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institutionalization. In the community, occupational therapists can assess an older adults ability to drive and if they are safe to do so. If it is found that an individual is not safe to drive the occupational therapist can assist with finding alternate transit options. Occupational therapists also work with older adults in their home as part of home care. In the home, an occupational therapist can work on such things as fall prevention, maximizing independence with activities of daily living, ensuring safety and being able to stay in the home for as long as the person wants. An occupational therapist can also recommend home modifications to ensure safety in the home. Many older adults have chronic conditions such as diabetes, arthritis, and cardiopulmonary conditions. Occupational therapists can help manage these conditions by offering education on energy conservation strategies or coping strategies. Not only do occupational therapists work with older adults in their homes, they also work with older adults in hospitals, nursing homes and post-acute rehabilitation. In nursing homes, the role of the occupational therapist is to work with clients and caregivers on education for safe care, modifying the environment, positioning needs and enhancing IADL skills to name a few. In post-acute rehabilitation, occupational therapists work with clients to get them back home and to their prior level of function after a hospitalization for an illness or accident. Occupational therapists also play a unique role for those with dementia. The therapist may assist with modifying the environment to ensure safety as the disease progresses along with caregiver education to prevent burnout. Occupational therapists also play a role in palliative and hospice care. The goal at this stage of life is to ensure that the roles and occupations that the individual finds meaningful continue to be meaningful. If the person is no longer able to perform these activities, the occupational therapist can offer new ways to complete these tasks while taking into consideration the environment along with psychosocial and physical needs. Not only do occupational therapists work with older adults in traditional settings, they also work in senior centre's and ALFs.
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in various settings, including homes, schools, workplaces, community environments, hospitals, outpatient clinics, and residential facilities (AOTA,2017). Occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants assume diverse roles, such as case managers, care coordinators, group facilitators, community mental health providers, consultants, program developers, and advocates. Their interventions aim to facilitate engagement in meaningful occupations, enhance role performance, and improve overall well-being. This involves analyzing, adapting, and modifying tasks and environments to support clients' goals and optimal engagement in daily activities (AOTA, 2017). Occupational therapy practitioners utilize clinical reasoning, informed by various theoretical perspectives and evidence-based approaches, to guide evaluation and intervention. They are skilled in analyzing the complex interplay among client variables, activity demands, and the environments where participation occurs. For individuals experiencing any mental health issues, his or her ability to participate in occupations actively may be hindered. For example, an individual diagnosed with depression or anxiety may experience interruptions in sleep, difficulty completing self-care tasks, decreased motivation to participate in leisure activities, decreased concentration for school or job-related work, and avoidance of social interactions.
618:'s framework to measure health and ability by illustrating how these components impact one's function. This relates very closely to the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework, as it is stated that "the profession's core beliefs are in the positive relationship between occupation and health and its view of people as occupational beings". The ICF is built into the 2nd edition of the practice framework. Activities and participation examples from the ICF overlap Areas of Occupation, Performance Skills, and Performance Patterns in the framework. The ICF also includes contextual factors (environmental and personal factors) that relate to the framework's context. In addition, body functions and structures classified within the ICF help describe the client factors described in the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework. Further exploration of the relationship between occupational therapy and the components of the ICIDH-2 (revision of the original International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH), which later became the ICF) was conducted by McLaughlin Gray.
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vision as efficiently as possible. AOTA's promotional goal of "Living Life to Its
Fullest" speaks to who people are and learning about what they want to do, particularly when promoting the participation in meaningful activities, regardless of a visual impairment. Populations that may benefit from occupational therapy includes older adults, persons with traumatic brain injury, adults with potential to return to driving, and children with visual impairments. Visual impairments addressed by occupational therapists may be characterized into two types including low vision or a neurological visual impairment. An example of a neurological impairment is a cortical visual impairment (CVI) which is defined as "...abnormal or inefficient vision resulting from a problem or disorder affecting the parts of brain that provide sight". The following section will discuss the role of occupational therapy when working with the visually impaired.
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clinical experiences culminating in full-time internships. Both must pass national examinations and meet state licensure requirements. Occupational therapists apply mental and physical health knowledge, focusing on participation and occupation, using performance-based assessments to understand the relationship between occupational participation and well-being. Their education covers various aspects of mental health, including neurophysiological changes, human development, historical and contemporary perspectives on mental health, and current diagnostic criteria. This comprehensive training prepares occupational therapy practitioners to address the complex interplay of client variables, activity demands, and environmental factors in promoting health and managing health challenges (Bazyk & Downing, 2017). Occupational therapy role in mental health practice
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the development of occupational therapy, particularly through the contributions of early 20th-century practitioners and theorists like Adolph Meyer, who emphasized a holistic approach to mental health care (Christiansen & Haertl, 2014). According to the
American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA), occupational therapy is based on the principle that "active engagement in occupation promotes, facilitates, supports, and maintains health and participation" (AOTA, 2017). Occupations refer to individuals' activities to structure their time and provide meaning. The primary goals of occupational therapy include promoting physical and mental health and well-being and establishing, restoring, maintaining, and improving function and quality of life for individuals at risk of or affected by physical or mental health disorders (AOTA, 2017).
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health, well-being, and quality of life. Occupational justice can be approached individually and collectively. The individual path includes disease, disability, and functional restrictions. The collective way consists of public health, gender and sexual identity, social inclusion, migration, and environment. The skills of occupational therapy practitioners enable them to serve as advocates for systemic change, impacting institutions, policy, individuals, communities, and entire populations. Examples of populations that experience occupational injustice include refugees, prisoners, homeless persons, survivors of natural disasters, individuals at the end of their life, people with disabilities, elderly living in residential homes, individuals experiencing poverty, children, immigrants, and LGBTQI+ individuals.
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families, schools, employers, agencies, service providers, stores, day treatment and day care and others who may influence the degree of success the client will have in participating. It also allows the therapist to see what is actually happening in the context and design interventions relevant to what might support the client in participating and what is impeding her or him from participating. Community-based practice crosses all of the categories within which OTs practice from physical to cognitive, mental health to spiritual, all types of clients may be seen in community-based settings. The role of the OT also may vary, from advocate to consultant, direct care provider to program designer, adjunctive services to therapeutic leader.
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13–26 weeks in length. Travel therapists work in many different settings, but the highest need for therapists are in home health and skilled nursing facility settings. There are no further educational requirements needed to be a travel occupational therapy practitioner; however, there may be different state licensure guidelines and practice acts that must be followed. According to Zip
Recruiter, as of July 2019, the national average salary for a full-time travel therapist is $ 86,475 with a range between $ 62,500 to $ 100,000 across the United States. Most commonly (43%), travel occupational therapists enter the industry between the ages of 21–30.
363:(1870-1942) is considered to be the "mother" of occupational therapy. Slagle proposed habit training as a primary occupational therapy model of treatment. Based on the philosophy that engagement in meaningful routines shape a person's wellbeing, habit training focused on creating structure and balance between work, rest and leisure. Although habit training was initially developed to treat individuals with mental health conditions, its basic tenets are apparent in modern treatment models that are utilized across a wide scope of client populations. In 1912, she became director of a department of occupational therapy at
1228:(WFOT) has minimum standards for the education of OTs, which was revised in 2016. All of the educational programs around the world need to meet these minimum standards. These standards are subsumed by and can be supplemented with academic standards set by a country's national accreditation organization. As part of the minimum standards, all programs must have a curriculum that includes practice placements (fieldwork). Examples of fieldwork settings include: acute care, inpatient hospital, outpatient hospital, skilled nursing facilities, schools, group homes, early intervention, home health, and community settings.
544:. The profession continued to grow and redefine itself in the 1950s. In 1954, AOTA created the Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lectureship Award in its namesake's honor. Each year, this award recognizes a member of AOTA "who has creatively contributed to the development of the body of knowledge of the profession through research, education, or clinical practice." The profession also began to assess the potential for the use of trained assistants in the attempt to address the ongoing shortage of qualified therapists, and educational standards for occupational therapy assistants were implemented in 1960.
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1435:(DMM). The latter two in particular provide detail about the source, mechanism and function of somatic symptoms. Kasia Kozlowska describes how she uses these models to better connect with clients, to understand complex human illness, and how she includes occupational therapists as part of a team to address functional somatic symptoms. Her research indicates children with functional neurological disorders (FND) utilize higher, or more challenging, DMM self-protective attachment strategies to cope with their family environments, and how those impact functional somatic symptoms.
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field, and eye movement in people with traumatic brain injury, including providing education on compensatory strategies to complete daily tasks safely and efficiently. Adults with a stable visual impairment may benefit from occupational therapy for the provision of a driving assessment and an evaluation of the potential to return to driving. Lastly, occupational therapy practitioners enable children with visual impairments to complete self care tasks and participate in classroom activities using compensatory strategies.
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health-promoting occupations (e.g., enjoyable activities, healthy eating, exercise, adequate sleep); fostering self-regulation and coping strategies (e.g., mindfulness, yoga); promoting mental health literacy (e.g., knowing how to take care of one's mental health and what to do when experiencing symptoms associated with ill mental health). Occupational therapy practitioners develop universal programs and embed strategies to promote mental health and well-being in a variety of settings, from schools to the workplace.
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791:, 3rd Edition, the domain of occupational therapy is described as "Achieving health, well-being, and participation in life through engagement in occupation". Occupational therapy practitioners have a distinct value in their ability to utilize daily occupations to achieve optimal health and well-being. By examining an individual's roles, routines, environment, and occupations, occupational therapists can identify the barriers in achieving overall health, well-being and participation.
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Treatment". This therapy, provided by experienced and knowledgeable pediatric occupational therapists, was originally developed by A. Jean Ayres, an occupational therapist. Sensory integration therapy is an evidence-based practice which enables children to better process and integrate sensory input from the child's body and from the environment, thus improving his or her emotional regulation, ability to learn, behavior, and functional participation in meaningful daily activities.
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the environment to support the client's engagement, facilitating a physically safe and emotionally supportive environment, modifying activities to support the client's strengths and weaknesses, and creating sensory opportunities within the context of play to develop intrinsic motivation. While sensory integration is traditionally implemented in pediatric practice, there is emerging evidence for the benefits of sensory integration strategies for adults.
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environment and occupation- are related. Engagement was added to encompass occupational performance. A visual model is depicted with the person located at the center of the model as a triangle. The triangles three points represent cognitive, affective, and physical components with a spiritual center. The person triangle is surrounded by an outer ring symbolizing the context of environment with an inner ring symbolizing the context of occupation.
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very individualized plan designed for each specific student (U.S. Department of
Education, 2007). Related services are "developmental, corrective, and other supportive services as are required to assist a child with a disability to benefit from special education," and include a variety of professions such as speech–language pathology and audiology services, interpreting services, psychological services, and physical and occupational therapy.
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purpose to life. Occupations include things people need to, want to and are expected to do". Occupations are central to a client's (person's, group's, or population's) health, identity, and sense of competence and have particular meaning and value to that client. Occupations include activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), education, work, play, leisure, social participation, rest and sleep.
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1267:, a psychiatrist who had emigrated to the United States from Switzerland in the late 19th century and who was invited to present his views to a gathering of the new Occupational Therapy Society in 1922. At the time, Dr. Meyer was one of the leading psychiatrists in the United States and head of the new psychiatry department and Phipps Clinic at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.
647:(CIHI) found that as of 2020 nearly half (46.1%) of occupational therapists worked in hospitals, 43.2% worked in community health, 3.6% work in long-term care (LTC) and 7.1% work in "other", including government, industry, manufacturing, and commercial settings. The CIHI also found that 68% of occupational therapists in Canada work in urban settings and only 3.7% work in rural settings.
640:(13.3%), home health (7.3%), academia (6.9%), early intervention (4.4%), mental health (2.2%), community (2.4%), and other (1.6%). According to the AOTA, the most common primary work setting for occupational therapists is in hospitals. Also according to the survey, 46% of occupational therapists work in urban areas, 39% work in suburban areas and the remaining 15% work in rural areas.
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Australia, managed by a horticultural therapist, allows patients and practitioners to participate in meaningful activity outside the usual healthcare settings. Thus, tending a garden helps facilitate experiential activities, perhaps attaining a better balance between clinical and real-life pursuits during rehabilitation, in lieu of mainly relying on clinical interventions.
1140:: Relates to how implicit norms of behavior or societal expectations prevent a person from engaging in a chosen occupation. As an example, a child with physical impairments may only be offered table-top leisure activities instead of sports as an extracurricular activity due to the functional limitations caused by his physical impairments.
1273:, a supporter of the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy, now the American Occupational Therapy Association, sought to promote the ideas that occupation is a basic human need, and that occupation is therapeutic. From his statements came some of the basic assumptions of occupational therapy, which include:
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clients and colleagues. It also may not be possible to exactly match the connotations of the ICF categories to occupational therapy terms. The ICF is not an assessment and specialized occupational therapy terminology should not be replaced with ICF terminology. The ICF is an overarching framework for current therapy practices.
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action points and three contextual element which are: set the stage, evaluate, agree on objective plan, implement plan, monitor/modify, and evaluate outcome. A central element of this process model is the focus on identifying both client and therapists strengths and resources prior to developing the outcomes and action plan.
1126:: The exclusion of a person in chosen occupations due to personal characteristics such as age, gender, race, nationality, or socioeconomic status. An example can be seen in children with developmental disabilities from low socioeconomic backgrounds whose families would opt out of therapy due to financial constraints.
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and dyspraxia. Core features of sensory integration in treatment include providing opportunities for the client to experience and integrate feedback using multiple sensory systems, providing therapeutic challenges to the client's skills, integrating the client's interests into therapy, organizing of
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The biomechanical frame of reference is primarily concerned with motion during occupation. It is used with individuals who experience limitations in movement, inadequate muscle strength or loss of endurance in occupations. The frame of reference was not originally compiled by occupational therapists,
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and that its central components are people, their occupations (activities), and the environments in which those activities take place. However, there have been some dissenting voices. Mocellin, in particular, advocated abandoning the notion of health through occupation as he proclaimed it obsolete in
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The profession of occupational therapy is based on a wide theoretical and evidence based background. The OT curriculum focuses on the theoretical basis of occupation through multiple facets of science, including occupational science, anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, and neurology. In addition, this
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As occupational therapy (OT) has grown and developed, community-based practice has blossomed from an emerging area of practice to a fundamental part of occupational therapy practice (Scaffa & Reitz, 2013). Community-based practice allows for OTs to work with clients and other stakeholders such as
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Mental Health
Occupational therapy's foundation in mental health is deeply rooted in the moral treatment movement, which sought to replace the harsh treatment of mental disorders with the establishment of healthy routines and engagement in meaningful activities. This movement significantly influenced
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Recognition of occupational therapy programs and services for children and youth is increasing worldwide. Occupational therapy for both children and adults is now recognized by the United
Nations as a human right which is linked to the social determinants of health. As of 2018, there are over 500,000
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Occupational therapists work with infants, toddlers, children, youth, and their families in a variety of settings, including schools, clinics, homes, hospitals, and the community. Evaluation assesses the child's ability to engage in daily, meaningful occupations, the underlying skills (or performance
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According to the 2019 Salary and
Workforce Survey by the American Occupational Therapy Association, occupational therapists work in a wide-variety of practice settings including: hospitals (28.6%), schools (18.8%), long-term care facilities/skilled nursing facilities (14.5%), free-standing outpatient
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According to the
American Occupational Therapy Association's (AOTA) Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process, 4th Edition (OTPF-4), occupations are defined as "everyday activities that people do as individuals, and families, and with communities to occupy time and bring meaning and
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The
Canadian Model of Client Centered Enablement (CMCE) embraces occupational enablement as the core competency of occupational therapy and the Canadian Practice Process Framework (CPPF) as the core process of occupational enablement in Canada. The Canadian Practice Process Framework (CPPF) has eight
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had a habilitation clause that was passed in large part due to AOTA's political efforts. Furthermore, occupational therapy practitioners have been striving personally and professionally toward concepts of occupational justice and other human rights issues that have both local and global impacts. The
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The 1960s and 1970s were a time of ongoing change and growth for the profession as it struggled to incorporate new knowledge and cope with the recent and rapid growth of the profession in the previous decades. New developments in the areas of neurobehavioral research led to new conceptualizations and
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became the first US qualified occupational therapist to work in the United
Kingdom in 1925. She qualified at the Philadelphia School in the United States and was appointed to the Aberdeen Royal Hospital for mental patients where she worked until her retirement in 1963. US-style OT was introduced into
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Denton struggled with "the cumbersomeness of the term occupational therapy", as he thought it lacked the "exactness of meaning which is possessed by scientific terms". Other titles such as "work-cure", "ergo therapy" (ergo being the Greek root for "work"), and "creative occupations" were discussed as
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in occupations even while they were still bedridden. Once the soldiers were sufficiently recovered they would work in a curative workshop and eventually progress to an industrial workshop before being placed in an appropriate work setting. He used occupations (daily activities) as a medium for manual
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communities are crucial to occupational therapy ethos. Effective occupational therapy practice includes acknowledging the values and social perspectives of each client and their families. Harnessing culture and understanding what is important to the client is truly a faster way towards independence.
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philosophy. While this approach led to developments in technical knowledge about occupational performance, clinicians became increasingly disillusioned and re-considered these beliefs. As a result, client centeredness and occupation have re-emerged as dominant themes in the profession. Over the past
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Within occupational therapy practice, injustice may ensue in situations wherein professional dominance, standardized treatments, laws and political conditions create a negative impact on the occupational engagement of our clients. Awareness of these injustices will enable the therapist to reflect on
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Because of the rising need for occupational therapy practitioners in the U.S., many facilities are opting for travel occupational therapy practitioners—who are willing to travel, often out of state, to work temporarily in a facility. Assignments can range from 8 weeks to 9 months, but typically last
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Occupational therapy practitioners develop and implement community wide programs to assist in prevention of diseases and encourage healthy lifestyles by: conducting education classes for prevention, facilitating gardening, offering ergonomic assessments, and offering pleasurable leisure and physical
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Occupational therapists use a variety of models, including the Model of Human Occupation, Person, Environment and Occupation, and Canadian Occupational Performance Model to adopt a client centered approach used for discharge planning. Hospital spending on occupational therapy services in acute care
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Early intervention addresses daily functioning of a child between the ages of birth to three years old. OTs who practice in early intervention support a family's ability to care for their child with special needs and promote his or her function and participation in the most natural environment. Each
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The 1920s and 1930s were a time of establishing standards of education and laying the foundation of the profession and its organization. Eleanor Clarke Slagle proposed a 12-month course of training in 1922, and these standards were adopted in 1923. In 1928, William Denton published another textbook,
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Occupational therapy is practiced around the world and can be translated in practice to many different cultures and environments. The construct of occupation is shared throughout the profession regardless of country, culture and context. Occupation and the active participation in occupation is now
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The Person Environment Occupation Performance model (PEOP) was originally published in 1991 (Charles Christiansen & M. Carolyn Baum) and describes an individual's performance based on four elements including: environment, person, performance and occupation. The model focuses on the interplay of
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Both occupational therapist and occupational therapy assistant roles exist internationally. Currently in the United States, dual points of entry exist for both OT and OTA programs. For OT, that is entry-level Master's or entry-level Doctorate. For OTA, that is associate degree or bachelor's degree.
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The focus of intensive interventions (direct–individual or group, consultation) is engagement in occupation to foster recovery or "reclaiming mental health" resulting in optimal levels of community participation, daily functioning, and quality of life; functional assessment and intervention (skills
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Occupational therapy practitioners play a critical role in mental health by using therapeutic activities to promote mental health and support full participation in life for individuals at risk of or experiencing psychiatric, behavioral, and substance use disorders. They work across the lifespan and
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In the United States, pediatric occupational therapists work in the school setting as a "related service" for children with an Individual Education Plan (IEP). Every student who receives special education and related services in the public school system is required by law to have an IEP, which is a
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that took place between 1860 and 1910 also impacted occupational therapy. The movement emerged against the monotony and lost autonomy of factory work in the developed world. Arts and crafts were used to promote learning through doing, provided a creative outlet, and served as a way to avoid boredom
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Polatajko, H.J., Townsend, E.A. & Craik, J. 2007. Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement (CMOP-E). In Enabling Occupation II: Advancing an Occupational Therapy Vision of Health, Well-being, & Justice through Occupation. E.A.Townsend & H.J. Polatajko, Eds. Ottawa, ON:
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This framework was originated in 1997 by the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists (CAOT) as the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP). It was expanded in 2007 by Palatjko, Townsend and Craik to add engagement. This framework upholds the view that three components—the person,
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For instance, parents reported improvement in the emotional regulation and social engagement of their children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in a study of parental perceptions regarding the outcomes of AAT conducted with trained dogs. They also observed reductions in problematic behaviors. A
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The focus of universal services (individual, group, school-wide, employee/organizational level) is universal programs to help all individuals successfully participate in occupations that promote positive mental health (Bazyk, 2011); educational and coaching strategies with a wide range of relevant
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Intensive interventions are provided for individuals with identified mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders that limit daily functioning, interpersonal relationships, feelings of emotional well-being, and the ability to cope with challenges in daily life. Occupational therapy practitioners are
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Occupational therapy practitioners can intervene at primary, secondary and tertiary levels of intervention to promote health and wellness. It can be addressed in all practice settings to prevent disease and injuries, and adapt healthy lifestyle practices for those with chronic diseases. Two of the
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As a related service, occupational therapists work with children with varying disabilities to address those skills needed to access the special education program and support academic achievement and social participation throughout the school day (AOTA, n.d.-b). In doing so, occupational therapists
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With the US entry into World War II and the ensuing skyrocketing demand for occupational therapists to treat those injured in the war, the field of occupational therapy underwent dramatic growth and change. Occupational therapists needed to be skilled not only in the use of constructive activities
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There was a struggle to keep people in the profession during the post-war years. Emphasis shifted from the altruistic war-time mentality to the financial, professional, and personal satisfaction that comes with being a therapist. To make the profession more appealing, practice was standardized, as
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Occupational therapists are university-educated professionals and must pass a licensing exam to practice. Currently, entry level occupational therapists must have a master's degree while certified occupational therapy assistants require a two-year associate degree to practice in the United States.
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Frames of reference are an additional knowledge base for the occupational therapist to develop their treatment or assessment of a patient or client group. Though there are conceptual models (listed above) that allow the therapist to conceptualise the occupational roles of the patient, it is often
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For adults with acquired brain injury, nature-based therapy has been found to improve motor abilities, cognitive function, and general quality of life. Contributing to a theoretical understanding of such successes in nature-based approaches are: nature's positive impact on problem solving and the
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Gardening in a group setting may serve as a complementary intervention in stroke rehabilitation; in addition to being mentally restful and conducive to social connection, it helps patients master skills and can remind them of experiences from their past. Royal Rehab's Productive Garden Project in
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Occupational therapy practitioners' role in occupational justice is not only to align with perceptions of procedural and social justice but to advocate for the inherent need of meaningful occupation and how it promotes a just society, well-being, and quality of life among people relevant to their
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Contribute to global health by advocating for individuals with disabilities to participate in meaningful activities on a global level. Occupation therapists are involved with the World Health Organization (WHO), non-governmental organizations and community groups and policymaking to influence the
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Occupational therapy for older adults with low vision includes task analysis, environmental evaluation, and modification of tasks or the environment as needed. Many occupational therapy practitioners work closely with optometrists and ophthalmologists to address visual deficits in acuity, visual
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Universal services are provided to all individuals with or without mental health or behavioral problems, including those with disabilities and illnesses (Barry & Jenkins, 2007). Occupational therapy services focus on mental health promotion and prevention for all: encouraging participation in
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Targeted services are designed to prevent mental health problems in persons who are at risk of developing mental health challenges, such as those who have emotional experiences (e.g., trauma, abuse), situational stressors (e.g., physical disability, bullying, social isolation, obesity) or genetic
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Occupational therapy utilizes the public health approach to mental health (WHO, 2001) which emphasizes the promotion of mental health as well as the prevention of, and intervention for, mental illness. This model highlights the distinct value of occupational therapists in mental health promotion,
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A study conducted in Switzerland showed that a large majority of occupational therapists collaborate with schools, half of them providing direct services within mainstream school settings. The results also show that services were mainly provided to children with medical diagnoses, focusing on the
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It is noted in the literature that occupational therapists should use specific occupational therapy vocabulary along with the ICF in order to ensure correct communication about specific concepts. The ICF might lack certain categories to describe what occupational therapists need to communicate to
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profession that involves the use of assessment, intervention, consultation, and coaching to develop, recover, or maintain meaningful occupations of individuals, groups, or communities. The field of OT consists of health care practitioners trained and educated to support mental health and physical
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The profession celebrates World Occupational Therapy Day on the 27th of October annually to increase visibility and awareness of the profession, promoting the profession's development work at a local, national and international platform. WFOT has been in close collaboration with the World Health
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The World Federation of Occupational Therapists is an international voice of the profession and is a membership network of occupational therapists worldwide. WFOT supports the international practice of occupational therapy through collaboration across countries. WFOT currently includes over 100
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The practice area of occupational justice relates to the "benefits, privileges and harms associated with participation in occupations" and the effects related to access or denial of opportunities to participate in occupations. This theory brings attention to the relationship between occupations,
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was appointed vocational secretary of the Canadian Military Hospitals Commission in January 1916. He was given the duty of preparing soldiers returning from World War I to return to their former vocational duties or retrain soldiers no longer able to perform their previous duties. He developed a
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takes into account how disease and illness can be impacted by social, environmental, psychological and body functions. The biopsychosocial model is unique in that it takes the client's subjective experience and the client-provider relationship as factors to wellness. This model also factors in
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Visual impairment is one of the top 10 disabilities among American adults. Occupational therapists work with other professions, such as optometrists, ophthalmologists, and certified low vision therapists, to maximize the independence of persons with a visual impairment by using their remaining
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Occupational therapists require a master's degree or clinical doctorate, while occupational therapy assistants need at least an associate's degree. Their education encompasses extensive mental health-related topics, including biological, physical, social, and behavioral sciences, and supervised
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Occupational therapy practitioners in acute care assess whether a patient has the cognitive, emotional and physical ability as well as the social supports needed to live independently and care for themselves after discharge from the hospital. Occupational therapists are uniquely positioned to
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Other settings, such as homes, hospitals, and the community are important environments where occupational therapists work with children and teens to promote their independence in meaningful, daily activities. Outpatient clinics offer a growing OT intervention referred to as "Sensory Integration
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An occupational therapist works systematically with a client through a sequence of actions called an "occupational therapy process." There are several versions of this process. All practice frameworks include the components of evaluation (or assessment), intervention, and outcomes. This process
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As the profession grows there is a lot of people who are travelling across countries to work as occupational therapists for better work or opportunities. Under this context, every occupational therapist is required to adapt to a new culture, foreign to their own. Understanding cultures and its
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Pamela Meredith and colleagues have been exploring the relationship between the attachment system and psychological and neurobiological systems with implications for how occupational therapists can improve their approach and techniques. They have found correlations between attachment and adult
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Worldwide, there is a range of qualifications required to practice as an occupational therapist or occupational therapy assistant. Depending on the country and expected level of practice, degree options include associate degree, Bachelor's degree, entry-level master's degree, post-professional
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The Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF) is the core competency of occupational therapy in the United States. The OTPF is divided into two sections: domain and process. The domain includes environment, client factors, such as the individual's motivation, health status, and status of
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in April 1917 was a crucial event in the history of the profession in that country. Up until this time, the profession had been concerned primarily with the treatment of people with mental illness. U.S. involvement in the war led to an escalating number of injured and disabled soldiers, which
1523:, which focuses on "ending poverty, fighting inequality and injustice, tackling climate change and promoting health". Occupational therapy is a major player in enabling individuals and communities to engage in "chosen and necessary occupations" and in "the creation of more meaningful lives".
1151:: The limited participation in a meaningful occupation brought about by another role in a different occupation. This can be seen in the situation of a caregiver of a person with a disability who also has to fulfill other roles such as being a parent to other children, a student, or a worker.
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Occupational therapists address all aspects of aging from health promotion to treatment of various disease processes. The goal of occupational therapy for older adults is to ensure that older adults can maintain independence and reduce health care costs associated with hospitalization and
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defines an occupational therapist as someone who "helps people across their lifespan participate in the things they want and/or need to do through the therapeutic use of everyday activities (occupations)". Definitions by other professional occupational therapy organizations are similar.
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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the establishment of public health measures to control infectious diseases included the building of fever hospitals. Patients with tuberculosis were recommended to have a regime of prolonged bed rest followed by a gradual increase in exercise.
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was the curriculum. Entry and exit criteria were established, and the American Occupational Therapy Association advocated for steady employment, decent wages, and fair working conditions. Via these methods, occupational therapy sought and obtained medical legitimacy in the 1920s.
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cultural diversity as many countries have different societal norms and beliefs. This is a multifactorial and multi-dimensional model to understand not only the cause of disease but also a person-centered approach that the provider has more of a participatory and reflective role.
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The focus of targeted services (small groups, consultation, accommodations, education) is engagement in occupations to promote mental health and diminish early symptoms; small, therapeutic groups (Olson, 2011); environmental modifications to enhance participation (e.g., create
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The Scottish Association of Occupational Therapists was founded in 1932. The profession was served in the rest of the UK by the Association of Occupational Therapists from 1936. (The two later merged to form what is today the Royal College of Occupational Therapists in 1974.)
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the modern world. As well, he questioned the appropriateness of advocating holism when practice rarely supports it. Some values formulated by the American Occupational Therapy Association have been critiqued as being therapist-centric and do not reflect the modern reality of
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Occupational therapists address the need for rehabilitation following an injury or impairment. When planning treatment, occupational therapists address the physical, cognitive, psychosocial, and environmental needs involved in adult populations across a variety of settings.
182:(OTs) and occupational therapy assistants (OTAs). OTs and OTAs have different roles, with OTs licensed to complete comprehensive occupational therapy evaluations. Both professionals work with people who want to improve their ability to participate in meaningful occupations.
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substitutes, but ultimately, none possessed the broad meaning that the practice of occupational therapy demanded in order to capture the many forms of treatment that existed from the beginning. NSPOT formally adopted the name "occupational therapy" for the field in 1921.
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In the United States, Canada, and other countries around the world, there is a licensure requirement. In order to obtain an OT or OTA license, one must graduate from an accredited program, complete fieldwork requirements, and pass a national certification examination.
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components) which may be physical, cognitive, or emotional in nature, and the fit between the client's skills and the environments and contexts in which the client functions. OT intervention and involves evaluating a young person's occupational performance in areas of
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child is required to have an Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) that focuses on the family's goals for the child. It's possible for an OT to serve as the family's service coordinator and facilitate the team process for creating an IFSP for each eligible child.
497:. Educational standards were expanded to a total training time of 18 months in 1930 to place the requirements for professional entry on par with those of other professions. By the early 1930s, AOTA had established educational guidelines and accreditation procedures.
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Christiansen, C. H., & Haertl, K. (2014). A contextual history of occupational therapy. In B. A. B. Schell, G. Gillen, & M. E. Scaffa (Eds.), Willard and Spackman's occupational therapy (12th ed., pp. 9–34).Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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A distinguishing facet of occupational therapy is that therapists often espouse the use theoretical frameworks to frame their practice. Many have argued that the use of theory complicates everyday clinical care and is not necessary to provide patient-driven care.
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performing occupational tasks. The domain looks at the contextual picture to help the occupational therapist understand how to diagnose and treat the patient. The process is the actions taken by the therapist to implement a plan and strategy to treat the patient.
1109:: The exclusion from meaningful occupations due to external factors that are beyond the person's control. For example, a person with difficulties with functional mobility may find it challenging to reintegrate into the community due to transportation barriers.
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Sensory integration framework is commonly implemented in clinical, community, and school-based occupational therapy practice. It is most frequently used with children with developmental delays and developmental disabilities such as autism spectrum disorder,
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refocusing of attention; an innate human connection with, and positive response to, the natural world; an increased sense of well-being when in contact with nature; and the emotional, nonverbal, and cognitive aspects of human-environment interaction.
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Generic models are the overarching title given to a collation of compatible knowledge, research and theories that form conceptual practice. More generally they are defined as "those aspects which influence our perceptions, decisions and practice".
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Occupational therapy practitioners conduct 1:1 treatment sessions and group interventions to address: leisure, health literacy and education, modified physical activity, stress/anger management, healthy meal preparation, and medication management.
685:. In planning treatment, occupational therapists work in collaboration with the children and teens themselves, parents, caregivers, and teachers in order to develop functional goals within a variety of occupations meaningful to the young client.
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Consulting with teachers, psychologists, social workers, parents/caregivers, and other professionals who work with children regarding modifications, accommodations and supports in a variety of areas, such as sensory processing, motor planning,
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Turner, A. (2002). History and Philosophy of Occupational Therapy in Turner, A., Foster, M. and Johnson, S. (eds) Occupational Therapy and Physical Dysfunction, Principles, Skills and Practice. 5th Edition. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone,
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MOHO was first published in 1980. It explains how people select, organise and undertake occupations within their environment. The model is supported with evidence generated over thirty years and has been successfully applied throughout the
512:.) In 1929 she established her own residential clinic in Bristol, Dorset House, for "women with mental disorders", and worked as its medical director. It was here in 1930 that she founded the first school of occupational therapy in the UK.
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The OPM(A) was conceptualized in 1986 with its current form launched in 2006. The OPM(A) illustrates the complexity of occupational performance, the scope of occupational therapy practice, and provides a framework for occupational therapy
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Stamm, Tanja; Cieza, Alarcos; Stucki, Gerold (June 2006). "Exploration of the link between conceptual occupational models and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Answers to the comments from Norway".
966:. When addressing low vision, occupational therapists modify tasks and the environment. While working with individuals with AD, occupational therapists focus on maintaining quality of life, ensuring safety, and promoting independence.
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These assumptions have been developed over time and are the basis of the values that underpin the Codes of Ethics issued by the national associations. The relevance of occupation to health and well-being remains the central theme.
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In contrast, occupational injustice relates to conditions wherein people are deprived, excluded or denied of opportunities that are meaningful to them. Types of occupational injustices and examples within the OT practice include:
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committed to the recovery model which focuses on enabling persons with mental health challenges through a client-centered process to live a meaningful life in the community and reach their potential (Champagne & Gray, 2011).
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important to use further reference to embed clinical reasoning. Therefore, many occupational therapists will use additional frames of reference to both assess and then develop therapy goals for their patients or service users.
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as an academic discipline to provide foundational research on occupation to support and advance the practice of occupation-based occupational therapy, as well as offer a basic science to study topics surrounding "occupation".
1162:: The imposition of an occupation that does not hold meaning for that person. In the OT profession, this manifests in the provision of rote activities that do not really relate to the goals or the client's interests.
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Recommendations for adaptive equipment for increased safety and independence with activities of daily living (e.g. aids for getting dressed, shower chairs for bathing, and medication organizers for self-administering
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stakeholders focusing on mental health promotion and prevention; the development of coping strategies and resilience; environmental modifications and supports to foster participation in health-promoting occupations.
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performance. Occupational therapists specialize in teaching, educating, and supporting participation in activities that occupy an individual's time. It is an independent health profession sometimes categorized as an
461:, occupational therapists argued that a complex combination of social, economic, and biological reasons cause dysfunction. Principles and techniques were borrowed from many disciplines—including but not limited to
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master's degree, entry-level Doctorate (OTD), post-professional Doctorate (DrOT or OTD), Doctor of Clinical Science in OT (CScD), Doctor of Philosophy in Occupational Therapy (PhD), and combined OTD/PhD degrees.
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sensory processing, distress, and pain perception. In a literature review, Meredith identified a number of ways that occupational therapists can effectively apply an attachment perspective, sometimes uniquely.
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Direct rehabilitation interventions, individually or in group settings to address physical, emotional and cognitive skills that are required for the patient to perform self-care and other important activities.
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Increasing the quality of life for an individual with cancer by engaging them in occupations that are meaningful, providing anxiety and stress reduction methods, and suggesting fatigue management strategies
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In recent times occupational therapy practitioners have challenged themselves to think more broadly about the potential scope of the profession, and expanded it to include working with groups experiencing
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Nature-based interventions and outdoor activities may be incorporated into occupational therapy practice as they can provide therapeutic benefits in various ways. Examples include therapeutic gardening,
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context. It is recommended to the clinicians to consider occupational justice in their everyday practice to promote the intention of helping people participate in tasks that they want and need to do.
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American Occupational Therapy Association (2017). Mental Health Promotion, Prevention, and Intervention in Occupational Therapy Practice. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 71(Suppl. 2).
958:(AD). When addressing driving, driver evaluations are administered to determine if drivers are safe behind the wheel. To enable independence of older adults at home, occupational therapists perform
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OTs can design, develop, and/or provide programs that mitigate the negative impacts of occupational marginalization and enhance optimal levels of performance and wellbeing that enable participation
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prescribed graded activity from complete rest through to gentle exercise and eventually to activities such as digging, sawing, carpentry and window cleaning. During this period a farm colony near
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In addition, occupational therapy practitioner's roles have expanded to include political advocacy (from a grassroots base to higher legislation); for example, in 2010 PL 111-148 titled the
2001:
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factors (e.g., family history of mental illness). Occupational therapy practitioners are committed to early identification of and intervention for mental health challenges in all settings.
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prescribed music, travel, conversation and exercise to his patients. However, by medieval times the use of these interventions with people with mental illness was rare, if not nonexistent.
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American Occupational Therapy Association (2014c). Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process (3rd ed.). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(Suppl. 1), S1–S48.
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Pyatak, E.A., Carandang, K., & Davis, S. (2015). "Developing a manualized occupational therapy diabetes management intervention: Resilient, Empowered, Active Living with diabetes".
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OTs providing interventions within a segregated population must focus on increasing occupational engagement through large-scale environmental modification and occupational exploration.
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to improve the quality of life for their clients. OTs are able to understand the unique needs of the individual in regards to occupational performance and have a strong background in
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to maintain independence, participate in meaningful activities, and live fulfilling lives. Some examples of areas that occupational therapists address with older adults are driving,
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Organization (WHO) since 1959, working together in programmes that aim to improve world health. WFOT supports the vision for healthy people, in alignment with the United Nations 17
3744:"Exploring the occupations of homeless adults living with mental illnesses in Toronto / Explorer les occupations d'adultes sans-abri atteints de maladies mentales vivant Ă Toronto"
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Rogers, A.T.; Bai, G; Lavin, R.A.; Anderson, G.F. (2016-09-02). "Health Policy researchers find occupational therapy is only spending category that reduces hospital readmissions".
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was found to be the single most significant spending category in reducing the risk of readmission to the hospital for heart failure, pneumonia, and acute myocardial infarction.
356:. Early professionals merged highly valued ideals, such as having a strong work ethic and the importance of crafting with one's own hands with scientific and medical principles.
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OTs can advocate fostering for supportive environments for participation in occupations that promote individuals' well-being and in advocating for building healthy public policy
810:, backpack awareness, recess promotion, school lunches, and PE inclusion. They also heavily work with students with learning disabilities such as those on the autism spectrum.
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World Federation of Occupational Therapist's Resource Centre has many position statements on occupational therapy's roles regarding their participation in human rights issues.
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American Occupational Therapy Association. (2008). Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process (2nd ed). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62, 625–683.
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OTs can address occupational engagement through group and individual skill-building opportunities, as well as community-based experiences that explore free and local resources
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Hocking, C and Whiteford, G (1995). Multiculturalism in occupational therapy: A time for reflection on core values. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 42(4), 172–175.
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Bailliard, A. L.; Whigham, S. C. (2017). "Centennial Topics—Linking neuroscience, function, and intervention: A scoping review of sensory processing and mental illness".
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century, the underlying philosophy of occupational therapy has evolved from being a diversion from illness, to treatment, to enablement through meaningful occupation.
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to focus on helping clients achieve goals. Thus, the use of varied and diverse assistive technology is strongly supported within occupational therapy practice models.
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Schoen, S.A.; Miller, L.J. (2018). "A retrospective pre-post treatment study of occupational therapy intervention for children with sensory processing challenges".
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Individuals must pass a national board certification and apply for a state license in most states. Occupational therapists often work closely with professionals in
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training, accommodations, compensatory strategies) (Brown, 2012); identification and implementation of healthy habits, rituals, and routines to support wellness.
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The military enlisted the assistance of NSPOT to recruit and train over 1,200 "reconstruction aides" to help with the rehabilitation of those wounded in the war.
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Kozlowska, Kasia; English, Margaret; Savage, Blanche (2012-09-11). "Connecting body and mind: The first interview with somatising patients and their families".
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Supporting self-regulation within neurodivergent children whose neurobiology does not align with the sensory environment or the contexts in which they function
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provides a framework through which occupational therapists assist and contribute to promoting health and ensures structure and consistency among therapists.
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Helping disabled children to participate in meaningful activities at home, school, and within the community (independent mobility is often a central concern)
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1480:. It views the client as the center of all therapeutic activity, and the client's needs and goals direct the delivery of the occupational therapy process.
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Other models which incorporate biology (body and brain), psychology (mind), and social (relational, attachment) elements influencing human health include
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Coaching individuals with hand amputations how to put on and take off a myoelectrically controlled limb as well as training for functional use of the limb
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help children fulfill their role as students and prepare them to transition to post-secondary education, career and community integration (AOTA, n.d.-b).
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Note that terminology differs between scholars. An incomplete list of theoretical bases for framing a human and their occupations include the following:
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Punwar, A.J. (1994). Philosophy of Occupational Therapy in Occupational Therapy, Principles and practice. 2nd Ed. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 7–20.
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Trimboli, C (2017). "Occupational justice for asylum seeker and refugee children: Issues, effects, and action.". In Sakellariou, D; Pollard, N (eds.).
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occupational therapists working worldwide (many of whom work with children) and 778 academic institutions providing occupational therapy instruction.
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Three commonly mentioned philosophical precepts of occupational therapy are that occupation is necessary for health, that its theories are based on
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The Process and Outcomes of a Multimethod needs assessment at a homeless shelter, Finlayson et al. (2002), American Journal of Occupational Therapy
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Britton, L; Rosenwax, L; McNamara, B (2015). "Occupational therapy practice in acute physical hospital settings: Evidence from a scoping review".
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Polatajko HJ (October 2001). "The evolution of our occupational perspective: the journey from diversion through therapeutic use to enablement".
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Diaz J, Cosbey J (July 2018). "A Systematic Review of Caregiver-Implemented Mealtime Interventions for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder".
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occupational therapy programs that have emerged targeting health and wellness are the Lifestyle Redesign Program and the REAL Diabetes Program.
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and therapists should translate it to the occupational therapy perspective, to avoid the risk of movement or exercise becoming the main focus.
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of occupational therapy has evolved over the history of the profession. The philosophy articulated by the founders owed much to the ideals of
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Advocacy by providing information to policy to prevent possible unintended occupational deprivation and increase social cohesion and inclusion
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Helping students develop the skills necessary to transition to post-high school employment, independent living or further education (AOTA).
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in England were established, both of which aimed to employ people in appropriate long-term work prior to their return to open employment.
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Simon, A. U., & Collins, C. E. R. (2017). "Lifestyle Redesign for chronic pain management: A retrospective clinical efficacy study".
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1900:"Influence of the U.S. Military and Occupational Therapy Reconstruction Aides in World War I on the Development of Occupational Therapy"
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reformed the mental asylum system. Their institutions used rigorous work and leisure activities. This became part of what was known as
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OTs can design, develop and promote programs that can be inclusive and provide a variety of choices that the individual can engage in.
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Analyzing task, modifying activities and environments to minimize barriers to participation in meaningful activities of daily living.
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who had visited similar establishments in America. (Casson had also earlier worked under the transformative English social reformer
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Anderson, S. L. & Lehman, S. S. (2014). Treating the visual consequences of traumatic brain injury, OT Practice, 19 (20), 7-11.
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OTs can recommend the removal of environmental barriers to facilitate occupation, whilst designing programs that enable engagement.
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Support the needs of students with significant challenges such as helping to determine methods for alternate assessment of learning
306:. Although it was thriving in Europe, interest in the reform movement fluctuated in the United States throughout the 19th century.
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Objectives that an occupational therapist addresses with children and youth may take a variety of forms. Examples are as follows:
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Gray, Julie McLaughlin (12 July 2009). "Discussion of the ICIDH-2 in Relation to Occupational Therapy and Occupational Science".
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2922:"A randomized controlled pilot study of the effectiveness of occupational therapy for children with sensory modulation disorder"
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The emergence of occupational therapy challenged the views of mainstream scientific medicine. Instead of focusing purely on the
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The earliest evidence of using occupations as a method of therapy can be found in ancient times. In c. 100 BCE, Greek physician
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stemming from sources other than disability. Examples of new and emerging practice areas would include therapists working with
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prevention, and intensive interventions across the lifespan (Miles et al., 2010). Below are the three major levels of service:
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new treatment approaches, possibly the most groundbreaking being the sensory integrative approach developed by A. Jean Ayres.
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McMillan, R. (2002). "Assumptions Underpinning a Biomechanical Frame of Reference in Occupational Therapy". In Duncan (ed.).
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Occupational therapists have specific knowledge to increase participation in school routines throughout the day, including:
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In the United States, the health profession of occupational therapy was conceived in the early 1910s as a reflection of the
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Hocking C, Whiteford G (27 August 2010). "Multiculturalism in occupational therapy: A time for reflection on core values".
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Occupational Therapy without borders:learning from the spirit of survivors, Kronenburg et al., Churchill Livingstone 2004
3359:, Occupational therapy services for persons with visual impairment, American Occupational Therapy Association Fact Sheet.
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Enabling Occupation II: Advancing an Occupational Therapy Vision for Health, Well-being, & Justice Through Occupation
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Whiteford, Gail; Fossey, Ellie (March 2002). "Occupation: The essential nexus between philosophy, theory and practice".
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treated patients with a mental illness humanely using therapeutic baths, massage, exercise, and music. Later, the Roman
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Meredith, Pamela Joy; Andrews, Nicole Emma; Thackeray, Jessica; Bowen, Sophie; Poll, Cory; Strong, Jenny (2021-11-11).
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at day rehabilitation programs to promote successful relationships and community participation through instruction on
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development through providing intervention to develop fine motor and writing readiness skills in school-aged children.
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In 1915, Slagle opened the first occupational therapy training program, the Henry B. Favill School of Occupations, at
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American Occupational Therapy Association. (2013). "Occupational therapy in the promotion of health and well-being".
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Christiansen, Charles (July 2007). "Adolf Meyer Revisited: Connections between Lifestyles, Resilience and Illness".
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They also perform home safety assessments to suggest modifications for improved safety and function after discharge.
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Functional somatic symptoms in children and adolescents : a stress-system approach to assessment and treatment
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Assessing ergonomics and assistive seating options to maximize independent function, while alleviating the risk of
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Yerxa EJ (1983). "Audacious values: The energy source for occupational therapy practice.". In Kielhofner G (ed.).
3166:"Health policy researchers find occupational therapy is only spending category that reduces hospital readmissions"
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OTs can develop individualized activities tailored to the interests of the individual to maximize their potential.
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Lee J (July 2010). "Achieving best practice: a review of evidence linked to occupation-focused practice models".
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Cahill et al. (2009, April). Creating partnerships to promote health and fitness in children, OT Practice, 10–13.
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Townsend E, Wilcock AA (April 2004). "Occupational justice and client-centred practice: a dialogue in progress".
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1828:"Thomas Bessell Kidner and the Development of Occupational Therapy in the United Kingdom: Establishing the Links"
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member country organizations, 550,000 occupational therapy practitioners, and 900 approved educational programs.
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American Occupational Therapy Association. (2002). Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process.
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his own practice and think of ways in approaching their client's problems while promoting occupational justice.
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3979:"Gardening as a meaningful occupation in initial stroke rehabilitation: An occupational therapist perspective"
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Parham, L. D.; Cohn, E. S.; Spitzer, S.; Koomar, J. A.; Miller, L. M.; Burke, J. P.; Summers, C. A. (2007).
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Mocellin, George (5 November 2016). "A Perspective on the Principles and Practice of Occupational Therapy".
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Instructing caregivers in regard to mealtime intervention for autistic children who have feeding challenges.
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Bonham-Corcoran, Meabh; Armstrong, Alexandra; O'Briain, Amy; Cassidy, Amy; Turner, Niall (March 31, 2022).
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Scaffa, M. E., & Reitz, S. M. (2013). Occupational therapy community-based practice settings. FA Davis.
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113:
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Breines, Estelle (27 August 2010). "Genesis of Occupation: A Philosophical Model for Therapy and Theory".
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these components and how this interaction works to inhibit or promote successful engagement in occupation.
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3863:"Animal assisted therapy for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Parent perspectives"
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Kielhofner, G. (1997). Conceptual Foundations of Occupational Therapy. 2nd Ed. Philadelphia, F.A. Davis.
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One of the most widely cited early papers about the philosophy of occupational therapy was presented by
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For example, the role of an occupational therapist working to promote occupational justice may include:
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4955:"Can Sensory- and Attachment-Informed Approaches Modify the Perception of Pain? An Experimental Study"
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Chapparo C, Ranka J (2000). "Clinical reasoning in occupational therapy". In Higgs J, Jones M (eds.).
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OTs can help in raising awareness and bringing communities together to reduce occupational deprivation
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Providing rehabilitation activities to children with neuromuscular disabilities such as cerebral palsy
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Parham, L. D.; Mailloux, Z. (2010). "Sensory integration". In Case-Smith, J.; O'Brien, J. C. (eds.).
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Rogers, JC (1983). "Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lecture. Clinical Reasoning; the ethics, science and art".
3491:"Assistive Technology in Residential Facilities: A Strategy for Supporting Adults With Complex Needs"
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Kaelin VC, Ray-Kaeser S, Moioli S, Kocher Stalder C, Santinelli L, Echsel A, Schulze C (2019-05-13).
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3822:"The benefits of nature-based therapy for the individual and the environment: An integrative review"
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Haglund L, Henriksson C (November 2003). "Concepts in occupational therapy in relation to the ICF".
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3115:"Occupational Therapy Practice in Mainstream Schools: Results from an Online Survey in Switzerland"
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Using and implementing new technology such as speech to text software and Nintendo Wii video games
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Occupational therapy practitioners target school-wide advocacy for health and wellness including:
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Meyer, A (1922). The philosophy of occupation therapy. Archives of Occupational Therapy, 1, 1–10.
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support patients in acute care as they focus on both clinical and social determinants of health.
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1582:. Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists | Association canadienne des ergothérapeutes.
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Another textbook was published in the United States for occupational therapy in 1947, edited by
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Training in assistive device technology, meaningful and purposeful activities, and life skills.
1874:"What is the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA)? - Chicago Occupational Therapy"
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Modification of the school environment to allow physical access for children with disabilities
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4030:"Therapeutic horticulture: A mechanism for participate to learn in inpatient rehabilitation"
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3921:"Animal-assisted intervention for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic literature review"
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423:(NSPOT) was founded in October 1917 by Slagle, Kidner and others including American doctor
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321:, and mental illness brought about an increasing social awareness of the issues involved.
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Support of individuals across the age spectrum experiencing physical and cognitive changes
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Mocellin, George (5 November 2016). "Occupational Therapy: A Critical Overview, Part 2".
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Mocellin, George (5 November 2016). "Occupational Therapy: A Critical Overview, Part 1".
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4773:"The biopsychosocial model 25 years later: principles, practice, and scientific inquiry"
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Illman, Sarah C.; Spence, Sandy; O'Campo, Patricia J.; Kirsh, Bonnie H. (October 2013).
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scientific foundation is integrated with knowledge from psychology, sociology and more.
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3779:
3709:
3141:
3114:
2784:
2546:
2492:
2375:
2085:"Maintaining autonomy: the struggle between occupational therapy and physical medicine"
1993:
1855:
1604:
1020:
Pressure sore prevention for those with sensation loss such as in spinal cord injuries.
963:
433:
Denton's 1918 article "The Principles of Occupational Therapy" appeared in the journal
5238:
5013:
3604:"Everything you need to know about traveling occupational therapist – jobs and salary"
1804:
1527:
seen as a human right and is asserted as a strong influence in health and well-being.
1397:
Occupational Performances Model – Australia (OPM-A) (Chris Chapparo & Judy Ranka)
1200:
source cited in the study found similar results with AAT employing horses and llamas.
6361:
6174:
5853:
5828:
5723:
5708:
5183:
5140:
5041:
5033:
5029:
4994:
4976:
4935:
4891:
4881:
4845:
4837:
4802:
4695:
4645:
4559:
4504:
4387:
4356:
4271:
4208:
4198:
4108:
4096:
4069:"Nature-based rehabilitation for adults with acquired brain injury: a scoping review"
4053:
4014:
3952:
3940:
3894:
3882:
3847:
3771:
3763:
3701:
3218:
3146:
2943:
2776:
2550:
2538:
2530:
2496:
2484:
2476:
2438:
2407:
2379:
2316:
2106:
2034:
1985:
1977:
1927:
1919:
1847:
1808:
1769:
1719:
1680:
1082:
Addressing physical and mental aspects that may hinder a person's functional ability.
947:
729:
715:
541:
400:
training and helping injured individuals to return to productive duties such as work.
124:
5152:
4857:
4707:
4613:
Foster, M. (2002). "Theoretical Frameworks". In Turner, Foster & Johnson (ed.).
4585:
Occupation for Occupational Therapists, Matthew Molineux, Blackwell Publishing, 2004
4469:
4434:
4399:
4329:
3783:
1859:
1260:, which are collectively considered the fundamental ideologies of the past century.
1033:
Working with adults who have had a stroke to regain their activities of daily living
551:
The profession has continued to grow and expand its scope and settings of practice.
6102:
6097:
5763:
5703:
5286:
5195:
5175:
5132:
5025:
4984:
4966:
4925:
4829:
4792:
4784:
4687:
4637:
4549:
4492:
4457:
4422:
4379:
4352:
4317:
4259:
4160:
4131:
4088:
4041:
4000:
3990:
3978:
3932:
3874:
3833:
3755:
3713:
3693:
3519:. Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor. 17 December 2015.
3210:
3136:
3126:
3097:
3077:
3057:
2993:
2933:
2788:
2768:
2522:
2468:
2430:
2403:
2367:
2308:
2280:
2096:
1997:
1969:
1911:
1839:
1800:
1759:
1709:
1428:
1312:
914:
537:
505:
462:
391:
341:
230:
5291:
5274:
5074:
Foster, M. (2002). "Theoretical Frameworks". In Turner, Foster and Johnson (ed.).
4263:
4092:
3312:, Prevalence of disability and disability type among adults – United States, 2013.
2998:
2981:
6376:
6356:
6184:
5863:
5858:
5813:
5554:
4691:
3356:
3328:
3309:
3040:
1676:
1376:
959:
798:
Occupational therapy interventions for health and wellness vary in each setting:
674:
353:
303:
142:
1369:
Occupational Therapy Intervention Process Model (OTIPM) (Anne Fisher and others)
1085:
Provide intervention that is relevant to the client, family, and social context.
587:
525:
such as crafts, but also increasingly in the use of activities of daily living.
6341:
6301:
6189:
6169:
6164:
5783:
5663:
4496:
4461:
4426:
4383:
4321:
3878:
3697:
2371:
1843:
1299:
962:
assessments, assess clients functioning in their homes, and recommend specific
943:
295:
213:
5089:
Parker, D. (2002). "The Client-Centered Frame of Reference". In Duncan (ed.).
5076:
Occupational Therapy and Physical Dysfunction: Principles, Skills and Practice
4895:
4212:
4045:
3936:
3838:
3821:
2526:
2472:
2124:
807:
6455:
6346:
6107:
5808:
5753:
5179:
5037:
4980:
4930:
4913:
4841:
4833:
3767:
3759:
3101:
3081:
2772:
2534:
2480:
2284:
2271:"Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process (3rd Edition)".
1981:
1973:
1923:
1851:
1827:
1812:
1051:
1009:
703:
678:
314:
53:
3995:
3920:
3862:
3214:
3061:
2833:
2511:"Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process—Fourth Edition"
2457:"Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process—Fourth Edition"
2456:
764:
Helping to plan instructional activities for implementation in the classroom
6261:
6235:
6225:
5818:
5758:
5728:
5329:
5325:
5187:
5144:
5045:
4998:
4971:
4939:
4875:
4849:
4806:
4699:
4563:
4391:
4100:
4068:
4029:
3944:
3886:
3819:
3775:
3705:
3222:
3150:
3131:
2947:
2780:
2542:
2488:
2442:
1989:
1773:
1332:
1295:
939:
509:
396:
318:
246:
5136:
4746:
4649:
4641:
4554:
4537:
2938:
2921:
2211:
2110:
1958:"The Bluebirds: World War I Soldiers' Experiences of Occupational Therapy"
1931:
1915:
1764:
1747:
1723:
1714:
1697:
1000:
Occupational therapy in adult rehabilitation may take a variety of forms:
681:
which aligns with their neurodiversity, daily living skills, or attending
407:
Occupational therapy. Toy making in psychiatric hospital. World War I era.
6271:
5738:
5633:
5628:
5347:
4005:
2101:
2084:
1477:
1249:
1046:(OTs), are uniquely poised to educate, recommend, and promote the use of
739:
555:, the study of occupation, was founded in 1989 by Elizabeth Yerxa at the
486:
482:
437:, and laid the foundation for the textbook he published in 1919 entitled
250:
2306:
606:
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)
6371:
6321:
6291:
6266:
5788:
5778:
5653:
5643:
5623:
5613:
4880:. Palgrave Texts in Counselling and Psychotherapy. Palgrave Macmillan.
1406:
1253:
1245:
1030:
methods as a service delivery model for clients who live in rural areas
1027:
664:
Platform swing with tire used during occupational therapy with children
470:
384:
313:
This was a time in which the rising incidence of disability related to
254:
170:
6012:
Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
4914:"Adult attachment, sensory processing, and distress in healthy adults"
4180:
Health through occupation: Theory and practice in occupational therapy
3569:"On the Road: The Adventures and Challenges of Life as a Traveling OT"
3163:
152:
6092:
6060:
5798:
5608:
3489:
Scheibe, R.; Redepenning, Sue; Johnson, Michele K. (9 January 2021).
3461:
3439:
3412:
3368:
2680:"What is the role of occupational therapist's in early intervention?"
1956:
Pettigrew, Judith; Robinson, Katie; Moloney, Stephanie (2017-01-01).
1636:"WFOT | Education | Entry level Educational Programmes WFOT Approved"
1540:
835:
Services delivered by occupational therapists in acute care include:
575:
ranked occupational therapy as #19 of their list of '100 Best Jobs'.
478:
337:
238:
5120:
4788:
4725:(4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
3112:
2434:
1679:
Bethesda, Maryland: American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc.
1294:
In the 1950s, criticism from medicine and the multitude of disabled
787:
According to the American Occupational Therapy Association's (AOTA)
6336:
5823:
5693:
4538:"Toward culturally relevant epistemologies in occupational therapy"
1257:
951:
528:
The body that is now Occupational Therapy Australia began in 1944.
258:
3280:"Occupational therapy services for persons with visual impairment"
2593:"Standing committee on health: Study on Canada's health workforce"
1388:
Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement (CMOP-E)
612:
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
395:
program that engaged soldiers recovering from wartime injuries or
118:
US Navy Occupational therapists providing treatment to outpatients
4305:
4193:
McColl MA, Law M, Stewart D, Doubt L, Pollack N, Krupa T (2003).
2033:. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 210.
1328:
1324:
466:
242:
4663:
Christiansen, CH; Baum, MC; Bass, JD (2011). EAS, Duncan (ed.).
1089:
health and well-being of individuals with disabilities worldwide
379:
Occupational therapy during WWI: bedridden wounded are knitting.
6122:
4667:(5th ed.). London: Churchill-Livingstone. pp. 84–104.
3402:(6 ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1307:
1286:
Occupations are individual. People value different occupations.
1005:
682:
670:
283:
4034:
Journal of the Australasian Rehabilitation Nurses' Association
375:
5209:
4952:
1283:
Occupation brings meaning to life, culturally and personally.
660:
588:
Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF, United States)
4874:
Kozlowska, Kasia; Scher, Stephen; Helgeland, Helene (2020).
4771:
Borrell-CarriĂł F, Suchman AL, Epstein RM (2 November 2004).
4770:
3741:
3601:
2831:
5306:
Therapists, World Federation of Occupational (2019-08-04).
3014:
Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process
4911:
1277:
Occupation has a positive effect on health and well-being.
421:
National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy
5308:"Working as an Occupational Therapist in Another Country"
5108:. Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 325–372.
3488:
3253:"The emerging niche: What is next in your practice area?"
650:
5342:
3034:"The Role of Occupational Therapy with Health Promotion"
2521:(Supplement_2): 7412410010p1–7412410010p87. 2020-08-01.
2467:(Supplement_2): 7412410010p1–7412410010p87. 2020-08-01.
1955:
1556:
Occupational therapy in the management of cerebral palsy
5121:"Fidelity in sensory integration intervention research"
5118:
5014:"Introducing attachment theory to occupational therapy"
4873:
3331:, Occupational therapy brand toolbox wallet-sized guide
3200:
2665:
Conceptual foundations of occupational therapy practice
1433:
dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation
814:
school environment rather than the child's disability.
761:
Provide assistive technology to support student success
347:
4819:
4073:
International Journal of Environmental Health Research
3235:
1476:
This frame of reference is developed from the work of
842:
Caregiver training to assist patients after discharge.
596:
289:
6035:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
4192:
3806:
3804:
5279:
World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bulletin
4662:
2183:"Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lectureship Award Recipients"
1670:
Occupational Therapy: The First 35 Years, 1900–1930.
1467:
Neurofunctional (Gordon Muir Giles and Clark-Wilson)
416:
presented a daunting challenge to those in command.
4912:Meredith PJ, Bailey KJ, Strong J, Rappel G (2016).
3032:American Occupational Therapy Association. (2015).
3012:American Occupational Therapy Association. (2017).
2315:. Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists.
332:From the late 1870's, Scottish tuberculosis doctor
218:
Education in the disease and rehabilitation process
6221:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)
6006:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
5584:
5275:"Message from the President: Global Health Policy"
4306:"Occupation Still Matters: A Tribute to a Pioneer"
4230:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann Ltd.
3801:
3303:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.(2015).
2982:"Message from the President: Global Health Policy"
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2581:. American Occupational Therapy Association. 2019.
2216:The American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc
890:
4723:Model of Human Occupation: Theory and Application
4520:
2503:
2420:
6453:
6018:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work
5165:
5091:Foundations for Practice in Occupational Therapy
5061:Foundations for Practice in Occupational Therapy
4665:Foundations for Practice in Occupational Therapy
4243:
4197:(2nd ed.). New Jersey: SLACK Incorporated.
4121:
3393:
3391:
2919:
2576:"Salary and workforce survey: Executive summary"
2392:
1280:Occupation creates structure and organizes time.
732:and caregiver education in a hospital burn unit.
6066:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
5212:. World Federation of Occupational Therapists.
4342:
3683:
3679:
3677:
2807:A guide to the Individualized education program
2730:
1551:Occupational therapy and substance use disorder
5103:
1509:
1239:
1057:
969:
6030:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
5980:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
5570:
5363:
5310:. World Federation of Occupational Therapists
5093:. London: Elsevier Limited. pp. 193–215.
5063:. London: Elsevier Limited. pp. 255–275.
4615:Occupational Therapy and Physical Dysfunction
4225:
3925:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
3867:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
3400:Occupational Therapy for Physical Dysfunction
3388:
2031:Willard & Spackman's Occupational Therapy
1372:Occupational Performance Process Model (OPPM)
1298:veterans resulted in the emergence of a more
920:
294:In late 18th-century Europe, doctors such as
50:The examples and perspective in this article
4542:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy
4249:
4228:Clinical reasoning in the health professions
3674:
3074:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy
3028:
3026:
2960:
2926:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy
2515:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy
2461:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy
2360:Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy
2089:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy
1962:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy
1904:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy
1752:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy
1736:Patterson 1997, cited in Turner et al., 2003
1702:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy
903:
224:Exploring vocational activities with clients
5343:World Federation of Occupational Therapists
4579:
3918:
3462:American Occupational Therapy Association.
3440:American Occupational Therapy Association.
3413:American Occupational Therapy Association.
3369:American Occupational Therapy Association.
3164:American Occupational Therapy Association.
2986:World Federation of Occupational Therapists
2838:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
1748:"Embracing our ethos, reclaiming our heart"
1739:
1640:World Federation of Occupational Therapists
1226:World Federation of Occupational Therapists
413:entry of the United States into World War I
5674:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")
5577:
5563:
5377:
5370:
5356:
5305:
4720:
4511:
4182:. Philadelphia: FA Davis. pp. 149–62.
3094:OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health
2758:
2743:
2677:
2662:
2647:
2351:
1561:Occupational therapy in the United Kingdom
1177:
875:Education and Professional Qualifications
565:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
112:
5290:
4988:
4970:
4929:
4796:
4553:
4476:
4441:
4406:
4369:
4363:
4336:
4195:Theoretical basis of occupational therapy
4004:
3994:
3837:
3628:
3173:American Occupational Therapy Association
3140:
3130:
3023:
2997:
2937:
2900:American Occupational Therapy Association
2869:American Occupational Therapy Association
2100:
1825:
1763:
1713:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1610:American Occupational Therapy Association
1338:
1097:
645:Canadian Institute for Health Information
187:American Occupational Therapy Association
92:Learn how and when to remove this message
5330:https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.716S03
5326:https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2014.682006
5272:
5168:American Journal of Occupational Therapy
5125:American Journal of Occupational Therapy
5058:
5011:
4918:American Journal of Occupational Therapy
4822:Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry
4630:American Journal of Occupational Therapy
4482:
4447:
4412:
4372:Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy
4219:
4067:Vibholm, Anne Pernille (December 2020).
3983:The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy
3748:Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy
3726:
3720:
3686:Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy
3397:
3054:American Journal of Occupational Therapy
3018:American Journal of Occupational Therapy
2979:
2963:The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy
2708:
2346:American Journal of Occupational Therapy
2291:
2273:American Journal of Occupational Therapy
1745:
1695:
1485:Cognitive-behavioural frame of reference
917:classrooms, home, or work environments)
659:
402:
374:
6200:Immediately dangerous to life or health
5018:Australian Occupational Therapy Journal
4485:British Journal of Occupational Therapy
4450:British Journal of Occupational Therapy
4415:British Journal of Occupational Therapy
4345:Australian Occupational Therapy Journal
4310:British Journal of Occupational Therapy
4303:
4297:
4152:Australian Occupational Therapy Journal
4148:
4142:
4124:Australian Occupational Therapy Journal
4115:
4066:
3203:Australian Occupational Therapy Journal
3020:, 68, S4. doi:10.5014/ajot.2014.682006.
2748:. Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
2652:. Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
2414:
2396:Australian Occupational Therapy Journal
1832:British Journal of Occupational Therapy
1689:
1186:
1066:
1042:Occupational therapy practitioners, or
1037:
991:
789:Occupational Therapy Practice Framework
721:Providing individualized treatment for
390:British-Canadian teacher and architect
14:
6454:
6387:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
5659:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
5268:
5266:
5264:
5233:
5231:
5088:
5073:
4907:
4905:
4869:
4867:
4627:
4612:
4288:
4278:
4186:
3860:
3729:Occupational therapies without borders
3631:"Travel occupational therapist salary"
3250:
2920:Miller LJ, Coll JR, Schoen SA (2007).
2667:. Philadelphia, PA: F.A.Davis Company.
2338:
2329:
2279:(Suppl. 1): S1–S48. March–April 2014.
2154:"About Occupational Therapy Australia"
2082:
2076:
2028:
1897:
1789:"A farm colony for cured consumptives"
1786:
1698:"Moral treatment: contexts considered"
1657:
1445:
782:
651:Areas of practice in the United States
578:
5558:
5351:
4535:
4234:
4177:
4171:
4027:
3976:
3826:Irish Journal of Occupational Therapy
3566:
3497:from the original on 15 November 2020
3421:from the original on 22 February 2013
3182:from the original on 11 December 2023
2386:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
1668:Quiroga, Virginia A. M., PhD (1995),
655:
6434:
6077:Working Environment Convention, 1977
4304:Douglas, Fiona M (5 November 2016).
3919:O'Haire, Marguerite E. (July 2013).
3657:"2015 Salary & Workforce Survey"
3583:from the original on 24 October 2020
3259:from the original on 16 January 2013
2357:
978:
634:
531:
348:Development into a health profession
36:
6246:Workers' right to access the toilet
5261:
5228:
4902:
4864:
4680:Occupational Therapy in Health Care
4677:
3523:from the original on 28 August 2019
2896:"School-based occupational therapy"
2813:from the original on August 2, 2019
2696:from the original on August 3, 2019
2252:from the original on 28 August 2022
1473:Client-centered frame of reference
1365:Occupation-focused practice models
933:
597:Canadian Practice Process Framework
489:—to enrich the profession's scope.
448:
365:The Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic
290:Moral treatment and graded activity
24:
6317:International Chemical Safety Card
5249:from the original on 3 August 2019
5216:from the original on 3 August 2019
4165:10.1111/j.1440-1630.1990.tb01229.x
4136:10.1111/j.1440-1630.1995.tb01333.x
3602:Top Occupational Therapy Schools.
3464:"Veteran and Wounded Warrior Care"
3415:"New Technology in Rehabilitation"
3277:
3119:Occupational Therapy International
2875:from the original on July 27, 2018
2844:from the original on July 27, 2018
2832:United States Dept. of Education.
2629:from the original on 28 April 2012
2423:Occupational Therapy International
2264:
2222:from the original on 6 August 2019
2015:
1819:
1488:Ecology of human performance model
1375:Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) (
938:Occupational therapists work with
857:
25:
6473:
6327:National Day of Mourning (Canada)
5985:International Labour Organization
5336:
5174:(5): 7105100040p1–7105100040p18.
5106:Occupational therapy for children
3637:from the original on 31 July 2019
3470:from the original on 27 June 2012
2746:Occupational Therapy for Children
2650:Occupational Therapy for Children
1455:Biomechanical frame of reference
1350:
557:University of Southern California
206:Mental dysfunction rehabilitation
6433:
6405:
6404:
5511:
5510:
5299:
5239:"World Occupational Therapy Day"
5202:
5159:
5112:
5097:
5082:
5078:. London: Churchill Livingstone.
5067:
5052:
5030:10.1111/j.1440-1630.2009.00789.x
5005:
4946:
4924:(1): 7001250010p1–7001250010p8.
4813:
4764:
4739:
4729:
4714:
4671:
4656:
4621:
4606:
4597:
4588:
4570:
4529:
4357:10.1046/j.0045-0766.2002.00317.x
3610:from the original on 7 June 2019
3238:Medical Care Research and Review
2893:
2862:
2714:
2620:
2408:10.1111/j.1440-1630.2006.00573.x
1968:(1): 7101100010p1–7101100010p9.
1898:Gutman, Sharon A. (1995-03-01).
1826:Friedland, Judith (2007-07-01).
866:
718:, and executive function skills.
495:Prescribing Occupational Therapy
273:
41:
4753:from the original on 2019-01-29
4749:. Occupationalperformance.com.
4252:Journal of Occupational Science
4060:
4028:Boyle, Claire L. (April 2019).
4021:
3970:
3959:from the original on 2023-04-13
3912:
3901:from the original on 2023-04-13
3854:
3813:
3790:from the original on 2023-02-13
3735:
3731:(2 ed.). pp. 596–603.
3663:from the original on 2017-11-23
3649:
3622:
3595:
3560:
3549:from the original on 2023-04-10
3535:
3517:"Occupational Outlook Handbook"
3509:
3482:
3455:
3433:
3406:
3377:from the original on 2012-06-27
3362:
3343:
3334:
3315:
3296:
3271:
3244:
3229:
3194:
3157:
3106:
3086:
3066:
3046:
3006:
2973:
2954:
2913:
2887:
2856:
2825:
2795:
2752:
2671:
2656:
2641:
2614:
2585:
2568:
2557:from the original on 2023-06-09
2449:
2234:
2204:
2193:from the original on 2018-07-28
2175:
2164:from the original on 2024-07-27
2146:
2135:from the original on 2017-08-30
2117:
2065:from the original on 2018-07-25
2047:
2004:from the original on 2023-02-18
1949:
1938:from the original on 2023-02-18
1891:
1880:from the original on 2023-06-08
1866:
1793:British Journal of Tuberculosis
1746:Peloquin SM (1 November 2005).
1617:from the original on 2017-05-05
1586:from the original on 2017-06-06
891:Tier 3: intensive interventions
519:
6282:Environment, health and safety
5937:Occupational health psychology
5586:Occupational safety and health
5539:Occupational safety and health
3567:Waite, Andrew (28 July 2014).
2834:"Sec. 300.34 Related services"
2803:"U.S. Department of Education"
1780:
1730:
1628:
1597:
1580:"What is Occupational Therapy"
1572:
1196:(AAT), and adventure therapy.
723:sensory processing differences
625:
370:
340:and a village settlement near
203:Physical injury rehabilitation
193:Common interventions include:
13:
1:
6153:Personal protective equipment
5906:Workplace health surveillance
5498:Therapy in the United Kingdom
5292:10.1080/14473828.2018.1432472
4736:CAOT Publications ACE. 22–36.
4264:10.1080/14427591.2007.9686586
4093:10.1080/09603123.2019.1620183
2999:10.1080/14473828.2018.1432472
1805:10.1016/S0366-0850(11)80003-7
1566:
1521:Sustainable Development Goals
1464:Rehabilitative (compensatory)
826:
817:
221:Advocating for patient health
6195:Standard operating procedure
6128:Hierarchy of hazard controls
5881:Hierarchy of hazard controls
4959:Pain Research and Management
4692:10.3109/07380577.2010.483270
4536:Iwama M (1 September 2003).
3977:Patil, Grete (Summer 2019).
3861:London, Maeve Doyle (2020).
2246:U.S. News & World Report
1787:Philip, R. W. (1911-04-01).
1605:"About Occupational Therapy"
1211:
1138:Occupational marginalization
708:generalized anxiety disorder
573:U.S. News & World Report
329:during long hospital stays.
7:
6332:NIOSH air filtration rating
6024:Health and Safety Executive
5932:Occupational health nursing
5896:Occupational exposure limit
5734:Hospital-acquired infection
5699:Exposure to human nail dust
3043:. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
1696:Peloquin SM (August 1989).
1534:
1510:Global occupational therapy
1500:Sensory processing disorder
1240:Philosophical underpinnings
1058:Travel occupational therapy
970:Geriatrics/productive aging
68:, discuss the issue on the
10:
6478:
6392:Workplace health promotion
6297:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
6071:Worker Protection Standard
5774:Noise-induced hearing loss
5273:Pattison, Marilyn (2018).
4497:10.1177/030802269605900104
4462:10.1177/030802269505801202
4427:10.1177/030802268805100103
4384:10.1177/000841740106800401
4322:10.1177/030802260406700601
3879:10.1007/s10803-020-04512-5
3698:10.1177/000841740407100203
3350:Warren & Noble.(2016).
2980:Pattison, Marilyn (2018).
2372:10.1080/110381201300078465
2212:"Events from 2010 to 2017"
1844:10.1177/030802260707000704
1425:interpersonal neurobiology
1331:, and people experiencing
921:Tier 1: universal services
268:
29:
6400:
6254:
6208:
6085:
6048:
5998:
5990:World Health Organization
5972:
5960:
5914:
5901:Occupational epidemiology
5886:Prevention through design
5837:
5744:Laboratory animal allergy
5669:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
5644:Byssinosis ("brown lung")
5592:
5506:
5383:
5012:Meredith, Pamela (2009).
4777:Annals of Family Medicine
4046:10.33235/jarna.22.1.16-21
3937:10.1007/s10803-012-1707-5
3839:10.1108/IJOT-06-2021-0015
2678:Stoffel, A.; Schleis, R.
2663:Kielhofner, Gary (2009).
2527:10.5014/ajot.2020.74S2001
2473:10.5014/ajot.2020.74s2001
2083:Colman W (January 1992).
1004:Working with adults with
904:Tier 2: targeted services
801:
616:World Health Organisation
235:speech–language pathology
149:
135:
123:
111:
106:
6307:Hostile work environment
6287:Environmental toxicology
6180:Redundancy (engineering)
5794:Repetitive strain injury
5529:Aspects of organizations
5468:Repetitive strain injury
5180:10.5014/ajot.2017.024497
4931:10.5014/ajot.2016.017376
4834:10.1177/1359104512447314
3760:10.1177/0008417413506555
3102:10.1177/1539449215584310
3082:10.5014/ajot.2017.025502
2773:10.1177/1539449218765459
2285:10.5014/ajot.2014.682006
1974:10.5014/ajot.2017.023812
1327:, children experiencing
1107:Occupational deprivation
326:Arts and Crafts movement
176:allied health profession
52:deal primarily with the
30:Not to be confused with
6352:Quality of working life
6138:Administrative controls
5519:Aspects of corporations
4721:Kielhofner, G. (2008).
3996:10.15453/2168-6408.1561
3398:Radomski, M.V. (2008).
3215:10.1111/1440-1630.12227
3062:10.5014/ajot.2013.67S47
2865:"School-based practice"
2744:Case-Smith, J. (2010).
2648:Case-Smith, J. (2010).
2307:Elizabeth A. Townsend;
1412:Biopsychosocial models
1194:animal-assisted therapy
1178:Community-based therapy
1160:Occupational alienation
1044:occupational therapists
359:American social worker
180:occupational therapists
56:and do not represent a
5947:Occupational therapist
5927:Industrial engineering
5719:Glassblower's cataract
5684:Decompression sickness
5378:Aspects of occupations
1546:Occupational apartheid
1470:Dynamic systems theory
1339:Theoretical frameworks
1321:occupational injustice
1149:Occupational imbalance
1124:Occupational apartheid
1098:Occupational injustice
665:
439:Reconstruction Therapy
408:
380:
6417:Occupational diseases
6382:Workers' compensation
5942:Occupational medicine
5804:Silo-filler's disease
5769:Mule spinners' cancer
5534:Aspects of workplaces
5137:10.5014/ajot.61.2.216
4642:10.5014/ajot.37.9.601
4555:10.5014/ajot.57.5.582
4111:– via WorldCat.
4056:– via WorldCat.
2939:10.5014/ajot.61.2.228
1916:10.5014/ajot.49.3.256
1765:10.5014/ajot.59.6.611
1715:10.5014/ajot.43.8.537
1417:biopsychosocial model
663:
406:
378:
361:Eleanor Clarke Slagle
334:Robert William Philip
300:Johann Christian Reil
32:Occupational medicine
27:Healthcare profession
6462:Occupational therapy
6143:Engineering controls
6118:Emergency evacuation
5922:Environmental health
5689:De Quervain syndrome
5679:Concussions in sport
4972:10.1155/2021/5527261
3132:10.1155/2019/3647397
2717:"Children and Youth"
2623:"Children and Youth"
2102:10.5014/ajot.46.1.63
2029:Gordon, Don (2009).
1494:Sensory integration
1187:Nature-based therapy
1067:Occupational justice
1048:assistive technology
1038:Assistive technology
992:Adult rehabilitation
553:Occupational science
501:Margaret Barr Fulton
315:industrial accidents
263:assistive technology
163:Occupational therapy
107:Occupational therapy
74:create a new article
66:improve this article
18:Recuperative therapy
6277:Effects of overtime
6160:Job safety analysis
6148:Hazard substitution
6113:Emergency procedure
5891:Exposure assessment
5876:Occupational stress
5869:Psychosocial hazard
5849:Occupational hazard
5714:Flock worker's lung
4085:2020IJEHR..30..661V
3966:– via PubMed.
3908:– via PubMed.
2309:Helene J. Polatajko
1446:Frames of reference
1271:William Rush Dunton
956:Alzheimer's disease
863:activity programs.
808:bullying prevention
783:Health and wellness
579:Practice frameworks
425:William Rush Denton
6312:Indoor air quality
6216:Diving regulations
6133:Hazard elimination
5952:Safety engineering
5515:See also templates
3371:"Autism in Adults"
3355:2018-07-28 at the
3327:2018-07-28 at the
3308:2018-09-08 at the
3096:, 35(3), 187-194.
3039:2019-05-18 at the
1675:2017-10-22 at the
1491:The recovery model
1407:Kawa (River) Model
1026:Communicating via
964:home modifications
666:
656:Children and youth
409:
381:
6449:
6448:
6362:Safety data sheet
6175:Operations manual
6056:Bangladesh Accord
6044:
6043:
5854:Biological hazard
5552:
5551:
5473:Safety and health
4887:978-3-030-46184-3
3873:(12): 4492–4503.
2322:978-1-895437-76-8
2040:978-0-7817-6004-1
1685:978-1-56900-025-0
1052:activity analysis
979:Visual impairment
716:visual processing
635:Practice settings
542:Clare S. Spackman
532:Post-World War II
160:
159:
102:
101:
94:
76:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
6469:
6437:
6436:
6408:
6407:
6103:Contingency plan
6098:Code of practice
5970:
5969:
5764:Metal fume fever
5579:
5572:
5565:
5556:
5555:
5514:
5513:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5349:
5348:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5303:
5297:
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5294:
5270:
5259:
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5235:
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5225:
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5157:
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5080:
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5071:
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4992:
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4113:
4112:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4008:
3998:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3931:(7): 1606–1622.
3916:
3910:
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3858:
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3851:
3841:
3817:
3811:
3808:
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3198:
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3110:
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2741:
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2725:
2723:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
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2684:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2597:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2418:
2412:
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2390:
2384:
2383:
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2349:
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2327:
2326:
2304:
2289:
2288:
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2208:
2202:
2201:
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2173:
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2169:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
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2121:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2026:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1953:
1947:
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1944:
1943:
1895:
1889:
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1734:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1693:
1687:
1666:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1642:. Archived from
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1576:
1429:polyvagal theory
934:Productive aging
915:Sensory friendly
706:to a child with
538:Helen S. Willard
506:Elizabeth Casson
463:physical therapy
449:Inter-war period
392:Thomas B. Kidner
231:physical therapy
178:and consists of
153:edit on Wikidata
145:
116:
104:
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97:
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83:
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6377:Toxic workplace
6357:Risk management
6250:
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6185:Risk assessment
6081:
6040:
5994:
5965:
5956:
5910:
5864:Physical hazard
5859:Chemical hazard
5840:
5833:
5598:
5595:
5588:
5583:
5553:
5548:
5524:Aspects of jobs
5502:
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5376:
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5300:
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5160:
5117:
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5087:
5083:
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5057:
5053:
5010:
5006:
4951:
4947:
4910:
4903:
4888:
4872:
4865:
4818:
4814:
4789:10.1370/afm.245
4769:
4765:
4756:
4754:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4730:
4719:
4715:
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4525:
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4512:
4481:
4477:
4456:(12): 502–506.
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3725:
3721:
3682:
3675:
3666:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3629:Zip Recruiter.
3627:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3565:
3561:
3552:
3550:
3543:"Therapy: FAQs"
3541:
3540:
3536:
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3357:Wayback Machine
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3329:Wayback Machine
3320:
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3310:Wayback Machine
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3251:Yamkovenko, S.
3249:
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3158:
3111:
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3091:
3087:
3071:
3067:
3056:, 67, S47-S59.
3051:
3047:
3041:Wayback Machine
3031:
3024:
3016:(3rd Edition).
3011:
3007:
2978:
2974:
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2509:
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2504:
2455:
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2435:10.1002/oti.189
2419:
2415:
2391:
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2339:
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2330:
2323:
2305:
2292:
2270:
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2255:
2253:
2242:"100 Best Jobs"
2240:
2239:
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2225:
2223:
2210:
2209:
2205:
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2118:
2081:
2077:
2068:
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2053:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2027:
2016:
2007:
2005:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1896:
1892:
1883:
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1872:
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1677:Wayback Machine
1667:
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1512:
1448:
1431:(PVT), and the
1409:(Michael Iwama)
1377:Gary Kielhofner
1353:
1341:
1242:
1214:
1189:
1180:
1100:
1069:
1060:
1040:
994:
981:
972:
936:
923:
906:
893:
869:
860:
858:Community-based
829:
820:
804:
785:
658:
653:
637:
628:
608:
599:
590:
581:
534:
522:
451:
373:
354:Progressive Era
350:
304:moral treatment
292:
276:
271:
214:pressure injury
156:
141:
119:
98:
87:
81:
78:
63:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6475:
6465:
6464:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6367:Source control
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6342:Process safety
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6302:Health physics
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6233:
6223:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6190:Safety culture
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6170:Permit To Work
6167:
6165:Lockout-tagout
6162:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6032:
6027:
6021:
6015:
6009:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5976:
5974:
5967:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5845:
5843:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5829:Writer's cramp
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5784:Pneumoconiosis
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5749:Lead poisoning
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5724:Golfer's elbow
5721:
5716:
5711:
5709:Fiddler's neck
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5664:Chronic stress
5661:
5656:
5651:
5649:Cardiovascular
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5605:
5603:
5590:
5589:
5582:
5581:
5574:
5567:
5559:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5463:Rehabilitation
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5338:
5337:External links
5335:
5321:
5320:
5298:
5260:
5227:
5201:
5158:
5131:(2): 216–227.
5111:
5096:
5081:
5066:
5051:
5024:(4): 285–292.
5004:
4945:
4901:
4886:
4863:
4828:(2): 224–245.
4812:
4763:
4738:
4728:
4713:
4670:
4655:
4636:(9): 601–616.
4620:
4605:
4596:
4587:
4578:
4569:
4528:
4519:
4510:
4475:
4440:
4405:
4362:
4335:
4296:
4287:
4277:
4242:
4233:
4218:
4203:
4185:
4170:
4141:
4130:(4): 172–175.
4114:
4079:(6): 661–676.
4059:
4020:
3969:
3911:
3853:
3812:
3800:
3754:(4): 215–223.
3734:
3719:
3673:
3648:
3621:
3594:
3559:
3534:
3508:
3481:
3454:
3432:
3405:
3387:
3361:
3342:
3333:
3314:
3295:
3270:
3243:
3228:
3209:(6): 370–377.
3193:
3156:
3105:
3085:
3076:, 71(4), 1-7.
3065:
3045:
3022:
3005:
2972:
2953:
2912:
2886:
2855:
2824:
2794:
2767:(3): 196–207.
2751:
2729:
2707:
2670:
2655:
2640:
2613:
2584:
2567:
2502:
2448:
2413:
2402:(2): 143–144.
2385:
2350:
2348:, 56, 609–639.
2337:
2328:
2321:
2290:
2263:
2233:
2203:
2174:
2145:
2125:"RCOT history"
2116:
2075:
2046:
2039:
2014:
1948:
1910:(3): 256–262.
1890:
1876:. 2016-05-23.
1865:
1838:(7): 292–300.
1818:
1779:
1738:
1729:
1688:
1656:
1627:
1596:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1421:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1373:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1351:Generic models
1349:
1340:
1337:
1300:reductionistic
1288:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1241:
1238:
1213:
1210:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1157:
1156:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
993:
990:
980:
977:
971:
968:
944:aging in place
935:
932:
922:
919:
905:
902:
892:
889:
868:
865:
859:
856:
851:
850:
847:
843:
840:
828:
825:
819:
816:
803:
800:
784:
781:
772:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
744:
743:
736:
733:
726:
719:
711:
700:
697:
657:
654:
652:
649:
636:
633:
627:
624:
607:
604:
598:
595:
589:
586:
580:
577:
533:
530:
521:
518:
504:England by Dr
475:rehabilitation
450:
447:
372:
369:
367:in Baltimore.
349:
346:
296:Philippe Pinel
291:
288:
275:
272:
270:
267:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
158:
157:
150:
147:
146:
139:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
117:
109:
108:
100:
99:
60:of the subject
58:worldwide view
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6474:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6442:
6441:
6432:
6428:
6427:Organizations
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6403:
6402:
6399:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6347:Public health
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6240:United States
6237:
6234:
6231:
6230:United States
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6108:Diving safety
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6022:
6019:
6016:
6013:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5973:International
5971:
5968:
5966:organizations
5963:
5959:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5839:Occupational
5836:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5809:Sports injury
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5754:Low back pain
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5704:Farmer's lung
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5597:
5594:Occupational
5591:
5587:
5580:
5575:
5573:
5568:
5566:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5373:
5368:
5366:
5361:
5359:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5309:
5302:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5162:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5115:
5107:
5100:
5092:
5085:
5077:
5070:
5062:
5055:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5008:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4941:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4906:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4870:
4868:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4783:(6): 576–82.
4782:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4732:
4724:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4686:(3): 206–22.
4685:
4681:
4674:
4666:
4659:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4616:
4609:
4600:
4591:
4582:
4573:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4523:
4514:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4291:
4281:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4237:
4229:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4204:9781556425400
4200:
4196:
4189:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4006:11250/2646226
4002:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3807:
3805:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3730:
3723:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3678:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3443:
3436:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3401:
3394:
3392:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3337:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3322:AOTA. (2018).
3318:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3281:
3274:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2932:(2): 228–38.
2931:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2747:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2718:
2711:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2644:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2601:
2594:
2588:
2577:
2571:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2429:(4): 253–68.
2428:
2424:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
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2192:
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2178:
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2159:
2155:
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2134:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2098:
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2090:
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2079:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
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1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
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1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1758:(6): 611–25.
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1708:(8): 537–44.
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1646:on 2017-08-31
1645:
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738:Facilitating
737:
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720:
717:
712:
709:
705:
704:coping skills
702:Facilitating
701:
698:
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646:
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613:
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566:
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459:medical model
455:
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435:Public Health
431:
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274:Early history
266:
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48:
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6409:
6236:Right to sit
6226:Potty parity
5819:Tennis elbow
5814:Surfer's ear
5759:Mesothelioma
5729:Hearing loss
5492:
5323:
5312:. Retrieved
5301:
5282:
5278:
5251:. Retrieved
5242:
5218:. Retrieved
5204:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5128:
5124:
5114:
5105:
5099:
5090:
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4958:
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4755:. Retrieved
4741:
4731:
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4679:
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4664:
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4062:
4040:(1): 16–21.
4037:
4033:
4023:
3986:
3982:
3972:
3961:. Retrieved
3928:
3924:
3914:
3903:. Retrieved
3870:
3866:
3856:
3832:(1): 16–27.
3829:
3825:
3815:
3792:. Retrieved
3751:
3747:
3737:
3728:
3722:
3692:(2): 75–87.
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3685:
3665:. Retrieved
3651:
3639:. Retrieved
3624:
3612:. Retrieved
3597:
3585:. Retrieved
3579:(13): 9–13.
3576:
3572:
3562:
3551:. Retrieved
3537:
3525:. Retrieved
3511:
3499:. Retrieved
3484:
3472:. Retrieved
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3442:"Telehealth"
3435:
3423:. Retrieved
3408:
3399:
3379:. Retrieved
3364:
3345:
3336:
3317:
3298:
3286:. Retrieved
3273:
3261:. Retrieved
3246:
3237:
3231:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3184:. Retrieved
3172:
3159:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3093:
3088:
3073:
3068:
3053:
3048:
3017:
3013:
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2985:
2975:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2903:. Retrieved
2899:
2889:
2877:. Retrieved
2868:
2858:
2846:. Retrieved
2837:
2827:
2815:. Retrieved
2806:
2797:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2745:
2720:. Retrieved
2710:
2698:. Retrieved
2686:
2673:
2664:
2658:
2649:
2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2616:
2604:. Retrieved
2599:
2587:
2570:
2559:. Retrieved
2518:
2514:
2505:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2366:(1): 19–30.
2363:
2359:
2353:
2340:
2331:
2312:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2245:
2236:
2224:. Retrieved
2215:
2206:
2195:. Retrieved
2187:www.aota.org
2186:
2177:
2166:. Retrieved
2158:otaus.com.au
2157:
2148:
2137:. Retrieved
2128:
2119:
2095:(1): 63–70.
2092:
2088:
2078:
2067:. Retrieved
2059:www.aota.org
2058:
2049:
2030:
2006:. Retrieved
1965:
1961:
1951:
1940:. Retrieved
1907:
1903:
1893:
1882:. Retrieved
1868:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1799:(2): 87–93.
1796:
1792:
1782:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1732:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1648:. Retrieved
1644:the original
1639:
1630:
1619:. Retrieved
1608:
1599:
1588:. Retrieved
1574:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1449:
1391:
1379:and others)
1364:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1333:homelessness
1317:
1305:
1296:World War II
1293:
1289:
1269:
1262:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1219:
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1105:
1101:
1092:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1041:
999:
995:
986:
982:
973:
940:older adults
937:
928:
924:
911:
907:
898:
894:
885:
881:
877:
874:
870:
861:
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834:
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805:
797:
793:
788:
786:
777:
773:
753:
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687:
667:
642:
638:
629:
620:
609:
600:
591:
582:
572:
570:
562:
550:
546:
535:
527:
523:
520:World War II
514:
510:Octavia Hill
499:
494:
491:
456:
452:
443:
438:
434:
432:
429:
418:
410:
397:tuberculosis
389:
387:in Chicago.
382:
358:
351:
331:
323:
319:tuberculosis
312:
308:
293:
277:
227:
192:
184:
166:
162:
161:
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6272:Drug policy
6209:Legislation
5915:Professions
5739:Indium lung
5634:Brucellosis
5629:Berylliosis
4747:"Australia"
3989:(3): 1–15.
3573:OT Practice
3278:Warren, M.
3125:: 3647397.
1478:Carl Rogers
1265:Adolf Meyer
1250:romanticism
740:handwriting
679:socializing
626:Occupations
487:social work
483:orthopedics
371:World War I
280:Asclepiades
251:social work
6372:Toxic tort
6322:Job strain
6292:Ergonomics
6267:Break room
5789:Radium jaw
5779:Phossy jaw
5654:Chalicosis
5624:Barotrauma
5614:Asbestosis
5544:Employment
5453:Psychology
5428:Inequality
5314:2019-08-05
5285:(1): 3–7.
4896:1198557424
4757:2014-08-26
4421:(1): 4–7.
4351:(1): 1–2.
4316:(6): 239.
4213:1036246587
3963:2023-04-13
3905:2023-04-13
3794:2022-07-31
3667:2015-09-16
3553:2023-04-09
3381:2012-04-23
2992:(1): 3–7.
2969:(1): 1–14.
2561:2023-06-02
2197:2018-07-28
2168:2024-07-26
2139:2024-07-26
2069:2018-07-25
2008:2023-02-18
1942:2023-02-18
1884:2023-06-08
1650:2017-05-24
1621:2017-05-24
1590:2017-05-24
1567:References
1401:education.
1315:practice.
1254:pragmatism
1246:philosophy
1028:telehealth
960:falls risk
948:low vision
827:Acute care
818:Outpatient
728:Providing
471:psychiatry
385:Hull House
255:psychology
171:healthcare
6093:Checklist
6061:ISO 45001
6049:Standards
5799:Silicosis
5609:Acrodynia
5488:Therapist
5458:Psychosis
5438:Injustice
5388:Apartheid
5038:0045-0766
4981:1918-1523
4842:1359-1045
4505:146380357
4272:143957625
4109:167210755
4054:164235138
4015:198233868
3953:254571095
3895:254568956
3848:247900085
3768:0008-4174
3527:29 August
3501:29 August
2817:August 1,
2700:August 2,
2551:204057541
2535:0272-9490
2497:204057541
2481:0272-9490
2380:145008429
2256:29 August
1982:0272-9490
1924:0272-9490
1852:0308-0226
1813:0366-0850
1541:Busy work
1212:Education
730:splinting
571:In 2021,
479:self-help
338:Edinburgh
247:nutrition
239:audiology
70:talk page
6456:Category
6422:Journals
6411:Category
6337:Overwork
6255:See also
6008:(Canada)
5999:National
5962:Agencies
5824:Tinnitus
5694:Erethism
5601:injuries
5596:diseases
5448:Prestige
5443:Medicine
5418:Fatality
5253:2 August
5247:Archived
5243:WFOT.org
5220:2 August
5214:Archived
5188:28809649
5153:16531272
5145:17436844
5046:20854529
4999:34804266
4940:26709426
4858:43028099
4850:22969165
4807:15576544
4751:Archived
4708:28870394
4700:23898928
4564:14527123
4470:86721979
4435:75911333
4400:25127733
4392:11680914
4330:73058912
4101:31131619
3957:Archived
3945:23124442
3899:Archived
3887:32333302
3788:Archived
3784:25522854
3776:24371929
3706:15152723
3661:Archived
3635:Archived
3608:Archived
3581:Archived
3547:Archived
3521:Archived
3495:Archived
3493:. AOTA.
3474:23 April
3468:Archived
3447:23 April
3425:23 April
3419:Archived
3375:Archived
3353:Archived
3325:Archived
3306:Archived
3288:19 April
3263:19 April
3257:Archived
3223:26358525
3177:Archived
3151:31213964
3037:Archived
2948:17436845
2905:July 25,
2879:July 25,
2873:Archived
2848:July 25,
2842:Archived
2811:Archived
2781:29592605
2722:19 April
2691:Archived
2689:. AOTA.
2687:AOTA.org
2633:19 April
2627:Archived
2606:July 29,
2555:Archived
2543:34780625
2489:34780625
2443:14647539
2311:(2007).
2250:Archived
2226:3 August
2220:Archived
2191:Archived
2162:Archived
2133:Archived
2063:Archived
2002:Archived
1990:28027032
1936:Archived
1878:Archived
1860:72373454
1774:16363178
1673:Archived
1615:Archived
1584:Archived
1535:See also
1427:(IPNB),
1415:Engel's
1325:refugees
1258:humanism
952:dementia
342:Papworth
259:medicine
125:ICD-9-CM
82:May 2022
64:You may
6440:Commons
6020:(Spain)
6014:(Italy)
5841:hygiene
5639:Burnout
5493:Therapy
5478:Science
5423:Hygiene
5413:Disease
5403:Closure
5398:Burnout
5210:"About"
5196:3747920
4990:8601840
4965:: 1–8.
4798:1466742
4650:6624858
4081:Bibcode
3714:9922580
3641:30 July
3614:30 July
3587:30 July
3240:: 1–19.
3186:29 July
3142:6535854
2789:4446966
2111:1558140
1998:3771924
1932:7741160
1724:2672822
1329:obesity
675:playing
671:feeding
467:nursing
419:The US
269:History
243:nursing
169:) is a
143:D009788
6123:Hazard
6086:Safety
5619:Asthma
5483:Stress
5433:Injury
5393:Asthma
5194:
5186:
5151:
5143:
5044:
5036:
4997:
4987:
4979:
4938:
4894:
4884:
4856:
4848:
4840:
4805:
4795:
4706:
4698:
4648:
4562:
4503:
4468:
4433:
4398:
4390:
4328:
4270:
4211:
4201:
4107:
4099:
4052:
4013:
3951:
3943:
3893:
3885:
3846:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3712:
3704:
3221:
3149:
3139:
2946:
2894:AOTA.
2863:AOTA.
2787:
2779:
2715:AOTA.
2621:AOTA.
2602:. 2022
2549:
2541:
2533:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2441:
2378:
2319:
2109:
2055:"AOTA"
2037:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1930:
1922:
1858:
1850:
1811:
1772:
1722:
1683:
1383:world.
1308:holism
1006:autism
950:, and
802:School
683:school
485:, and
284:Celsus
261:, and
6262:Break
5408:Crime
5192:S2CID
5149:S2CID
4854:S2CID
4704:S2CID
4501:S2CID
4466:S2CID
4431:S2CID
4396:S2CID
4326:S2CID
4285:3–24.
4268:S2CID
4105:S2CID
4050:S2CID
4011:S2CID
3949:S2CID
3891:S2CID
3844:S2CID
3780:S2CID
3710:S2CID
3283:(PDF)
3180:(PDF)
3169:(PDF)
2785:S2CID
2694:(PDF)
2683:(PDF)
2596:(PDF)
2579:(PDF)
2547:S2CID
2493:S2CID
2376:S2CID
1994:S2CID
1856:S2CID
151:[
130:93.83
72:, or
6073:(US)
6037:(US)
6026:(UK)
5964:and
5599:and
5255:2019
5222:2019
5184:PMID
5141:PMID
5042:PMID
5034:ISSN
4995:PMID
4977:ISSN
4963:2021
4936:PMID
4892:OCLC
4882:ISBN
4846:PMID
4838:ISSN
4803:PMID
4696:PMID
4646:PMID
4560:PMID
4388:PMID
4209:OCLC
4199:ISBN
4097:PMID
3941:PMID
3883:PMID
3772:PMID
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