649:
462:
623:
439:
393:
36:
579:
56:
601:
71:
496:
557:
3214:
3224:
525:
291:, the University of Liverpool with a University College in 1881, and the University of Sheffield with a medical school in 1828, Firth College in 1879 and a technical school in 1884, which merged to form a university college in 1897. Of the redbricks that gained independent university status later, Newcastle owed its beginnings to a medical school established in 1834 and affiliated to
875:, which states: "It is primarily with eight of the twelve English universities that this book is concerned: Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Nottingham, Reading and Sheffield" (p. 25) and, with respect to Durham, that "its Newcastle college, perhaps, can properly find a place in this survey" (p. 24).
154:
in the title. The term red brick for this category of universities is used as a contrast to the older more established universities that were all stone masonry constructions. The use of bricks was seen as a cheaper and less traditional alternative and therefore not as highly regarded, reflected in
501:
The federal
Victoria University existed between 1880 and 1903. The Victoria University of Manchester was granted a royal charter as its successor institution in 1903 and merged with Owens College, which had previously merged with the Royal School of Medicine and Surgery in 1872. The Manchester
669:
Various other civic institutions with origins dating from the 19th and early to mid-20th centuries have also been described as "red brick". According to historian
William Whyte of the University of Oxford, Truscott's original definition includes the
206:
institutions that admitted men without reference to religion or background and concentrated on imparting to their students "real-world" skills, often linked to engineering and medicine. In this sense they owed their structural heritage to the
1621:
Professor Whyte said that
Truscot's term "describes the late 19th, early 20th-century foundations": including Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, Bristol, Sheffield, Newcastle, as well as Dundee "and the Welsh universities" beyond
299:
in 1892, incorporating pre-existing schools of art and science, while
Nottingham was established as a civic college in 1881 and students were awarded degrees by the University of London until it received its Royal Charter in 1948.
398:
The
Victoria University was a federal university based in Manchester with colleges in Manchester, Leeds and Liverpool. It was defunct by 1903 as the colleges sought independent university status, leading to the formation of the
254:
universities all gained official university status before the First World War: all of these institutions have origins dating back to older medical or engineering colleges, and were located in the industrial centres of the late
1797:
185:
was the first of the civic universities to gain independent university status in 1900 and the university has stated that the popularity of the term "red brick" owes much to its own
Chancellor's Court, constructed from
502:
Mechanics' Institute, formed in 1824, became the
Manchester Technical School in 1884 and then UMIST in 1956; it merged with the Victoria University of Manchester in 2004 to form the current University of Manchester.
342:
was added to the
Combined English Universities constituency in 1928 (prior to this its graduates, taking London degrees, would have joined the London constituency). The constituency was abolished in 1950.
713:
before being granted full university status; they differ in that they became universities later, after the Second World War (with the exception of
Reading) rather than before the First World War. The
1790:
263:
eras that required strong scientific and technical workforces. These universities developed out of various 19th-century private research and education institutes in industrial cities known as
1783:
3268:
3248:
2959:
1740:
698:
3263:
2134:
2052:
3017:
3273:
303:
678:(previously a college of the University of Durham, and noted by Truscot as "perhaps" being included), and the Welsh university colleges (not named, but could include
2304:
3258:
194:(opened two years before University College Liverpool in 1880), an elaborate red brick and terracotta building in central Birmingham which was demolished in 1962.
3117:
1221:
885:
482:
Victoria
University of Manchester (1903) (Royal School of Medicine and Surgery, Manchester (1824); Owens College, Manchester (1851); Victoria University (1880));
755:
gained university status in 1908 during the same period as the English red brick universities, having previously been established in 1845 as a college of the
275:. The 1824 Manchester Mechanics' Institute formed the basis of the Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), and thus led towards the current
530:
Yorkshire College of Science became Yorkshire College then merged with the School of Medicine in 1884. Part of the Victoria University from 1886 to 1903.
1195:
181:
While the University of Liverpool was an inspiration for the "red brick" university alluded to in Peers' book, receiving university status in 1903, the
3122:
211:, which emphasised practical knowledge over the academic sort. This distinguished the red brick universities from the ancient English universities of
327:
2045:
1634:
335:
2193:
3159:
3149:
331:
323:
3084:
3058:
3026:
295:
from 1852, and a college of science established, in partnership with Durham, in 1871. Reading was established as an extension college by the
103:, all British universities founded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in major cities are now sometimes referred to as "red brick".
3142:
1616:
3253:
3217:
3184:
2982:
2038:
3227:
3132:
3002:
159:
40:
3093:
3007:
2158:
906:
110:
and were initially established as civic science or engineering colleges. Eight of the nine original institutions are members of the
3169:
2997:
2790:
2208:
1247:
166:
and completed in 1892 as the main building for University College, Liverpool) is built from a distinctive red pressed brick, with
2944:
2861:
1036:
3174:
223:, collegiate institutions which concentrated on divinity and the liberal arts, and imposed religious tests (e.g. assent to the
2560:
1688:
1354:
1110:
315:
96:
1402:
88:) was originally one of the nine civic universities founded in the major industrial cities of England in the 19th century.
3112:
3079:
2289:
2213:
403:
from the merger of the Victoria University with Owens College, Manchester, in 1903. This new institution later merged with
272:
322:
and the six pre-World War One red bricks (Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, and Sheffield). Graduates of
2671:
2324:
1941:
749:
and the only university to receive its charter between the two world wars, describes itself as a "red brick" university.
488:
461:
3179:
2896:
2570:
2061:
1640:
1412:
674:(originally an independent university college, before becoming a constituent college of the University of St Andrews),
889:
2771:
1936:
1317:
1164:
400:
2813:
2681:
2555:
2485:
2168:
1967:
1915:
1154:
795:
756:
648:
2929:
2876:
2198:
2069:
2987:
2666:
2294:
2274:
2153:
2119:
2009:
1479:
1199:
810:
1775:
763:). As a result, it meets the dictionary definition of a red brick university, and is sometimes named as such.
697:
Many other institutions share similar characteristics to the original civic universities, namely those in the
2906:
2851:
2798:
2746:
2701:
2444:
2419:
2374:
2329:
2299:
1880:
1727:
Queen's is a world-class, red-brick university situated in Belfast, the regional capital of Northern Ireland.
752:
208:
150:
adjectivally in the text and in the title of the 1945 sequel. He is said to have later regretted his use of
106:
Six of the original redbrick institutions, or their predecessor institutes, gained university status before
3199:
3194:
3127:
2279:
2173:
815:
694:(1920)). Notably, Whyte does not include Reading or Nottingham, which Truscot lists in his second edition.
1544:
1501:
2992:
2841:
2631:
2595:
2454:
2434:
2114:
800:
760:
288:
1644:
1126:
Harold Silver (1999). "The universities' speaking conscience: "Bruce Truscot" and Redbrick University".
2726:
2510:
2369:
2188:
2163:
2089:
1593:
622:
438:
264:
3164:
2972:
2934:
2891:
2866:
2756:
2716:
2550:
2424:
2339:
2334:
2254:
2233:
2228:
2104:
722:
424:
280:
20:
3154:
2881:
2871:
2776:
2736:
2731:
2676:
2661:
2600:
2565:
2540:
2535:
2439:
2429:
2364:
2319:
2249:
2223:
2218:
2178:
2084:
766:
702:
610:
543:
515:
472:
416:
408:
380:
366:
284:
276:
232:
182:
167:
74:
64:
35:
2977:
2836:
2615:
2590:
2545:
2459:
2414:
2404:
2394:
2264:
2259:
2094:
1865:
1845:
1341:
914:
734:
578:
535:
449:
392:
307:
244:
216:
171:
138:, to describe the civic universities, while using the pseudonym "Bruce Truscot" in his 1943 book
135:
44:
1309:
3101:
2914:
2886:
2856:
2821:
2721:
2651:
2646:
2580:
2480:
2384:
2314:
2203:
2183:
1981:
831:
826:
774:
679:
240:
92:
1636:
Report of the Committee appointed by the Prime Minister under the Chairmanship of Lord Robbins
444:
The first independent civic university to be awarded full university status by Royal Charter.
2846:
2741:
2656:
2585:
2530:
2495:
2490:
2449:
2409:
2124:
1900:
1714:
742:
718:
640:
Newcastle upon Tyne College of Medicine (later Durham University College of Medicine) (1834);
588:
566:
429:
236:
203:
191:
3105:
2831:
2766:
2761:
2711:
2686:
2575:
2520:
2505:
2475:
2309:
2284:
2143:
2099:
1523:
1377:
1179:
821:
790:
746:
730:
710:
705:
in 1961. These universities were similar to the red bricks in that they evolved from local
675:
671:
632:
296:
268:
228:
224:
212:
100:
27:
8:
3137:
2691:
2641:
2605:
2525:
2389:
2379:
2269:
2109:
1895:
1890:
1855:
1279:
918:
706:
507:
467:
Part of the Victoria University from 1884. Gained independent university status in 1903.
131:
55:
48:
1254:
3089:
2949:
2939:
2924:
2826:
2706:
2636:
2610:
2515:
1961:
1571:
1302:
770:
726:
691:
683:
339:
47:
was the inspiration for the term "red brick university" which was coined by Professor
3053:
2919:
2803:
2751:
2500:
2030:
2004:
1408:
1350:
1313:
1160:
1106:
1099:
1040:
805:
687:
600:
319:
292:
220:
163:
3043:
2696:
2399:
2359:
1850:
1825:
1666:
1135:
738:
187:
174:
claims to be the original "red brick" institution, although the titular, fictional
1692:
283:. The University of Leeds also owes its foundations to a medical school: the 1831
70:
3063:
2967:
1905:
967:
943:
279:
formed in 2004. The University of Birmingham has origins dating back to the 1825
3048:
1987:
1805:
1435:
778:
714:
16:
Term for British universities founded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
1741:"Teaching Excellence Framework: analysis of highly skilled employmentoutcomes"
3242:
1910:
1875:
658:
that " Newcastle college, perhaps, can properly find a place in this survey"
311:
260:
256:
155:
the general view of these new universities compared to the established ones.
111:
1770:
Redbrick: A Social and Architectural History of Britain's Civic Universities
1139:
495:
988:
556:
1830:
107:
1931:
1885:
60:
1457:
2014:
1860:
1065:
1060:
1058:
2019:
1180:
Allison Peers (under the pseudonym 'Bruce Truscot'), Edgar (1943).
1031:
1029:
1007:
1005:
524:
745:, founded in the late 19th century as an extension college of the
709:
and (with the exception of Keele) awarded external degrees of the
1835:
1085:
1055:
962:
960:
1617:"How the redbrick universities created British higher education"
1026:
1002:
267:, and presented their students for external examinations of the
1738:
1012:
957:
938:
936:
871:
The term was coined by Bruce Truscot (Edgar Allison Peers) in
1304:
In Churchill's Shadow: Confronting the Past in Modern Britain
484:
404:
3189:
1870:
1806:
University associations and groupings in the United Kingdom
933:
642:
Durham College of Science (later Armstrong College) (1871);
247:) were founded on a different basis between 1400 and 1600.
26:"Civic university" redirects here. Not to be confused with
769:
research in 2016 split universities into four categories:
2305:
Richmond, The American International University in London
1840:
3269:
Colloquial terms for groups of universities and colleges
3249:
Lists of universities and colleges in the United Kingdom
178:
was a cipher for all the civic universities of the day.
378:
Royal School of Medicine and Surgery, Manchester (1824)
2060:
1404:
The History of the University of East Anglia, Norwich
1280:"Complete University Guide, University of Birmingham"
1096:
741:
as being "younger civic universities". Of these, the
3264:
Brick buildings and structures in the United Kingdom
1248:"University of Birmingham Professorial Announcement"
158:
Peers's reference was inspired by the fact that the
334:had already been enfranchised and graduates of the
202:
These universities were distinguished by being non-
1739:Peter Blyth and Arran Cleminson (September 2016).
1545:"History of the Victoria University of Manchester"
1378:"Humboldt University Structural Model and History"
1301:
1098:
219:and from the newer (although still pre-Victorian)
3274:History of higher education in the United Kingdom
3240:
1566:
1564:
1562:
287:. The University of Bristol began with the 1876
95:and the reclassification of polytechnics in the
3259:Universities and colleges in the United Kingdom
19:"Redbrick" redirects here. For other uses, see
3160:Student loans and grants in the United Kingdom
117:
3027:University of the Channel Islands in Guernsey
2046:
1791:
1559:
1539:
1537:
1407:. London: Hambledon & London. p. 3.
1349:. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Sense. p. 12.
1125:
856:
852:
850:
848:
190:. The University of Birmingham grew from the
1522:
491:(1824); Manchester Technical School (1883))
197:
162:at the University of Liverpool (designed by
2983:International College of the Cayman Islands
1614:
1480:"The University of Reading is 85 years old"
1343:Access and Equity, Comparative Perspectives
1128:Journal of the History of Education Society
477:1903 (as Victoria University of Manchester)
146:in the title of the original book, he used
3223:
3003:University of Science, Arts and Technology
2053:
2039:
1798:
1784:
1534:
1428:
1396:
1394:
888:. University of St Andrews. Archived from
845:
3008:University of the West Indies Open Campus
1528:Electoral Reform in War and Peace 1906-18
1400:
1299:
91:However, with the 1960s proliferation of
3170:Student television in the United Kingdom
2998:University College of the Cayman Islands
2209:Royal Central School of Speech and Drama
1689:"Facts and figures about the university"
1152:
861:(2nd ed.). Pelican. pp. 24–25.
170:decorative dressings. On this basis the
69:
54:
34:
1691:. University of Reading. Archived from
1659:
1391:
1198:. Russell Group website. Archived from
552:University College of Sheffield (1897)
3241:
3175:Student unionism in the United Kingdom
1746:. Department for Education. p. 18
1339:
2034:
1779:
1173:
1146:
901:
899:
664:
644:Merged to form King's College (1937)
618:University College Nottingham (1881)
457:University College, Liverpool (1881)
316:Representation of the People Act 1918
97:Further and Higher Education Act 1992
3080:2010 United Kingdom student protests
989:"Origins of the University of Leeds"
520:Yorkshire College of Science (1874)
338:were enfranchised at the same time.
227:) on staff and students. Scotland's
3185:Undergraduate degree classification
1942:North West Universities Association
1502:"A brief history of the University"
1308:. Oxford University Press. p.
1156:History of Universities, Vol. XXI/1
1066:"About the University of Sheffield"
1037:"University of Manchester: History"
1013:"About the University of Liverpool"
773:(pre-1800), red brick (1800–1960),
479:2004 (as University of Manchester)
387:University College Liverpool (1881)
385:Yorkshire College of Science (1874)
13:
3254:Universities in the United Kingdom
3180:Tuition fees in the United Kingdom
2062:Universities in the United Kingdom
1762:
896:
596:University College Reading (1892)
574:University College Bristol (1876)
550:Sheffield Technical School (1884);
14:
3285:
1937:Global Medical Excellence Cluster
968:"About the University of Bristol"
886:"A history of the HE environment"
699:second wave of civic universities
401:Victoria University of Manchester
3222:
3213:
3212:
2290:Northeastern University – London
1916:White Rose University Consortium
1615:John Morgan (12 November 2015).
796:Ancient universities of Scotland
647:
621:
599:
577:
555:
523:
494:
489:Mechanics' Institute, Manchester
460:
437:
434:Mason University College (1898)
391:
376:Owens College, Manchester (1851)
134:, a professor of Spanish at the
3059:London International Programmes
2877:Royal Conservatoire of Scotland
1732:
1707:
1681:
1641:Her Majesty's Stationery Office
1627:
1608:
1586:
1516:
1494:
1472:
1450:
1370:
1333:
1293:
1272:
1240:
1222:"University of Liverpool guide"
1214:
1188:
1119:
1090:
1079:
2988:Saint James School of Medicine
2120:Norwich University of the Arts
1105:. Liverpool University Press.
1097:Mackenzie & Allan (1996).
981:
944:"Birmingham University Firsts"
878:
865:
811:List of universities in the UK
250:The first wave of large civic
1:
2445:University College Birmingham
2330:University of the Arts London
1530:. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
1300:Cannadine, David (May 2004).
1101:Redbrick University Revisited
838:
757:Queen's University of Ireland
304:Combined English Universities
209:Humboldt University of Berlin
3195:University and College Union
3123:Colleges within universities
2174:Institute of Cancer Research
1715:"Queen's University Belfast"
1153:Feingold, Mordechai (2006).
816:Maple League of Universities
271:or were part of the federal
7:
2632:Arts University Bournemouth
1458:"History of the University"
1401:Sanderson, Michael (2002).
1159:. Oxford University Press.
801:Armorial of UK universities
784:
761:Royal University of Ireland
352:University charter awarded
289:University College, Bristol
118:Origins of the term and use
10:
3290:
3085:List by date of foundation
1667:"The University's History"
1596:. University of Manchester
1547:. University of Manchester
1504:. University of Nottingham
911:Oxford Living Dictionaries
753:Queen's University Belfast
25:
18:
3208:
3165:Student Radio Association
3072:
3036:
3016:
2973:Cayman Islands Law School
2958:
2945:Wales Trinity Saint David
2905:
2812:
2789:
2624:
2468:
2352:
2242:
2142:
2133:
2077:
2068:
1997:
1954:
1924:
1818:
1811:
1438:. University of Sheffield
1196:"University of Liverpool"
723:University of Southampton
701:before the advent of the
425:Birmingham Medical School
355:Predecessor institutions
281:Birmingham Medical School
198:Civic university movement
21:Redbrick (disambiguation)
3155:Scottish Funding Council
2993:St. Matthew's University
2732:Arts University Plymouth
2672:Canterbury Christ Church
2224:School of Advanced Study
2219:Royal Veterinary College
1340:Egiins, Heather (2010).
1184:. Faber & Faber Ltd.
767:Department for Education
703:plate glass universities
611:University of Nottingham
544:Sheffield Medical School
516:Leeds School of Medicine
473:University of Manchester
417:University of Birmingham
409:University of Manchester
381:Leeds School of Medicine
285:Leeds School of Medicine
277:University of Manchester
183:University of Birmingham
93:plate glass universities
75:University of Manchester
65:University of Birmingham
3094:Third-oldest in England
2571:Manchester Metropolitan
1866:N8 Research Partnership
1846:Francis Crick Institute
1717:. Study Across The Pond
1669:. University of Reading
1140:10.1080/004676099284726
915:Oxford University Press
735:University of Leicester
536:University of Sheffield
450:University of Liverpool
308:university constituency
172:University of Liverpool
136:University of Liverpool
45:University of Liverpool
2315:Royal College of Music
2204:Royal Academy of Music
2184:London Business School
1643:. 1963. Archived from
1460:. Newcastle University
857:Bruce Truscot (1951).
832:Sandstone universities
827:Plate glass university
142:. Although Peers used
101:post-1992 universities
77:
67:
52:
2862:Highlands and Islands
2556:Liverpool John Moores
1901:Universities Scotland
1574:. University of Leeds
743:University of Reading
719:University of Reading
589:University of Reading
567:University of Bristol
548:Firth College (1879);
430:Mason Science College
192:Mason Science College
73:
58:
38:
3128:Degree abbreviations
2960:Overseas territories
2930:Cardiff Metropolitan
2310:Royal College of Art
873:Red Brick University
859:Red Brick University
822:Post-1992 university
791:Ancient universities
747:University of Oxford
731:University of Exeter
711:University of London
676:Newcastle University
672:University of Dundee
633:Newcastle University
297:University of Oxford
269:University of London
229:ancient universities
225:Thirty-Nine Articles
221:University of Durham
188:Accrington red brick
82:red brick university
28:municipal university
3138:Office for Students
2667:Buckinghamshire New
1896:University Alliance
1891:Thomas Young Centre
1856:Midlands Innovation
1812:Formal associations
1436:"Facts and figures"
1226:The Daily Telegraph
1182:Redbrick University
1086:Russell Group: Home
1043:on 24 February 2009
707:university colleges
508:University of Leeds
367:Victoria University
336:University of Wales
273:Victoria University
265:university colleges
176:Redbrick University
140:Redbrick University
132:Edgar Allison Peers
86:redbrick university
49:Edgar Allison Peers
3018:Crown dependencies
2852:Glasgow Caledonian
2747:Royal Agricultural
2486:Central Lancashire
2375:Bishop Grosseteste
1998:Informal groupings
1647:on 30 October 2013
1594:"History of UMIST"
727:University of Hull
665:Other institutions
654:Truscot states in
340:Reading University
78:
68:
53:
3236:
3235:
3146:
3118:List by enrolment
3113:List by endowment
3109:
2785:
2784:
2348:
2347:
2280:London South Bank
2028:
2027:
2005:Campus university
1950:
1949:
1356:978-94-6091-184-2
1112:978-0-85323-259-9
921:on 1 January 2017
806:Campus university
777:(1960-1992), and
662:
661:
320:Durham University
318:for graduates of
293:Durham University
164:Alfred Waterhouse
160:Victoria Building
41:Victoria Building
3281:
3226:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3140:
3087:
2897:West of Scotland
2842:Edinburgh Napier
2791:Northern Ireland
2596:Sheffield Hallam
2435:Nottingham Trent
2159:City St George's
2140:
2139:
2075:
2074:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2031:
1826:Cathedrals Group
1816:
1815:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1768:Whyte, William.
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1348:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1307:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1253:. Archived from
1252:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1202:on 1 August 2013
1192:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1104:
1094:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1039:. Archived from
1033:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1009:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
964:
955:
954:
952:
950:
940:
931:
930:
928:
926:
917:. Archived from
903:
894:
893:
882:
876:
869:
863:
862:
854:
739:Keele University
651:
625:
603:
581:
559:
527:
498:
464:
441:
395:
346:
345:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3204:
3068:
3032:
3012:
2968:Bermuda College
2954:
2901:
2808:
2781:
2727:Plymouth Marjon
2702:Gloucestershire
2620:
2464:
2370:Birmingham City
2344:
2238:
2145:
2129:
2078:East of England
2064:
2059:
2029:
2024:
2010:Golden triangle
1993:
1946:
1920:
1906:Universities UK
1807:
1804:
1765:
1763:Further reading
1760:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1482:. 16 March 2011
1478:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1399:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1151:
1147:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1003:
993:
991:
987:
986:
982:
972:
970:
966:
965:
958:
948:
946:
942:
941:
934:
924:
922:
905:
904:
897:
892:on 26 May 2007.
884:
883:
879:
870:
866:
855:
846:
841:
787:
667:
643:
641:
551:
549:
547:
519:
483:
478:
433:
428:
388:
386:
384:
379:
377:
373:(defunct 1903)
372:
314:created by the
200:
120:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3287:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3220:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3037:Non-geographic
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2867:Queen Margaret
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2717:Oxford Brookes
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2551:Liverpool Hope
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2214:Royal Holloway
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1731:
1706:
1695:on 1 July 2013
1680:
1658:
1626:
1607:
1585:
1558:
1533:
1515:
1493:
1471:
1449:
1427:
1414:978-1852853365
1413:
1390:
1369:
1355:
1332:
1318:
1292:
1271:
1239:
1213:
1187:
1172:
1165:
1145:
1118:
1111:
1089:
1078:
1054:
1025:
1001:
980:
956:
932:
895:
877:
864:
843:
842:
840:
837:
836:
835:
829:
824:
819:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
786:
783:
715:Robbins Report
666:
663:
660:
659:
652:
645:
638:
635:
629:
628:
626:
619:
616:
613:
607:
606:
604:
597:
594:
591:
585:
584:
582:
575:
572:
569:
563:
562:
560:
553:
541:
538:
532:
531:
528:
521:
513:
510:
504:
503:
499:
492:
480:
475:
469:
468:
465:
458:
455:
452:
446:
445:
442:
435:
422:
419:
413:
412:
396:
389:
374:
369:
363:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
199:
196:
130:was coined by
119:
116:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3286:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3229:
3221:
3219:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Robert Gordon
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:Creative Arts
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2616:York St. John
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:Leeds Trinity
2539:
2537:
2536:Leeds Beckett
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Wolverhampton
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:Staffordshire
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Hertfordshire
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:Anglia Ruskin
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Wallace Group
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:Russell Group
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1716:
1710:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1668:
1662:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1595:
1589:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1503:
1497:
1481:
1475:
1459:
1453:
1437:
1431:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1395:
1379:
1373:
1358:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1321:
1319:9780195171563
1315:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1296:
1281:
1275:
1260:on 6 May 2014
1256:
1249:
1243:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1166:9780199297382
1162:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1114:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1087:
1082:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1014:
1008:
1006:
990:
984:
969:
963:
961:
945:
939:
937:
920:
916:
912:
908:
902:
900:
891:
887:
881:
874:
868:
860:
853:
851:
849:
844:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
657:
653:
650:
646:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
627:
624:
620:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
605:
602:
598:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
583:
580:
576:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
561:
558:
554:
545:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
522:
517:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
500:
497:
493:
490:
486:
481:
476:
474:
471:
470:
466:
463:
459:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
443:
440:
436:
431:
426:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
394:
390:
382:
375:
370:
368:
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2511:Huddersfield
2415:Loughborough
2395:Harper Adams
2295:Ravensbourne
2090:Bedfordshire
1990:(since 1992)
1975:
1769:
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1734:
1726:
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1693:the original
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1524:Pugh, Martin
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919:the original
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890:the original
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3200:Polytechnic
3102:Plate glass
2935:South Wales
2915:Aberystwyth
2892:Strathclyde
2857:Heriot-Watt
2772:UWE Bristol
2757:Southampton
2647:Bournemouth
2581:Northumbria
2425:Northampton
2385:De Montfort
2340:West London
2335:Westminster
2255:East London
2144:University
2105:East Anglia
1984:(1960–1969)
1982:Plate glass
1978:(1900–1963)
1964:(pre-1600)
1831:Eastern ARC
1721:31 December
1651:31 December
1508:28 February
1486:28 February
1464:28 February
925:31 December
907:"red-brick"
834:(Australia)
775:plate glass
690:(1885) and
680:Aberystwyth
108:World War I
3243:Categories
2882:St Andrews
2777:Winchester
2737:Portsmouth
2677:Chichester
2662:Buckingham
2601:Sunderland
2566:Manchester
2531:Leeds Arts
2430:Nottingham
2365:Birmingham
2320:Roehampton
2275:London Met
2199:Queen Mary
2169:Goldsmiths
1970:(pre-1600)
1932:1994 Group
1886:SETsquared
1572:"Heritage"
1134:(2): 173.
839:References
233:St Andrews
204:collegiate
168:terracotta
63:building,
61:Aston Webb
3106:Post-1992
2978:Gibraltar
2837:Edinburgh
2591:Sheffield
2576:Newcastle
2546:Liverpool
2521:Lancaster
2506:Edge Hill
2460:Worcester
2405:Leicester
2325:St Mary's
2285:Middlesex
2260:Greenwich
2164:Courtauld
2146:of London
2100:Cranfield
2095:Cambridge
2015:Doxbridge
1976:Red brick
1600:1 January
1578:1 January
1551:1 January
1442:1 January
779:post-1992
656:Red Brick
411:in 2004.
328:Cambridge
261:Edwardian
257:Victorian
252:red brick
245:Edinburgh
217:Cambridge
152:red brick
144:red brick
124:red brick
122:The term
3218:Category
3150:Rankings
3098:Redbrick
2887:Stirling
2822:Aberdeen
2814:Scotland
2722:Plymouth
2697:Hartpury
2692:Falmouth
2652:Brighton
2642:Bath Spa
2606:Teesside
2481:Bradford
2380:Coventry
2353:Midlands
2300:Regent's
2270:Kingston
2265:Imperial
2154:Birkbeck
2020:Oxbridge
1968:Scotland
1861:Million+
1673:30 April
1622:England.
1526:(1978).
1228:. London
818:(Canada)
785:See also
686:(1883),
682:(1872),
487:(1956) (
241:Aberdeen
148:redbrick
128:redbrick
3090:Ancient
3073:Related
2950:Wrexham
2940:Swansea
2925:Cardiff
2847:Glasgow
2827:Abertay
2799:Queen's
2742:Reading
2657:Bristol
2586:Salford
2496:Cumbria
2491:Chester
2450:Warwick
2410:Lincoln
2125:Suffolk
2070:England
1962:Ancient
1925:Defunct
1851:MedCity
1836:GuildHE
1819:Current
1772:(2015).
1750:30 June
1699:19 July
1325:11 July
1285:20 June
1264:20 June
1232:19 July
1206:19 July
771:ancient
759:(later
692:Swansea
684:Cardiff
546:(1828);
310:in the
237:Glasgow
43:of the
2920:Bangor
2832:Dundee
2804:Ulster
2767:Sussex
2762:Surrey
2752:Solent
2712:Oxford
2687:Exeter
2501:Durham
2476:Bolton
2420:Newman
2250:Brunel
2179:King's
2135:London
1955:By age
1411:
1383:20 May
1353:
1316:
1163:
1109:
1071:20 May
1047:20 May
1018:20 May
994:20 May
973:20 May
949:20 May
717:lists
688:Bangor
518:(1831)
432:(1875)
427:(1825)
383:(1831)
361:Notes
358:Image
332:London
330:, and
324:Oxford
306:was a
213:Oxford
3143:HEFCE
3133:HEFCW
3044:Arden
2907:Wales
2625:South
2526:Leeds
2469:North
2400:Keele
2390:Derby
2360:Aston
2243:Other
2194:LSHTM
2110:Essex
1744:(PDF)
1420:6 May
1362:6 May
1347:(PDF)
1258:(PDF)
1251:(PDF)
637:1963
615:1948
593:1926
571:1909
540:1905
512:1904
485:UMIST
454:1903
421:1900
405:UMIST
349:Name
3228:List
3190:UCAS
3064:Open
2707:Kent
2637:Bath
2611:York
2561:LSTM
2516:Hull
2229:SOAS
1871:NCUK
1752:2017
1723:2016
1701:2013
1675:2009
1653:2016
1602:2017
1580:2017
1553:2017
1510:2017
1488:2017
1466:2017
1444:2017
1422:2014
1409:ISBN
1385:2009
1364:2014
1351:ISBN
1327:2013
1314:ISBN
1287:2013
1266:2013
1234:2013
1208:2013
1161:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1073:2009
1049:2009
1020:2009
996:2009
975:2009
951:2009
927:2016
737:and
371:1880
259:and
243:and
215:and
84:(or
59:The
39:The
3054:Law
3049:BPP
2234:UCL
2189:LSE
1988:New
1881:SES
1841:GW4
1310:121
1136:doi
126:or
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