148:....They will say we are regressed and withdrawn and out of contact with them. True enough, we have a long, long way to back to contact the reality'. Jungians had however already warned that 'romantic regression meant a surrender to the non-rational side which had to be paid for by a sacrifice of the rational and individual side'; and Freud for his part had dourly noted that 'this extraordinary plasticity of mental developments is not unrestricted in direction; it may be described as a special capacity for involution – regression – since it may well happen that a later and higher level of development, once abandoned, cannot be reached again'.
232:. Krapp is fixated on reliving earlier times, and reenacts the fetal condition in his 'den'. He is unable to form mature relationships with women, seeing them only as replacements for his deceased mother. He experiences physical ailments that are linked to his fetal complex, struggling to perform digestive functions on his own. This literal
215:. Holden constantly contradicts the progression of time and the aging process by reverting to childish ideas of escape, unrealistic expectations and frustration produced by his numerous shifts in behavior. His tendencies to reject responsibility and society as a whole because he 'doesn't fit in' also pushes him to prolonged use of
159:(1936) ranked regression first in her enumeration of the defense mechanisms', and similarly suggested that people act out behaviors from the stage of psychosexual development in which they are fixated. For example, an individual fixated at an earlier developmental stage might cry or sulk upon hearing unpleasant news.
174:'. The opposite mistake would be 'justifying a retreat from regressive material presented by a patient. When a patient begins to trust the analyst or therapist it will be just such disturbing aspects of the internal world that will be presented for understanding – not for a panic retreat by the therapist'.
124:
had earlier argued that 'the patient's regressive tendency...is not just a relapse into infantilism, but an attempt to get at something necessary...the universal feeling of childhood innocence, the sense of security, of protection, of reciprocated love, of trust'. Kris however was concerned rather to
169:
Others have highlighted the technical dilemmas of dealing with regression from different if complementary angles. On the one hand, making premature 'assumptions about the patient's state of regression in the therapy...regarded as still at the breast', for example, might block awareness of more adult
132:
image of the creative process, in which 'it is only in the fiery storm of a profound regression, in the course of which the personality undergoes both dissolution of structure and reorganization, that the genius becomes capable of wresting himself from the traditional pattern that he had been forced
103:
might result in excessive tidiness or messiness. Freud recognised that "it is possible for several fixations to be left behind in the course of development, and each of these may allow an irruption of the libido that has been pushed off – beginning, perhaps, with the later acquired fixations, and
165:
distinguishes between two types of regression: a nasty "malignant" regression that the
Oedipal level neurotic is prone to... and the "benign" regression of the basic-fault patient. The problem then is what the analyst can do 'to ensure that his patient's regression should be therapeutic and any
79:
Neurosis for Freud was thus the product of a flight from an unsatisfactory reality "along the path of involution, of regression, of a return to earlier phases of sexual life, phases from which at one time satisfaction was not withheld. This regression appears to be a twofold one: a
324:
45:
invoked the notion of regression in relation to his theory of dreams (1900) and sexual perversions (1905), but the concept itself was first elaborated in his paper "The
Disposition to Obsessional Neurosis" (1913). In 1914, he added a paragraph to
115:
supplements Freud's general formulations with a specific notion of "regression in the service of the ego"...the specific means whereby preconscious and unconscious material appear in the creator's consciousness'. Kris thus opened the way for
125:
differentiate the way that 'Inspiration -...in which the ego controls the primary process and puts it into its service – needs to be contrasted with the opposite...condition, in which the ego is overwhelmed by the primary process'.
195:
Demonstration of pain, impairment, etc. also relates to regression. When regression becomes the cornerstone of a personality and the life strategy for overcoming problems, it leads to such an infantile personality.
76:". Inhibitions produced fixations, and the "stronger the fixations on its path of development, the more readily will the function evade external difficulties by regressing to the fixations".
140:
From there it was perhaps only a small step to the 1960s valorisation of regression as a positive good in itself. 'In this particular type of journey, the direction we have to take is
188:
speaks of 'regression in the service of the other' on the part of the analyst 'during his or her clinical work. Such ego regression is a pre-condition for
185:
92:
640:
180:
suggested that 'revisiting of early psychic positions...helps the adolescent come out of the family envelope', and that 'Regression during
52:
that distinguished three kinds of regression, which he called topographical regression, temporal regression, and formal regression.
68:
function goes through a lengthy development", he assumed that "a development of this kind involves two dangers – first, of
937:
891:
707:
633:
84:
one, in so far as the libido, the erotic needs, hark back to stages of development that are earlier in time, and a
88:
one, in that the original and primitive methods of psychic expression are employed in manifesting those needs".
657:
942:
808:
740:
693:
272:
48:
932:
865:
823:
775:
750:
722:
626:
842:
610:"Psychoanalytic Diagnosis, Second Edition: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process"
486:
901:
875:
788:
783:
760:
403:
252:
128:
Nevertheless his view of regression in the service of the ego could be readily extended into a quasi-
870:
755:
702:
267:
262:
36:
64:, and regression as centrally formative elements in the creation of a neurosis. Arguing that "the
927:
257:
32:
906:
803:
712:
211:
61:
832:
735:
688:
228:
8:
896:
798:
813:
277:
216:
99:
might result in excessive eating or smoking, or verbal aggression, whereas one at the
649:
247:
28:
605:
793:
670:
233:
223:
162:
117:
20:
921:
206:
42:
855:
765:
745:
133:
to integrate through the identifications necessitated and enforced by the
39:, as a reaction to an overwhelming external problem or internal conflict.
181:
129:
91:
Behaviors associated with regression can vary greatly depending upon the
297:
730:
177:
156:
112:
100:
96:
618:
121:
850:
665:
205:
A clear example of regressive behavior in fiction can be seen in
189:
134:
860:
679:
65:
104:
going on, as the lifestyle develops, to the original ones".
219:, unnecessary generalizations, and compulsive lying.
236:
exemplifies his inefficacy as an independent adult.
55:
919:
166:danger of a pathological regression avoided'.
634:
325:"Comprehensive Dictionary of Psychoanalysis"
120:to take a more positive view of regression.
107:
641:
627:
604:
584:Comprehensive Dictionary of Psychoanalysis
16:Mental defence mechanism in psychoanalysis
540:Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession
184:thus advances the cause of development'.
680:Psychotic denial or disavowal (German:
365:Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis
920:
648:
170:functioning on the patient's part: of
622:
348:
694:Foreclosure or repudiation (German:
304:. American Psychological Association
436:Albert Rothenberg/Carl R. Hausman,
172:the patient's view of the therapist
13:
514:Civilization, Society and Religion
475:Eissler, quoted in Solomom, p. 149
322:
14:
954:
708:Identification with the Aggressor
562:Further Learning from the Patient
462:Kris, quoted in Maynard Solomon,
60:Freud saw inhibited development,
501:Studies in Analytical Psychology
427:(Penguin Freud Library 9) p. 217
391:Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis
367:(Penguin Freud Library 1) p. 383
598:
589:
576:
567:
554:
545:
532:
519:
506:
493:
478:
469:
456:
443:
353:. Allen and Unwin. p. 548.
56:Freud, regression, and neurosis
31:involving the reversion of the
671:Denial or abnegation (German:
430:
417:
396:
383:
370:
357:
342:
316:
290:
151:
1:
451:The Practice of Psychotherapy
284:
199:
351:The Interpretation of Dreams
302:APA Dictionary of Psychology
273:Rationalization (psychology)
222:A similar example occurs in
49:The Interpretation of Dreams
7:
240:
10:
959:
938:Psychoanalytic terminology
487:The Politics of Experience
884:
841:
774:
761:Projective identification
721:
656:
253:Displacement (psychology)
108:In the service of the ego
268:Psychological repression
263:Psychological projection
95:of fixation: one at the
37:psychosexual development
490:(Middlesex 1984) p. 137
438:The Creativity Question
349:Freud, Sigmund (1900).
258:Narcissistic withdrawal
35:to an earlier stage of
907:Postponement of affect
542:(London 1988) p. 135-6
212:The Catcher in the Rye
666:Delusional projection
658:Level 1: Pathological
466:(Harvard 1988) p. 148
378:Introductory Lectures
21:psychoanalytic theory
892:Compartmentalization
824:Repression (German:
612:. The Guilford Pres.
586:(London 2009) p. 243
503:(London 1999) p. 230
440:(Duke UP 1976) p. 10
393:(Penguin 1950 p. 80)
943:Freudian psychology
897:Defensive pessimism
799:Intellectualization
564:(London 1990) p. 21
453:(London 1993) p. 32
406:. www.psychpage.com
72:, and secondly, of
933:Defence mechanisms
814:Reaction formation
751:Passive-aggression
703:Extreme projection
650:Defence mechanisms
573:Casement, p. 180-1
560:Patrick Casement,
278:Reaction formation
234:anal retentiveness
217:reaction formation
915:
914:
776:Level 3: Neurotic
723:Level 2: Immature
606:McWilliams, Nancy
425:Case Histories II
248:Defence mechanism
229:Krapp's Last Tape
29:defense mechanism
950:
643:
636:
629:
620:
619:
614:
613:
602:
596:
593:
587:
580:
574:
571:
565:
558:
552:
549:
543:
536:
530:
525:Michael Balint,
523:
517:
510:
504:
497:
491:
482:
476:
473:
467:
464:Beethoven Essays
460:
454:
447:
441:
434:
428:
421:
415:
414:
412:
411:
400:
394:
387:
381:
374:
368:
361:
355:
354:
346:
340:
339:
337:
335:
329:
323:Akhtar, Salman.
320:
314:
313:
311:
309:
294:
137:constellation'.
958:
957:
953:
952:
951:
949:
948:
947:
918:
917:
916:
911:
880:
843:Level 4: Mature
837:
809:Rationalization
794:Hypochondriasis
770:
717:
652:
647:
617:
603:
599:
594:
590:
582:Salman Akhtar,
581:
577:
572:
568:
559:
555:
550:
546:
538:Janet Malcolm,
537:
533:
527:The Basic Fault
524:
520:
512:Sigmund Freud,
511:
507:
499:Gerhard Adler,
498:
494:
483:
479:
474:
470:
461:
457:
448:
444:
435:
431:
423:Sigmund Freud,
422:
418:
409:
407:
402:
401:
397:
389:Sigmund Freud,
388:
384:
375:
371:
363:Sigmund Freud,
362:
358:
347:
343:
333:
331:
327:
321:
317:
307:
305:
296:
295:
291:
287:
282:
243:
202:
186:Stanley Olinick
154:
110:
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
956:
946:
945:
940:
935:
930:
928:Psychodynamics
913:
912:
910:
909:
904:
899:
894:
888:
886:
882:
881:
879:
878:
873:
868:
866:Identification
863:
858:
853:
847:
845:
839:
838:
836:
835:
830:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
780:
778:
772:
771:
769:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
727:
725:
719:
718:
716:
715:
710:
705:
700:
691:
686:
677:
668:
662:
660:
654:
653:
646:
645:
638:
631:
623:
616:
615:
597:
595:Akhtar, p. 243
588:
575:
566:
553:
551:Balint, p. 128
544:
531:
518:
516:(PFL 12) p. 73
505:
492:
477:
468:
455:
442:
429:
416:
395:
382:
369:
356:
341:
315:
288:
286:
283:
281:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
244:
242:
239:
238:
237:
224:Samuel Beckett
220:
201:
198:
163:Michael Balint
153:
150:
118:ego psychology
109:
106:
57:
54:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
955:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
923:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
887:
883:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
846:
844:
840:
834:
831:
829:
827:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
781:
779:
777:
773:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
726:
724:
720:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
697:
692:
690:
687:
685:
683:
678:
676:
674:
669:
667:
664:
663:
661:
659:
655:
651:
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
625:
624:
621:
611:
607:
601:
592:
585:
579:
570:
563:
557:
548:
541:
535:
529:(1992) p. 119
528:
522:
515:
509:
502:
496:
489:
488:
484:R. D. Laing,
481:
472:
465:
459:
452:
446:
439:
433:
426:
420:
405:
399:
392:
386:
379:
373:
366:
360:
352:
345:
326:
319:
303:
299:
293:
289:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
218:
214:
213:
208:
207:J.D. Salinger
204:
203:
197:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
173:
167:
164:
160:
158:
149:
147:
143:
138:
136:
131:
126:
123:
119:
114:
105:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
53:
51:
50:
44:
43:Sigmund Freud
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
902:Minimisation
856:Anticipation
825:
818:
789:Dissociation
784:Displacement
766:Somatization
746:Introjection
741:Idealization
695:
681:
672:
609:
600:
591:
583:
578:
569:
561:
556:
547:
539:
534:
526:
521:
513:
508:
500:
495:
485:
480:
471:
463:
458:
450:
449:C. G. Jung,
445:
437:
432:
424:
419:
408:. Retrieved
398:
390:
385:
377:
372:
364:
359:
350:
344:
332:. Retrieved
318:
306:. Retrieved
301:
298:"Regression"
292:
227:
210:
194:
176:
171:
168:
161:
155:
145:
141:
139:
127:
111:
90:
85:
81:
78:
73:
69:
59:
47:
41:
24:
18:
876:Suppression
871:Sublimation
826:Verdrängung
682:Verleugnung
182:adolescence
152:Later views
922:Categories
819:Regression
756:Projection
731:Acting out
696:Verwerfung
689:Distortion
673:Verneinung
410:2008-03-11
404:"Defenses"
285:References
200:In fiction
178:Peter Blos
157:Anna Freud
113:Ernst Kris
101:anal stage
97:oral stage
74:regression
70:inhibition
25:regression
804:Isolation
713:Splitting
334:2 October
308:2 October
122:Carl Jung
66:libidinal
851:Altruism
608:(2011).
330:. Karnac
241:See also
130:Romantic
82:temporal
62:fixation
833:Undoing
736:Fantasy
376:Freud,
190:empathy
135:oedipal
861:Humour
380:p. 385
86:formal
885:Other
328:(PDF)
93:stage
27:is a
336:2023
310:2023
144:and
142:back
226:'s
209:'s
192:'.
33:ego
19:In
924::
300:.
146:in
23:,
828:)
698:)
684:)
675:)
642:e
635:t
628:v
413:.
338:.
312:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.