Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

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benefits in June 2020. Uchiyama applied for victim compensation from the Aichi Prefectural Public Safety Commission in December 2016 after his partner's murder but was rejected because they were both men. He subsequently filed a lawsuit, but his claim was later dismissed by the Nagoya district and high courts. Japanese law on victims' benefits stipulates that those eligible for payments include cohabiting couples, but does not specify whether the couple has to be of the opposite or same sex. The Supreme Court held that the law was "meant to cushion the mental and financial blow for the bereaved family", and that "whether the victim's live-in partner is the opposite or same sex does not make an immediate difference in facilitating that reduction". It

1005:(若衆道). The older partner was permitted, if the younger partner agreed, to take him as his lover until he came of age; this relationship, often formalized in a "brotherhood contract", was expected to be exclusive, with both partners swearing to take no other male lovers. Both parties were expected to be loyal unto death, and to assist the other both in feudal duties and in honor-driven obligations such as duels and vendettas. Although sexual relations were expected to end when the younger partner came of age, the relationship would, ideally, develop into a lifelong bond of friendship. At the same time, sexual activity with women was not barred (for either party), and once the boy came of age, both were free to seek other 1057: 931:. The court also ruled that Article 24 of the Constitution, which defines marriage as "based only on the mutual consent of both sexes", does not prohibit the recognition of same-sex marriages. Over the following two years, five other district courts issued rulings either upholding the ban or declaring it unconstitutional. In March 2024, the Sapporo High Court issued a verdict stating that the same-sex marriage ban violated the Constitution, the first time an appellate court had reached such a conclusion. While these rulings did not legalise same-sex marriage in Japan, it is anticipated that they may pressure the 2114: 1506:. The purpose of Article 24 of the Constitution was to assert freedom of consenting adults to marry, and to explicitly establish the equality of both sexes in marriage. Some legal scholars argue that because the intent behind the article was not in reference to same-sex marriage, it need not apply in legalising same-sex marriage. However, conservative lawmakers as well as legal scholars who take a literal approach to constitutional interpretation argue that such an argument is a stretch. 1824:

District Court was likely to have a positive impact on the outcome of the other cases. However, in June 2022, the Osaka District Court upheld the same-sex marriage ban as constitutional. In November 2022, the Tokyo District Court ruled that the ban was in a "state of unconstitutionality" under Article 24 and that the government should establish a legal system recognizing same-sex unions, but did not explicitly declare the ban unconstitutional. The plaintiff couples in the Tokyo case

1288: 5962: 5972: 816: 4939: 6111: 4944: 1426:) is not recognized in Japan. However, debate on the issue has emerged in recent years, with several political parties expressing support or openness to discuss the matter. Several lawsuits contesting the law barring same-sex marriage were filed in court in February 2019. In addition, polling suggests high levels of support for same-sex marriage among the Japanese public, notably among women and the younger generation. 2170:, showed that 71.9% of Japanese married women supported same-sex marriage. Levels of support were different between the different age groups: 92.1% for married women under the age of 30, 89.5% for those between the ages of 30 and 39, 83.2% for those between the ages of 40 and 49, 73.5% for those between 50 and 59, 59.3% for those between 60 and 69, and 42.2% for those aged 70 and higher. 1978:

government action to address the lack of legal recognition of same-sex unions. Unlike the Sapporo District Court, the High Court ruled that the ban also violated Article 24, as it "guarantees same-sex marriages to the same extent as heterosexual marriages", and that "there is no indication that social disadvantages or adverse effects will occur" if same-sex marriage is recognized.

1153:), which also recognises the children and in-laws of same-sex couples, and allows partners to make medical decisions for their child, and to pick up their children at schools and kindergartens (whereas previously only the biological parent was allowed to pick up the child). Some registries have also been extended to opposite-sex couples who do not wish to be married. 1279:

registration not being the same as legal marriage, Matsuura said he was "surprised and very happy". "I think it's a groundbreaking decision — a step further than the non-legally-binding partnership system. I hope this will bring more practical benefits to same-sex couples, and will be a step towards legalizing same-sex marriage.", he said.

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pertaining to marriage and the family, laws shall be enacted from the standpoint of individual dignity and the essential equality of the sexes." Previously, a couple in Japan could marry only if their respective head of household (the father, or in the absence of a father, the eldest son) consented to the union. As a result,

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in October 2018, 78.4% of Japanese people in their 20s to 50s were in favour of same-sex marriage. Support was higher among women (87.9%) than men (69.2%), and was higher among younger respondents: 87.3% for people in their 20s, 81.2% for people in their 30s, 77.5% for people in their 40s, and 72.5%

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poll found that out of over a thousand Japanese adult interviewees 24% were in favor of same-sex marriage and another 27% supported other forms of recognition for same-sex couples. An April 2014 Ipsos poll found that 26% of respondents were in favor of same-sex marriage and 24% were in favor of some

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announced it would offer same-sex couples special "partnership certificates". While these licenses are not legally recognized as marriage certificates, they may be used in civil matters such as hospital visitation rights and housing. The Shibuya city office began accepting applications on 28 October

2220:

poll conducted between June and September 2023 showed that 68% of Japanese people supported same-sex marriage, 26% were opposed and 8% did not know or had refused to answer. When divided by age, support was highest among 18–34-year-olds at 84% and lowest among those aged 35 and above at 64%. Women

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expressed his opinion on the issue: "Extending the institution of marriage to same-sex couples was not anticipated under the current Constitution. It is an issue that concerns the very core of family values and, I believe, one that requires extremely careful consideration." In July 2019, the Japan

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On 26 March 2024, the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex partners should be entitled to crime victims' benefits as surviving family members. The court overturned the decision of the Nagoya District Court which had denied Yasuhide Uchiyama, a gay man whose partner was murdered in 2014, the victims'

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and the President of the House of Councillors. The paper states that Article 24 does not ban such marriages as "the notion of same-sex marriage was beyond the scope of assumption at the time of enactment", and that prohibiting it constitutes a breach of human rights, urging the National Diet to

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states: "1) Marriage shall be based only on the mutual consent of both sexes and it shall be maintained through mutual cooperation with the equal rights of husband and wife as a basis. 2) With regard to choice of spouse, property rights, inheritance, choice of domicile, divorce and other matters

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to honour the couples' rights even if presented with a certificate, though cities have encouraged companies, hospitals and landlords to recognize the certificate. The various benefits provided by the system are also very limited in comparison to those granted to married couples; same-sex couples

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the decision in December 2022. On 30 May 2023, the Nagoya District Court declared the same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional under both articles 14 and 24, but rejected the plaintiffs' request for ¥1,000,000 in compensation. On 8 June 2023, the Fukuoka District Court ruled that the ban was in a

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In December 2018, the Constitutional Democratic Party announced it would introduce a bill in 2019 to amend the Civil Code to legalise same-sex marriage. The bill was submitted to the National Diet by the CDP, the Communist Party and the Social Democratic Party on 3 June 2019. It sought to adopt

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On 14 March 2024, the Sapporo High Court ruled on appeal that laws disavowing same-sex marriage were unconstitutional under both articles 14 and 24 of the Constitution. The court ruled that banning same-sex couples from marrying violates the fundamental right to a family, and called for urgent

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made the following statement about same-sex marriage during a parliamentary session: "We need to be extremely careful in considering the matter as it could affect the structure of family life in Japan". Kishida said in March 2023 that he did not think banning same-sex couples from marrying was

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took place on several dates in 2019 and 2020. One of the plaintiff couples, Chizuka Oe and Yoko Ogawa, who had been together since 1994, argued that banning same-sex marriage violates articles 13 and 14 of the Constitution. Lawyers representing the couples believed the ruling from the Sapporo

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On March 27, 2009, it was reported that Japan would allow its nationals to marry foreign same-sex partners in countries where same-sex marriage is legal. Japan had previously refused to issue a document, which states that a person is single and of legal age and is required for citizens to wed

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registered a same-sex couple, Keita Matsuura and Yutaro Fujiyama, as partners under the same address. Initially, the city had offered to register Fujiyama as Matsuura's relative, but after discussions, it decided to register him like a husband, a move labelled as "groundbreaking". Despite the

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in November 2015 showed a 51% majority in support of same-sex marriage, unions or partnerships, while 41% were opposed. People under the age of 20 were overwhelmingly in favor of same-sex marriage (72% support), whereas people aged 70 and over overwhelmingly opposed (24% support). However, a

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City Assembly adopted a motion urging the National Diet to discuss the legalization of same-sex marriage. Supporters of same-sex marriage hope the introduction of the partnership oath system in numerous municipalities will encourage parliamentarians to legalise same-sex marriage. The LGBT

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and published in November 2020 showed that 64.8% of Japanese people supported same-sex marriage, while 30.0% were opposed. Attitudes varied greatly with age, with 81% of 20–30-year-olds supporting, followed by 74% of people in their 40s and 50s, and 47% of people in their 60s and 70s.

1829:"state of unconstitutionality" under Article 24, but "stopped short of fully declaring unconstitutional" and rejected the plaintiffs' request for ¥1 million in damages. The Tokyo District Court ruled similarly in its second case and ruled in favor of the plaintiffs on 14 March 2024. 1138:

of a deceased partner for instance. Partners must meet certain requirements, including living in the municipality or prefecture, being older than 20 years of age, and not having a spouse or another partner. Several jurisdictions have also established a "partnership familyship system"

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6,480) per person for the denial. The court rejected the government's argument that Article 24 of the Constitution (which defines marriage as based on the "mutual consent of both sexes") limits marriage to opposite-sex couples; plaintiffs argued that this article actually only bars

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ruled that cohabiting same-sex couples should be entitled to the same legal benefits as those granted to cohabiting heterosexual couples. This ruling provided legitimacy to the plaintiff's same-sex relationship, allowing the plaintiff to sue her lesbian partner of seven years for

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in April 2015 showed that 59% of respondents supported the same-sex partnership certificate system proposed in Shibuya and 53% supported same-sex marriage, the first time a poll had found majority support for same-sex marriage in Japan. An additional poll conducted by the

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showed that only 9% of LDP candidates supported same-sex marriage. Professor Masaki Taniguchi, who headed the survey, said it was rare to witness public opinion on a certain issue change so rapidly, noting that support had increased 14% from 2017. A March 2021 poll from

989:) as his partner. The relationship, which involved sexual relations, would be dissolved once the boy reached adulthood (or left the monastery). Both parties were encouraged to treat the relationship seriously and conduct the affair honorably, and the 2215:

A March–April 2023 Kyodo News survey showed that 71% of Japanese people supported same-sex marriage, while 26% were opposed. Support was highest among respondents below the age of 30, at 85%. 62% of LDP voters also supported same-sex marriage. A

5851: 5896: 2133:. A May 2015 Ipsos poll found that 30% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage and a further 28% were in favour of some other form of recognition (meaning that 58% supported recognising same-sex couples in some form). 1187:

who was invited to comment stated that the action by Shibuya is legal because the certificate issued is not a marriage certificate and the current Japanese legal code does not prohibit the "partnership" of same-sex couples.

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to register themselves as belonging to the same household; where the older partner legally adopts the younger partner, which in absence of a spouse makes the only adopted child the sole executor of that household.

5901: 2826: 5846: 5811: 5766: 5731: 5626: 4744: 5856: 5831: 5746: 5676: 5646: 5821: 1620:, with the terms "party of marriage" being used rather than "husband and wife", and "parents" rather than "father and mother". In June 2019, the CDP added the legalisation of same-sex marriage and ending 5886: 5791: 5771: 5761: 1787:, which bans discrimination on the basis of "race, creed, sex, social status or family origin". However, the court rejected the request of the six plaintiffs (two male couples and one female couple) for 5776: 5756: 5641: 5741: 5721: 5656: 5947: 5866: 5826: 5801: 5786: 5751: 5706: 5701: 1481:

to the man, who had lived in Japan for about 25 years. The Ministry's Immigration Bureau granted him a one-year resident visa after the Tokyo District Court suggested that it review the order.

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had made same-sex couples more "vulnerable" and "anxious", as they could not visit each other in hospitals nor were they entitled to any legal recognition if one of the partners were to die.

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man who had remained in Japan illegally after overstaying his visa, giving consideration to his longtime same-sex relationship with a Japanese national. The Ministry issued a special

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On 14 March 2024, the Nagoya Family Court allowed a man to adopt the same family name as his same-sex partner, ruling that the two men "are in a relationship similar to marriage".

3657: 1521:, said, "We need to eliminate lifestyle difficulties for same-sex couples. A prerequisite to achieving this goal is dealing with Article 24 of the Constitution." Prime Minister 3807: 5937: 2167: 2146: 4623: 3860: 2830: 1596: 1191:

The number of jurisdictions establishing partnership systems has increased every year since then. 21 cities established a same-sex partnership registry in 2019, notably

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Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.

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works as a substitute for Western-style marriage. As a consequence, Japanese same-sex couples, in the absence of same-sex marriage or civil partnership laws, often use

6781: 3399: 2191:, conducted between March and April 2020, showed that 46% of Japanese people favored same-sex marriage, 31% were neutral and 23% were opposed. Among supporters of the 3285: 2878: 6272: 3914: 3380: 2195:(LDP), support stood at 41% and opposition at 29%. This contrasted significantly with the opinions of LDP lawmakers, as a 2019 survey conducted shortly before the 1531: 650: 6382: 4806: 707:

A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.

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perspective being performed in pre-modern Japanese culture, there is evidence for identities and behaviours that may be placed on the LGBT spectrum. During the

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issue same-sex partnership certificates, which provide some benefits, but do not offer equal legal recognition. Polling suggests that a significant majority of

608: 604: 446: 4906: 6267: 6210: 3753: 3158: 600: 565: 4001: 2545: 1263:

became the first prefecture to establish a partnership system in January 2019, and 29 more prefectures have since followed suit, including highly populated

6738: 6447: 1392: 299: 4825: 6771: 6008: 5686: 3267: 2221:(73%) were also more likely to support same-sex marriage than men (61%). Support was highest among the religiously unaffiliated at 73%, and lowest among 2852: 2593: 1654:) has also organised signature gatherings and meetings with lawmakers from across the political spectrum. The organisation noted in particular that the 5932: 2473: 6717: 6554: 6349: 5796: 4175: 3633: 3362: 1121:, hospital visitation rights and consenting to surgery for a partner. However, the system is not legally binding and there is no legal obligation on 1632:. A new same-sex marriage bill was introduced to Parliament by the CDP in March 2023. The Communist Party introduced its own bill on 27 March 2023. 4726: 2345: 1117:), which provides same-sex couples with some limited benefits. The couple is issued a special certificate which may be useful in matters such as 1704:

the case to the Nagoya High Court to consider whether Uchiyama and his late partner were in a relationship equivalent to a common-law marriage.

6119: 4843: 3561: 2389: 530: 6364: 6187: 5736: 5137: 4497: 4399:"Sapporo High Court Rules Provisions of Civil Code Not Recognizing Same-Sex Marriage 'Unconstitutional'; Three Same-Sex Couples File Lawsuit" 3771: 6679: 6584: 6544: 6499: 6080: 6065: 5726: 5636: 4519: 4137: 335: 330: 149: 4214: 923:

ruled the same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional, arguing that laws or regulations that deprive same-sex couples of the legal benefits of

6519: 6359: 6329: 6317: 6284: 6217: 6060: 5942: 5816: 5696: 4892: 2196: 1625: 421: 404: 4873: 3315: 2967: 2668: 6629: 6594: 6432: 6307: 6227: 6222: 6192: 6132: 6100: 6050: 6040: 5836: 5661: 3665: 2564: 2527: 463: 393: 388: 3055: 2328: 6697: 6661: 6619: 6574: 6534: 6489: 6437: 6417: 6407: 6389: 6245: 6137: 6075: 6070: 6055: 5861: 5631: 3687: 2905: 844: 535: 458: 426: 304: 289: 284: 4593: 3815: 6589: 6579: 6564: 6539: 6509: 6442: 6399: 6354: 6334: 6302: 6035: 6027: 5906: 5841: 5806: 5711: 5671: 5651: 4700: 3949: 3447: 1544: 1385: 881: 525: 515: 453: 325: 314: 294: 255: 4111: 3705: 2363: 2166:

for people in their 50s. The National Survey of Household Trends, a government survey carried out in 2018 and commissioned by the

6689: 6624: 6504: 6324: 6312: 6240: 6045: 6001: 5876: 5781: 5691: 5681: 5666: 5374: 4928: 2204:

found that 65% of Japanese people supported same-sex marriage, with support rising to 86% among 18–29-year-olds. A February 2023

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poll showed that 64% of Japanese people supported same-sex marriage, while 25% were opposed. A poll conducted the same month by

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at different city offices in Japan. Lawsuits, commonly known in the Japanese media as the "Freedom to Marry for All" lawsuits (

520: 234: 4612: 3837: 3600: 4648: 4447: 4332: 4313: 4294: 4275: 4256: 4237: 2755: 1666: 1595:. The LDP, which has been in power almost continuously since 1958, is opposed to same-sex marriage. In September 2024, while 3407: 6644: 6549: 5601: 1026:. Ainu folkflore and oral history also recount stories of married men taking male concubines as sexual partners. Marriage ( 174: 3199: 3185: 6707: 5110: 4084: 3482: 1378: 654: 570: 555: 472: 2758:. pg. 26, 32, 53, 69-78, 88, 90- 92, 94, 95-97, 98-100, 101-102, 104, 113, 119-120, 122, 128-129, 132-135, 137-141, 145. 6514: 5994: 154: 3302: 6085: 4996: 880:

support the legalization of same-sex marriage or partnerships, particularly the younger generation. Politically, the

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Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.

199: 31: 4545: 6684: 6614: 6262: 5013: 4156: 3162: 2192: 1572: 1180: 909: 214: 179: 6524: 6162: 4991: 1588: 1552: 1526:

Federation of Bar Associations submitted a paper in support of same-sex marriage to the Minister of Justice, the

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instructed local authorities to issue the key certificate to citizens who wish to marry their same-sex partners.

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to act on legislation opening marriage to same-sex couples. Bills were introduced to the Diet in 2019 and 2023.

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In November 2018, several same-sex couples throughout the country announced their intention to challenge the

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2015. In response to this action by the Shibuya city office, the "Special Committee to Protect Family Ties" (

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found that 53% of 18–21-year-olds supported same-sex marriage in Japan. A 2017 opinion poll released by the

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Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.

6761: 6494: 6479: 6469: 6464: 6452: 6427: 6422: 6412: 6279: 6235: 6182: 5254: 5227: 1518: 347: 239: 144: 134: 124: 119: 114: 109: 74: 69: 54: 6649: 6609: 6559: 6484: 6474: 6369: 6197: 6147: 6142: 5298: 4921: 2096:, hospital visits or the right to organise a funeral. Therefore, registering each other as a part of the 1812:, said at a press conference later that day that the Ministry of Justice would analyse the court ruling. 1436: 1184: 545: 219: 209: 184: 169: 139: 129: 84: 79: 4770: 4398: 2690: 2437: 2088:

registration performs a somewhat similar role to marriage in the West as it endows a member of the same

1056: 6776: 6604: 6529: 6344: 6152: 5216: 4971: 2997: 2266: 2174: 1655: 736: 695: 505: 500: 437: 204: 164: 89: 4424: 4196: 1458:'s Saimyouji temple, announced that he would perform same-sex marriage ceremonies. Since 15 May 2012, 6712: 6167: 5379: 5023: 3861:"Japan court rejects same-sex relationships as de facto marriages, denying man victims' compensation" 2244: 1051: 927:

constitute "discriminatory treatment without a rational basis" and as such violate Article 14 of the

762: 691: 375: 104: 4851: 4498:"This Is How Many People Support Same-Sex Marriage In 23 Countries Around The World - BuzzFeed News" 3978: 3931: 3896: 3878: 3614: 3569: 5618: 5594: 4571: 4047: 3323: 1740: 1701: 1568: 1548: 916: 905: 885: 830: 3216: 2931: 2669:"A Japanese court says denying same-sex marriage is unconstitutional and calls for urgent change" 2101: 1805: 1692:, a move that was previously restricted to heterosexual partners. The decision was upheld by the 1617: 1527: 1408: 1071: 869: 5193: 5053: 4914: 3517: 2234: 1693: 944: 540: 4112:"Japan court rules same-sex marriage ban is constitutional, but activists see a silver lining" 2113: 1435:

overseas, if the applicant's intended spouse was of the same legal sex. Under the change, the

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Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.

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Broadbent, Emma; Gougoulis, John; Lui, Nicole; Pota, Vikas; Simons, Jonathan (January 2017).

3879:"Editorial: Japan top court ruling on survivor benefits for same-sex partners one small step" 3789: 2975: 1784: 1490: 928: 4674: 4065: 3041: 1599:, Ishiba said "he would consider the possibility of developing a law on same-sex marriage". 5568: 5470: 5001: 4986: 2827:"Japan government hard at work trying to prevent Shibuya Ward approving same-sex marriages" 2254: 2249: 1816: 1792: 1780: 1587:, have also expressed their personal support for same-sex marriage, as have members of the 1075: 873: 621: 550: 22: 5408: 4788: 4085:"Japan Court Upholds Ban on Same-Sex Marriage, Says Union Should Be Between Men and Women" 1636: 8: 5916: 5587: 5579: 4597: 2949: 2909: 2217: 2182: 2136:

According to a survey by Nihon Yoron Chōsa-kai conducted on 1 and 2 March 2014, 42.3% of

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in Sapporo issued a judgment finding that the law banning same-sex marriage violated the

1564: 1503: 1459: 901: 4704: 4480:"Same-Sex Marriage: Respondents in 15 Countries Assess Their Views on Same-Sex Marriage" 3953: 3451: 3019: 2117:

Support for same-sex marriage among 18–21-year-olds according to a 2016 survey from the

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was the dominant form of marriage. Those couples who could not obtain permission had to

5389: 3754:"LGBTQ gains: Japanese Communist Party introduces marriage equality bill in parliament" 3713: 3429: 3098:"Over 70% of Japanese Live in Municipalities Issuing Same-Sex Partnership Certificates" 2725: 2618: 1736: 1450:

temple announced that the temple would perform same-sex marriage ceremonies as part of

1260: 1208: 4943: 3133: 2781:

Akulov, Alexander; Nonno, Tresi (2015). "People of converted gender in Ainu culture".

1275: 1271:. All these jurisdictions together account for about 89% of the Japanese population. 1060:

Map of Japanese subdivisions that issue partnership certificates to same-sex couples:

5971: 5357: 5179: 4157:"Japanese court rules against same-sex marriage ban in major win for LGBTQ+ equality" 2751: 2546:"In Landmark Ruling, Court Says Japan's Ban On Same-Sex Marriage Is Unconstitutional" 2445: 2285: 2239: 2222: 2187: 2151: 2141: 2118: 2081: 1641: 1556: 1495: 1422: 1404: 1099: 1079: 958: 893: 861: 560: 44: 4483: 4465: 3979:"Same-sex marriage lawsuits to be filed on Valentine's Day by 13 couples nationwide" 3932:

Same sex couples to sue state seeking marriage recognition on constitutional grounds

3348: 3200:"Saimyouji: The Small Buddhist Temple in Rural Saitama Performing Same-sex Weddings" 3075: 2212:

found that 72% of Japanese people supported same-sex marriage and 18% were opposed.

1809: 5343: 5236: 5207: 5163: 5145: 4938: 4197:"「結婚の自由をすべての人に訴訟」3月14日のダブル判決を前に原告と弁護団が会見「世の中はすでに変わっている。二つの判決、それを受けた国会の動きにも注目してほしい」" 4002:

In Landmark Ruling, Court Says Japan's Ban On Same-Sex Marriage Is Unconstitutional

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Childs, Margaret H. (1980). "Chigo Monogatari. Love Stories or Buddhist Sermons?".

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same-sex marriage ban. In January 2019, about a dozen same-sex couples applied for

1684: 1478: 1455: 1268: 1118: 980: 686: 5124: 4652: 2076:

system whereby an individual is registered as a part of a household (while in the

5554: 5350: 5315: 5200: 5186: 4089: 3286:"Justice Ministry overturns deportation order for gay Taiwanese man without visa" 2745: 2390:"Majority of Japanese Support Same-Sex Marriage, Poll Shows - Bloomberg Business" 2137: 1801: 1592: 1256: 912:, which has been in power almost continuously since 1958, remains opposed to it. 877: 2619:"Tokyo court: Disregard for same-sex marriages a 'state of unconstitutionality'" 1240: 6018: 5489: 5336: 5030: 4034: 3097: 2645: 2506: 2140:

supported same-sex marriage, while 52.4% opposed it. Another poll conducted by

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Matsunaka Gon, the director of Marriage for All Japan, meeting U.S. Ambassador

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debated whether same-sex marriage should be recognized under the Constitution.

1467: 1216: 4346: 4014: 3496: 3474: 6755: 5965: 5462: 5384: 5131: 2769:

Cartographies of desire: male–male sexuality in Japanese discourse, 1600–1950

2449: 2077: 1820: 1603: 1510: 1248: 1228: 950: 932: 3897:"Japan top court says same-sex partners eligible for crime victims' benefit" 3790:"YouTubeライブでは13万人がリアルタイム視聴マリッジフォーオールジャパン衆議院にて院内集会「第2回マリフォー国会同性婚を伝えよう」を開催" 2879:"Tokyo's Shibuya and Setagaya wards issue first same-sex partnership papers" 1522: 5548: 5535: 5499: 1788: 1671: 1514: 1019: 820: 748: 2346:"Tokyo's Setagaya Ward to begin legally recognizing same-sex partnerships" 1674:

to discuss the campaign to legalize same-sex marriage in Japan, April 2023

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In March 2019, the Justice Ministry revoked a deportation order for a gay

1447: 1287: 5975: 4959: 4549: 2130: 2093: 1451: 1131: 1015: 957:, some forms of same-sex relations were recognized. For instance, within 865: 742: 694:

obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of

270: 3349:"Amending the Constitution / Unanticipated situation: same-sex marriage" 5172: 4572:"【産経・ＦＮＮ合同世論調査】少年法の対象年齢引き下げに賛成８２％、内閣支持率は５３・６％で４カ月連続上昇（2/2ページ） - 産経ニュース" 2729: 2205: 1689: 1224: 1192: 954: 4176:"Japan government under renewed pressure to end same-sex marriage ban" 3381:"Japan's top bar association urges authorization of same-sex marriage" 3363:"Japan's top bar association urges Diet to legalize same-sex marriage" 2800: 1466:

hotel. Its first same-sex marriage was held on March 3, 2013, between

949:

While there are no records of same-sex marriages as understood from a

5509: 5480: 5435: 5428: 5329: 5073: 3915:"Japan court OKs family name change for man in same-sex relationship" 3537:"More LGBTQ rights could help Asia financial hubs draw global talent" 3268:"Japan cancels deportation of Taiwanese man in same-sex relationship" 2438:"Japan's Support for Gay Marriage Is Soaring. But Can It Become Law?" 1576: 1499: 1244: 1232: 1023: 2721: 2646:"Japan same-sex marriage ban ruled unconstitutional again by courts" 2594:"Japan ruling on same-sex marriage disappoints but 'a step forward'" 1735:), contesting the same-sex marriage ban were filed by 13 couples on 1183:

was formed in March 2015 to discuss the matter. An officer from the

5560: 5453: 5444: 5322: 5093: 5066: 4955: 4844:"Japan split over parliament debate on Constitution revision: poll" 4826:"The Gay Marriage Fight Gets a Lift From Japan's Biggest Companies" 2303: 2092:

legal power (as next of kin) in dealing with civil matters such as

1236: 1204: 1196: 1126: 1122: 1039: 938: 924: 783:

Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.

653:. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and 5059: 4215:"Japan court rules ban on same-sex marriage is 'unconstitutional'" 3448:"LDP 'instructs' Sugita to educate herself after anti-gay article" 1344: Severe restrictions of association with arrests or detention 1243:. In 2022, 107 cities established a partnership system, including 752:–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding. 698:. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling. 6110: 5421: 5087: 4947: 4701:"Survey: 78% of Japanese in 20s to 50s favor legal gay marriages" 4373:"Japan high court says same-sex marriage bar is unconstitutional" 3658:"Japan opposition parties rally in bid to pass marriage equality" 3593:"LGBTQ rights: Japan PM under fire for same-sex marriage remarks" 2691:"Landmark Ruling Cracks Door Open for Same-Sex Marriage in Japan" 1760: 1752: 1716: 1560: 1220: 1157: 1135: 999:

class, there were similar age-structured relationships, known as

996: 920: 897: 3736:"Japan's main opposition CDP submits bill for same-sex marriage" 2747:

Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan

2158:

showed that 51% of Japanese people supported same-sex marriage.

1767:

announced plans to file a seventh lawsuit challenging the ban.

1710: 1624:

against the LGBT community to their party platform ahead of the

5080: 4015:"Same-sex couple to seek a court order allowing their marriage" 3615:

CDP to seek Civil Code revisions to recognize same-sex marriage

3497:"LDP presidential hopefuls on dual surnames, same-sex marriage" 2771:. University of California Press. p. 26, 39–42, 75, 70-71, 252, 2563:

Magramo, Kathleen; Engels, Jorge; Ogura, Junko (21 June 2022).

2162: 2072: 1825: 1764: 1748: 1474: 1252: 995:

might be required to write a formal vow of fidelity. Among the

6016: 4807:"64% favor recognizing same-sex marriage in Japan: Kyodo poll" 3242:"Japan's first 'official' same-sex couple announce separation" 2419:"Japanese Court Puts Same-Sex Marriage on the Nation's Agenda" 5475: 3838:"Top Court Upholds Legal Protection for Same-Sex Partnership" 2168:

National Institute of Population and Social Security Research

2147:

National Institute of Population and Social Security Research

2125: 1756: 1744: 1443: 1264: 1212: 1200: 1161: 857: 611:

in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.

1134:

the estate and property of a deceased partner or attend the

5541: 5414: 4138:"Plaintiffs appeal Tokyo court ruling on same-sex marriage" 2853:"The First Place In East Asia To Welcome Same-Sex Marriage" 2364:"Another Japanese city to recognise same-sex relationships" 1763:

a few months later. In February 2024, a same-sex couple in

1571:

is necessary to legalize it. Individual lawmakers from the

5609: 3950:"Gay couple file for marriage in Yokohama, challenges law" 3186:"Promoting the Same-Sex Marriage and LGBT Rights in Japan" 2329:"Japan's 'love hotels' accused of anti-gay discrimination" 1033: 4951: 4727:"70% of married women in Japan support same-sex marriage" 4610: 2155: 1462:

has allowed symbolic same-sex marriage ceremonies in its

1338: Restrictions on freedom of expression, not enforced 1065: Issues partnership certificates to same-sex couples 1018:

traditionally recognized people who fulfilled a cultural

4771:"同性婚、20〜30代の8割が賛成。性的マイノリティの友人への「抵抗感」は40〜50代で大幅に減少【全国調査】" 4035:

Japan court finds same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional

3688:"Japan opposition parties submit same-sex marriage Bill" 3634:"Japan Opposition Parties Submit Same-Sex Marriage Bill" 3475:"Kono supports gay marriage, couple's separate surnames" 3316:"Abe: Gay marriage not an option under the Constitution" 1038:) in Ainu society generally involved first cousins, and 4191: 4189: 3772:"Japan Local Assembly Wants Talks on Same-Sex Marriage" 3116:"Japanese city recognizes same-sex couple in rare step" 4282: 3400:"Equal marriage in Japan just got a major legal boost" 2293: 1730: 1649: 1412: 1320: Legal guardianships or unregistered cohabitation 1173: 1147: 1111: 1088: 1006: 1000: 990: 984: 974: 962: 4893:"Across Asia, views of same-sex marriage vary widely" 4520:"52.4% of Japanese say they oppose same-sex marriage" 4435: 4320: 4301: 4263: 4244: 4225: 3161:. Agence France-Presse. 27 March 2009. Archived from 1454:. Similarly, in April 2020, the deputy head abbot of 1103:), also known as "partnership certification system" ( 4703:. The Asahi Shimbun. 28 January 2019. Archived from 4186: 3159:"Japan allows its citizens same-sex marriage abroad" 1783:

of same-sex couples, specifically Article 14 of the

1326: Limited foreign recognition (residency rights) 4891:Gubbala, Sneha; Miner, William (27 November 2023). 4874:"How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage" 3706:"Constitutional Democrats unveil campaign promises" 3562:"Japan PM Kishida cautious about same-sex marriage" 1045: 599:Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the 4675:"Dentsu Diversity Lab Conducts "LGBT Survey 2018"" 4546:"あなたは同性婚についてどう思う？〜世論調査の結果から日本の未来を考える〜 | ミライロ" 3632: 3450:. The Asahi Shimbun. 3 August 2018. Archived from 2587: 2585: 2562: 1027: 6782:Recognition of same-sex unions in Asia by country 4082: 3074:. The Japan News. 31 January 2019. Archived from 3044:(in Japanese). Mainichi Shimbun. 30 January 2019. 2644:Mao, Frances; Shiraishi, Sakiko (14 March 2024). 2565:"Japanese court upholds ban on same-sex marriage" 2528:"「同性婚は右、左の問題じゃない」同性婚を求める当事者と国会議員。政党や思想を超えて一堂に会した" 2070:In Japan, each citizen is registered through the 6753: 4751:(in Japanese). 13 September 2019. pp. 59–60 3591:Guinto, Joel; Shiraishi, Sakiko (2 March 2023). 1567:also supports same-sex marriage, but believes a 939:Historical recognition of same-sex relationships 904:also supports same-sex marriage, but believes a 3947: 3814:(in Japanese). 26 November 2020. Archived from 3590: 3535:Lies, Elaine; Pomfret, James (30 August 2023). 3060:(in Japanese). HuffPost Japan. 30 January 2019. 2582: 1227:, and 69 more cities followed in 2021, notably 4613:"What The World's Young People Think And Feel" 4076: 3973: 3971: 3472: 2974:(in Japanese). 7 February 2020. Archived from 2326: 1724: 1166: 1140: 1104: 1078:have established a "partnership oath system" ( 968: 531:Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas 6002: 5595: 4922: 4130: 1386: 1207:. 36 cities followed suit in 2020, including 838: 6251:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 6094:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 4890: 4293:sfn error: no target: CITEREF【判決】名古屋地裁2023 ( 4030: 4028: 2643: 2383: 2381: 2340: 2338: 2161:According to an opinion poll carried out by 1815:Similar arguments were raised in one of the 4446:sfn error: no target: CITEREF【判決】札幌高裁2024 ( 4331:sfn error: no target: CITEREF【判決】東京地裁2024 ( 4312:sfn error: no target: CITEREF【判決】福岡地裁2023 ( 4274:sfn error: no target: CITEREF【判決】東京地裁2022 ( 4255:sfn error: no target: CITEREF【判決】大阪地裁2022 ( 4236:sfn error: no target: CITEREF【判決】札幌地裁2021 ( 3996: 3994: 3992: 3968: 3534: 3430:"Japanese lawyers demand same-sex marriage" 3305:, Japan.Kantei.Go.Jp, accessed 17 May 2018. 3057:茨城県が「パートナーシップ制度」導入めざす都道府県で初めて、同性カップルの権利後押し 2780: 2522: 2520: 2468: 2466: 273:or registered partnerships but not marriage 6772:Marriage, unions and partnerships in Japan 6009: 5995: 5602: 5588: 4929: 4915: 2824: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 1972: 1559:, as well as the junior coalition partner 1393: 1379: 1365: Death penalty on books, not enforced 908:is necessary to legalize it. However, the 845: 831: 4596:. 中廣新聞網. 29 November 2015. Archived from 4288: 4025: 3512: 3510: 3183: 2960: 2666: 2507:"【選挙情報】結婚の平等（同性婚）に関する各政党の考え～政党公開質問状への回答～" 2378: 2335: 1835:Overview of the district court decisions 1770: 1484: 1175:kazoku no kizuna wo mamoru tokumei iinkai 536:Recognition of same-sex unions in Oceania 4441: 4326: 4307: 4269: 4250: 4231: 3989: 3630: 2942: 2924: 2783:Cultural Anthropology and Ethnosemiotics 2517: 2463: 2387: 2361: 2112: 1732:kekkon no jiyū o subete no hito ni soshō 1665: 1563:, support legalising same-sex marriage. 1545:Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan 1332: No recognition of same-sex couples 1286: 1055: 961:, age-structured relationships known as 797: 795: 633:Neither performed nor recognized in six 526:Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe 516:Recognition of same-sex unions in Africa 5611:Recognition of same-sex unions in Asia 5375:Aomori International LGBT Film Festival 4823: 4173: 4154: 3485:from the original on 26 September 2023. 3397: 3343: 3341: 2492: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2357: 2355: 2173:A 2019 opinion survey conducted by the 1610: 1538: 1532:Speaker of the House of Representatives 1442:In June 2011, the deputy head abbot of 6754: 4464:. Ipsos. 7–21 May 2013. Archived from 3844:. Tokyo. 18 March 2021. Archived from 3655: 3645:from the original on 3 September 2020. 3507: 3072:"Ibaraki to consider LGBT rights bill" 2990: 2707: 2435: 2388:Watanabe, Chisaki (29 November 2015). 2302: 2262:Recognition of same-sex unions in Asia 1759:. Another three couples filed suit in 1678: 1628:. The bill did not advance before the 967:(男色) existed, where an older partner ( 900:support legalizing same-sex marriage. 521:Recognition of same-sex unions in Asia 5990: 5583: 4910: 4745:"National Survey of Household Trends" 3808:"同性婚求める院内集会。「菅総理、結婚の規制緩和も」と国会議員も訴えた。" 2871: 2150:September–October 2016 survey by the 1984:Overview of the high court decisions 1640:organisation Marriage for All Japan ( 1421: 1100:[paːtonaːɕiꜜppɯseɰ̃seːseꜜːdo] 1098: 792: 660: 645: 643: 595: 593: 3858: 3473:Junya Sakamoto (16 September 2021). 3338: 3229:元タカラジェンヌと女性のカップルが、東京ディズニーリゾートで初の同性挙式 3042:"茨城県がパートナーシップ制度導入を検討 LGBTなど対象都道府県初" 2591: 2404: 2352: 1292:Laws regarding homosexuality in Asia 1282: 680: 678: 676: 674: 672: 649:Neither performed nor recognized in 620:Neither performed nor recognized in 381: 277: 4629:from the original on 20 August 2019 3952:. The Asahi Shimbun. Archived from 3948:Satomi Sugihara (17 January 2019). 3603:from the original on 12 March 2023. 2903: 2129:other form of recognition, such as 1711:"Freedom to Marry for All" lawsuits 765:, but they are not legally binding. 571:LGBT rights by country or territory 13: 4482:. Ipsos. June 2014. Archived from 4155:Billson, Chantelle (30 May 2023). 4083:Hanako Montgomery (20 June 2022). 2750:. University of California Press. 2362:Williams, Joe (26 December 2015). 2327:Justin McCurry (30 October 2020). 2062: 1755:, with two lawsuits also filed in 1651:kekkon no jiyū o subete no hito ni 1626:2019 House of Councillors election 761:Some cities and prefectures issue 640: 622:Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands 590: 14: 6793: 4651:. 中央社. 4 May 2017. Archived from 3568:. 26 January 2023. Archived from 3524:(in Japanese). 11 September 2024. 2667:Yamaguchi, Mari (15 March 2024). 2108: 2084:can act as a proof of identity). 1470:and her partner Hiroko Masuhara. 1022:role. These people may have been 669: 6211:Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba 6109: 5970: 5961: 5960: 5014:LGBT Understanding Promotion Act 4942: 4937: 4884: 4866: 4836: 4817: 4799: 4781: 4777:(in Japanese). 29 November 2020. 4763: 4737: 4719: 4693: 4667: 4641: 4604: 4586: 4564: 4538: 4512: 4490: 4472: 4454: 4417: 4391: 4365: 4339: 4207: 4203:(in Japanese). 14 February 2024. 4167: 4148: 3796:(in Japanese). 30 November 2020. 3231:- インターナショナルビジネスタイムズ(2013年3月3日閲覧) 2829:. Rocket News 24. Archived from 2767:Pflugfelder, Gregory M. (1997). 2534:(in Japanese). 20 November 2020. 2436:Dooley, Ben (27 November 2019). 1602:In January 2023, Prime Minister 1347:Same-sex sexual activity illegal 1046:Partnership certification system 983:, would take a younger man (稚児, 814: 6206:Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten 5413:Nana-chome & Higashi-Ueno ( 4824:Einhorn, Bruce (2 March 2023). 4548:. Mirairo.co.jp. Archived from 4174:McCurry, Justin (30 May 2023). 4104: 4058: 4040: 4007: 3941: 3925: 3907: 3889: 3871: 3852: 3830: 3800: 3782: 3764: 3746: 3728: 3698: 3680: 3649: 3624: 3607: 3584: 3554: 3528: 3489: 3466: 3440: 3422: 3391: 3373: 3355: 3308: 3296: 3278: 3260: 3234: 3222: 3210: 3192: 3177: 3151: 3126: 3108: 3090: 3064: 3048: 3034: 3012: 2932:"ートナーシップ宣誓制度」9月2日開始長崎市、県内初の導入" 2897: 2845: 2818: 2793: 2774: 2761: 2736: 2701: 2683: 2660: 2637: 2611: 2556: 2538: 2513:(in Japanese). 20 October 2021. 2480:(in Japanese). 10 February 2020 2429: 2348:. Rocket News 24. 31 July 2015. 2320: 2279: 1791:1,000,000 (equivalent to about 1589:Democratic Party for the People 1314: Other type of partnership 1149:pātonāshippu famirīshippu seido 882:Constitutional Democratic Party 777: 768: 755: 728: 719: 6383:British Indian Ocean Territory 5928:British Indian Ocean Territory 5531:LGBT themes in anime and manga 5019:Recognition of same-sex unions 4048:"加藤官房長官「同種の訴訟も注視」同性婚否定「違憲」判決に" 3712:. 24 June 2019. Archived from 3351:. The Japan News. 30 May 2016. 2956:(in Japanese). 2 October 2019. 2938:(in Japanese). 20 August 2019. 1661: 1296:Same-sex sexual activity legal 710: 701: 627: 614: 1: 4431:(in Japanese). 14 March 2024. 4425:"札幌高裁、同性婚を認めない規定は「違憲」と高裁で初判断" 4054:(in Japanese). 17 March 2021. 3631:Nobuhiro, Emi (3 June 2019). 3398:Glauert, Rik (25 July 2019). 2968:"「パートナー制度」を相互利用岡山市と広島市、２０年度" 2313: 2197:House of Councillors election 1429: 511:Timeline of same-sex marriage 5255:The Life of an Amorous Woman 4850:. 2 May 2023. Archived from 4789:"夫婦別姓と同性婚、自民支持層でも賛成増朝日東大調査" 4037:, BBC News (March 16, 2021). 3859:Maas, Cassie (5 June 2020). 3656:Milton, Josh (3 June 2019). 3022:(in Japanese). Shizuoka City 2592:Lies, Elaine (8 June 2023). 2294: 1960: 1941: 1901: 1887: 1884: 1870: 1535:legalize same-sex marriage. 1374: 1371: Enforced death penalty 1070:As of 2 September 2024, 442 1034: 635:British Overseas Territories 7: 6739:British Antarctic Territory 5299:Genderless fashion in Japan 4795:(in Japanese). 28 May 2020. 4574:. Sankei.com. 30 March 2015 4500:. Buzzfeed.com. 29 May 2015 4118:. Reuters. 30 November 2022 3518:"石破茂氏、同性婚制度を検討　「不利益なら救済すべき" 3303:"THE CONSTITUTION OF JAPAN" 3217:同性結婚、ミッキーマウスも支持東京ディズニーリゾート 2228: 1731: 1650: 1413: 1174: 1148: 1112: 1089: 1007: 1001: 991: 985: 975: 963: 546:Divorce of same-sex couples 10: 6798: 5217:The Lady who Loved Insects 4972:Sexual minorities in Japan 2304:[doːɕiːnuniːbitɕi] 2289: 2267:Same-sex union court cases 2175:Hiroshima Shudo University 1819:cases, where hearings and 1597:running for prime minister 1353: Prison, not enforced 1049: 1028: 942: 506:Same-sex union court cases 501:Same-sex union legislation 6728: 6660: 6398: 6293: 6118: 6107: 6026: 5956: 5915: 5875: 5617: 5523: 5398: 5380:Asian Queer Film Festival 5367: 5307: 5279: 5272: 5246: 5226: 5162: 5155: 5102: 5046: 5039: 4979: 4967: 3184:Rev. Taka (11 May 2011). 2906:"渋谷区の「同性婚」条例案、自民内から異論相次ぐ" 2904:二階堂, 友紀 (26 March 2015). 2245:Partnership oath in Japan 1983: 1834: 1725: 1645: 1607:"unjust discrimination". 1591:, including party leader 1308: Marriage recognized 1274:In May 2024, the city of 1167: 1141: 1113:pātonāshippu shōmei seido 1105: 1090:pātonāshippu sensei seido 1083: 1052:Partnership oath in Japan 969: 692:European Court of Justice 6718:Northern Mariana Islands 5677:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 3320:AJW by The Asahi Shimbun 3272:South China Morning Post 3056: 2998:"三重県パートナーシップ宣誓制度が始まりました" 2272: 2193:Liberal Democratic Party 1573:Liberal Democratic Party 1569:constitutional amendment 1549:Japanese Communist Party 1302: Marriage performed 1181:Liberal Democratic Party 1179:) of the federal ruling 1014:It is believed that the 979:), usually a monk or an 910:Liberal Democratic Party 906:constitutional amendment 886:Japanese Communist Party 763:partnership certificates 5938:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4004:, NPR (March 17, 2021). 3760:. Tokyo. 13 April 2023. 2908:. 朝日新聞社. Archived from 2801:"Ainu Marriage Customs" 2697:. Tokyo. 17 March 2021. 1973:Appellate court rulings 1806:Chief Cabinet Secretary 1739:, 14 February 2019, in 1635:In September 2020, the 1618:gender-neutral language 1553:Social Democratic Party 890:Social Democratic Party 734:Courts have recognised 607:. May be registered in 5194:Torikaebaya Monogatari 5054:Homosexuality in Japan 4351:Marriage for All Japan 4070:Marriage for All Japan 2478:Marriage for All Japan 2235:Homosexuality in Japan 2181:A joint survey by the 2121: 1965:Unconstitutional state 1946:Unconstitutional state 1933:Fukuoka District Court 1906:Unconstitutional state 1857:Sapporo District Court 1775:On 17 March 2021, the 1771:District court rulings 1694:Supreme Court of Japan 1675: 1509:In February 2015, the 1485:Constitutional wording 1423:[doːseːkekkoɴ] 1401: 1067: 945:Homosexuality in Japan 541:Marriage privatization 6767:LGBTQ rights in Japan 6630:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 3921:. Nagoya. 9 May 2024. 3020:"静岡市パートナーシップ宣誓制度について" 2805:TOTA Curated Archives 2550:National Public Radio 2116: 1912:Nagoya District Court 1785:Constitution of Japan 1781:constitutional rights 1683:On 4 March 2020, the 1669: 1630:2021 general election 1491:Japanese Constitution 1290: 1059: 929:Constitution of Japan 601:Caribbean Netherlands 5852:United Arab Emirates 5569:OCCUR (organization) 4733:. 13 September 2019. 3778:. 23 September 2020. 3134:"どーしーぬにーびち【同性ぬにーびち】" 2950:"パートナーシップ制度市が年内導入へ" 2255:LGBT rights in Tokyo 2250:LGBT rights in Japan 1952:Tokyo District Court 1893:Tokyo District Court 1876:Osaka District Court 1817:Tokyo District Court 1611:Legislative activity 1539:Political viewpoints 1519:House of Councillors 1042:was also permitted. 959:Buddhist monasteries 915:On 17 March 2021, a 551:Domestic partnership 6762:Japanese family law 6273:U.S. tribal nations 6268:U.S. Virgin Islands 5879:limited recognition 5138:transgender shamans 4897:Pew Research Center 4878:Pew Research Center 4813:. 13 February 2023. 4600:on 8 December 2015. 4462:"Same-Sex Marriage" 4144:. 13 December 2022. 3983:Mainichi Daily News 3818:on 26 November 2020 3621:, 31 December 2018. 3454:on 16 November 2018 3326:on 19 February 2015 3104:. 24 November 2023. 2978:on 12 February 2020 2743:Leupp, Gary (1997). 2710:Monumenta Nipponica 2295:dooshii nu niibichi 2218:Pew Research Center 2183:University of Tokyo 2102:adoption procedures 1679:Cohabitation rights 1565:Nippon Ishin no Kai 1504:common-law marriage 1464:Cinderella's Castle 1460:Tokyo Disney Resort 1437:Ministry of Justice 1185:Ministry of Justice 1142:パートナーシップ・ファミリーシップ制度 902:Nippon Ishin no Kai 860:does not recognize 651:some tribal nations 566:Listings by country 376:Minimal recognition 5390:Rainbow Reel Tokyo 4649:"NHK民調：日本逾5成民眾挺同婚" 4594:"日逾五成民眾贊成同性婚姻合法化" 4552:on 8 December 2015 4486:on 6 January 2015. 4021:. 7 February 2024. 3985:. 4 February 2019. 3938:, 14 November 2018 3812:www.news.goo.ne.jp 3572:on 27 January 2023 3248:. 28 December 2017 3219:- AFP(2012年9月8日閲覧) 3078:on 1 February 2019 2833:on 7 November 2017 2695:The New York Times 2442:The New York Times 2122: 2044:Fukuoka High Court 2006:Sapporo High Court 1696:on 18 March 2021. 1676: 1517:, a member of the 1489:Article 24 of the 1402: 1261:Ibaraki Prefecture 1156:On April 1, 2015, 1068: 862:same-sex marriages 801:Not yet in effect. 23:LGBT rights series 6777:Politics of Japan 6749: 6748: 5984: 5983: 5921:other territories 5577: 5576: 5519: 5518: 5409:Shinjuku Ni-chōme 5268: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5180:The Tale of Genji 4681:. 10 January 2019 4655:on 31 August 2018 4620:Varkey Foundation 4468:on 14 March 2016. 4019:The Asahi Shimbun 4000:Rachel Treisman, 3956:on 11 August 2019 3848:on 19 March 2021. 3692:The Straits Times 3503:. 19 August 2024. 3501:The Asahi Shimbun 3479:The Asahi Shimbun 3410:on 15 August 2019 3188:. Shunkoin Today. 2885:. 5 November 2015 2756:978-0-520-91919-8 2625:. NHK World-Japan 2511:marriageforall.jp 2240:Marriage in Japan 2210:The Asahi Shimbun 2202:The Asahi Shimbun 2188:The Asahi Shimbun 2152:Varkey Foundation 2142:Fuji News Network 2119:Varkey Foundation 2082:birth certificate 2060: 2059: 1970: 1969: 1721:marriage licenses 1656:COVID-19 pandemic 1575:(LDP), including 1557:Reiwa Shinsengumi 1496:arranged marriage 1405:Same-sex marriage 1283:Same-sex marriage 894:Reiwa Shinsengumi 855: 854: 605:Aruba and Curaçao 603:), as well as in 484: 483: 365: 364: 6789: 6698:Pitcairn Islands 6246:Falkland Islands 6113: 6021:around the world 6011: 6004: 5997: 5988: 5987: 5974: 5964: 5963: 5933:Christmas Island 5619:Sovereign states 5604: 5597: 5590: 5581: 5580: 5277: 5276: 5237:Chigo Monogatari 5208:Ariake no Wakare 5160: 5159: 5146:Oyamakui no Kami 5044: 5043: 5024:Partnership oath 4946: 4941: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4908: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4707:on 6 August 2019 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4628: 4617: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4221:. 14 March 2024. 4211: 4205: 4204: 4193: 4184: 4183: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4023: 4022: 4011: 4005: 3998: 3987: 3986: 3975: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3945: 3939: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3903:. 26 March 2024. 3893: 3887: 3886: 3885:. 28 March 2024. 3875: 3869: 3868: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3664:. Archived from 3653: 3647: 3646: 3636: 3628: 3622: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3514: 3505: 3504: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3406:. Archived from 3395: 3389: 3388: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3345: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3322:. Archived from 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3292:. 22 March 2019. 3282: 3276: 3275: 3274:. 24 March 2019. 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3206:. 21 April 2020. 3196: 3190: 3189: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3165:on 31 March 2009 3155: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2936:Nagasaki Shimbun 2928: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2825:Master Blaster. 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2778: 2772: 2765: 2759: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2589: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2552:. 17 March 2021. 2542: 2536: 2535: 2524: 2515: 2514: 2503: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2470: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2425:. 30 March 2021. 2415: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2385: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2359: 2350: 2349: 2342: 2333: 2332: 2324: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2283: 2050:13 December 2024 2030:13 December 2022 2027:Tokyo High Court 2021:Unconstitutional 2016:Unconstitutional 1981: 1980: 1936:5 September 2019 1927:Unconstitutional 1922:Unconstitutional 1915:14 February 2019 1899:30 November 2022 1896:14 February 2019 1879:14 February 2019 1867:Unconstitutional 1860:14 February 2019 1832: 1831: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1685:Tokyo High Court 1653: 1647: 1479:residence permit 1425: 1420: 1416: 1395: 1388: 1381: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1352: 1343: 1337: 1331: 1325: 1319: 1313: 1307: 1301: 1269:Osaka Prefecture 1265:Tokyo Metropolis 1177: 1170: 1169: 1151: 1144: 1143: 1115: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1085: 1064: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1010: 1004: 994: 988: 978: 972: 971: 966: 847: 840: 833: 821:LGBTQ portal 819: 818: 817: 802: 799: 784: 781: 775: 772: 766: 759: 753: 732: 726: 723: 717: 714: 708: 705: 699: 687:Coman v. 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The Guardian. 2325: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2310: 2299: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2231: 2138:Japanese people 2111: 2068: 2033:30 October 2024 1975: 1888:Constitutional 1871:Constitutional 1802:forced marriage 1773: 1741:district courts 1737:Valentine's Day 1713: 1681: 1664: 1613: 1593:Yuichiro Tamaki 1541: 1487: 1432: 1418: 1400: 1399: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1285: 1095: 1066: 1062: 1054: 1048: 947: 941: 878:Japanese people 851: 815: 813: 808: 807: 806: 805: 800: 793: 788: 787: 782: 778: 773: 769: 760: 756: 733: 729: 724: 720: 715: 711: 706: 702: 683: 670: 665: 661: 648: 641: 632: 628: 619: 615: 598: 591: 585: 577: 576: 575: 556:Military policy 495: 487: 486: 485: 479: 468:United States: 431: 378: 368: 367: 366: 360: 319: 274: 263: 262: 261: 260: 245: 244: 48: 37: 34:same-sex unions 33: 32:Legal status of 30: 12: 11: 5: 6795: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6747: 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5354: 5347: 5340: 5337:Gay Japan News 5333: 5326: 5319: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5283: 5281: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5232: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5204: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5168: 5166: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5128: 5114: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5050: 5048: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5031:Blue boy trial 5028: 5027: 5026: 5016: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4970:Main article: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4934: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4911: 4903: 4902: 4883: 4865: 4854:on 15 May 2023 4835: 4816: 4798: 4780: 4762: 4736: 4718: 4692: 4666: 4640: 4603: 4585: 4563: 4537: 4511: 4489: 4471: 4453: 4434: 4416: 4403:The Japan News 4390: 4364: 4338: 4319: 4300: 4289:【判決】名古屋地裁 2023 4281: 4262: 4243: 4224: 4206: 4185: 4166: 4147: 4129: 4103: 4075: 4072:(in Japanese). 4057: 4039: 4024: 4006: 3988: 3967: 3940: 3924: 3906: 3888: 3870: 3851: 3829: 3799: 3781: 3763: 3758:People's World 3745: 3727: 3697: 3694:. 3 June 2019. 3679: 3648: 3623: 3606: 3583: 3553: 3527: 3506: 3488: 3465: 3439: 3421: 3390: 3372: 3354: 3337: 3307: 3295: 3277: 3259: 3233: 3221: 3209: 3191: 3176: 3150: 3125: 3122:. 28 May 2024. 3107: 3089: 3063: 3047: 3033: 3011: 2989: 2959: 2954:townnews.co.jp 2941: 2923: 2912:on 15 May 2019 2896: 2870: 2844: 2817: 2792: 2773: 2760: 2735: 2716:(2): 127–151. 2700: 2682: 2659: 2636: 2610: 2581: 2555: 2537: 2516: 2491: 2462: 2428: 2403: 2377: 2351: 2334: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2230: 2227: 2110: 2109:Public opinion 2107: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1961:Constitutional 1959: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1943: 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6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6258:United States 6256: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6112: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6020: 6012: 6007: 6005: 6000: 5998: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5967: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5902:South Ossetia 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 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2933: 2927: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2859:. 11 May 2015 2858: 2854: 2848: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2770: 2764: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2670: 2663: 2647: 2640: 2624: 2623:14 March 2024 2620: 2614: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2586: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2521: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2467: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2391: 2384: 2382: 2365: 2358: 2356: 2347: 2341: 2339: 2330: 2323: 2319: 2305: 2296: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2226: 2224: 2219: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2120: 2115: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078:Western world 2075: 2074: 2065: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 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Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan

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