the Byzantine Empire against Egypt towards the end of 1176.
695:
be installed at Antioch. Although his demand was not accepted, documentary evidence indicates that Gerard, the Catholic bishop of
4315:
565:
344:. He was released for a large ransom in 1176 but did not return to Antioch, because his wife had died in the interim. He married
599:. Instead, Aimery excommunicated Raynald on the demand of the papacy in 1154 as a consequence of a conflict between Antioch and
4851:
692:
592:
4340:
1254:(or holy war) against the kingdom, taking an oath that he would personally kill Raynald for breaking the truce. The historian
5008:
4712:
4686:
4660:
4628:
4594:
4564:
4538:
4515:
4490:
4422:
4354:
4329:
4196:
4171:
4143:
4120:
4095:
4067:
4034:
4012:
1744:
1698:
in 1108, but the treaty was never implemented. In 1137, Raymond of Poitiers swore an oath of fealty to the Byzantine emperor
1549:
Some Christian authors regarded Raynald as a martyr for the faith. After learning of Raynald's death from King Guy's brother
1338:. Raynald and Gerard of Ridefort persuaded Guy of Lusignan to take the initiative and attack Saladin's army, although Raymond
652:
in the autumn of 1157. Raynald joined the royal army, and they laid siege to Shaizar. At this point, Shaizar was held by the
1381:
recount the events ending with Raynald's execution in almost the same language as the Muslim authors. However, according to
4434:
4210:
1461:
III of Toron, died around 1173. She inherited Oultrejordain from her niece, Beatrice Brisbarre, shortly before she married
686:
II to seek refuge in the mountains in December 1158. Unable to resist a full-scale Byzantine invasion, Raynald hurried to
1232:
1209:
270:
1425:, who lived in the Byzantine Empire. Agnes was renamed Anna in Constantinople. Her husband succeeded his brother as Béla
767:, who had been captured a couple of months before him. In Raynald's absence, Constance wanted to rule alone, but Baldwin
5053:
4972:
506:
whom Raynald unexpectedly engaged to marry before the end of the siege. Constance, the only daughter and successor of
4059:
4726:
5028:
1354:
Guy of Lusignan and Raynald were among the prisoners who were brought before Saladin. Saladin handed a cup of iced
973:
759:
Almost nothing is known about Raynald's life while he was imprisoned for fifteen years. He shared his prison with
5048:
5033:
5013:
1143:
980:, to mediate a reconciliation between Bohemond III of Antioch and Patriarch Aimery in early 1181. The same year,
579:
writes that Raynald seized three fortresses from the Aleppans soon after his accession, but does not name them.
4942:
1155:, who was proclaimed queen with Raynald's assistance (from a late-15th-century manuscript of William of Tyre's
1028:
November 1181, Saladin tried to seize Aleppo, but Raynald stormed into Saladin's territory, reaching as far as
886:, he controlled the routes between the two main parts of Saladin's empire, Syria and Egypt. Raynald and Baldwin
5043:
1719:
closely cooperated with the crusaders (or Franks) and often accepted the suzerainty of the princes of Antioch.
1375:
Muslim authors who recorded them may have only wanted to improve Saladin's image. Ernoul's chronicle and the
4957:
981:
977:
630:
644:, and his army in the Holy Land and an earthquake that had destroyed most towns in Northern Syria, Baldwin
5038:
3766:
1152:
950:
914:
818:, reflected his prestige. It was most probably paid by Emperor Manuel, according to Barber and Hamilton.
397:
4947:
4586:
4443:
4321:
4282:
883:
641:
584:
325:
309:
49:
1457:, Lord of Nablus, and Isabella of Oultrejordain. She was born around 1145. Her first husband, Humphrey
4582:
4273:
4081:
1004:
953:, in early 1180, although many barons of the realm had opposed the marriage. The king's half sister,
760:
405:
356:
to him, Raynald became one of the wealthiest barons in the kingdom. After Baldwin, who suffered from
4548:
4373:
1530:
1405:. Constance succeeded her father in Antioch in 1130. Six years later, she was given in marriage to
795:
528:
488:
433:
428:
in France. In older historiography, Raynald was thought to have been the son of Geoffrey, Count of
1119:
IV of the siege, the royal army left Jerusalem for Kerak under the command of the king and Raymond
4886:
4843:
4507:
4238:
4163:
1622:
1477:
1439:
1359:
1174:
1048:. Before long, Raynald seized a caravan and imprisoned its members. On Saladin's protest, Baldwin
954:
937:
830:
776:
672:
349:
3727:
3604:
4937:
4906:
4891:
4866:
1422:
1398:
1103:
1053:
507:
412:. Raynald was captured on the battlefield. Saladin personally beheaded him after he refused to
4271:
Hamilton, Bernard (1978). Baker, Derek (ed.). "The Elephant of Christ: Reynald of Châtillon".
1418:
1052:
IV ordered Raynald to free them, but Raynald refused. His defiance annoyed the king, enabling
788:
709:
April 1159, Raynald held the bridle of Manuel's horse. Manuel left the town eight days later.
460:
4993:
4901:
4861:
4281:(15: Religious Motivation: Biographical and Sociological Problems for the Church Historian).
4087:
1687:
452:
period. Raynald's mother, whose name is not known, was a daughter of Hugh the White, Lord of
266:
4998:
4871:
4803:
4795:
4779:
4722:
4414:
1626:
1550:
1490:
1394:
1277:
1020:
962:
925:
634:
569:
538:
503:
476:
377:
373:
294:
274:
182:
145:
105:
95:
76:
1242:
that "he was lord of his land, just as Guy was lord of his, and he had no truces with the
39:
8:
4876:
4811:
1406:
1371:
1084:
1044:, invaded Oultrejordain instead of attacking Aleppo to compel Raynald to return from the
1029:
511:
464:
445:
413:
4614:
4916:
4675:
4638:
4463:
4302:
4247:
4026:
4004:
1435:
1205:
1182:
826:
676:
656:
596:
560:
449:
895:
4967:
4786:
4708:
4696:
4682:
4656:
4642:
4624:
4590:
4560:
4534:
4511:
4486:
4467:
4455:
4418:
4385:
4350:
4325:
4306:
4294:
4259:
4220:
4192:
4167:
4139:
4116:
4112:
4091:
4063:
4030:
4008:
1740:
1651:
1630:
1502:
1087:. Part of his fleet made a plundering raid along the coasts against ships delivering
985:
899:
841:, who lived in Constantinople after about 1165, mentioned in the preface of his work
722:
600:
580:
576:
532:
467:
that a part of his patrimony was "violently and unjustly confiscated". The historian
441:
321:
305:
254:
193:
45:
591:
III's demand, but he soon left Antioch for Jerusalem. Surprisingly, Raynald was not
453:
444:(in present-day eastern France), who claimed descent from the Palladii, a prominent
4962:
4652:
4530:
4447:
4377:
4286:
4251:
4206:
1699:
1618:
1575:
1414:
1402:
1344:
1272:
1227:
1224:
March 1187, showing that he had become a principal figure in the new king's court.
1128:
958:
807:
784:
780:
611:
492:
409:
317:
198:
1351:
July, and most commanders of the Christian army were captured on the battlefield.
4574:
1732:
God's Wolf: The Life of the Most Notorious of All Crusaders: Reynald de Chatillon
1695:
1543:
1462:
1454:
1431:
1323:
April and pillaged Raynald's domains for a month. Thereafter, Saladin marched to
1148:
1095:. Raynald left the island, but his fleet continued the siege. Saladin's brother,
946:
838:
764:
742:
619:
499:
472:
401:
369:
286:
258:
135:
53:
4398:
4234:
God's Wolf: The Life of the Most Notorious of All Crusaders, Scourge of Saladin.
4896:
4077:
1736:
1730:
1554:
1510:
1213:
1112:
1045:
555:
The crusader states around 1165 (the Principality of Antioch is marked by blue)
515:
484:
468:
290:
4451:
4317:
The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
4290:
1694:
I was forced to acknowledge Byzantine suzerainty over the principality in the
905:
551:
293:
in 1147, and settled in Jerusalem as a mercenary. Six years later, he married
4987:
4728:
Renaud de Chatillon, Prince d'Antioche, seigneur de la terre d'Outre-Jourdain
4459:
4389:
4298:
4263:
4224:
4215:
4187:. Engaging the Crusades: The Memory and Legacy of the Crusades. Vol. 4.
1683:
1638:
1583:
1486:
1072:
867:
649:
471:
says that probably this event prompted Raynald to leave his homeland for the
4613:
Hamilton, Bernard (2006). "Reynald of Châtillon". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.).
1290:
312:, who had refused to pay a subsidy to him. He launched a plundering raid in
4704:
4670:
4641:(2003). "Some reflections on the imprisonment of Reynald of Châtillon". In
4432:
Mallett, Alex (2008). "A Trip down the Red Sea with Reynald of Châtillon".
4381:
4153:
1539:
1324:
1255:
1060:
1041:
1000:
879:
668:
663:
623:
615:
4733:
Raynald of Châtillon, Prince of Antioch, Lord of the Land of Outrejourdain
4648:
Texts, Documents and Artefacts: Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards
4646:
4402:
1650:
The Second Crusade was declared after the talented Turkic military leader
1634:
810:
assumed the regency for him in Aleppo. Being unable to resist attacks by
660:
298:
280:
262:
226:
4001:(Part 2: The Years 541–582/1146–1193: The Age of Nur ad-Din and Saladin)
297:, Princess of Antioch, although her subjects regarded the marriage as a
4503:
The Crusader States and their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099–1187
4255:
1566:
1363:
1355:
1079:
in January or February 1183. He captured the fort of Ayla (present-day
815:
653:
329:
4482:
4346:
4188:
1579:
1535:
1506:
1367:
1335:
1123:
III of Tripoli. Saladin abandoned the siege before their arrival on 4
1096:
961:, was Guy of Lusignan's opponent), was engaged to Raynald's stepson,
713:
648:
III of Jerusalem invaded the Muslim territories in the valley of the
607:
333:
4108:
The Principality of Antioch and Its Frontiers in the Twelfth Century
2041:
1513:
in 2010 was addressed to "Reynald Krak" in clear reference to him.
1358:
to Guy. After drinking from the cup, the king handed it to Raynald.
1091:
and goods, threatening the security of the holy cities of Mecca and
862:
After his return from Constantinople early in 1177, Raynald married
4620:
4364:
Liu, Yiou (2017). "Kingdom of Heaven and Its Ideological Message".
4232:
Gabriele, Matthew (Fall 2018). Spall, Richard (ed.). "Book Review.
1716:
1328:
1033:
1008:
825:
September 1176, where he became a close ally of Joscelin's sister,
733:
687:
328:, led an army towards Antioch, forcing Raynald to accept Byzantine
3805:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1505:
still regard Raynald as a symbol of their enemies: one of the two
3921:
3778:
3715:
2918:
2850:
2811:
2787:
2748:
2736:
2712:
2613:
1712:
1331:, where the troops coming from all parts of his realm assembled.
1243:
1076:
996:
921:
834:
811:
696:
382:
365:
357:
4411:
Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)
3858:
3846:
3553:
2029:
1961:
4478:
Popular Muslim Reactions to the Franks in the Levant, 1097–1291
3775:, p. 335 (note 1), Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 4).
3177:
2625:
2482:
1920:
1655:
1604:
1494:
1382:
1295:
1169:
Baldwin IV died in early 1185. His successor, the child Baldwin
1132:
1092:
1064:
1012:
933:
875:
801:
772:
738:
717:
361:
353:
341:
337:
313:
172:
3933:
2154:
1498:
1465:
in early 1174. Miles of Plancy was murdered in October 1174.
1249:
1080:
1068:
1037:
437:
390:
3570:
3568:
3318:
3279:
3109:
2267:
2130:
1319:
near Oultrejordain. Saladin stormed into Oultrejordain on 26
4527:
Joscelyn III and the Fall of the Crusader States, 1154–1199
3997:
The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from
3580:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3429:
3427:
3395:
The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from
3354:
3352:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3099:
3097:
3024:
3022:
3007:
2906:
2879:
1088:
682:
Emperor Manuel unexpectedly invaded Cilicia, forcing Thoros
429:
386:
4841:
3875:
3873:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3795:
3793:
3756:
3754:
3257:
3255:
3240:
2896:
2894:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2840:
2838:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2574:
2572:
2472:
2470:
2457:
2455:
2418:
2416:
2329:
2327:
2284:
2282:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2198:
2196:
2183:
2181:
2053:
1809:
712:
Raynald made a plundering raid in the valley of the river
4579:
The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187
4159:
The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades
3565:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3230:
3228:
2700:
2664:
2547:
2545:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2299:
2297:
2257:
2255:
2225:
2223:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1937:
1910:
1908:
1893:
1821:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1770:
1768:
1766:
218:
A daughter of Hugh the White, Lord of La Ferté-Milon
3969:
3897:
3885:
3739:
3691:
3628:
3616:
3592:
3518:
3424:
3412:
3400:
3349:
3291:
3213:
3189:
3140:
3121:
3094:
3046:
3019:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2765:
2763:
2642:
2640:
2314:
2312:
2120:
2118:
2116:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1189:
V's lawful successor. However, Sybilla's uncle, Joscelin
783:, married Emperor Manuel in 1161, and his own daughter,
659:, but before the earthquake it had been the seat of the
3957:
3870:
3817:
3790:
3751:
3652:
3451:
3364:
3252:
3201:
3058:
3034:
2983:
2942:
2891:
2862:
2835:
2775:
2688:
2676:
2652:
2596:
2569:
2530:
2518:
2494:
2467:
2452:
2413:
2384:
2372:
2324:
2279:
2235:
2193:
2178:
2166:
794:
Nur ad-Din died unexpectedly in 1174. His underage son
4211:"Why Have We Forgotten the Greatest of All Crusaders?"
3736:, p. 365, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 2).
3669:
3667:
3613:, p. 183, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 2).
3499:
3487:
3475:
3463:
3439:
3330:
3267:
3225:
3165:
3082:
3070:
2995:
2930:
2542:
2396:
2339:
2294:
2252:
2220:
2012:
1949:
1905:
1792:
1763:
1262:
Ali ibn al-Athir on Raynald's attack against a caravan
924:, but the royal army launched an attack on him in the
475:. According to modern historians, Raynald came to the
2966:
2954:
2823:
2799:
2760:
2637:
2557:
2506:
2440:
2428:
2309:
2208:
2113:
2065:
1990:
1988:
1973:
1872:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1833:
1298:(from a 15th-century manuscript of William of Tyre's
932:
November, leading to his defeat. William of Tyre and
396:
Raynald was a firm supporter of Baldwin IV's sister,
364:
in 1177, Raynald led the crusader army that defeated
4701:
Saladin: The Life, the Legend and the Islamic Empire
3945:
3541:
3376:
2142:
1780:
1711:
The Armenian warlords of the mountainous regions of
522:
June 1148. To secure the defence of Antioch, Baldwin
459:
Born around 1124, Raynald inherited the lordship of
277:—from 1175 until his death, ruling both territories
3703:
3679:
3664:
3640:
2360:
2101:
2000:
393:, Saladin pledged that he would never forgive him.
348:, the wealthy heiress of Oultrejordain. Since King
4674:
4021:al-Nawādir al-Sultaniyya wa'l-Maḥāsin al-Yūsufiyya
3909:
2584:
2089:
2077:
1985:
1845:
1083:in Israel), and attacked the Egyptian fortress on
775:for her fifteen-year-old son (Raynald's stepson),
241:1124 – 4 July 1187), also known as
1468:
1417:, moved to Constantinople in early 1170 to marry
1135:, near the northern border of Raynald's domains.
637:), whom they carried off to Antioch as hostages.
436:demonstrated Raynald's kinship with the lords of
5024:Prisoners and detainees of the Ayyubid Sultanate
4985:
1633:—were established by western aristocrats in the
1582:—who attributed Raynald's bad reputation in the
1185:, and the kings of France and England on Baldwin
821:Raynald came to Jerusalem with Joscelin before 1
463:. Years later, he would complain in a letter to
4619:. The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. IV.
4397:Makk, Ferenc (1994). "Anna (1.); Béla III". In
3397:Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh, pp. 316–317 (s.a. 582).
332:. Raynald was raiding the valley of the river
4827:
4407:Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század)
4019:The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin or
1517:
1376:
1313:
1247:
1237:
1195:
799:
536:
4559:]. Hérault-Éditions. pp. 409–418.
4184:The Making of Crusading Heroes and Villains
1668:
1299:
1156:
746:
278:
57:
4834:
4820:
4205:
4023:by Bahā' ad-Dīn Yusuf ibn Rafi ibn Shaddād
3963:
572:and Geoffrey Falsard the duke of Antioch.
304:Always in need of funds, Raynald tortured
285:('by right of wife'). The second son of a
38:
4524:
4129:
3841:The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
3697:
3574:
2731:The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
1397:(born in 1128), was the only daughter of
991:
424:Raynald was the younger son of Hervé II,
4573:
4313:
4270:
4231:
3975:
3927:
3903:
3864:
3828:
3799:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3634:
3622:
3610:
3598:
3535:
3433:
3418:
3406:
3358:
3324:
3312:
3285:
3219:
3195:
3159:
3134:
3115:
3103:
3052:
3028:
2989:
2948:
2924:
2912:
2900:
2885:
2873:
2856:
2844:
2817:
2793:
2781:
2754:
2742:
2718:
2694:
2682:
2658:
2619:
2607:
2578:
2551:
2536:
2524:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2461:
2422:
2390:
2378:
2354:
2333:
2288:
2273:
2246:
2202:
2187:
2047:
2035:
1967:
1931:
1914:
1803:
1774:
1472:
1289:
1285:
1142:
995:
936:attributed the victory to the king, but
904:
852:
843:About the Procession of the Holy Spirit,
732:
728:
550:
440:. They were influential noblemen in the
385:in early 1183, threatening the route of
52:(from a late-13th-century manuscript of
16:Crusader and military leader (1125–1187)
4547:
4474:
4431:
4342:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades
4049:
4025:(Translated by D. S. Richards) (2001).
4003:(Translated by D. S. Richards) (2007).
3879:
3811:
3559:
3457:
3370:
3261:
3207:
3064:
3040:
3013:
3001:
2631:
2407:
2303:
2261:
2229:
2023:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1413:The daughter of Raynald and Constance,
949:, who married the king's elder sister,
771:III of Jerusalem made Patriarch Aimery
741:(from a mid-14th-century manuscript of
4986:
4499:
4372:(1). University Library System of the
4076:
3852:
3586:
3512:
3493:
3481:
3469:
3445:
3343:
3273:
3246:
3234:
3183:
3171:
3088:
3076:
2977:
2960:
2829:
2805:
2769:
2706:
2670:
2646:
2563:
2512:
2446:
2434:
2318:
2214:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2124:
1943:
1899:
1887:
1866:
1786:
1682:Constance's paternal grandfather, the
1561:) to him shortly after his death. The
316:in 1156, causing great destruction in
4815:
4180:
4136:The Este: A Thousand Years of History
3951:
3547:
1854:
1565:underlines that Raynald defended the
1493:and was called the "Elephant" in the
336:in 1160 or 1161 when the governor of
4435:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
4396:
4338:
4152:
4104:
4042:
3939:
3891:
3709:
3685:
3673:
3658:
3646:
3382:
2936:
2590:
2366:
2136:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2006:
1994:
1979:
1955:
1559:Passion of Prince Raynald of Antioch
982:Roupen III, Lord of Cilician Armenia
640:Taking advantage of the presence of
546:
510:, had been widowed when her husband
4525:Nicholson, Robert Lawrence (1973).
4363:
4345:. Routledge Companions to History.
4138:] (in Italian). Corbo Editore.
3915:
1542:and released in 2005. Portrayed by
1210:Grand Master of the Knights Templar
894:, jointly granted large estates to
170:4 July 1187 (aged 61–62)
13:
4915:
4605:
3989:
1370:), offering him to choose between
1334:The Christian forces assembled at
984:, married Raynald's stepdaughter,
972:IV dispatched Raynald, along with
829:. She was the mother of the young
622:took control of the region of the
14:
5065:
4132:Gli Estensi: Mille anni di storia
4060:The University of Wisconsin Press
1491:had tried to destroy Mecca in 570
1434:in 1204. Raynald also had a son,
1327:on the road between Damascus and
1173:V, died in late summer 1186. The
1111:the town and the castle. Saladin
5019:Christians of the Second Crusade
3834:
3388:
1722:
798:succeeded him, and Nur ad-Din's
568:: he made Geoffrey Jordanis the
265:—from 1153 to 1160 or 1161, and
5004:12th-century princes of Antioch
2724:
1705:
1676:
1661:
1644:
1611:
448:aristocratic family during the
4677:The Crusades Through Arab Eyes
1603:The contemporaneous historian
1597:
1469:Historiography and perceptions
1453:, was the younger daughter of
1177:had ruled that neither Baldwin
1127:December. On Saladin's order,
920:Saladin invaded the region of
857:
531:, whom the Byzantine emperor,
504:Constance, Princess of Antioch
419:
44:Raynald of Châtillon tortures
1:
4756:
4062:. pp. 528–561, 590–621.
1757:
1658:(now in Turkey) in late 1144.
1212:, accompanied Sybilla to the
320:territory. Four years later,
238:
159:
5009:12th-century French nobility
4219:. The Spectator (1828) Ltd.
2050:, pp. 345–346 (note 1).
1138:
978:Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem
7:
4130:Chiappini, Luciano (2001).
1578:—a blogger associated with
1557:dedicated a book (entitled
1075:at the northern end of the
915:Philip I, Count of Flanders
498:The 12th-century historian
32:Lord of Hebron and Montréal
10:
5070:
4587:Cambridge University Press
4444:Cambridge University Press
4322:Cambridge University Press
4314:Hamilton, Bernard (2000).
4283:Cambridge University Press
3984:
1003:, a major fortress in the
642:Thierry, Count of Flanders
585:Latin patriarch of Antioch
310:Latin Patriarch of Antioch
50:Latin Patriarch of Antioch
5054:Jure uxoris officeholders
4926:
4913:
4850:
4800:
4784:
4776:
4771:
4743:
4583:A History of the Crusades
4500:Morton, Nicholas (2020).
4452:10.1017/S1356186307008024
4291:10.1017/S0424208400008950
4274:Studies in Church History
4056:A History of the Crusades
3855:, pp. 306, 423, 435.
3814:, p. 592 (note 592).
1538:action movie directed by
1421:, the younger brother of
1388:
1005:Lordship of Oultrejordain
761:Joscelin III of Courtenay
406:Joscelin III of Courtenay
370:Sultan of Egypt and Syria
222:
214:
206:
192:
178:
166:
155:
151:
141:
131:
123:
111:
101:
91:
83:
71:
37:
30:
25:
4374:University of Pittsburgh
4105:Buck, Andrew D. (2017).
3942:, p. 306 (note 31).
3930:, pp. 102, 104–106.
3724:, pp. xviii, 40–41.
3186:, pp. 289–290, 293.
2927:, p. 103 (note 42).
2859:, p. 103 (note 39).
2820:, p. 101 (note 29).
2796:, p. 101 (note 27).
2757:, p. 101 (note 26).
2745:, p. 101 (note 25).
2721:, p. 100 (note 24).
2622:, p. 100 (note 22).
2139:, pp. 104–105, 107.
1970:, pp. 330–332, 345.
1637:as a consequence of the
1617:The crusader states—the
1590:
1294:Execution of Raynald at
1131:had a fortress built at
796:as-Salih Ismail al-Malik
489:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
5029:Medieval French knights
4844:Principality of Antioch
4508:Oxford University Press
4405:; Makk, Ferenc (eds.).
4164:Oxford University Press
4052:The First Hundred Years
3787:, p. 441 (note 1).
3562:, p. 72 (note 49).
2634:, p. 593 (note 2).
2491:, pp. 82, 98, 103.
2163:, pp. 83, 169–170.
2038:, p. 345 (note 1).
1623:Principality of Antioch
1587:21st-century politics.
1478:Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad
1449:Raynald's second wife,
1440:Battle of Myriokephalon
1360:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani
1175:High Court of Jerusalem
938:Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad
831:Baldwin IV of Jerusalem
777:Bohemond III of Antioch
673:Raynald of Saint-Valery
350:Baldwin IV of Jerusalem
5049:Deaths by decapitation
5034:French Roman Catholics
5014:Lords of Oultrejordain
4920:
4791:1153–1160/1161
4735:]. Librairie Plon.
4475:Mallett, Alex (2014).
4417:. pp. 47, 91–92.
4413:] (in Hungarian).
4382:10.5195/cinej.2017.158
3999:Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh
3867:, p. 97 (note 1).
2062:, pp. 78–79, 116.
1934:, p. 98 (note 8).
1669:
1518:
1481:
1423:Stephen III of Hungary
1399:Bohemond II of Antioch
1393:Raynald's first wife,
1377:
1314:
1309:
1300:
1269:
1248:
1238:
1196:
1166:
1157:
1054:Raymond III of Tripoli
1016:
992:Fights against Saladin
910:
800:
756:
747:
737:Raynald imprisoned at
575:The Norman chronicler
556:
537:
508:Bohemond II of Antioch
483:VII's army during the
289:family, he joined the
279:
58:
4919:
4745:Raynald of Châtillon
4723:Schlumberger, Gustave
4088:Yale University Press
1729:Lee, Jeffrey (2016).
1654:captured the city of
1476:
1293:
1286:Capture and execution
1264:
1146:
1063:and tried to capture
1032:on the route between
999:
913:Baldwin IV's cousin,
908:
898:, the founder of the
892:William of Montferrat
890:IV's brother-in-law,
853:Lord of Oultrejordain
787:, became the wife of
736:
729:Captivity and release
597:Archbishopric of Tyre
554:
267:Lord of Oultrejordain
112:Lord of Oultrejordain
4366:Cinej Cinema Journal
4339:Lock, Peter (2006).
3589:, pp. 306, 423.
2276:, pp. 327, 349.
1818:, pp. 410, 416.
1627:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1551:Geoffrey of Lusignan
1395:Constance of Antioch
1278:The Complete History
1153:Sybilla of Jerusalem
1061:Egyptian naval force
1059:Saladin revived the
1040:. Saladin's nephew,
963:Humphrey IV of Toron
926:Battle of Montgisard
874:IV also granted him
833:, who suffered from
635:John Doukas Komnenos
631:Thoros II of Cilicia
477:Kingdom of Jerusalem
432:, but the historian
376:. In control of the
374:Battle of Montgisard
275:Kingdom of Jerusalem
235:Raynald of Châtillon
183:Constance of Antioch
146:Humphrey IV of Toron
87:1153 to 1160 or 1161
26:Raynald of Châtillon
4655:. pp. 79–102.
4639:Hillenbrand, Carole
4083:The Crusader States
3894:, pp. xx, 185.
3327:, pp. 106–107.
3288:, pp. 107–108.
3249:, pp. 294–295.
3118:, pp. 440–441.
3016:, pp. 142–143.
2915:, pp. 171–172.
2888:, pp. 170–171.
2709:, pp. 270–271.
2673:, pp. 268–269.
1946:, pp. 152–153.
1902:, pp. 180–185.
1830:, pp. 412–413.
1407:Raymond of Poitiers
1372:conversion to Islam
1113:laid siege to Kerak
957:(whose stepfather,
789:Béla III of Hungary
566:the highest offices
512:Raymond of Poitiers
465:Louis VII of France
461:Châtillon-sur-Loire
400:, and her husband,
5044:House of Châtillon
5039:People from Loiret
4921:
4749:House of Châtillon
4643:Robinson, Chase F.
4256:10.1111/hisn.12980
4248:Taylor and Francis
4191:. pp. 42–59.
3661:, pp. 47, 91.
2939:, pp. 61, 66.
1958:, pp. 40, 50.
1503:Islamic extremists
1482:
1451:Stephanie of Milly
1403:Alice of Jerusalem
1383:Ernoul's chronicle
1310:
1220:October 1186 and 7
1206:Gerard of Ridefort
1183:Holy Roman Emperor
1167:
1017:
965:, in autumn 1180.
911:
864:Stephanie of Milly
827:Agnes of Courtenay
806:('slave-soldier')
757:
557:
346:Stephanie of Milly
187:Stephanie of Milly
117:Stephanie of Milly
4981:
4980:
4810:
4809:
4801:Succeeded by
4787:Prince of Antioch
4714:978-1-4735-0854-5
4688:978-0-8052-0898-6
4681:. Al Saqi Books.
4662:978-9-0041-2864-4
4630:978-1-5760-7862-4
4596:978-0-5210-6163-6
4566:978-2-9038-5157-6
4540:978-9-0040-3676-5
4517:978-0-1988-2454-1
4492:978-1-3170-7798-5
4424:978-9-6305-6722-0
4356:978-0-4153-9312-6
4331:978-0-5216-4187-6
4236:By Jeffrey Lee".
4207:Delingpole, James
4198:978-0-3672-6444-4
4173:978-0-1987-8799-0
4145:978-8-8826-9029-8
4122:978-1-7832-7173-3
4113:The Boydell Press
4097:978-0-3001-1312-9
4069:978-0-2990-4834-1
4043:Secondary sources
4035:978-0-7546-0143-2
4013:978-0-7546-4078-3
2175:, pp. 85–86.
2074:, pp. 88–89.
1982:, pp. 77–78.
1746:978-1-7823-9927-8
1631:County of Tripoli
1531:Kingdom of Heaven
1519:Estoire d'Eracles
1378:Estoire d'Eracles
1315:Estoire d'Eracles
1239:Estoire d'Eracles
1197:Estoire d'Eracles
986:Isabella of Toron
900:Order of Mountjoy
723:Matthew of Edessa
581:Aimery of Limoges
577:Robert of Torigni
547:Prince of Antioch
539:Estoire d'Eracles
533:Manuel I Komnenos
442:Duchy of Burgundy
352:had also granted
326:Byzantine Emperor
322:Manuel I Komnenos
306:Aimery of Limoges
255:Prince of Antioch
232:
231:
210:Hervé II of Donzy
119:
79:
72:Prince of Antioch
46:Aimery of Limoges
5061:
4852:Reigning princes
4836:
4829:
4822:
4813:
4812:
4777:Preceded by
4767:
4760:
4758:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4718:
4692:
4680:
4666:
4634:
4623:. p. 1027.
4600:
4585:. Vol. II.
4575:Runciman, Steven
4570:
4544:
4521:
4496:
4471:
4428:
4393:
4360:
4335:
4310:
4267:
4228:
4209:(28 July 2018).
4202:
4177:
4149:
4126:
4101:
4073:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3516:
3510:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3347:
3341:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3138:
3132:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2465:
2459:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2411:
2405:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2337:
2331:
2322:
2316:
2307:
2301:
2292:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2250:
2244:
2233:
2227:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2191:
2185:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1918:
1912:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1870:
1869:, pp. 4–25.
1864:
1858:
1852:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1751:
1750:
1726:
1720:
1709:
1703:
1700:John II Komnenos
1693:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1648:
1642:
1619:County of Edessa
1615:
1609:
1601:
1576:James Delingpole
1526:
1521:
1487:king of Ethiopia
1460:
1446:September 1176.
1445:
1428:
1380:
1350:
1345:Battle of Hattin
1341:
1322:
1317:
1303:
1281:
1273:Ali ibn al-Athir
1253:
1241:
1228:Ali ibn al-Athir
1223:
1219:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1160:
1129:Izz ad-Din Usama
1126:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1085:Pharaoh's Island
1051:
1027:
971:
959:Balian of Ibelin
931:
889:
873:
848:
824:
805:
781:Maria of Antioch
770:
750:
708:
703:
685:
647:
590:
542:
525:
521:
493:siege of Ascalon
482:
414:convert to Islam
410:Battle of Hattin
340:captured him at
284:
273:in the crusader
240:
199:Agnes of Antioch
161:
114:
74:
61:
42:
23:
22:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5058:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4930:
4928:Titular princes
4922:
4911:
4854:
4846:
4842:Princes of the
4840:
4806:
4792:
4790:
4782:
4761:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4739:
4721:
4715:
4695:
4689:
4669:
4663:
4637:
4631:
4612:
4608:
4606:Further reading
4603:
4597:
4567:
4541:
4518:
4493:
4425:
4415:Akadémiai Kiadó
4357:
4332:
4199:
4174:
4146:
4123:
4098:
4078:Barber, Malcolm
4070:
4058:. Vol. I.
4045:
4040:
3992:
3990:Primary sources
3987:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3964:Delingpole 2018
3962:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3938:
3934:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3798:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3720:
3716:
3708:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3672:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3573:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3534:
3519:
3511:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3357:
3350:
3342:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3260:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3141:
3133:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2340:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2236:
2228:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1921:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1710:
1706:
1696:Treaty of Devol
1691:
1681:
1677:
1666:
1662:
1649:
1645:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1544:Brendan Gleeson
1524:
1471:
1463:Miles of Plancy
1458:
1455:Philip of Milly
1443:
1432:Azzo VI of Este
1426:
1391:
1348:
1339:
1320:
1288:
1283:
1271:
1263:
1221:
1217:
1201:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1151:, by his wife,
1149:Guy of Lusignan
1141:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1089:Muslim pilgrims
1049:
1025:
994:
969:
947:Guy of Lusignan
929:
896:Rodrigo Álvarez
887:
871:
860:
855:
846:
839:Hugo Etherianis
822:
768:
765:Count of Edessa
743:William of Tyre
731:
706:
701:
693:Greek Patriarch
683:
645:
620:Knights Templar
588:
549:
523:
519:
500:William of Tyre
480:
473:crusader states
422:
402:Guy of Lusignan
387:Muslim pilgrims
201:
185:
171:
136:Miles of Plancy
113:
73:
67:
54:William of Tyre
17:
12:
11:
5:
5067:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4924:
4923:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4897:Raymond-Roupen
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4858:
4856:
4848:
4847:
4839:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4816:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4799:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4772:Regnal titles
4769:
4768:
4747:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4719:
4713:
4693:
4687:
4667:
4661:
4635:
4629:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4595:
4571:
4565:
4545:
4539:
4522:
4516:
4497:
4491:
4472:
4429:
4423:
4394:
4361:
4355:
4336:
4330:
4311:
4268:
4229:
4203:
4197:
4178:
4172:
4150:
4144:
4127:
4121:
4102:
4096:
4074:
4068:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4016:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3978:, p. 612.
3968:
3956:
3944:
3932:
3920:
3908:
3906:, p. 613.
3896:
3884:
3882:, p. 141.
3869:
3857:
3845:
3833:
3816:
3804:
3789:
3777:
3765:
3750:
3748:, p. 413.
3738:
3726:
3714:
3702:
3698:Chiappini 2001
3690:
3678:
3663:
3651:
3639:
3637:, p. 199.
3627:
3625:, p. 183.
3615:
3603:
3601:, p. 460.
3591:
3579:
3577:, p. 162.
3575:Nicholson 1973
3564:
3552:
3540:
3538:, p. 459.
3517:
3515:, p. 306.
3498:
3496:, p. 304.
3486:
3484:, p. 301.
3474:
3472:, p. 300.
3462:
3460:, p. 610.
3450:
3448:, p. 299.
3438:
3436:, p. 229.
3423:
3421:, p. 227.
3411:
3409:, p. 454.
3399:
3387:
3385:, p. 185.
3375:
3373:, p. 606.
3363:
3361:, p. 450.
3348:
3346:, p. 297.
3329:
3317:
3315:, p. 107.
3290:
3278:
3276:, p. 295.
3266:
3264:, p. 605.
3251:
3239:
3237:, p. 294.
3224:
3222:, p. 220.
3212:
3210:, p. 604.
3200:
3198:, p. 218.
3188:
3176:
3174:, p. 289.
3164:
3162:, p. 225.
3139:
3137:, p. 441.
3120:
3108:
3106:, p. 440.
3093:
3091:, p. 282.
3081:
3079:, p. 281.
3069:
3067:, p. 599.
3057:
3055:, p. 181.
3045:
3043:, p. 143.
3033:
3031:, p. 437.
3018:
3006:
3004:, p. 142.
2994:
2992:, p. 180.
2982:
2980:, p. 284.
2965:
2963:, p. 278.
2953:
2951:, p. 103.
2941:
2929:
2917:
2905:
2903:, p. 171.
2890:
2878:
2876:, p. 431.
2861:
2849:
2847:, p. 102.
2834:
2832:, p. 276.
2822:
2810:
2808:, p. 277.
2798:
2786:
2784:, p. 101.
2774:
2772:, p. 275.
2759:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2697:, p. 133.
2687:
2685:, p. 123.
2675:
2663:
2661:, p. 118.
2651:
2649:, p. 268.
2636:
2624:
2612:
2610:, p. 117.
2595:
2583:
2581:, p. 111.
2568:
2566:, p. 264.
2556:
2541:
2539:, p. 105.
2529:
2527:, p. 112.
2517:
2515:, p. 365.
2505:
2503:, p. 408.
2493:
2481:
2479:, p. 365.
2466:
2464:, p. 358.
2451:
2449:, p. 133.
2439:
2437:, p. 214.
2427:
2425:, p. 357.
2412:
2410:, p. 546.
2395:
2393:, p. 354.
2383:
2381:, p. 353.
2371:
2369:, p. 105.
2359:
2338:
2336:, p. 352.
2323:
2321:, p. 213.
2308:
2306:, p. 543.
2293:
2291:, p. 349.
2278:
2266:
2264:, p. 542.
2251:
2249:, p. 348.
2234:
2232:, p. 541.
2219:
2217:, p. 130.
2207:
2205:, p. 347.
2192:
2190:, p. 346.
2177:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2127:, p. 209.
2112:
2110:, p. 104.
2100:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2026:, p. 540.
2011:
2009:, p. 228.
1999:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1919:
1904:
1892:
1890:, p. 206.
1871:
1859:
1844:
1842:, p. 410.
1832:
1820:
1808:
1806:, p. 345.
1791:
1789:, p. 201.
1779:
1777:, p. 104.
1761:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1737:Atlantic Books
1721:
1704:
1675:
1660:
1643:
1610:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1555:Peter of Blois
1511:cargo aircraft
1470:
1467:
1390:
1387:
1287:
1284:
1261:
1260:
1214:Holy Sepulchre
1147:Coronation of
1140:
1137:
1071:desert to the
1046:Arabian Desert
993:
990:
909:Raynald's seal
866:, the lady of
859:
856:
854:
851:
763:, the titular
730:
727:
593:excommunicated
583:, the wealthy
548:
545:
516:Battle of Inab
485:Second Crusade
469:Malcolm Barber
454:La Ferté-Milon
421:
418:
378:caravan routes
291:Second Crusade
259:crusader state
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
196:
190:
189:
180:
176:
175:
168:
164:
163:
157:
153:
152:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
115:together with
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
75:together with
69:
68:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5066:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4918:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4837:
4832:
4830:
4825:
4823:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4805:
4798:
4797:
4789:
4788:
4781:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4755:
4750:
4742:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4672:
4671:Maalouf, Amin
4668:
4664:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4598:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4549:Richard, Jean
4546:
4542:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4399:Kristó, Gyula
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4239:The Historian
4235:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4216:The Spectator
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4154:Cobb, Paul M.
4151:
4147:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3977:
3976:Gabriele 2018
3972:
3965:
3960:
3954:, p. 52.
3953:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3929:
3928:Hamilton 1978
3924:
3918:, p. 89.
3917:
3912:
3905:
3904:Gabriele 2018
3900:
3893:
3888:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3866:
3865:Hamilton 1978
3861:
3854:
3849:
3842:
3837:
3831:, p. 97.
3830:
3829:Hamilton 1978
3825:
3823:
3821:
3813:
3808:
3802:, p. 92.
3801:
3800:Hamilton 2000
3796:
3794:
3786:
3785:Runciman 1989
3781:
3774:
3773:Runciman 1989
3769:
3763:, p. 90.
3762:
3761:Hamilton 2000
3757:
3755:
3747:
3746:Runciman 1989
3742:
3735:
3734:Runciman 1989
3730:
3723:
3722:Hamilton 2000
3718:
3712:, p. 83.
3711:
3706:
3700:, p. 31.
3699:
3694:
3688:, p. 91.
3687:
3682:
3676:, p. 47.
3675:
3670:
3668:
3660:
3655:
3649:, p. 79.
3648:
3643:
3636:
3635:Runciman 1989
3631:
3624:
3623:Runciman 1989
3619:
3612:
3611:Runciman 1989
3607:
3600:
3599:Runciman 1989
3595:
3588:
3583:
3576:
3571:
3569:
3561:
3556:
3550:, p. 42.
3549:
3544:
3537:
3536:Runciman 1989
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3495:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3471:
3466:
3459:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3435:
3434:Hamilton 2000
3430:
3428:
3420:
3419:Hamilton 2000
3415:
3408:
3407:Runciman 1989
3403:
3396:
3391:
3384:
3379:
3372:
3367:
3360:
3359:Runciman 1989
3355:
3353:
3345:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3326:
3325:Hamilton 1978
3321:
3314:
3313:Hamilton 1978
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3286:Hamilton 1978
3282:
3275:
3270:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3248:
3243:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3221:
3220:Hamilton 2000
3216:
3209:
3204:
3197:
3196:Hamilton 2000
3192:
3185:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3160:Hamilton 2000
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3136:
3135:Runciman 1989
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3117:
3116:Runciman 1989
3112:
3105:
3104:Runciman 1989
3100:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3061:
3054:
3053:Hamilton 2000
3049:
3042:
3037:
3030:
3029:Runciman 1989
3025:
3023:
3015:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2991:
2990:Hamilton 2000
2986:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2950:
2949:Hamilton 1978
2945:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2925:Hamilton 1978
2921:
2914:
2913:Hamilton 2000
2909:
2902:
2901:Hamilton 2000
2897:
2895:
2887:
2886:Hamilton 2000
2882:
2875:
2874:Runciman 1989
2870:
2868:
2866:
2858:
2857:Hamilton 1978
2853:
2846:
2845:Hamilton 1978
2841:
2839:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2818:Hamilton 1978
2814:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2794:Hamilton 1978
2790:
2783:
2782:Hamilton 1978
2778:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2756:
2755:Hamilton 1978
2751:
2744:
2743:Hamilton 1978
2739:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2719:Hamilton 1978
2715:
2708:
2703:
2696:
2695:Hamilton 2000
2691:
2684:
2683:Hamilton 2000
2679:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2659:Hamilton 2000
2655:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2628:
2621:
2620:Hamilton 1978
2616:
2609:
2608:Hamilton 2000
2604:
2602:
2600:
2593:, p. 63.
2592:
2587:
2580:
2579:Hamilton 2000
2575:
2573:
2565:
2560:
2554:, p. 99.
2553:
2552:Hamilton 1978
2548:
2546:
2538:
2537:Hamilton 2000
2533:
2526:
2525:Hamilton 2000
2521:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2501:Runciman 1989
2497:
2490:
2489:Hamilton 2000
2485:
2478:
2477:Runciman 1989
2473:
2471:
2463:
2462:Runciman 1989
2458:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2423:Runciman 1989
2419:
2417:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2392:
2391:Runciman 1989
2387:
2380:
2379:Runciman 1989
2375:
2368:
2363:
2357:, p. 98.
2356:
2355:Hamilton 1978
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2335:
2334:Runciman 1989
2330:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2290:
2289:Runciman 1989
2285:
2283:
2275:
2274:Runciman 1989
2270:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2247:Runciman 1989
2243:
2241:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2203:Runciman 1989
2199:
2197:
2189:
2188:Runciman 1989
2184:
2182:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2151:, p. 43.
2150:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2104:
2098:, p. 42.
2097:
2092:
2086:, p. 90.
2085:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2048:Runciman 1989
2044:
2037:
2036:Runciman 1989
2032:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2008:
2003:
1997:, p. 78.
1996:
1991:
1989:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1968:Runciman 1989
1964:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1933:
1932:Hamilton 1978
1928:
1926:
1924:
1917:, p. 98.
1916:
1915:Hamilton 2000
1911:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1863:
1857:, p. 43.
1856:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1804:Runciman 1989
1800:
1798:
1796:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1775:Hamilton 2000
1771:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1671:
1667:The duke (or
1664:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1640:
1639:First Crusade
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1585:
1584:Western world
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1233:large fiefdom
1229:
1225:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1184:
1176:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1114:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:Gulf of Aqaba
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1007:(present-day
1006:
1002:
998:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
942:
939:
935:
927:
923:
918:
916:
907:
903:
901:
897:
893:
885:
881:
877:
870:, and Baldwin
869:
868:Oultrejordain
865:
850:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
819:
817:
813:
809:
804:
803:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
766:
762:
754:
749:
744:
740:
735:
726:
724:
719:
715:
710:
698:
694:
689:
680:
678:
674:
670:
667:(present-day
665:
662:
658:
655:
651:
650:Orontes River
643:
638:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
618:in 1155, the
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
562:
553:
544:
541:
540:
534:
530:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:Lord of Donzy
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
282:
276:
272:
271:large fiefdom
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
236:
228:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
197:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
169:
165:
158:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
70:
65:
60:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
33:
29:
24:
21:
19:
4994:1120s births
4943:Bohemond VII
4887:Bohemond III
4881:
4794:
4785:
4763:
4753:
4748:
4732:
4727:
4705:Random House
4700:
4676:
4647:
4615:
4578:
4556:
4552:
4526:
4502:
4477:
4439:
4433:
4410:
4406:
4369:
4365:
4341:
4316:
4278:
4272:
4243:
4237:
4233:
4214:
4183:
4158:
4135:
4131:
4107:
4082:
4051:
4022:
4018:
4000:
3996:
3971:
3959:
3947:
3935:
3923:
3911:
3899:
3887:
3880:Mallett 2008
3860:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3812:Baldwin 1969
3807:
3780:
3768:
3741:
3729:
3717:
3705:
3693:
3681:
3654:
3642:
3630:
3618:
3606:
3594:
3582:
3560:Mallett 2014
3555:
3543:
3489:
3477:
3465:
3458:Baldwin 1969
3453:
3441:
3414:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3378:
3371:Baldwin 1969
3366:
3320:
3281:
3269:
3262:Baldwin 1969
3242:
3215:
3208:Baldwin 1969
3203:
3191:
3179:
3167:
3111:
3084:
3072:
3065:Baldwin 1969
3060:
3048:
3041:Mallett 2008
3036:
3014:Mallett 2008
3009:
3002:Mallett 2008
2997:
2985:
2956:
2944:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2881:
2852:
2825:
2813:
2801:
2789:
2777:
2750:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2654:
2632:Baldwin 1969
2627:
2615:
2586:
2559:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2484:
2442:
2430:
2408:Baldwin 1969
2386:
2374:
2362:
2304:Baldwin 1969
2269:
2262:Baldwin 1969
2230:Baldwin 1969
2210:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2103:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2031:
2024:Baldwin 1969
2002:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1895:
1862:
1840:Richard 1989
1835:
1828:Richard 1989
1823:
1816:Richard 1989
1811:
1782:
1731:
1724:
1707:
1684:Italo-Norman
1678:
1663:
1646:
1613:
1599:
1571:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1540:Ridley Scott
1529:
1515:
1509:hidden in a
1483:
1448:
1419:Alexios-Béla
1412:
1392:
1353:
1333:
1311:
1306:Continuation
1305:
1276:
1270:
1265:
1256:Paul M. Cobb
1226:
1168:
1163:Continuation
1162:
1101:
1058:
1042:Farrukh Shah
1018:
1001:Kerak Castle
967:
943:
919:
912:
861:
842:
820:
793:
758:
753:Continuation
752:
711:
681:
669:Harem, Syria
639:
628:
624:Syrian Gates
616:Alexandretta
605:
574:
558:
514:fell in the
497:
458:
434:Jean Richard
423:
395:
303:
287:French noble
250:
246:
242:
234:
233:
127:1176 to 1187
64:Continuation
63:
31:
20:
18:
4999:1187 deaths
4953:Philippe II
4938:Bohemond VI
4931:(1268–1457)
4907:Bohemond VI
4892:Bohemond IV
4867:Bohemond II
4855:(1098–1268)
4766:4 July 1187
4446:: 141–153.
3853:Barber 2012
3587:Barber 2012
3513:Barber 2012
3494:Barber 2012
3482:Barber 2012
3470:Barber 2012
3446:Barber 2012
3344:Barber 2012
3274:Barber 2012
3247:Barber 2012
3235:Barber 2012
3184:Barber 2012
3172:Barber 2012
3089:Barber 2012
3077:Barber 2012
2978:Barber 2012
2961:Barber 2012
2830:Barber 2012
2806:Barber 2012
2770:Barber 2012
2707:Barber 2012
2671:Barber 2012
2647:Barber 2012
2564:Barber 2012
2513:Barber 2012
2447:Morton 2020
2435:Barber 2012
2319:Barber 2012
2215:Morton 2020
2173:Morton 2020
2161:Barber 2012
2149:Morton 2020
2125:Barber 2012
1944:Barber 2012
1900:Barber 2012
1888:Barber 2012
1867:Barber 2012
1787:Barber 2012
1686:aristocrat
1635:Middle East
858:First years
816:gold dinars
808:Gümüshtekin
664:Munqidhites
491:during the
450:Later Roman
446:Gallo-Roman
420:Early years
360:, made him
299:mesalliance
281:iure uxoris
263:Middle East
227:Catholicism
132:Predecessor
92:Predecessor
4988:Categories
4902:Bohemond V
4862:Bohemond I
4403:Engel, Pál
4285:: 97–108.
3952:Cotts 2021
3548:Cotts 2021
1855:Cotts 2021
1758:References
1688:Bohemond I
1629:, and the
1572:God's Wolf
1567:True Cross
1525:"elentless
1507:mail bombs
1364:brigandage
1356:rose water
529:John Roger
330:suzerainty
4872:Constance
4804:Constance
4796:Constance
4780:Constance
4697:Man, John
4577:(1989) .
4483:Routledge
4468:162979332
4460:1356-1863
4390:2159-2411
4376:: 85–93.
4347:Routledge
4307:163740720
4299:0424-2084
4264:0018-2370
4225:2059-6499
4189:Routledge
4156:(2016) .
3940:Cobb 2016
3892:Cobb 2016
3710:Buck 2017
3686:Makk 1994
3674:Makk 1994
3659:Makk 1994
3647:Buck 2017
3383:Cobb 2016
2937:Lock 2006
2591:Lock 2006
2367:Buck 2017
2137:Buck 2017
2108:Buck 2017
2096:Buck 2017
2084:Buck 2017
2072:Buck 2017
2060:Buck 2017
2007:Buck 2017
1995:Buck 2017
1980:Buck 2017
1956:Lock 2006
1580:Breitbart
1495:Surah Fil
1368:blasphemy
1336:Sepphoris
1200:. Raymond
1139:Kingmaker
1104:Baldwin V
974:Heraclius
714:Euphrates
657:Assassins
608:Armenians
570:constable
372:, at the
334:Euphrates
318:Byzantine
295:Constance
142:Successor
106:Constance
102:Successor
96:Constance
77:Constance
4973:John III
4958:Margaret
4725:(1898).
4699:(2015).
4673:(1984).
4621:ABC-CLIO
4080:(2012).
3916:Liu 2017
3843:, p. 37.
2733:, p. 54.
1717:Rubenids
1329:Tiberias
1304:and its
1301:Historia
1244:Saracens
1161:and its
1158:Historia
1034:Damascus
1021:caravans
1009:al-Karak
955:Isabella
884:Montréal
751:and its
748:Historia
688:Mamistra
677:Flanders
561:Venetian
479:in Louis
247:Reginald
223:Religion
62:and its
59:Historia
4968:John II
4882:Raynald
4877:Raymond
4645:(ed.).
4250:: 332.
4027:Ashgate
4005:Ashgate
3985:Sources
1713:Cilicia
1563:Passion
1497:of the
1436:Baldwin
1325:Ashtara
1097:al-Adil
1077:Red Sea
968:Baldwin
951:Sybilla
922:Ascalon
835:leprosy
812:Saladin
700:Baldwin
697:Latakia
661:Sunnite
654:Shi'ite
612:Cilicia
398:Sybilla
383:Red Sea
366:Saladin
358:leprosy
261:in the
243:Reynald
4963:John I
4793:With:
4762:
4711:
4685:
4659:
4627:
4593:
4563:
4537:
4514:
4489:
4466:
4458:
4421:
4388:
4353:
4328:
4305:
4297:
4262:
4223:
4195:
4170:
4142:
4119:
4094:
4066:
4033:
4011:
1743:
1692:
1656:Edessa
1625:, the
1621:, the
1608:Donzy.
1605:Ernoul
1459:
1444:
1427:
1389:Family
1349:
1340:
1321:
1296:Hattin
1275:,
1222:
1218:
1202:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1133:Ajloun
1125:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1093:Medina
1065:Beirut
1050:
1026:
1013:Jordan
976:, the
970:
934:Ernoul
930:
888:
876:Hebron
872:
847:
823:
802:mamluk
773:regent
769:
739:Aleppo
718:Marash
707:
702:
684:
646:
589:
524:
520:
481:
368:, the
362:regent
354:Hebron
342:Marash
338:Aleppo
324:, the
314:Cyprus
253:, was
251:Renaud
215:Mother
207:Father
179:Spouse
173:Hattin
4948:Lucia
4764:Died:
4754:Born:
4731:[
4653:Brill
4555:[
4531:Brill
4464:S2CID
4442:(2).
4409:[
4303:S2CID
4246:(3).
4134:[
1652:Zengi
1591:Notes
1534:, an
1499:Quran
1442:on 17
1415:Agnes
1250:jihad
1081:Eilat
1069:Negev
1038:Mecca
1030:Tabuk
928:on 25
880:Kerak
785:Agnes
675:from
601:Genoa
518:on 28
438:Donzy
391:Mecca
249:, or
202:Alice
194:Issue
124:Reign
84:Reign
4759:1125
4709:ISBN
4683:ISBN
4657:ISBN
4625:ISBN
4591:ISBN
4561:ISBN
4535:ISBN
4512:ISBN
4487:ISBN
4456:ISSN
4419:ISBN
4386:ISSN
4351:ISBN
4326:ISBN
4295:ISSN
4260:ISSN
4221:ISSN
4193:ISBN
4168:ISBN
4140:ISBN
4117:ISBN
4092:ISBN
4064:ISBN
4031:ISBN
4009:ISBN
1741:ISBN
1536:epic
1489:who
1401:and
1366:and
1347:on 4
1312:The
1036:and
882:and
430:Gien
167:Died
162:1124
156:Born
4616:Q–Z
4448:doi
4378:doi
4287:doi
4252:doi
1670:dux
1011:in
745:'s
716:at
610:of
389:to
269:—a
257:—a
56:'s
4990::
4757:c.
4707:.
4703:.
4651:.
4589:.
4581:.
4533:.
4529:.
4510:.
4506:.
4485:.
4481:.
4462:.
4454:.
4440:18
4438:.
4401:;
4384:.
4368:.
4349:.
4324:.
4320:.
4301:.
4293:.
4279:15
4277:.
4258:.
4244:80
4242:.
4213:.
4166:.
4162:.
4115:.
4111:.
4090:.
4086:.
4054:.
4029:.
4007:.
3872:^
3819:^
3792:^
3753:^
3666:^
3567:^
3520:^
3501:^
3426:^
3351:^
3332:^
3293:^
3254:^
3227:^
3142:^
3123:^
3096:^
3021:^
2968:^
2893:^
2864:^
2837:^
2762:^
2639:^
2598:^
2571:^
2544:^
2469:^
2454:^
2415:^
2398:^
2341:^
2326:^
2311:^
2296:^
2281:^
2254:^
2237:^
2222:^
2195:^
2180:^
2115:^
2014:^
1987:^
1922:^
1907:^
1874:^
1847:^
1794:^
1765:^
1739:.
1735:.
1553:,
1208:,
1165:).
1024:18
988:.
837:.
791:.
705:12
679:.
603:.
495:.
456:.
308:,
301:.
245:,
239:c.
160:c.
66:).
48:,
4835:e
4828:t
4821:v
4717:.
4691:.
4665:.
4633:.
4599:.
4569:.
4543:.
4520:.
4495:.
4470:.
4450::
4427:.
4392:.
4380::
4370:6
4359:.
4334:.
4309:.
4289::
4266:.
4254::
4227:.
4201:.
4176:.
4148:.
4125:.
4100:.
4072:.
4037:.
4015:.
3966:.
1749:.
1702:.
1308:)
1015:)
755:)
237:(
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