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Reduced homology

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695: 382: 495: 183: 690:{\displaystyle \dotsb {\overset {\partial _{n+1}}{\longrightarrow \,}}C_{n}{\overset {\partial _{n}}{\longrightarrow \,}}C_{n-1}{\overset {\partial _{n-1}}{\longrightarrow \,}}\dotsb {\overset {\partial _{2}}{\longrightarrow \,}}C_{1}{\overset {\partial _{1}}{\longrightarrow \,}}C_{0}{\overset {\epsilon }{\longrightarrow \,}}\mathbb {Z} \to 0} 377:{\displaystyle \dotsb {\overset {\partial _{n+1}}{\longrightarrow \,}}C_{n}{\overset {\partial _{n}}{\longrightarrow \,}}C_{n-1}{\overset {\partial _{n-1}}{\longrightarrow \,}}\dotsb {\overset {\partial _{2}}{\longrightarrow \,}}C_{1}{\overset {\partial _{1}}{\longrightarrow \,}}C_{0}{\overset {\partial _{0}}{\longrightarrow \,}}0} 892: 988: 780: 481: 1067: 1134: 85: 32:, motivated by the intuition that all of the homology groups of a single point should be equal to zero. This modification allows more concise statements to be made (as in 792: 901: 702: 390: 997: 1185: 1072: 37: 1188:. Detailed discussion of homology theories for simplicial complexes and manifolds, singular homology, etc. 1143:
Armed with this modified complex, the standard ways to obtain homology with coefficients by applying the
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of connected components, but as such a formal sum where the coefficients add up to zero.
8: 1176: 139: 120: 29: 887:{\displaystyle {\tilde {H}}_{n}(X)=\ker(\partial _{n})/\mathrm {im} (\partial _{n+1})} 1181: 47:
is a single-point space, then with the usual definitions the integral homology group
33: 1151: 1155: 143: 25: 983:{\displaystyle {\tilde {H}}_{0}(X)=\ker(\epsilon )/\mathrm {im} (\partial _{1})} 1144: 775:{\displaystyle \epsilon \left(\sum _{i}n_{i}\sigma _{i}\right)=\sum _{i}n_{i}} 1195: 1171: 476:{\displaystyle H_{n}(X)=\ker(\partial _{n})/\mathrm {im} (\partial _{n+1})} 1159: 17: 163: 150:
as generators. The reduced homology should replace this group, of rank
124: 158:− 1. Otherwise the homology groups should remain unchanged. An 1062:{\displaystyle H_{0}(X)={\tilde {H}}_{0}(X)\oplus \mathbb {Z} } 162:
way to do this is to think of a 0-th homology class not as a
1075: 1000: 904: 795: 705: 498: 393: 186: 71: 1128: 1061: 982: 886: 774: 689: 475: 376: 79: 1193: 36:) and eliminates many exceptional cases (as in 486:To define reduced homology, we start with the 1129:{\displaystyle H_{n}(X)={\tilde {H}}_{n}(X)} 1055: 677: 669: 639: 609: 580: 544: 508: 357: 327: 297: 268: 232: 196: 73: 1194: 13: 968: 960: 957: 866: 858: 855: 837: 642: 612: 583: 547: 511: 455: 447: 444: 426: 387:and define the homology groups by 360: 330: 300: 271: 235: 199: 14: 1213: 177:, we consider the chain complex 24:is a minor modification made to 1123: 1117: 1105: 1092: 1086: 1048: 1042: 1030: 1017: 1011: 977: 964: 948: 942: 930: 924: 912: 881: 862: 846: 833: 821: 815: 803: 681: 666: 636: 606: 577: 541: 505: 470: 451: 435: 422: 410: 404: 354: 324: 294: 265: 229: 193: 38:the homology groups of spheres 1: 1165: 1180:Cambridge University Press, 80:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } 7: 169:In the usual definition of 10: 1218: 1130: 1063: 984: 888: 776: 691: 477: 378: 81: 1131: 1064: 985: 889: 777: 692: 478: 379: 89:infinite cyclic group 82: 1073: 998: 902: 793: 786:homology groups by 782:. Now we define the 703: 496: 391: 184: 154:say, by one of rank 144:connected components 69: 1177:Algebraic Topology 1162:, can be applied. 1126: 1059: 994:One can show that 980: 884: 772: 761: 723: 687: 473: 374: 140:free abelian group 127:, then the group 121:simplicial complex 115:More generally if 77: 30:algebraic topology 1152:cohomology groups 1136:for all positive 1108: 1033: 915: 806: 752: 714: 674: 651: 621: 598: 556: 526: 369: 339: 309: 286: 244: 214: 65:is isomorphic to 34:Alexander duality 1209: 1158:made by using a 1135: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1109: 1101: 1085: 1084: 1068: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1026: 1010: 1009: 989: 987: 986: 981: 976: 975: 963: 955: 923: 922: 917: 916: 908: 893: 891: 890: 885: 880: 879: 861: 853: 845: 844: 814: 813: 808: 807: 799: 781: 779: 778: 773: 771: 770: 760: 748: 744: 743: 742: 733: 732: 722: 696: 694: 693: 688: 680: 675: 670: 664: 662: 661: 652: 650: 649: 640: 634: 632: 631: 622: 620: 619: 610: 604: 599: 597: 596: 581: 575: 573: 572: 557: 555: 554: 545: 539: 537: 536: 527: 525: 524: 509: 503: 482: 480: 479: 474: 469: 468: 450: 442: 434: 433: 403: 402: 383: 381: 380: 375: 370: 368: 367: 358: 352: 350: 349: 340: 338: 337: 328: 322: 320: 319: 310: 308: 307: 298: 292: 287: 285: 284: 269: 263: 261: 260: 245: 243: 242: 233: 227: 225: 224: 215: 213: 212: 197: 191: 86: 84: 83: 78: 76: 22:reduced homology 1217: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1202:Homology theory 1192: 1191: 1168: 1156:cochain complex 1111: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1054: 1036: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1005: 1001: 999: 996: 995: 971: 967: 956: 951: 918: 907: 906: 905: 903: 900: 899: 869: 865: 854: 849: 840: 836: 809: 798: 797: 796: 794: 791: 790: 766: 762: 756: 738: 734: 728: 724: 718: 713: 709: 704: 701: 700: 676: 665: 663: 657: 653: 645: 641: 635: 633: 627: 623: 615: 611: 605: 603: 586: 582: 576: 574: 562: 558: 550: 546: 540: 538: 532: 528: 514: 510: 504: 502: 497: 494: 493: 458: 454: 443: 438: 429: 425: 398: 394: 392: 389: 388: 363: 359: 353: 351: 345: 341: 333: 329: 323: 321: 315: 311: 303: 299: 293: 291: 274: 270: 264: 262: 250: 246: 238: 234: 228: 226: 220: 216: 202: 198: 192: 190: 185: 182: 181: 133: 106: 72: 70: 67: 66: 56: 26:homology theory 12: 11: 5: 1215: 1205: 1204: 1190: 1189: 1167: 1164: 1145:tensor product 1125: 1122: 1119: 1114: 1107: 1104: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1039: 1032: 1029: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1008: 1004: 992: 991: 979: 974: 970: 966: 962: 959: 954: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 929: 926: 921: 914: 911: 883: 878: 875: 872: 868: 864: 860: 857: 852: 848: 843: 839: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 817: 812: 805: 802: 769: 765: 759: 755: 751: 747: 741: 737: 731: 727: 721: 717: 712: 708: 686: 683: 679: 673: 668: 660: 656: 648: 644: 638: 630: 626: 618: 614: 608: 602: 595: 592: 589: 585: 579: 571: 568: 565: 561: 553: 549: 543: 535: 531: 523: 520: 517: 513: 507: 501: 490:chain complex 472: 467: 464: 461: 457: 453: 449: 446: 441: 437: 432: 428: 424: 421: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 401: 397: 385: 384: 373: 366: 362: 356: 348: 344: 336: 332: 326: 318: 314: 306: 302: 296: 290: 283: 280: 277: 273: 267: 259: 256: 253: 249: 241: 237: 231: 223: 219: 211: 208: 205: 201: 195: 189: 131: 113: 112: 102: 75: 63: 62: 54: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1214: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1187: 1186:0-521-79540-0 1183: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1120: 1112: 1102: 1095: 1089: 1081: 1077: 1051: 1045: 1037: 1027: 1020: 1014: 1006: 1002: 972: 952: 945: 939: 936: 933: 927: 919: 909: 897: 894:for positive 876: 873: 870: 850: 841: 830: 827: 824: 818: 810: 800: 789: 788: 787: 785: 767: 763: 757: 753: 749: 745: 739: 735: 729: 725: 719: 715: 710: 706: 697: 684: 671: 658: 654: 646: 628: 624: 616: 600: 593: 590: 587: 569: 566: 563: 559: 551: 533: 529: 521: 518: 515: 499: 491: 489: 484: 465: 462: 459: 439: 430: 419: 416: 413: 407: 399: 395: 371: 364: 346: 342: 334: 316: 312: 304: 288: 281: 278: 275: 257: 254: 251: 247: 239: 221: 217: 209: 206: 203: 187: 180: 179: 178: 176: 172: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 130: 126: 122: 118: 110: 105: 101: 98: 97: 96: 94: 91:), while for 90: 60: 53: 50: 49: 48: 46: 41: 39: 35: 31: 27: 23: 19: 1175: 1148: 1142: 1137: 1069:; evidently 993: 895: 783: 698: 492: 487: 485: 386: 174: 168: 159: 155: 151: 147: 135: 128: 116: 114: 108: 103: 99: 95:≥ 1 we have 92: 64: 58: 51: 44: 42: 21: 15: 1172:Hatcher, A. 1160:Hom functor 173:of a space 18:mathematics 1166:References 164:formal sum 125:CW complex 123:or finite 1174:, (2002) 1154:from the 1106:~ 1052:⊕ 1031:~ 969:∂ 946:ϵ 940:⁡ 913:~ 867:∂ 838:∂ 831:⁡ 804:~ 754:∑ 736:σ 716:∑ 707:ϵ 682:→ 672:ϵ 667:⟶ 643:∂ 637:⟶ 613:∂ 607:⟶ 601:⋯ 591:− 584:∂ 578:⟶ 567:− 548:∂ 542:⟶ 512:∂ 506:⟶ 500:⋯ 488:augmented 456:∂ 427:∂ 420:⁡ 361:∂ 355:⟶ 331:∂ 325:⟶ 301:∂ 295:⟶ 289:⋯ 279:− 272:∂ 266:⟶ 255:− 236:∂ 230:⟶ 200:∂ 194:⟶ 188:⋯ 142:with the 138:) is the 1196:Category 171:homology 111:) = {0}. 1149:reduced 784:reduced 1184:  699:where 160:ad hoc 1147:, or 119:is a 1182:ISBN 898:and 87:(an 937:ker 828:ker 417:ker 146:of 43:If 40:). 28:in 16:In 1198:: 1140:. 483:. 20:, 1138:n 1124:) 1121:X 1118:( 1113:n 1103:H 1096:= 1093:) 1090:X 1087:( 1082:n 1078:H 1056:Z 1049:) 1046:X 1043:( 1038:0 1028:H 1021:= 1018:) 1015:X 1012:( 1007:0 1003:H 990:. 978:) 973:1 965:( 961:m 958:i 953:/ 949:) 943:( 934:= 931:) 928:X 925:( 920:0 910:H 896:n 882:) 877:1 874:+ 871:n 863:( 859:m 856:i 851:/ 847:) 842:n 834:( 825:= 822:) 819:X 816:( 811:n 801:H 768:i 764:n 758:i 750:= 746:) 740:i 730:i 726:n 720:i 711:( 685:0 678:Z 659:0 655:C 647:1 629:1 625:C 617:2 594:1 588:n 570:1 564:n 560:C 552:n 534:n 530:C 522:1 519:+ 516:n 471:) 466:1 463:+ 460:n 452:( 448:m 445:i 440:/ 436:) 431:n 423:( 414:= 411:) 408:X 405:( 400:n 396:H 372:0 365:0 347:0 343:C 335:1 317:1 313:C 305:2 282:1 276:n 258:1 252:n 248:C 240:n 222:n 218:C 210:1 207:+ 204:n 175:X 156:r 152:r 148:X 136:X 134:( 132:0 129:H 117:X 109:P 107:( 104:i 100:H 93:i 74:Z 61:) 59:P 57:( 55:0 52:H 45:P

Index

mathematics
homology theory
algebraic topology
Alexander duality
the homology groups of spheres
infinite cyclic group
simplicial complex
CW complex
free abelian group
connected components
formal sum
homology
tensor product
cohomology groups
cochain complex
Hom functor
Hatcher, A.
Algebraic Topology
ISBN
0-521-79540-0
Category
Homology theory

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