1015:
1058:. A Red Guard company usually consisted of the men of some trade union local. For example, the Helsinki Red Guard had units composed of shoemakers, tailors, blacksmiths, sheet metal workers, plumbers, stonemasons and so on. Also some working-class sporting clubs formed their own squads. In the rural areas, the units were assembled by the men of the same locality. The Red Guard fighters received a salary that was sometimes even bigger than what they were paid for their usual work. As there was high unemployment, money was one of the reasons for joining the guards. Very few Reds had any kind of military background. The ones who had served in the Russian Imperial Army were usually voted as company leaders. The Red Guard fighters had a short military training before they were sent to the front line. The battles were usually fought like an ordinary working day. The fighting begun at the dawn and as the Sun set, the men returned to the base. On the Tavastia Front, some troops even spent the nights in Tampere, returning to the front by train in the morning.
308:
1071:
367:
839:
347:
27:
1035:
771:
1007:
1186:
1083:
556:
297:
234:
651:
973:
326:
1165:). The northernmost area of the Western Front, located north of Tampere, was often known as the Northern Front. The Red Guard general staff worked in Helsinki, with major subordinate staffs in Tampere and Vyborg. As a major railway junction, Lahti was also an important town for the Red military. A large number of units were organized and trained there before they were sent to the eastern fronts in Savo and Karelia.
1026:. Most of them were members of the Finnish Trade Union Federation. The number of middle-class people was very small. The average age was between 20 and 30, the youngest fighters were only 15 to 16-years-old. The Red military units consisted of infantry, artillery and a small unit of cavalry. Weapons and other equipment were mostly received from the Russian troops. In the beginning of February, a train commanded by
912:
1221:, and then transferred to various prison camps across southern Finland. Although most of the women and children were released, 200â600 Red women were executed and hundreds of others moved into other prison camps. The last major battle took place in Vyborg, which the Whites occupied on 29 April. The last remaining Red stronghold was in the
985:
including 2,600 female fighters and thousands of women in the unarmed maintenance units. Approximately 40,000 were at the front at any one time. The largest single unit was the
Helsinki Red Guard with a strength of 8,000â10,000 men and women. Other major units were the Red Guards of Tampere and Vyborg and the
1252:. In mid-March, these units comprised up to 2,500 men. Ahava managed to stop the Whites and he was also eager to attack their rear in the northern Finland. However, the Red leaders were not interested in supporting him as they considered that the war would be determined in the populated areas of south.
1181:
was fought from 23 March to 6 April. It was the fiercest battle of the
Finnish Civil War, and at the time, also the largest urban battle in the world. The Battle of Tampere ended with mass executions of surrendering Reds, of whom 10,000â11,000 were captured, and thousands fled the surrounding areas.
1030:
arrived from Saint
Petersburg, carrying a cargo of 15,000 rifles, machine-guns, artillery pieces and 2 million cartridges, which the commander-in-chief Ali Aaltonen had purchased from the Bolsheviks. The Reds also had six armoured trains and a couple of aeroplanes which were flown by Russian pilots.
1061:
The Red Guards' major problems were a lack of equipment, poor leadership and training, and food shortages at the front. The practice of electing officers democratically made discipline lax. Sometimes this led to a general unwillingness to go on offensive operations or to operate outside their local
997:
were still in
Finland. Only a few hundred joined the Red Guards, including a few dozen officers. Most of the Russian troops simply wanted to leave the country and return home. In addition to the Finland-based troops, the Saint Petersburg Bolsheviks supported the Reds in some battles on the Karelian
984:
Due to incomplete and destroyed records, the exact number of men who served in the Red Guards is unknown. Historians provide estimates between 80,000 and 100,000 men. As the war started, the number was about 40,000, but by the end of the war, the total strength rose to 80,000â100,000 men and women,
608:
200 people were arrested, but only one Red Guard platoon leader was convicted, as there was not enough evidence against the others. The funeral of the slain Reds became a mass demonstration against the violence of the bourgeoisie. The
Protection Corps, in turn, arranged a large funeral as a protest
1216:
province joined the refugee column that was coming from the west. In two weeks, more than 100,000 Red refugees headed east, in order to flee to Soviet Russia. About 12,000 managed to cross the border, while most of the remaining were captured. In late April, up to 30,000 civilians and Red fighters
846:
At the beginning of 1918, the
Workers' Order Guards still had very few guns. For example, the largest guard in Helsinki was armed with only 20â30 military rifles. In early January, the commander-in-chief Ali Aaltonen went to Saint Petersburg to acquire weaponry from the Bolsheviks. On 13 January,
782:
The general strike was the first time the
Workers' Order Guards were used as a nationwide organization. In many places, they were actually leading the strike, instead of the strike committees. The guards were acting on their own, searching for food supplies and weapons from wealthy houses. As the
543:
labour movement and the political right. The strike lasted only a week, but in the final days differing views created a deep gap between the two parties. The
National Guard, which was established for law enforcement as the police began to participate, was likewise split into the working-class Red
854:
Up to this point, many of the largest
Workers' Order Guards were occupied by radicals who were pushing the Finnish labour movement towards an armed conflict. They were no longer under the authority of the Social Democratic Party or the Trade Union Federation. In order to keep the labour movement
588:
in the mainland. In the final day of the revolt, Johan Kock declared a general strike on his own, without permission from the Social
Democratic Party, which was leading the Finnish labour movement in the absence of any central trade union. The strike was joined by thousands of Helsinki workers.
889:
Finally, on 25 January, the Senate declared the Protection Corps to be government troops. The Social Democrats and the labour movement interpreted this as a declaration of war against the working class. As a result, the Workers' Order Guards and the Helsinki Red Guard were merged into the
802:
After Finland gained its independence from Soviet Russia on 6 December 1917, disagreement and discontent were still growing. Incidents occurred across the country as the striking workers and the Workers' Order Guards clashed with the Protection Corps and right-wing bourgeoisie. Unemployed
790:, which prevented the Senate from working. The leaders of the Social Democratic Party strictly condemned this kind of action, insisting the militant guards must be taken under the party control. Soon after the general strike, the first congress of the Worker's Order Guards was held in the
1168:
The Reds launched three major offensives; in the beginning of February, 21 February and 10 March. The goal was to take the eastâwest railways connecting Ostrobothnia, Savonia and Karelia. From there the Reds could strike at the strongest White strongholds as well as the White capital of
750:
In the next three weeks, the number of guards increase to 237 with more than 30,000 members. The rules of the Guards were published in the party newspapers. The formation was very similar to a common military organization, though the commander was replaced with a five-men committee.
158:
674:, the Russian-controlled police force lost its status in Finland. The role of law enforcement was first transferred to the Russian military, which turned it over to local labour organizations. The established unarmed units were temporary and had no further revolutionary goals.
1062:
areas. The Red Guards did not have a clear command structure. Local commanders developed plans of their own, which did not always coincide with the ones composed by general staff in Helsinki. As there were very few trained officers, battlefield tactics had to be kept basic.
754:
Finland was now split into two camps; the middle and upper classes, including the wealthy farmers, against the working class, poor peasants and the landless people. The first violent incidents between the Protective Guards and the Workers' Order Guards occurred during the
632:
in late August. Some delegates opposed the decision and had a secret meeting where an underground organization was established to preserve the Red Guards. The organization was soon revealed to the party leaders but the underground Red Guards were active until the 1907
955:
served as the chief of the Red Guards general staff from 16 February to 6 April. On 25 April, Manner fled to Soviet Russia, and for the last ten days of the war, there was no commander-in-chief. The final major battle was fought in Vyborg under the command of
600:
the Protection Corps was surrounded by an angry mob of local people throwing stones. The incident escalated into a gunfight between the Protection Corps and the Red Guards, supported by a squad of Russian sailors. The riot was finally disrupted by the Russian
688:. The power to enact laws was to be transferred from Saint Petersburg to Helsinki and from the Senate to the parliament. This law would have enabled a purely Social Democratic government to be formed in consequence of the position the party gained in the
783:
right-wing Protection Corps were rather weak, the Workers' Order Guards could usually act without any resistance, although, in some places, the Protection Corps took up arms, which resulted in violent clashes, prefiguring the oncoming Civil War.
703:, the Social Democratic Party lost its majority, although it remained the largest party with 92 seats. The Senate now disbanded the People's Militia and established a police force which left-wing and labour activists were not allowed to join.
1176:
On 15 March, the Whites launched their major offensive against the Reds in the northern HĂ€me where the Red front collapsed in a couple of days. The Whites were now able to besiege Tampere, militarily the most important Red town. The
847:
Aaltonen informed the general staff of the cargo of 10,000 rifles and 10 artillery pieces which would be brought to Finland within a couple of weeks. At the same time, the Protection Corps was preparing to receive 60,000 rifles from
1260:
A substantial number of Finnish Red Guards managed to retreat into Russian-held territories after the Whites' victory in Finland. Many of those who fled to Russia were reorganized into new fighting units and participated in the
70:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
711:
The food shortage launched a large number of agricultural strikes during the summer of 1917. On 13 July, a violent clash between the striking farm workers and their employers occurred in the Western Finnish municipality of
882:. In Vyborg, the second largest city in Finland, the Protection Corps was trying to seize control but was expelled from the town. Another serious incident was in LuumÀki, as the Protection Corps seized 200 rifles at the
470:
in 1917. The combined strength of the Red Guard was about 30,000 at the beginning of the Civil War, peaking at between 90,000 and 120,000 during the course of the conflict, including more than 2,000 members of the
818:
On 6 January, the Helsinki Workers' Order Guard declared itself independent from the Social Democratic Party. The unit was renamed the Helsinki Red Guard. Three days later, the guard occupied the residence of the
1209:, but the plan was never realized. Instead, the order caused a mass exodus of refugees as tens of thousands of Red Guard fighters, their family members and other Red supporters fled towards the east.
1014:
898:. The order for the mobilization came on the next morning from the executive committee of the Trade Union Federation, coinciding with the spontaneous clashing of Red Guards and the Protection Corps.
2013:
1090:
As the war started on 27 January, the Red Guards occupied the capital, Helsinki, and the largest towns of industrialized southern Finland. The front line was soon established, stretching from the
2088:
1110:
and Vyborg. The Whites occupied rural northern Finland, where the few Red strongholds fell in less than two weeks without any strong resistance. The last Red occupied town in the north was
986:
794:
on 16â18 December 1917. By the new rules adopted in the meeting, the guards were now under an unconditional authority of the Social Democratic Party and the Trade Union Federation.
756:
681:
was organized in late March in the seventeen largest Finnish towns. The political right did not accept the new arrangement and the Senate formed a committee to solve the dispute.
2325:
2335:
1378:
Jussila, Osmo (1979). "Nationalismi ja vallankumous venĂ€lĂ€is-suomalaisissa suhteissa 1899â1914" [Nationalism and revolution in Russian-Finnish relations 1899â1914].
552:, but violent clashes were avoided. Although the general strike was over, both guards remained active. In 1906, the number of Red Guard members was estimated at 25,000.
716:. The incident is often seen as the beginning of the events which finally led to the Civil War in January 1918. After the Huittinen riot, the right-wing farmers in the
786:
The Workers' Order Guards were most powerful in Helsinki as they were armed by the Russian troops. The Helsinki Guard captured a couple hundred people and invaded the
759:
in November 1917. More workers were still joining the Order Guards, as the strike ended on 20 November, the number of members was 40,000â50,000. The newspaperman
577:
1818:
597:
73:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
621:
815:, the Order Guard occupied town offices and captured the chief of police. The Protection Corps attacked the labour activists in some places too.
1218:
472:
313:
731:. By the early October, guards were formed in seventeen towns and twenty rural municipalities, mostly in the industrialized areas of the
612:
Once the Sveaborg rebellion was suppressed, 900 Russian mutineers and about 100 Red Guard members were arrested. 77 Reds were convicted.
2330:
1318:
990:
855:
united, the party leadership was forced to negotiate with the revolutionary guards. Many of the leading Social Democrats, such as
993:
had about 2,000â2,600 members. Russian participation remained low, although 40,000 soldiers of the Imperial Russian Army and the
835:
to search for guns hidden by the local Protection Corps. The operation escalated into a gunfight in which two Reds were killed.
1323:
238:
1046:
The general staff was located in Helsinki, with major subordinate staffs in Tampere and Vyborg. The infantry was divided into
2258:
2210:
2180:
2096:
2054:
1915:
1855:
1826:
1793:
1734:
1456:
1415:
894:
and the revolution was proclaimed in the late evening of 26 January by lighting a red lantern as a sign on the tower of the
870:
In 19â23 January, violent clashes between the Workers' Order Guards and the Protection Corps occurred in eastern Finland in
628:
banned both guards. The Social Democratic Party had already decided to disband the Red Guards in the party congress held in
1509:"Democratization, State Formation, and Civil War in Finland and Ireland: A Reflection on the Democratic Peace Hypothesis"
700:
689:
634:
1990:"Air Force Participation in Finnish War of Independence in Year 1918. Chapter III. Red Air Activity in Finland y. 1918"
540:
81:
1692:
2296:
94:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Finnish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
1173:. However, the offensives failed and the front line remained in the same position from early February to mid-March.
1508:
1306:
886:
railway station. Two days later, the Workers' Guards attacked the Protection Corps in order to take the guns back.
1228:
Between 23 March and 18 April, some clashes also occurred in the remote eastern Lapland. The Karelian nationalist
1201:
and the Red Guard general staff left Helsinki for Vyborg. The Red units in the western provinces of Satakunta and
696:
refused to approve the law and, with the co-operation of the Finnish bourgeois parties, dissolved the parliament.
1205:
were given the order to retreat to eastern Finland. The intention was to re-organize the troops behind the river
717:
1198:
1197:
troops landed on the south coast of Finland and launched their campaign to support the Whites. On 6 April, the
744:
693:
484:
463:
927:, who was elected during the general strike in November 1917. As the Civil War started, the task was given to
2320:
2315:
1516:
1407:
1212:
As the Germans seized Helsinki on 13 April, up to 8,000 local Reds surrendered. Thousands of others from the
1158:
1123:
1302:
519:
395:
263:
1754:
820:
43:
1070:
535:
The Red Guards came about during a general strike in November 1905. The strike began in reaction to the
1444:
935:
as his military advisor from the end of February. Haapalainen was expelled on 20 March and replaced by
385:
2227:
1847:
1278:
895:
747:
urged the party and trade union locals to establishing Workers' Order Guards throughout the country.
515:
103:
1217:
fell into the hands of the German and White troops in Lahti. The captured were first placed at the
791:
536:
89:
1055:
732:
1989:
1448:
667:
1785:
1778:
1669:
1640:
1606:
1577:
1481:
1282:
1115:
764:
685:
545:
500:
358:
337:
281:
110:
2199:
TukkiliikkeestÀ kommunismiin. Lapin työvÀenliikkeen radikalisoituminen ennen ja jÀlkeen 1918
1010:
ID card of August Jokinen, 3rd regiment 1st battalion 2nd company of the Helsinki Red Guard.
1328:
787:
8:
2143:"The Representation of Violence in Finnish (Press-) Photography of the Finnish Civil War"
2117:
1240:
into the newly independent Finland. Ahava formed a Red Guard unit in the Russian town of
671:
467:
301:
199:
1533:
1437:
1149:
The Red military operations were divided into three major theaters: the Western Front (
932:
838:
663:
569:
492:
1572:
923:
The first commander-in-chief of the Red Guards was the former Russian Army lieutenant
2292:
2254:
2206:
2176:
2092:
2050:
2049:] (in German). Helsinki: The Finnish Society for Labour History. pp. 91â93.
1911:
1851:
1822:
1789:
1730:
1537:
1476:
1452:
1411:
1262:
1178:
1131:
856:
625:
573:
511:
456:
390:
85:
2142:
1664:
1635:
1601:
2146:
1907:
1525:
1298:
1286:
1244:
of the Reds who had fled from Lapland. Two other Finnish Red Guards were formed in
1233:
1095:
928:
828:
824:
740:
736:
684:
On 18 July, the so-called "power law" was passed in the Social Democratic majority
480:
476:
432:
427:
415:
184:
142:
133:
1403:
Finland and Europe: The Period of Autonomy and the International Crises, 1808â1914
1154:
951:
was given the dictator's rights as head of the Red Government and the Red Guards.
2286:
2168:
2085:
Amateur war. Personal losses from frontline battles in the Finnish Civil War 1918
1901:
1401:
1305:. There, the Finnish Reds clashed with Finnish White volunteers fighting for the
1274:
1162:
1119:
1091:
948:
444:
194:
2040:
1086:
Armband of the 4th regiment 3rd battalion 3rd company of the Helsinki Red Guard.
1034:
2197:
2081:
Amatöörien sota. Rintamataisteluiden henkilötappiot Suomen sisÀllissodassa 1918
1270:
1245:
1202:
1022:
The Red Guards were composed of industrial workers, landless rural workers and
957:
944:
867:, were moderate and opposed armed revolution and the acts of the Order Guards.
864:
331:
1348:
770:
2309:
1875:[The Women's Guards of the Civil War inspired fear and aggravation].
1529:
1290:
1237:
1194:
1185:
1143:
1127:
1082:
1006:
961:
952:
848:
568:
Violence between the two sides finally burst out on 2 August 1906 during the
507:
372:
39:
666:
as a result of disputes over law enforcement and the general turmoil in the
596:
working-class district in order to keep the city's tram traffic rolling. At
38:
expand this article with text translated from the corresponding articles in
1962:
1921:
1421:
1386:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Finnish Historical Society. pp. 141â146.
1294:
1107:
994:
972:
924:
860:
760:
488:
440:
256:
179:
2113:
1936:
1266:
1249:
1241:
1222:
1027:
940:
452:
592:
The bourgeoisie opposed the strike and sent the Protection Corps to the
555:
1229:
936:
767:, was named the first commander-in-chief of the Workers' Order Guards.
637:. Their task was to be prepared for the possible revolution in Russia.
581:
400:
189:
174:
92:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
875:
650:
1225:
province where the Reds finally surrendered to the Germans on 6 May.
1150:
1051:
743:
provinces. These units had up to 7,000â8,000 men. On 20 October, the
713:
593:
559:
Arrested Reds are taken in custody after the 1906 Sveaborg rebellion.
276:
271:
811:
the city council was captured by the local Workers' Order Guard. In
466:
but disbanded a year later until they were re-established after the
1877:
1206:
1047:
1023:
916:
883:
602:
585:
549:
1872:
1213:
1111:
1075:
1039:
977:
808:
448:
351:
248:
1873:"SisÀllissodan naiskaartilaiset herÀttivÀt pelkoa ja pahennusta"
1638:[Confessions of independence and preparations for war].
1285:. The British hoped to use the Murmansk Legion to fight off the
605:, ending with two Reds and seven Protection Corps members dead.
522:. The Red Guards ceased to exist as an organized force by 1920.
67:
1667:[The skirmish between the reds and the whites begins].
1139:
1135:
879:
871:
804:
655:
496:
157:
2267:
1170:
1103:
832:
812:
775:
525:
1479:[Organizational authority is faltering in Finland].
1693:"SisÀllissodassa vastakkain kaksi kouluttamatonta armeijaa"
1099:
629:
548:. Some minor incidents followed, especially in the capital
252:
1844:
Red Guards and Workers' Militias in the Russian Revolution
1353:
Royal Reds: Finns in the British Murmansk Legion 1918â1919
451:
during the early 1900s. The Red Guards formed the army of
911:
2253:. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society. pp. 66â67.
1695:[In a civil war, two untrained armies clashed].
1018:
Two Finnish Red Guards in a Helsinki photography studio
947:. The troika stayed at the office until 10 April, when
803:
demonstrators surrounded the town hall for two days in
16:
Paramilitary organization in early 20th-century Finland
2326:
Military units and formations of the Finnish Civil War
831:. On the same day, the Helsinki Guard sent 200 men to
724:
and were soon followed in other parts of the country.
162:
A Red Guard fighter (right) and a nurse (left) in 1918
2047:
Movement, culture and everyday life in workers' sport
1963:"Armoured Trains. Battles along the Railways in 1918"
2336:
Soviet units and formations of the Russian Civil War
2205:. Tampere: University of Tampere. pp. 186â188.
1697:
Svinhufvud â Suomen itsenĂ€isyyden tekijĂ€t ja vaiheet
510:
where some fought against the Finnish Whites in the
63:
2230:. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
2173:
The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy
1903:
The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy
1893:
1757:. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
662:The Red Guards were re-established during the 1917
572:, a revolt of the Russian Bolshevik sailors in the
1777:
1665:"Punaisten ja valkoisten vÀlinen kahakointi alkaa"
1636:"ItsenÀisyyden tunnustuksia ja sodan valmisteluja"
1436:
1054:but in practice, the largest commanded units were
842:Helsinki Worker's Order Guard in the fall of 1917.
506:Approximately 10,000 to 13,000 Red Guards fled to
2114:"Finland: A Country Study. The Finnish Civil War"
2016:[Red Guards and Guardians - two armies].
1232:was fighting against the Whites who launched the
1114:, which the Whites seized on 21 February. In the
475:. The Red Guards were defeated in Finland by the
462:The Red Guards were first established during the
2307:
2014:"Punakaartit ja suojeluskunnat â kaksi armeijaa"
2284:
2273:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
1399:
479:in May 1918 and around 80,000 were captured as
2288:Armies of the Baltic Independence Wars 1918â20
2225:
1967:Jaeger Platoon: Finnish Army 1918â1945 Website
1899:
1752:
1716:
1714:
727:The labour movement responded by establishing
88:accompanying your translation by providing an
54:Click for important translation instructions.
2111:
1721:Haapala, Pertti; Hoppu, Tuomas, eds. (2007).
1575:[From orderly guards to red guards].
483:, where 12,000 to 14,000 of them died in the
455:and were one of the main belligerents of the
2063:
2042:Bewegung, Kultur und Alltag im Arbeitersport
1720:
1395:
1393:
2136:
2134:
1711:
1319:Female Red Guards of the Finnish Civil War
878:and in the western part of the country in
526:1905 general strike and Sveaborg rebellion
2285:Thomas, Nigel; Boltowsky, Toomas (2019).
2175:. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 100.
2112:Solsten, Eric; Meditz, Sandra W. (1988).
1934:
1748:
1746:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1502:
1500:
1390:
1373:
1371:
1369:
2195:
2189:
2140:
2131:
2078:
1870:
1662:
1656:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1470:
1468:
1400:Paasivirta, Juhani; Kirby, D.G. (1962).
1184:
1130:regions most Reds were captured, but in
1081:
1069:
1033:
1013:
1005:
971:
910:
837:
769:
763:, who had served as a lieutenant in the
706:
654:Worker's Militia in the Turku suburb of
649:
640:
576:in Helsinki. As the mutiny started, the
554:
2248:
2105:
2038:
1900:Tepora, Tuomas; Roselius, Aapo (2014).
1570:
1506:
1377:
1277:from Red Guard refugees as part of the
2308:
2251:VenĂ€jĂ€n Karjala ja Muurmanni 1914â1922
1987:
1808:
1775:
1743:
1633:
1599:
1551:
1497:
1474:
1366:
658:during the general strike of May 1917.
645:
2166:
1939:[One train - many stations].
1935:MarjamÀki, Merja (27 February 2007).
1622:
1465:
1434:
827:, like the Bolshevik headquarters in
584:, joined the rebellion by conducting
426:
1841:
1784:. Westport, CT: Greenwood. pp.
20:
1573:"JĂ€rjestyskaarteista punakaartiksi"
1324:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
1189:A refugee family captured in Lahti.
797:
544:Guards and the bourgeoisie-aligned
539:and was a joint effort between the
239:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
13:
2089:Prime Minister's Office of Finland
1729:]. Porvoo: WSOY. p. 388.
987:Saint Petersburg Finnish Red Guard
890:paramilitary Red Guard of Finland
14:
2347:
2331:Defunct communist militant groups
2226:Jalonen, Jussi (8 October 2014).
1753:Tepora, Tuomas (8 October 2014).
1727:The Little Giant of the Civil War
901:
563:
1871:Tiessalo, Paula (9 March 2017).
1507:Kissane, Bill (1 October 2004).
1477:"JĂ€rjestysvalta horjuu Suomessa"
1297:. Red Guard units served in the
1255:
530:
365:
345:
324:
306:
295:
232:
156:
25:
2242:
2219:
2160:
2032:
2006:
1981:
1955:
1928:
1864:
1835:
1802:
1769:
1685:
1001:
2020:(in Finnish). 29 December 2012
1723:SisÀllissodan pikkujÀttilÀinen
1604:[Week of impatience].
1593:
1428:
1380:Historiallisia tutkimuksia 110
1341:
1236:in order to annex the Russian
1157:provinces), the Middle Front (
745:Finnish Trade Union Federation
694:Russian Provisional Government
615:
98:You may also add the template
1:
2291:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
2274:Thomas & Boltowsky (2019)
1517:Comparative Political Studies
1408:University of Minnesota Press
1334:
1161:) and the Eastern Front (the
906:
2169:"Warfare and Terror in 1918"
1439:A Concise History of Finland
1303:Estonian War of Independence
1098:, 30â50 kilometres north of
520:Estonian War of Independence
396:Estonian War of Independence
100:{{Translated|fi|Punakaarti}}
7:
1312:
931:, with the Russian colonel
823:. It was now called as the
821:Governor-General of Finland
10:
2352:
2141:Patteeuw, Maarten (2003).
1937:"Yksi juna â monta asemaa"
1445:Cambridge University Press
1293:-aligned White Finns into
1134:many were able to flee to
386:Russian Revolution of 1905
62:Machine translation, like
1848:Stanford University Press
1776:Lavery, Jason E. (2006).
1602:"KÀrsimÀttömyyden viikko"
1279:North Russia Intervention
720:province started forming
516:North Russia intervention
379:
319:
290:
262:
244:
227:
208:
167:
155:
126:
1811:Kuusi kuolemaantuomittua
1755:"Finnish Civil War 1918"
1530:10.1177/0010414004267983
892:(Suomen Punainen Kaarti)
537:Russification of Finland
2249:Harjula, Mirko (2007).
2196:Aatsinki, Ulla (2009).
2079:Roselius, Aapo (2006).
2039:HentilÀ, Seppo (2014).
1663:Viitanen, Jani (1998).
1571:Haapala, Tuuli (1998).
967:
495:. Most Red Guards were
109:For more guidance, see
1988:Berner, Aarne (1934).
1780:The History of Finland
1634:Jouste, Marko (1998).
1600:Nurmio, Kirsi (1998).
1475:Takala, Helka (1998).
1384:Historical studies 110
1301:when it fought in the
1190:
1087:
1079:
1074:Red Guard fighters in
1065:
1043:
1019:
1011:
981:
976:A Red Guard unit from
920:
915:A Red Guard unit from
896:Helsinki Workers' Hall
843:
779:
668:Grand Duchy of Finland
659:
609:against Red violence.
560:
436:
428:[ËpunÉËkÉËrti]
419:
146:
137:
2167:Tikka, Marko (2014).
2018:Pala Suomen historiaa
1842:Wade, Rex A. (1984).
1815:Six death row inmates
1809:Korjus, Olli (2014).
1670:University of Tampere
1641:University of Tampere
1607:University of Tampere
1578:University of Tampere
1482:University of Tampere
1435:Kirby, David (2006).
1188:
1085:
1073:
1037:
1017:
1009:
975:
914:
841:
792:Tampere Workers' Hall
773:
765:Imperial Russian Army
729:Workers' Order Guards
707:Workers' Order Guards
653:
641:1917 re-establishment
558:
501:Government of Finland
485:post-war prison camps
282:Left-wing nationalism
111:Knowledge:Translation
82:copyright attribution
2321:Communism in Finland
2316:Socialism in Finland
1850:. pp. 321â322.
1410:. pp. 196â197.
1038:Medical unit of the
788:House of the Estates
2228:"Battle of Tampere"
2118:Library of Congress
1406:. Minneapolis, MN:
1307:Republic of Estonia
1265:and, by extension,
774:A demonstration in
672:February Revolution
646:February Revolution
620:As a result of the
468:February Revolution
464:1905 general strike
245:Active regions
200:Otto Wille Kuusinen
1699:(in Finnish). 2016
1193:At the same time,
1191:
1088:
1080:
1044:
1020:
1012:
982:
933:Mikhail Svechnikov
921:
844:
780:
664:Russian Revolution
660:
578:Helsinki Red Guard
570:Sveaborg rebellion
561:
302:Russian Red Guards
210:Dates of operation
90:interlanguage link
2260:978-951-74691-6-6
2212:978-951-44757-4-0
2182:978-900-42436-6-8
2098:978-952-53549-2-8
2087:]. Helsinki:
2056:978-952-59762-6-7
1917:978-900-42436-6-8
1857:978-080-47116-7-8
1828:978-952-30002-4-7
1817:]. Helsinki:
1795:978-031-33283-7-4
1736:978-951-03545-2-0
1458:978-052-15398-9-0
1417:978-081-66584-2-8
1329:Red Guard's March
1263:Russian Civil War
1179:Battle of Tampere
722:Protection Guards
626:Senate of Finland
574:Sveaborg Fortress
541:Social Democratic
512:Russian Civil War
457:Finnish Civil War
408:
407:
391:Finnish Civil War
122:
121:
55:
51:
2343:
2302:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2204:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2147:Ghent University
2138:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2076:
2061:
2060:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1908:Brill Publishers
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1846:. Stanford, CA:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1819:Atena Publishers
1806:
1800:
1799:
1783:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1631:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1568:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1442:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1345:
1287:Viena expedition
1234:Viena expedition
1096:Karelian Isthmus
929:Eero Haapalainen
829:Saint Petersburg
798:Drift toward war
679:People's Militia
635:general election
598:Hakaniemi Square
546:Protection Corps
514:, including the
487:due to disease,
481:prisoners of war
430:
425:
380:Battles and wars
371:
369:
368:
350:
349:
348:
338:Protection Corps
330:
328:
327:
312:
310:
309:
300:
299:
298:
237:
236:
235:
211:
185:Eero Haapalainen
160:
124:
123:
101:
95:
68:Google Translate
53:
49:
29:
28:
21:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2139:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2077:
2064:
2057:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1933:
1929:
1918:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1719:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1632:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1569:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1511:
1505:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1433:
1429:
1418:
1398:
1391:
1376:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1315:
1275:Murmansk Legion
1258:
1163:Vyborg province
1120:Central Finland
1092:Gulf of Bothnia
1068:
1004:
970:
949:Kullervo Manner
909:
904:
800:
709:
699:In the October
677:Finally, a new
648:
643:
618:
566:
533:
528:
503:in late 1918.
445:labour movement
423:
366:
364:
346:
344:
325:
323:
307:
305:
304:
296:
294:
286:
233:
231:
223:
209:
204:
195:Kullervo Manner
163:
151:
118:
117:
116:
99:
93:
56:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2349:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2279:
2278:
2266:
2259:
2241:
2218:
2211:
2188:
2181:
2159:
2130:
2104:
2097:
2062:
2055:
2031:
2005:
1980:
1969:. 6 April 2014
1954:
1927:
1916:
1892:
1863:
1856:
1834:
1827:
1801:
1794:
1768:
1742:
1735:
1710:
1684:
1655:
1621:
1592:
1550:
1496:
1464:
1457:
1427:
1416:
1389:
1365:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1273:organized the
1271:United Kingdom
1257:
1254:
1246:Knyazhaya Guba
1203:Finland Proper
1199:Red Government
1067:
1064:
1003:
1000:
969:
966:
958:Edvard Gylling
945:Evert Eloranta
908:
905:
903:
902:1918 Civil War
900:
865:Evert Huttunen
799:
796:
778:in March 1917.
757:general strike
733:Turku and Pori
708:
705:
647:
644:
642:
639:
622:Hakaniemi riot
617:
614:
565:
564:Hakaniemi riot
562:
532:
529:
527:
524:
473:Women's Guards
406:
405:
404:
403:
398:
393:
388:
381:
377:
376:
363:
362:
342:
341:
332:Russian Empire
321:
317:
316:
292:
288:
287:
285:
284:
279:
274:
268:
266:
260:
259:
246:
242:
241:
229:
225:
224:
222:
221:
218:
214:
212:
206:
205:
203:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
171:
169:
165:
164:
161:
153:
152:
150:
149:
140:
131:
127:
120:
119:
115:
114:
107:
96:
74:
71:
60:
57:
50:(January 2023)
35:
34:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2348:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2300:
2298:9781472830777
2294:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2276:, p. 23.
2275:
2270:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2019:
2015:
2009:
1991:
1984:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1942:
1941:Turun Sanomat
1938:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1772:
1756:
1749:
1747:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1715:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:. Cambridge:
1441:
1440:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1256:After the war
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:White Karelia
1235:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1159:Savo province
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1144:Soviet Russia
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:North Karelia
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1077:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1008:
999:
996:
992:
991:Female Guards
988:
979:
974:
965:
963:
962:Oskar Rantala
959:
954:
953:August Wesley
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
918:
913:
899:
897:
893:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
852:
850:
840:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
816:
814:
810:
806:
795:
793:
789:
784:
777:
772:
768:
766:
762:
758:
752:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
704:
702:
701:1917 election
697:
695:
691:
690:1916 election
687:
682:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
657:
652:
638:
636:
631:
627:
623:
613:
610:
606:
604:
599:
595:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
557:
553:
551:
547:
542:
538:
531:Establishment
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:Soviet Russia
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
443:units of the
442:
438:
434:
429:
421:
417:
413:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
378:
374:
373:German Empire
360:
357:
356:
355:
353:
339:
336:
335:
333:
322:
318:
315:
303:
293:
289:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
267:
265:
261:
258:
254:
250:
247:
243:
240:
230:
226:
219:
216:
215:
213:
207:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
170:
166:
159:
154:
148:
144:
141:
139:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
112:
108:
105:
97:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
61:
59:
58:
52:
46:
45:
41:
36:You can help
32:
23:
22:
19:
2287:
2269:
2250:
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2221:
2198:
2191:
2172:
2162:
2150:. Retrieved
2121:. Retrieved
2107:
2084:
2080:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2022:. Retrieved
2017:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1966:
1957:
1945:. Retrieved
1943:(in Finnish)
1940:
1930:
1922:Google Books
1920:– via
1902:
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
1881:(in Finnish)
1876:
1866:
1843:
1837:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1779:
1771:
1759:. Retrieved
1726:
1722:
1701:. Retrieved
1696:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1673:(in Finnish)
1668:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1644:(in Finnish)
1639:
1612:. Retrieved
1610:(in Finnish)
1605:
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1581:(in Finnish)
1576:
1541:. Retrieved
1521:
1515:
1487:. Retrieved
1485:(in Finnish)
1480:
1438:
1430:
1422:Google Books
1420:– via
1402:
1383:
1379:
1356:. Retrieved
1352:
1349:"Background"
1343:
1299:7th Red Army
1295:East Karelia
1259:
1227:
1219:Fellman camp
1211:
1192:
1175:
1167:
1148:
1116:Ostrobothnia
1108:Lappeenranta
1089:
1060:
1045:
1021:
1002:Organization
995:Baltic Fleet
983:
925:Ali Aaltonen
922:
891:
888:
869:
861:Taavi Tainio
857:VÀinö Tanner
853:
845:
817:
801:
785:
781:
761:Ali Aaltonen
753:
749:
728:
726:
721:
710:
698:
683:
678:
676:
670:. After the
661:
619:
611:
607:
591:
567:
534:
505:
489:malnutrition
461:
441:paramilitary
411:
409:
401:Kinship Wars
359:White Guards
343:
334:(1905â1907)
314:Russian SFSR
257:East Karelia
180:Ali Aaltonen
86:edit summary
77:
48:
37:
18:
1524:(8): 4, 7.
1267:World War I
1242:Kandalaksha
1223:Kymenlaakso
1102:, Tampere,
1028:Jukka Rahja
941:Adolf Taimi
616:Dissolution
453:Red Finland
439:) were the
437:Röda gardet
361:(1917â1920)
340:(1905â1906)
147:Röda gardet
2310:Categories
1906:. Leiden:
1677:26 January
1648:26 January
1614:26 January
1585:20 January
1489:20 January
1447:. p.
1358:20 January
1335:References
1230:Iivo Ahava
1052:battalions
1042:Red Guard.
937:Eino Rahja
907:Commanders
686:parliament
582:Johan Kock
459:in 1918.
420:Punakaarti
412:Red Guards
228:Allegiance
190:Eino Rahja
175:Johan Kock
138:Punakaarti
130:Red Guards
1538:154732286
1151:Satakunta
1056:companies
1048:regiments
718:Satakunta
714:Huittinen
594:Hakaniemi
580:, led by
493:execution
320:Opponents
277:Communism
272:Socialism
220:1917â1920
217:1905â1907
104:talk page
2234:16 March
1885:16 March
1878:Yle News
1703:12 April
1313:See also
1207:Kymijoki
1024:crofters
917:Pertteli
884:Taavetti
603:cossacks
586:sabotage
550:Helsinki
518:and the
497:pardoned
264:Ideology
80:provide
2152:6 March
2123:6 March
2024:6 March
1998:6 March
1973:6 March
1947:6 March
1761:6 March
1543:2 March
1291:Germany
1289:of the
1281:of the
1214:Uusimaa
1132:Lapland
1124:Savonia
1112:Varkaus
1094:to the
1076:Ruovesi
1040:Pispala
998:Front.
978:Pukkila
876:LuumÀki
849:Germany
809:Tampere
807:and in
741:Viipuri
737:Uusimaa
499:by the
449:Finland
433:Swedish
416:Finnish
354:(1918)
352:Finland
249:Finland
168:Leaders
143:Swedish
134:Finnish
102:to the
84:in the
47:.
40:Finnish
2295:
2257:
2209:
2179:
2095:
2053:
1914:
1854:
1825:
1792:
1733:
1536:
1455:
1414:
1283:Allies
1269:. The
1195:German
1140:Norway
1136:Sweden
989:. The
880:Kiikka
872:Vyborg
825:Smolna
805:Vyborg
692:. The
656:Maaria
624:, the
491:, and
477:Whites
375:(1918)
370:
329:
311:
291:Allies
44:French
2203:(PDF)
2083:[
2045:[
1993:(PDF)
1813:[
1786:85â88
1725:[
1534:S2CID
1512:(PDF)
1382:[
1171:Vaasa
1104:Lahti
833:Sipoo
813:Turku
776:Turku
64:DeepL
2293:ISBN
2255:ISBN
2236:2017
2207:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2154:2017
2125:2017
2093:ISBN
2051:ISBN
2026:2017
2000:2017
1975:2017
1949:2017
1912:ISBN
1887:2017
1852:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1763:2017
1731:ISBN
1705:2017
1679:2017
1650:2017
1616:2017
1587:2017
1545:2017
1522:2004
1491:2017
1453:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1360:2017
1248:and
1155:HĂ€me
1153:and
1126:and
1100:Pori
1050:and
968:Size
960:and
943:and
874:and
863:and
739:and
630:Oulu
424:IPA:
410:The
253:FSWR
78:must
76:You
42:and
1526:doi
1449:146
1250:Kem
1142:or
1066:War
447:in
255:),
66:or
2312::
2171:.
2145:.
2133:^
2116:.
2091:.
2065:^
1965:.
1910:.
1821:.
1788:.
1745:^
1713:^
1624:^
1553:^
1532:.
1520:.
1514:.
1499:^
1467:^
1451:.
1392:^
1368:^
1351:.
1309:.
1146:.
1138:,
1122:,
1118:,
1106:,
964:.
939:,
859:,
851:.
735:,
435::
431:;
422:,
418::
145::
136::
2301:.
2263:.
2238:.
2215:.
2185:.
2156:.
2127:.
2101:.
2059:.
2028:.
2002:.
1977:.
1951:.
1924:.
1889:.
1860:.
1831:.
1798:.
1765:.
1739:.
1707:.
1681:.
1652:.
1618:.
1589:.
1547:.
1528::
1493:.
1461:.
1424:.
1362:.
1078:.
980:.
919:.
414:(
251:(
113:.
106:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.