5113:, and many vary depending on whether the stem ends in a consonant or vowel. The Singular and Plural categories are fused with the article, and these endings are used when the noun phrase is not closed by any other determiner. This gives a potential 88 different forms, but the Indefinite and Proper Noun categories are identical in all but the local cases (inessive, allative, ablative, local-genitive), and many other variations in the endings can be accounted for by phonological rules operating to avoid impermissible consonant clusters. Local case endings are not normally added to animate Proper Nouns. The precise meaning of the local cases can be further specified by additional suffixes added after the local case suffixes.
45:
5825:, an agglutinative language, nouns and adjectives are inflected for case (nominative, accusative) and number (singular, plural), according to a simple paradigm without irregularities. Verbs are not inflected for person or number, but they are inflected for tense (past, present, future) and mood (indicative, infinitive, conditional, jussive). They also form active and passive participles, which may be past, present or future. All verbs are regular.
5132:, which is also the verb for "to have". (Other auxiliaries can be used in some of the tenses and may vary by dialect.) The compound tenses use an invariable form of the main verb (which appears in different forms according to the "tense group") and a conjugated form of the auxiliary. Pronouns are normally omitted if recoverable from the verb form. A couple of examples will have to suffice to demonstrate the complexity of the Basque verb:
4050:(including five major ones) with five major patterns of declension, and three genders instead of the two found in most Romance tongues. There were four patterns of conjugation in six tenses, three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative, plus the infinitive, participle, gerund, gerundive, and supine) and two voices (passive and active), all overtly expressed by affixes (passive voice forms were periphrastic in three tenses).
640:
5117:
forms also have different forms depending on whether the addressee is male or female. This is the only area in Basque grammar where gender plays any role at all. Subordination could also plausibly be considered an inflectional category of the Basque verb since subordination is signaled by prefixes and suffixes on the conjugated verb, further multiplying the number of potential forms.
5841:
which case they take on the same desinences as the missing noun would have taken). The definite article "la" ("the") remains unaltered regardless of gender or case, and also of number, except when there is no other word to show plurality. Pronouns are identical in all cases, though exceptionally the accusative case may be marked, as for nouns.
4149:, but this misnomer applies instead to numbers 2, 3, 4, and larger numbers ending in 2, 3, or 4 (with the exception of the teens, which are handled as plural; thus, 102 is dual, but 12 or 127 are not). In addition, in some Slavic languages, such as Polish, word stems are frequently modified by the addition or absence of endings, resulting in
3625:. Middle and Modern English lost progressively more of the Old English inflectional system. Modern English is considered a weakly inflected language, since its nouns have only vestiges of inflection (plurals, the pronouns), and its regular verbs have only four forms: an inflected form for the past indicative and subjunctive (
5013:—all Turkic languages. Altaic inflection is, or is developed from, affixing. Grammatical markers directly added to the word perform the same function as prepositions in English. Almost all words are inflected according to their roles in the sentence: verbs, nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, and some particles.
4108:
is obsolete in standard
Latvian and nowadays it is also considered nearly obsolete in standard Lithuanian. For instance, in standard Lithuanian it is normal to say "dvi varnos (plural) – two crows" instead of "dvi varni (dual)". Adjectives, pronouns, and numerals are declined for number, gender,
5057:
There is no case marking concord in Basque and case suffixes, including those fused with the article, are added only to the last word in a noun phrase. Plurality is not marked on the noun and is identified only in the article or other determiner, possibly fused with a case marker. The examples below
3700:
still have different forms according to grammatical number and grammatical gender. Danish and
Swedish only inflect for two different genders while Norwegian has to some degree retained the feminine forms and inflects for three grammatical genders like Icelandic. However, in comparison to Icelandic,
5840:
Nouns are marked for number (singular and plural), and the accusative case may be shown in certain situations, typically when the direct object of a sentence precedes its verb. On the other hand, adjectives are unmarked for gender, number or case (unless they stand on their own, without a noun, in
5267:
The morphs that represent the various tense/person/case/mood categories of Basque verbs, especially in the auxiliaries, are so highly fused that segmenting them into individual meaningful units is nearly impossible, if not pointless. Considering the multitude of forms that a particular Basque verb
5039:
for plural), which in general is required to close a noun phrase in Basque if no other determiner is present, and unlike an article in many languages, it can only partially be correlated with the concept of definiteness. Proper nouns do not take an article, and indefinite nouns without the article
4136:
Declensional endings depend on case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, instrumental, vocative), number (singular, dual or plural), gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and animacy (animate vs inanimate). Unusual in other language families, declension in most Slavic languages also
4929:
official languages. Uralic inflection is, or is developed from, affixing. Grammatical markers directly added to the word perform the same function as prepositions in
English. Almost all words are inflected according to their roles in the sentence: verbs, nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, and
5116:
Verb forms are extremely complex, agreeing with the subject, direct object, and indirect object; and include forms that agree with a "dative of interest" for intransitive verbs as well as allocutive forms where the verb form is altered if one is speaking to a close acquaintance. These allocutive
5120:
Transitivity is a thoroughgoing division of Basque verbs, and it is necessary to know the transitivity of a particular verb in order to conjugate it successfully. In the spoken language only a handful of commonly used verbs are fully conjugated in the present and simple past, most verbs being
5864:, but rarely by gender: only when referring to a male or female being. Interlingua has no noun-adjective agreement by gender, number, or case. As a result, adjectives ordinarily have no inflections. They may take the plural form if they are being used in place of a noun:
5121:
conjugated by means of an auxiliary which differs according to transitivity. The literary language includes a few more such verbs, but the number is still very small. Even these few verbs require an auxiliary to conjugate other tenses besides the present and simple past.
3571:
has caused modern versions of some Indo-European languages that were previously highly inflected to be much less so; an example is Modern
English, as compared to Old English. In general, languages where deflexion occurs replace inflectional complexity with more rigorous
5044:
in Basque grammar) are highly restricted syntactically. Basque is an ergative language, meaning that inflectionally the single argument (subject) of an intransitive verb is marked in the same way as the direct object of a transitive verb. This is called the
5852:, in contrast with the Romance languages, has almost no irregular verb conjugations, and its verb forms are the same for all persons and numbers. It does, however, have compound verb tenses similar to those in the Romance, Germanic, and Slavic languages:
1368:
are irregular. Irregular verbs often preserve patterns that were regular in past forms of the language, but which have now become anomalous; in rare cases, there are regular verbs that were irregular in past forms of the language. (For more details see
4953:. The original suffixes may disappear (and appear only by liaison), leaving behind the modification of the root. This process is extensively developed in Estonian and Sami, and makes them also inflected, not only agglutinating languages. The Estonian
3046:
Words are rarely listed in dictionaries on the basis of their inflectional morphemes (in which case they would be lexical items). However, they often are listed on the basis of their derivational morphemes. For instance, English dictionaries list
5836:
has a different form for each verbal tense (past, present, future, volitive and imperative) plus an infinitive, and both a present and past participle. There are though no verbal inflections for person or number, and all verbs are regular.
5783:). (Many grammarians consider Japanese particles to be separate words, and therefore not an inflection, while others consider agglutination a type of overt inflection, and therefore consider Japanese nouns as overtly inflected.)
4164:(also called Literary Arabic) is an inflected language. It uses a system of independent and suffix pronouns classified by person and number and verbal inflections marking person and number. Suffix pronouns are used as markers of
6436:
Manandise, Esméralda. "Evidence from Basque for a New Theory of
Grammar", doctoral dissertation in Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics: A Garland Series, Jorge Hankamer, general ed. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York &
4109:
and case to agree with the noun they modify or for which they substitute. Baltic verbs are inflected for tense, mood, aspect, and voice. They agree with the subject in person and number (not in all forms in modern
Latvian).
1571:: In some cases, two inflection systems exist, conventionally classified as "strong" and "weak." For instance, English and German have weak verbs that form the past tense and past participle by adding an ending (English
870:
is an invariant item: it never takes a suffix or changes form to signify a different grammatical category. Its categories can be determined only from its context. Languages that seldom make use of inflection, such as
3000:
that modify a verb's tense, mood, aspect, voice, person, or number or a noun's case, gender, or number, rarely affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding
5049:
case and in Basque, as in most ergative languages, it is realized with a zero morph; in other words, it receives no special inflection. The subject of a transitive verb receives a special case suffix, called the
821:, expressing person (first), number (singular), and tense-mood (future indicative or present subjunctive). The use of this suffix is an inflection. In contrast, in the English clause "I will lead", the word
5378:, pronouns were overtly inflected to mark case. However, these overt case forms are no longer used; most of the alternative pronouns are considered archaic in modern Mandarin Chinese. Classically, 我 (
4121:
make use of a high degree of inflection, typically having six or seven cases and three genders for nouns and adjectives. However, the overt case system has disappeared almost completely in modern
5031:
Noun phrase morphology is agglutinative and consists of suffixes which simply attach to the end of a stem. These suffixes are in many cases fused with the article (
5653:, the third-person singular pronoun is overtly inflected as to case and the first- and second-person singular pronouns exhibit a change in tone depending on case.
5311:
does not possess overt inflectional morphology. While some languages indicate grammatical relations with inflectional morphemes, Chinese utilizes word order and
3584:
are an exception to the general Indo-European deflexion trend, continuing to be highly inflected (in some cases acquiring additional inflectional complexity and
3036:, which create a new word from existing words and change the semantic meaning or the part of speech of the affected word, such as by changing a noun to a verb.
4040:. Adjectives, nouns and articles are considerably less inflected than verbs, but they still have different forms according to number and grammatical gender.
3712:
and remains heavily inflected. It retains all the grammatical cases from Old Norse and is inflected for number and three different grammatical genders. The
894:
Requiring the forms or inflections of more than one word in a sentence to be compatible with each other according to the rules of the language is known as
4062:
are highly inflected. Nouns and adjectives are declined in up to seven overt cases. Additional cases are defined in various covert ways. For example, an
1546:: These are generally considered to have been formed independently of one another, so the student must memorize them when learning a new word. Example:
902:. For example, in "the man jumps", "man" is a singular noun, so "jump" is constrained in the present tense to use the third person singular suffix "s".
2141:
refers to a pattern (usually a set of inflectional endings), where a class of words follow the same pattern. Nominal inflectional paradigms are called
4893:
places vowel suffixes on each verb, noun, adjective, and adverb, according to its function within a sentence and its relation to surrounding words.
4145:(in case of some words dual survived also in Polish and other Slavic languages). Modern Russian, Serbian and Czech also use a more complex form of
626:
6282:
Palancar, Enrique L. & Léonard, Jean-Léo. (2014). Tone and inflection: An introduction. In
Enrique L. Palancar & Jean-Léo Léonard (Eds.),
4004:, recognized as a distinct language in its own right rather than a Dutch dialect only in the early 20th century, has lost almost all inflection.
5339:(girl) is singular accusative. Since the roles of puer and puellam have been marked with case endings, the change in position does not matter.
1230:
Despite the march toward regularization, modern
English retains traces of its ancestry, with a minority of its words still using inflection by
949:, while languages in which a single inflection can convey multiple grammatical roles (such as both nominative case and plural, as in Latin and
5807:, have no inflection. Other auxiliary languages, such as Esperanto, Ido, and Interlingua have comparatively simple inflectional systems.
3992:
remains moderately inflected, retaining four noun cases, although the genitive started falling into disuse in all but formal writing in
3146:, where no sounds are added or changed but the intonation and relative strength of each sound is altered regularly. For an example, see
2819:, the adpositions can carry the inflection in adpositional phrases. This means that these languages will have inflected adpositions. In
2096:(gerund/present participle), although not inflected for person or number, can also be regarded as part of the conjugation of the verb
2812:). In dependent-marking languages, nouns in adpositional (prepositional or postpositional) phrases can carry inflectional morphemes.
5277:
4046:, the mother tongue of the Romance languages, was highly inflected; nouns and adjectives had different forms according to seven
4090:
the above four cases to the locative marking them by differences in the use of prepositions. Lithuanian breaks them out of the
6855:
6863:
5664:
shows a high degree of overt inflection of verbs, less so of adjectives, and very little of nouns, but it is mostly strictly
5405:
is a compulsory change that occurs when certain tones are juxtaposed. Tone change, however, is a morphologically conditioned
4804:
Arabic), used for everyday communication, tend to have less inflection than the more formal
Literary Arabic. For example, in
6899:
6819:
6831:
5268:
can take, it seems unlikely that an individual speaker would have an opportunity to utter them all in his or her lifetime.
1676:
For more details on some of the considerations that apply to regularly and irregularly inflected forms, see the article on
619:
6312:
Hyman, L. M. (2016). "Morphological tonal assignments in conflict: Who wins?". In
Palancar, E. L.; Léonard, J. L. (eds.).
6887:
6807:
6519:
1309:
is subject to inflection in a particular language, there are generally one or more standard patterns of inflection (the
6875:
5099:
Absolutive, ergative, dative, possessive-genitive, benefactive, comitative, instrumental, inessive, allative, ablative,
3285:
1095:
17:
6764:
6745:
6723:
6704:
6653:
6634:
6615:
6596:
6570:
6548:
6088:
1450:: Regular inflection would result in forms that sound esthetically unpleasing or are difficult to pronounce (English
88:
66:
59:
7039:
5792:
2116:, can be included also in the conjugation of the verb for didactic purposes, but they are not overt inflections of
5393:
are known to express meaning by means of tone change, although further investigations are required. Note that the
4133:, typically the future and conditional). Inflection is also present in adjective comparation and word derivation.
6371:. Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science, Volume 4. Amsterdam: Benjamins. p. 206.
612:
6843:
6795:
6518:
Agirre, E.; et al. (1992), "XUXEN: A spelling checker/corrector for Basque based on two-level morphology",
5668:
and extremely regular. Fusion of morphemes also happen in colloquial speech, for example: the causative-passive
2120:. The formula for deriving the covert form, in which the relevant inflections do not occur in the main verb, is
1313:
described below) that words in that class may follow. Words which follow such a standard pattern are said to be
7034:
1079:
933:). Languages that are so inflected that a sentence can consist of a single highly inflected word (such as many
3162:
is a morphological process where a constituent is repeated. The direct repetition of a word or root is called
6930:
6918:
5363:
The situation is very different in Chinese. Since Modern Chinese makes no use of inflection, the meanings of
7014:
1238:(a particular type of sound change, mostly in nouns), as well as long-short vowel alternation. For example:
5988:
3468:
992:"). English also inflects verbs by affixation to mark the third person singular in the present tense (with
6922:
6238:
Reid, L. A. (2009). "On the diachronic development of C1V1 reduplication in some Austronesian languages".
6978:
6926:
6469:
Lai, W.-Y. (2010). "The Source of Hakka Personal Pronoun and Genitive with the Viewpoint of Diminutive".
3147:
1677:
1329:
588:
31:
6326:
Lyons, C. (1986). The Syntax of English Genitive Constructions. Journal of Linguistics, 22(1), 123-143.
2801:
853:
is bound because it cannot stand alone as a word. These two morphemes together form the inflected word
6203:
Hsu, S.-C. (2008). "The Structure Analysis and Tone Sandhi of Reduplicative Adjectives in Taiwanese".
6558:
5942:
5406:
4146:
4142:
4105:
3713:
3109:
934:
663:
373:
323:
260:
240:
6423:
Manandise, Esméralda. "Evidence from Basque for a New Theory of Grammar", doctoral dissertation in
6369:
From case to adposition : the development of configurational syntax in Indo-European languages
5887:
4165:
4087:
3175:
3029:
2988:
1727:
683:
456:
399:
394:
212:
160:
53:
6986:
6950:
6954:
6942:
6938:
5877:
5479:
4037:
3977:
3568:
3543:, are inflected to a greater or lesser extent. In general, older Indo-European languages such as
3472:
2975:
Traditional grammars have specific terms for inflections of nouns and verbs but not for those of
2805:
1797:
1693:
1374:
1294:
899:
748:
566:
451:
404:
293:
5292:) are not overtly inflected, or show very little overt inflection, and are therefore considered
5665:
4906:
4161:
3605:
3548:
3403:
3314:
946:
938:
880:
571:
543:
504:
484:
439:
434:
303:
70:
4933:
Hungarian and Finnish, in particular, often simply concatenate suffixes. For example, Finnish
3613:
was a moderately inflected language, using an extensive case system similar to that of modern
5992:
5984:
5952:
3993:
3131:
3085:
2816:
1850:
444:
207:
7006:
6998:
6970:
6966:
6962:
5907:
5390:
5281:
5006:
3709:
3610:
3581:
3117:
3113:
1778:
1747:
1595:) and strong verbs that change vowel, and in some cases form the past participle by adding
1208:
1184:
842:
802:
699:
378:
368:
104:
7002:
6356:. Vol. 2: Grammar and Typology. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins. p. 672.
1000:). English short adjectives are inflected to mark comparative and superlative forms (with
8:
6994:
5927:
5804:
5285:
4950:
4789:
4029:
3560:
3249:
3204:
2824:
2800:
The terms "strong declension" and "weak declension" are primarily relevant to well-known
1513:
941:. Languages in which each inflection conveys only a single grammatical category, such as
865:
536:
464:
128:
6683:
6265:
6061:
5937:
5796:
5418:
5016:
4990:
4914:
4126:
4001:
3705:
3669:
3661:
3614:
3585:
3492:
3310:
3040:
1863:
1774:
1743:
1735:
1165:
1159:
1114:
1090:
1041:
966:
906:
888:
727:
723:
719:
715:
328:
308:
253:
229:
202:
6224:
Rubino, C. (2005). Reduplication: Form, function and distribution. In B. Hurch (Ed.).
3567:
are extensively inflected because of their temporal proximity to Proto-Indo-European.
837:(a unit of meaning which cannot stand alone as a word). For example, the English word
6785:
6760:
6741:
6719:
6700:
6687:
6649:
6630:
6611:
6592:
6566:
6544:
6130:
6084:
6065:
6041:
5996:
5816:
5661:
5375:
5312:
5293:
4922:
4138:
4122:
4033:
4013:
3697:
3480:
3476:
3267:
3236:
2809:
1964:
1876:
1770:
1762:
1723:
1568:
1134:
1119:
981:
954:
910:
876:
711:
703:
531:
524:
514:
479:
469:
409:
343:
283:
265:
153:
6269:
7029:
6675:
6497:
6488:
Sun, H.-K. (1996). "Case markers of personal pronouns in Tibeto-Burman languages".
6336:
6300:
6255:
6247:
6104:
6053:
5947:
5515:
5474:
The following table compares the personal pronouns of Sixian dialect (a dialect of
5308:
5025:
5002:
4986:
4982:
4981:
by linguists, three language families united by a small subset of linguists as the
4942:
4918:
4902:
4834:) and their respective unique conjugations are lost and replaced by the masculine (
4118:
4079:
4059:
4047:
4021:
4017:
3677:
3665:
3618:
3593:
3589:
3577:
3536:
3528:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3484:
3272:
3254:
3220:
2215:
2150:
1951:
1766:
1462:
1061:
942:
930:
926:
918:
884:
872:
731:
707:
474:
338:
123:
6154:
Anderson, Stephen R. (1985), "Inflectional Morphology", in Shopen, Timothy (ed.),
6663:
6188:
Xu, D. (2012). "Reduplication in languages: A case study of languages of China".
5475:
5058:
are in the absolutive case with zero case marking, and include the article only:
5021:
4095:
4025:
3989:
3673:
3622:
3540:
3520:
3488:
3399:
3121:
2073:
1824:
1543:
1337:
1169:
950:
914:
826:
644:
519:
388:
350:
190:
172:
148:
143:
3112:, exchanging one sound for another in the root (usually vowel sounds, as in the
2159:
and are usually feminine. These words share a common inflectional framework. In
5833:
5510:
5505:
5010:
4946:
4926:
4141:
use a rare third number, (in addition to singular and plural numbers) known as
3997:
3512:
3290:
3143:
3135:
2820:
2125:
1896:
1837:
1547:
1397:
1286:
834:
695:
583:
414:
333:
217:
138:
6528:
6446:
Norman, Jerry. (1988). Chinese (p. 98). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6340:
6251:
6057:
5128:, which is also the verb for "to be". The most common transitive auxiliary is
4129:. Most verb tenses and moods are also formed by inflection (however, some are
7023:
6733:
6427:, Jorge Hankamer, general ed. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York & London.
6023:
5892:
5289:
4998:
4994:
4954:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
3693:
3646:
3532:
3159:
3103:
2101:
1660:: The "irregular" form was originally derived from a different root (English
1370:
1290:
1143:
1066:
830:
298:
4172:(ـــ) marks where the verb stem, verb form, noun, or preposition is placed.
6740:. Cambridge studies in linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5780:
5650:
5028:, is a highly inflected language, heavily inflecting both nouns and verbs.
4910:
4801:
4130:
3720:
3139:
739:
548:
383:
197:
165:
133:
6679:
6521:
Proceedings of the Third Conference of Applied Natural Language Processing
6501:
5105:. These are signaled by suffixes that vary according to the categories of
4879:
4866:
4853:
4840:
4827:
4814:
4776:
4762:
4748:
4734:
4720:
4705:
4686:
4672:
4658:
4644:
4630:
4616:
4602:
4588:
4573:
4551:
4537:
4523:
4509:
4495:
4480:
4461:
4447:
4433:
4419:
4405:
4391:
4377:
4363:
4348:
4321:
4307:
4293:
4279:
4265:
4249:
3976:
are also inflected for definiteness in all Scandinavian languages like in
5976:
5922:
5917:
5897:
5849:
5773:
5491:
5414:
5409:
and is used as an inflectional or a derivational strategy. Examples from
5402:
3552:
2160:
1672:
in many languages display this phenomenon (e.g. eng. good, better, best).
1421:
1417:
1213:
1189:
1075:
833:(a unit of meaning which can stand by itself as a word), and one or more
3083:
Languages that add inflectional morphemes to words are sometimes called
829:
of a verb. The inflected form of a word often contains both one or more
6260:
5980:
5932:
5410:
4978:
3973:
3649:
suffix, it is now considered by syntacticians not to be a suffix but a
3629:), an inflected form for the third-person-singular present indicative (
3573:
2976:
1791:
1699:
1689:
1657:
1333:
1306:
1266:
1250:
1235:
1139:
1104:
825:
is not inflected for any of person, number, or tense; it is simply the
766:
598:
578:
509:
318:
224:
180:
6171:
The Arizona Working Papers in Second Language Acquisition and Teaching
5822:
3685:
3556:
3100:, or simply adding morphemes onto the word without changing the root;
2996:
1739:
1715:
1218:
1194:
790:
757:
288:
185:
5017:
Basque (agglutinative nominal inflection / fusional verb inflection)
849:
is unbound because it could stand alone as a word, while the suffix
6158:, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 162–164
5912:
4150:
4137:
depends on whether the word is a noun or an adjective. Slovene and
4000:, simpler than that of German, is also simplified in common usage.
3564:
3411:
1955:
1698:
Two traditional grammatical terms refer to inflections of specific
798:
794:
313:
6169:
Nadarajan, S. (2006). "A Crosslinguistic study of Reduplication".
5860:, "she had lived". Nouns are inflected by number, taking a plural
3701:
there are considerably fewer feminine forms left in the language.
5972:
5882:
5487:
5271:
4793:
4169:
3724:
3681:
3321:), where tones are able to distinguish mood, person, and number:
2163:, nouns are divided into two major categories of declension, the
1711:
1447:
1222:
1198:
735:
118:
6666:, Johanna (1986). "Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar".
6543:. LINCOM coursebooks in linguistics, 07. Munich: LINCOM Europa.
3653:, although some linguists argue that it has properties of both.
2787:
2777:
2767:
2757:
2747:
2737:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2672:
2657:
2647:
2637:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2592:
2582:
2572:
2562:
2552:
2542:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2493:
2483:
2473:
2463:
2453:
2443:
2428:
2418:
2408:
2398:
2388:
2378:
2363:
2354:
2344:
2334:
2327:
2317:
2310:
2295:
2288:
2278:
2271:
2261:
2254:
2241:
2233:
2225:
6591:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
5902:
5777:
5483:
4805:
3716:
are however almost completely lost in comparison to Old Norse.
3650:
3318:
1786:
1719:
1639:
1381:
1246:
1231:
1100:
1046:
782:
778:
761:
647:
639:
245:
6297:
Oto-Manguean Inflectional Class Database: Tlatepuzco Chinantec
3723:
in all Scandinavian languages, like in the following case for
5800:
5331:
Both sentences mean 'The boy sees the girl.' This is because
4797:
4043:
3544:
3524:
3407:
3097:
1649:
1643:
1638:). Ancient Greek verbs are likewise said to have had a first
970:
922:
786:
774:
6699:. LINCOM Studies in Native American Linguistics 51. LINCOM.
3178:
and inflectional functions. A few examples are given below:
6629:. Modern linguistics series. New York: St. Martin's Press.
4890:
3689:
3125:
2153:. Words that belong to the first declension usually end in
1754:
1707:
1325:
1174:
1149:
1124:
1071:
1051:
845:, specifically to express the plural; the content morpheme
753:
743:
6425:
Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics: A Garland Series
6081:
The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction
4949:, there are processes which affect the root, particularly
3645:(as in "Jennifer's book") is a remnant of the Old English
3055:, words with derivational suffixes, along with their root
1380:
Other types of irregular inflected form include irregular
860:
Words that are never subject to inflection are said to be
6718:. Blackwell handbooks in linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
5371:('he' or 'him') shall be determined with their position.
4036:, have more overt inflection than English, especially in
3719:
Unlike other Germanic languages, nouns are inflected for
6083:. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins. p. 104.
3106:, repeating all or part of a word to change its meaning;
6738:
Inflectional morphology: A theory of paradigm structure
6648:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4808:
Arabic, the second- and third-person feminine plurals (
2833:'on' is inflected for person and number with prefixes:
1894:
is also inflected according to case. Its declension is
805:), or other modifications. For example, the Latin verb
6046:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1946:
The following table shows the conjugation of the verb
6697:
A practical grammar of the San Carlos Apache language
6351:
6316:. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 15–39.
6284:
Tone and Inflection: New facts under new perspectives
6192:. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 43–66.
5386:) was generally used as the first person nominative.
5382:) was used solely as the first person accusative. 吾 (
3576:, which provides the lost inflectional details. Most
3462:
1012:
673:
667:
657:
651:
6335:
Lowe, J.J. Nat Lang Linguist Theory (2016) 34: 157.
3093:. Morphemes may be added in several different ways:
2959:
2943:
2925:
2912:
2899:
2881:
2868:
2855:
2828:
1785:
An organized list of the inflected forms of a given
1424:
forms of adjectives or adverbs, such as the English
773:
An inflection expresses grammatical categories with
6314:
Tone and Inflection: New Facts and New Perspectives
6190:
Plurality and classifiers across languages in China
4972:
4896:
3398:Case can be distinguished with tone as well, as in
3154:
3059:. However, no traditional English dictionary lists
1300:
6909:
6295:Feist, Timothy & Enrique L. Palancar. (2015).
6205:Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences of NHCUE
4007:
905:Languages that have some degree of inflection are
6714:Spencer, Andrew; Zwicky, Arnold M., eds. (1998).
6459:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
6354:The Circum-Baltic Languages: Grammar and typology
5257:Coffee-the please-HAB AUX.ALLOC/M.3SG/ABS.1SG/DAT
3633:), an inflected form for the present participle (
3304:
3170:). The repetition of a segment is referred to as
698:in which a word is modified to express different
7021:
6228:(pp. 11-29). Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter.
4957:, for example, is expressed by a modified root:
3637:), and an uninflected form for everything else (
3325:Verb paradigm of 'bend' in Tlatepuzco Chinantec
3043:are mainly indicated by derivational morphemes.
1526:
5762:
5744:
5729:
5710:
5691:
5676:
2145:, and verbal inflectional paradigms are termed
1900:, in the sense that it lacks a reflexive form.
1804:Below is the declension of the English pronoun
6412:The Basque Language: A Practical Introduction.
6352:Dahl, Östen; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria (2001).
6030:(6th ed., pp. 243–244). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
5753:
5738:
5723:
5700:
5685:
5670:
5272:Mainland Southeast Asian languages (isolating)
5244:
5236:
4168:and as objects of verbs and prepositions. The
3309:Palancar and Léonard provided an example with
1015:inflectional affixes in the English language.
6713:
6471:Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature
6457:Tone Sandhi: Patterns across Chinese dialects
6406:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6387:A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic
6366:
6168:
1683:
1559:
1534:
1518:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1466:
980:"), and most English verbs are inflected for
879:. Analytic languages that do not make use of
813:, meaning "I will lead", includes the suffix
620:
5776:, but this is done by invariable particles (
5228:
5193:Book-PL.the sell AUX.3PL/ABS.3PL/DAT.1PL/ERG
5180:
5172:
5164:
4874:
4861:
4848:
4835:
4822:
4809:
4771:
4757:
4743:
4729:
4715:
4700:
4681:
4667:
4653:
4639:
4625:
4611:
4597:
4583:
4568:
4546:
4532:
4518:
4504:
4490:
4475:
4456:
4442:
4428:
4414:
4400:
4386:
4372:
4358:
4343:
4316:
4302:
4288:
4274:
4259:
4244:
3471:was highly inflected, all of its descendant
1668:). The comparative and superlative forms of
1632:
1624:
1616:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1410:
1402:
1317:; those that inflect differently are called
6610:. London: Arnold, Oxford University Press.
6237:
6156:Language typology and syntactic description
5656:
4977:Though Altaic is widely considered to be a
3983:
3731:Inflection of nouns in Norwegian (nynorsk)
3680:has largely died out with the exception of
1551:
1443:Irregularities can have four basic causes:
815:
807:
6605:
6541:An introduction to the study of morphology
6517:
6487:
6468:
6393:
6202:
5490:). The superscripted numbers indicate the
5124:The most common intransitive auxiliary is
5097:The noun phrase is declined for 11 cases:
4860:), whereas in Lebanese and Syrian Arabic,
3641:). While the English possessive indicator
3078:
1958:inflect it for person, number, and tense:
1808:, which is inflected for case and number.
1324:For instance, many languages that feature
1281:(ablaut, and also suffixing in the plural)
627:
613:
6759:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6754:
6565:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6259:
6220:
6218:
6028:A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics
3656:
2982:
89:Learn how and when to remove this message
6694:
6643:
6449:
6414:University of Nevada Press. Reno, Nevada
6153:
6143:– via websites.umich.edu/~jlawler.
5260:"I like coffee." ("Coffee pleases me.")
5232:
2955:
2149:. For instance, there are five types of
2132:
965:In English most nouns are inflected for
909:. They can be highly inflected (such as
638:
52:This article includes a list of general
6856:Comparison of inflection and derivation
6662:
6624:
6538:
6078:
5278:Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
5240:
5214:
5168:
4032:and especially – with its many cases –
3457:
3067:as a separate entry; the same goes for
1432:(which correspond to the positive form
1332:. In English, regular verbs form their
984:with the inflectional past tense affix
14:
7022:
6557:
6384:
6380:
6378:
6215:
5786:
5772:. Formally, every noun phrase must be
5262:(Used when speaking to a male friend.)
5224:
5160:
4909:, following from the agglutination in
960:
6732:
6586:
6490:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
6311:
6039:
5184:
5141:
4177:
1249:variation, and also suffixing in the
4156:
3676:have lost much of their inflection.
2993:Inflection is the process of adding
1234:(sound change, mostly in verbs) and
996:), and the present participle (with
38:
6375:
6367:Hewson, John; Bubeník, Vít (2006).
6105:"Section 4: Inflectional Morphemes"
5315:. Consider the following examples:
5248:
5176:
4875:
4862:
4849:
4836:
4823:
4810:
4772:
4758:
4744:
4730:
4716:
4701:
4682:
4668:
4654:
4640:
4626:
4612:
4598:
4584:
4569:
4547:
4533:
4519:
4505:
4491:
4476:
4457:
4443:
4429:
4415:
4401:
4387:
4373:
4359:
4344:
4317:
4303:
4289:
4275:
4260:
4245:
4112:
4053:
1924:whom (traditional), who (informal)
24:
6580:
6527:, pp. 119–125, archived from
6187:
4102:by using different postpositions.
3463:Indo-European languages (fusional)
58:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
7051:
6774:
6755:Van Valin, Robert D. Jr. (2001).
6589:Introducing linguistic morphology
6111:. University of Nevada, Las Vegas
4945:(Finnish, Estonian etc.) and the
4889:In addition, the system known as
1330:regular verbs and irregular verbs
1301:Regular and irregular inflection
917:), moderately inflected (such as
5498:Comparison of Personal Pronouns
4973:Altaic languages (agglutinative)
4937:"in my house, too?" consists of
4897:Uralic languages (agglutinative)
3885:Articles in Norwegian (nynorsk)
3155:Inflection through reduplication
1019:Inflectional affixes in English
929:), but not uninflected (such as
864:; for example, the English verb
841:is a noun that is inflected for
254:Singulative-Collective-Plurative
43:
6910:Lexicon of Linguistics articles
6779:
6481:
6462:
6440:
6430:
6417:
6360:
6345:
6329:
6320:
6305:
6289:
6276:
6231:
6196:
6042:"Case and proto-Arabic, Part I"
5721:, and the non-past progressive
5478:) with Zaiwa and Jingpho (both
4151:consonant and vowel alternation
4008:Latin and the Romance languages
3174:. Reduplication can serve both
2128:+ non-finite form of main verb.
6181:
6162:
6147:
6123:
6097:
6072:
6033:
6017:
5965:
5844:
5335:(boy) is singular nominative,
3684:, just like English. However,
3305:Inflection through tone change
1356:are regular, while verbs like
218:Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)
13:
1:
6511:
5107:Singular, Plural, Indefinite,
969:with the inflectional plural
925:), weakly inflected (such as
6784:For information on SIL, see
6695:De Reuse, Willem J. (1996).
6109:Analyzing Grammar in Context
6011:
6006:
5810:
5196:"We sold the books to them."
5001:. The largest languages are
4913:. The largest languages are
3708:preserves almost all of the
3469:Proto-Indo-European language
3039:Distinctions between verbal
7:
6606:Haspelmath, Martin (2002).
6131:"Derivation and Inflection"
6079:Brinton, Laurel J. (2000).
5871:
5763:
5745:
5730:
5711:
5692:
5677:
5397:must be distinguished from
4880:
4867:
4854:
4841:
4828:
4815:
4777:
4763:
4749:
4735:
4721:
4706:
4687:
4673:
4659:
4645:
4631:
4617:
4603:
4589:
4574:
4552:
4538:
4524:
4510:
4496:
4481:
4462:
4448:
4434:
4420:
4406:
4392:
4378:
4364:
4349:
4322:
4308:
4294:
4280:
4266:
4250:
3182:Inflectional Reduplication
3148:Initial-stress-derived noun
2827:dialect), the postposition
2802:dependent-marking languages
1789:or root word is called its
1678:regular and irregular verbs
1384:nouns, such as the English
334:Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)
32:Inflection (disambiguation)
10:
7056:
6783:
6716:The handbook of morphology
5814:
5303:
4078:are borrowed from Finnic.
3664:was inflected, but modern
3603:
3599:
3418:Case Inflection in Maasai
2986:
2029:
1988:
1761:it. The forms may express
1734:it. The forms may express
1687:
1684:Declension and conjugation
1650:
1644:
1569:strong vs. weak inflection
1553:dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum
752:, while the inflection of
29:
6757:An introduction to syntax
6625:Katamba, Francis (1993).
6385:Ryding, Karin C. (2005).
6341:10.1007/s11049-015-9300-1
6252:10.1007/s11525-009-9142-9
6058:10.1017/S0041977X00015755
5754:
5739:
5724:
5701:
5686:
5671:
5633:
5619:
5605:
5591:
5577:
5563:
5549:
5535:
5521:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5502:
5343:Modern Standard Chinese:
5254:Kafe-a gusta-tzen zaidak.
5190:Liburu-ak saldu dizkiegu.
4680:
4666:
4652:
4561:
4455:
4441:
4427:
4336:
4329:
4240:
4237:
4185:
4182:
4179:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3841:
3800:
3759:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3444:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3379:
3362:
3345:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3280:gohu-gohu 'getting dark'
3132:Suprasegmental variations
3089:, which is a synonym for
3032:is the process of adding
2846:
2843:
2840:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2176:
935:Native American languages
27:Process of word formation
6644:Matthews, Peter (1991).
6608:Understanding morphology
6301:doi:10.15126/SMG.28/1.01
6299:. University of Surrey.
6226:Studies on Reduplication
6040:Owens, Jonathan (1998).
5958:
5888:Intonation (linguistics)
5657:Japanese (agglutinative)
3984:Other Germanic languages
3710:inflections of Old Norse
2989:Derivation (linguistics)
1795:if it is a noun, or its
1561:digo, decir, dije, dicho
1416:, "eye"); and irregular
1344:. Therefore, verbs like
1162:, number, aspect, tense
457:Serial verb construction
7040:Linguistics terminology
7012:Lexicon of Linguistics:
6992:Lexicon of Linguistics:
6984:Lexicon of Linguistics:
6976:Lexicon of Linguistics:
6960:Lexicon of Linguistics:
6948:Lexicon of Linguistics:
6936:Lexicon of Linguistics:
6916:Lexicon of Linguistics:
5878:Agreement (linguistics)
5480:Tibeto-Burman languages
3473:Indo-European languages
3079:Inflectional morphology
2960:
2944:
2926:
2913:
2900:
2882:
2869:
2856:
2829:
2806:Indo-European languages
2788:
2778:
2768:
2758:
2748:
2738:
2723:
2713:
2703:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2658:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2593:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2543:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2494:
2484:
2474:
2464:
2454:
2444:
2429:
2419:
2409:
2399:
2389:
2379:
2364:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2328:
2318:
2311:
2296:
2289:
2279:
2272:
2262:
2255:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2220:Strong noun declension
1694:Grammatical conjugation
1648:) and a second aorist (
1375:English irregular verbs
1295:English irregular verbs
947:agglutinative languages
939:polysynthetic languages
395:Honorifics (politeness)
73:more precise citations.
6995:Inflection Phrase (IP)
6931:Polysynthetic Language
6919:Agglutinating Language
6902:polysynthetic language
6866:agglutinative language
6587:Bauer, Laurie (2003).
6539:Bubeník, Vit. (1999).
5828:
5355:tā gěile wǒ yī běn shū
5348:wǒ gěile tā yī běn shū
5276:Most languages in the
4983:Altaic language family
4162:Modern Standard Arabic
3657:Scandinavian languages
3606:Old English declension
3298:baabazu’ 'be washing'
3086:inflectional languages
3034:derivational morphemes
2983:Compared to derivation
2817:head-marking languages
2171:ones, as shown below:
2089:(past participle) and
1633:
1625:
1617:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1560:
1552:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1411:
1403:
988:(as in "call" → "call-
881:derivational morphemes
816:
808:
700:grammatical categories
679:
674:
668:
658:
652:
572:Polypersonal agreement
7035:Linguistic morphology
7015:Lexicalist Hypothesis
6834:morphological process
6822:inflectional category
6680:10.1353/lan.1986.0014
6502:10.32655/LTBA.19.2.01
5953:Linguistic relativity
5815:Further information:
5357:) 'He gave me a book'
5350:) 'I gave him a book'
4261:ـــِـي, ـــيَ, ـــنِي
3996:. The case system of
3994:Early New High German
3604:Further information:
3404:Nilo-Saharan language
3315:Oto-Manguean language
3262:ag-basbása 'reading'
3172:partial reduplication
3118:Germanic strong verbs
2508:Weak noun declension
2139:inflectional paradigm
2133:Inflectional paradigm
2124:pronoun + conjugated
1851:possessive determiner
1328:inflection have both
1243:Write, wrote, written
1027:Grammatical category
764:, etc. can be called
642:
208:Genitive construction
6534:on 30 September 2005
6455:Chen, M. Y. (2000).
5908:Marker (linguistics)
5468:‘gone’ (perfective)
5413:and Zhongshan (both
5391:varieties of Chinese
5282:varieties of Chinese
3582:Indo-Aryan languages
3458:In various languages
3311:Tlatepuzco Chinantec
1908:singular and plural
1748:degree of comparison
1209:Degree of comparison
1185:Degree of comparison
1080:independent genitive
976:(as in "dog" → "dog-
803:Indo-European ablaut
742:. The inflection of
650:for 'dog', which is
461:Traditional grammar
429:Syntax relationships
105:Grammatical features
30:For other uses, see
6923:Fusional Morphology
5928:Righthand head rule
5793:auxiliary languages
5787:Auxiliary languages
5499:
5421:) are shown below:
5325:Puellam puer videt.
5322:Puer puellam videt.
5298:isolating languages
5083:(the/a) pretty dog
4951:consonant gradation
4082:has only one overt
3886:
3732:
3725:Norwegian (nynorsk)
3586:grammatical genders
3561:Old Church Slavonic
3419:
3326:
3317:spoken in Southern
3228:ren ren 'everyone'
3183:
3164:total reduplication
3091:inflected languages
2102:Compound verb forms
2082:(bare infinitive),
1020:
961:Examples in English
907:synthetic languages
379:Comparison (degree)
129:Dative construction
6979:Defective Paradigm
6927:Isolating Language
6890:isolating language
6810:inflectional affix
5938:Synthetic language
5858:illa habeva vivite
5856:, "he has lived";
5797:Lingua Franca Nova
5719:, "is made to go")
5497:
5492:Chao tone numerals
5419:Guangdong Province
5367:('I' or 'me') and
5294:analytic languages
5091:(the) pretty dogs
4965:(historical form *
4941:. However, in the
4939:talo-ssa-ni-kin-ko
3884:
3730:
3417:
3324:
3244:ang ang 'reddish'
3212:buku-buku 'books'
3181:
3168:full reduplication
2179:gender and number
1950:in the indicative
1864:possessive pronoun
1078:, pronouns (marks
1018:
694:) is a process of
680:
643:Inflection of the
329:Grammatical aspect
18:Regular inflection
7013:
6993:
6985:
6977:
6961:
6949:
6937:
6917:
6898:
6886:
6878:fusional language
6874:
6862:
6854:
6842:
6830:
6818:
6806:
6794:
6786:SIL International
6734:Stump, Gregory T.
5943:Tense–aspect–mood
5817:Esperanto grammar
5647:
5646:
5472:
5471:
5447:
5446:
5376:Classical Chinese
5095:
5094:
5035:for singular and
4790:regional dialects
4786:
4785:
4157:Arabic (fusional)
4139:Sorbian languages
4048:grammatical cases
4014:Romance languages
3970:
3969:
3882:
3881:
3714:dual number forms
3455:
3454:
3414:) (Hyman, 2016):
3396:
3395:
3302:
3301:
3237:Taiwanese Hokkien
3116:process found in
3063:as one entry and
2973:
2972:
2798:
2797:
2070:
2069:
1944:
1943:
1888:
1887:
1801:if it is a verb.
1400:) and the French
1285:For details, see
1228:
1227:
1168:singular present
887:, are said to be
875:, are said to be
637:
636:
532:Topic and Comment
515:Thematic relation
410:Reflexive pronoun
324:Tense–aspect–mood
284:Associated motion
266:Universal grinder
99:
98:
91:
16:(Redirected from
7047:
7011:
6991:
6983:
6975:
6959:
6947:
6935:
6915:
6896:
6884:
6872:
6860:
6852:
6840:
6828:
6816:
6804:
6792:
6770:
6751:
6729:
6710:
6691:
6659:
6640:
6621:
6602:
6576:
6554:
6535:
6533:
6526:
6506:
6505:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6466:
6460:
6453:
6447:
6444:
6438:
6434:
6428:
6421:
6415:
6408:
6391:
6390:
6382:
6373:
6372:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6349:
6343:
6333:
6327:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6309:
6303:
6293:
6287:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6263:
6235:
6229:
6222:
6213:
6212:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6135:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6037:
6031:
6021:
6000:
5969:
5948:Uninflected word
5771:
5769:
5760:
5759:
5750:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5735:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5708:
5707:
5697:
5695:
5689:
5688:
5682:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5500:
5496:
5454:
5453:
5429:
5428:
5309:Standard Chinese
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5216:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5143:
5061:
5060:
5026:language isolate
4943:Finnic languages
4930:some particles.
4903:Uralic languages
4885:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4813:
4812:
4782:
4775:
4774:
4768:
4761:
4760:
4754:
4747:
4746:
4740:
4733:
4732:
4726:
4719:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4703:
4692:
4685:
4684:
4678:
4671:
4670:
4664:
4657:
4656:
4650:
4643:
4642:
4636:
4629:
4628:
4622:
4615:
4614:
4608:
4601:
4600:
4594:
4587:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4571:
4557:
4550:
4549:
4543:
4536:
4535:
4529:
4522:
4521:
4515:
4508:
4507:
4501:
4494:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4478:
4467:
4460:
4459:
4453:
4446:
4445:
4439:
4432:
4431:
4425:
4418:
4417:
4411:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4390:
4389:
4383:
4376:
4375:
4369:
4362:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4346:
4327:
4320:
4319:
4313:
4306:
4305:
4299:
4292:
4291:
4285:
4278:
4277:
4271:
4263:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4247:
4175:
4174:
4119:Slavic languages
4113:Slavic languages
4060:Baltic languages
4054:Baltic languages
4038:verb conjugation
3887:
3883:
3733:
3729:
3678:Grammatical case
3578:Slavic languages
3420:
3416:
3327:
3323:
3221:Standard Chinese
3184:
3180:
3128:, among others);
2966:
2950:
2932:
2919:
2906:
2888:
2875:
2862:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2794:
2784:
2774:
2764:
2754:
2744:
2729:
2719:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2664:
2654:
2644:
2634:
2624:
2614:
2599:
2589:
2579:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2500:
2490:
2480:
2470:
2460:
2450:
2435:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2395:
2385:
2370:
2361:
2351:
2341:
2331:
2324:
2314:
2302:
2292:
2285:
2275:
2268:
2258:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2174:
2173:
2151:Latin declension
2074:non-finite forms
1961:
1960:
1903:
1902:
1811:
1810:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1563:
1555:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1414:
1406:
1340:with the ending
1257:Sing, sang, sung
1021:
1017:
1011:There are eight
885:Standard Chinese
819:
811:
690:(less commonly,
677:
671:
666:with the number
661:
655:
629:
622:
615:
363:General features
278:Related to verbs
113:Related to nouns
101:
100:
94:
87:
83:
80:
74:
69:this article by
60:inline citations
47:
46:
39:
21:
7055:
7054:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7020:
7019:
6912:
6789:
6782:
6777:
6767:
6748:
6726:
6707:
6656:
6637:
6618:
6599:
6583:
6581:Further reading
6573:
6551:
6531:
6524:
6514:
6509:
6486:
6482:
6467:
6463:
6454:
6450:
6445:
6441:
6435:
6431:
6422:
6418:
6409:
6394:
6383:
6376:
6365:
6361:
6350:
6346:
6334:
6330:
6325:
6321:
6310:
6306:
6294:
6290:
6281:
6277:
6236:
6232:
6223:
6216:
6201:
6197:
6186:
6182:
6167:
6163:
6152:
6148:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6129:
6128:
6124:
6114:
6112:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6091:
6077:
6073:
6038:
6034:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6009:
6004:
6003:
5970:
5966:
5961:
5874:
5847:
5831:
5819:
5813:
5789:
5774:marked for case
5752:
5737:
5722:
5699:
5684:
5669:
5659:
5476:Taiwanese Hakka
5435:‘I’ (singular)
5306:
5296:(also known as
5274:
5265:
5252:
5218:
5207:
5198:
5188:
5154:
5146:
5088:txakur polit-ak
5019:
4975:
4899:
4873:is replaced by
4264:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4159:
4115:
4096:accusative case
4056:
4010:
3986:
3972:Adjectives and
3704:In comparison,
3659:
3608:
3602:
3465:
3460:
3400:Maasai language
3307:
3157:
3124:often found in
3081:
2991:
2985:
2135:
1696:
1688:Main articles:
1686:
1544:principal parts
1408:(the plural of
1338:past participle
1303:
1279:Child, children
1033:Part of speech
1008:respectively).
963:
945:, are known as
835:bound morphemes
645:Scottish Gaelic
633:
604:
603:
562:
554:
553:
500:
492:
491:
430:
422:
421:
391:(verbal number)
389:Pluractionality
364:
356:
355:
279:
271:
270:
250:
191:Collective noun
173:Construct state
114:
95:
84:
78:
75:
65:Please help to
64:
48:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7053:
7043:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7018:
7017:
7009:
6989:
6981:
6973:
6957:
6945:
6933:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6894:
6882:
6870:
6858:
6850:
6838:
6826:
6814:
6802:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6775:External links
6773:
6772:
6771:
6769:. (pbk); (hb).
6765:
6752:
6746:
6730:
6724:
6711:
6705:
6692:
6660:
6658:. (hb); (pbk).
6654:
6641:
6639:. (hb); (pbk).
6635:
6622:
6620:. (hb); (pbk).
6616:
6603:
6597:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6571:
6555:
6549:
6536:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6480:
6461:
6448:
6439:
6429:
6416:
6410:King, Alan R.
6392:
6374:
6359:
6344:
6328:
6319:
6304:
6288:
6286:. HAL 01099327
6275:
6230:
6214:
6195:
6180:
6161:
6146:
6122:
6096:
6089:
6071:
6032:
6024:Crystal, David
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5873:
5870:
5868:, "the poor".
5854:ille ha vivite
5846:
5843:
5830:
5827:
5812:
5809:
5788:
5785:
5770:, "is eating")
5658:
5655:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5443:‘we’ (plural)
5441:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5351:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5305:
5302:
5273:
5270:
5219:
5208:
5200:
5199:
5155:
5147:
5135:
5134:
5103:local-genitive
5093:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5080:txakur polit-a
5077:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5018:
5015:
4974:
4971:
4947:Sami languages
4935:talossanikinko
4927:European Union
4898:
4895:
4784:
4783:
4769:
4755:
4741:
4727:
4713:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4679:
4665:
4651:
4637:
4623:
4609:
4595:
4581:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4544:
4530:
4516:
4502:
4488:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4454:
4440:
4426:
4412:
4398:
4384:
4370:
4356:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4331:same as plural
4328:
4314:
4300:
4286:
4272:
4257:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4158:
4155:
4114:
4111:
4055:
4052:
4009:
4006:
3985:
3982:
3978:Proto-Germanic
3968:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3658:
3655:
3601:
3598:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3291:Pazeh language
3288:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:ag-bása 'read'
3257:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3129:
3107:
3101:
3080:
3077:
2987:Main article:
2984:
2981:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2923:
2920:
2910:
2907:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2879:
2876:
2866:
2863:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2821:Western Apache
2796:
2795:
2785:
2775:
2765:
2755:
2745:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2710:
2700:
2690:
2680:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2645:
2635:
2625:
2615:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2590:
2580:
2570:
2560:
2550:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2481:
2471:
2461:
2451:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2416:
2406:
2396:
2386:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2352:
2342:
2332:
2325:
2315:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2286:
2276:
2269:
2259:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:auxiliary verb
2106:I have arrived
2068:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1783:
1782:
1751:
1685:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1655:
1566:
1541:
1398:English plural
1302:
1299:
1287:English plural
1283:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1260:
1254:
1226:
1225:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
962:
959:
831:free morphemes
696:word formation
682:In linguistic
656:for singular,
635:
634:
632:
631:
624:
617:
609:
606:
605:
602:
601:
596:
591:
586:
584:Empty category
581:
576:
575:
574:
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
546:
541:
540:
539:
529:
528:
527:
522:
512:
507:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
488:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
459:
454:
449:
448:
447:
442:
431:
428:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
418:
417:
415:Reflexive verb
412:
402:
397:
392:
386:
381:
376:
371:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
348:
347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
263:
258:
257:
256:
251:
249:
248:
243:
238:
234:
227:
222:
221:
220:
215:
205:
200:
195:
194:
193:
188:
183:
175:
170:
169:
168:
158:
157:
156:
151:
146:
141:
139:Quirky subject
136:
131:
121:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
97:
96:
51:
49:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7052:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7016:
7010:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6990:
6988:
6982:
6980:
6974:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6958:
6956:
6952:
6946:
6944:
6940:
6934:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6914:
6913:
6905:
6903:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6871:
6869:
6867:
6859:
6857:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6791:
6790:
6787:
6768:
6766:0-521-63566-7
6762:
6758:
6753:
6749:
6747:0-521-78047-0
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6725:0-631-18544-5
6721:
6717:
6712:
6708:
6706:3-89586-861-2
6702:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6674:(1): 56–119.
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6655:0-521-41043-6
6651:
6647:
6642:
6638:
6636:0-312-10101-5
6632:
6628:
6623:
6619:
6617:0-340-76025-7
6613:
6609:
6604:
6600:
6598:0-87840-343-4
6594:
6590:
6585:
6584:
6574:
6572:0-521-29653-6
6568:
6564:
6560:
6559:Norman, Jerry
6556:
6552:
6550:3-89586-570-2
6546:
6542:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6484:
6476:
6472:
6465:
6458:
6452:
6443:
6433:
6426:
6420:
6413:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6388:
6381:
6379:
6370:
6363:
6355:
6348:
6342:
6338:
6332:
6323:
6315:
6308:
6302:
6298:
6292:
6285:
6279:
6271:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6234:
6227:
6221:
6219:
6210:
6206:
6199:
6191:
6184:
6176:
6172:
6165:
6157:
6150:
6132:
6126:
6110:
6106:
6100:
6092:
6090:9781556196621
6086:
6082:
6075:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6036:
6029:
6025:
6020:
6016:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5989:postpositions
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5971:More include
5968:
5964:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5893:Introflection
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5826:
5824:
5818:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5784:
5782:
5781:postpositions
5779:
5775:
5768:
5767:
5758:
5747:
5732:
5717:
5715:
5705:
5694:
5679:
5667:
5666:agglutinative
5663:
5654:
5652:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5280:(such as the
5279:
5269:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5222:
5217:
5211:
5206:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5187:
5158:
5153:
5150:
5145:
5138:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4999:agglutinative
4996:
4995:Manchu-Tungus
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4955:illative case
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4907:agglutinative
4904:
4894:
4892:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4871:
4870:
4858:
4857:
4845:
4844:
4832:
4831:
4819:
4818:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4781:
4780:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4677:
4676:
4663:
4662:
4649:
4648:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4452:
4451:
4438:
4437:
4424:
4423:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4243:
4236:
4231:Present Tense
4230:
4225:
4220:
4216:Present Tense
4215:
4210:
4205:
4201:Present Tense
4200:
4195:
4190:
4189:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4101:
4100:locative case
4097:
4093:
4092:genitive case
4089:
4085:
4084:locative case
4081:
4077:
4076:allative case
4073:
4072:adessive case
4069:
4068:illative case
4065:
4064:inessive case
4061:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:genitive case
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3549:Ancient Greek
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3363:Incompletive
3361:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3196:Reduplicated
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3160:Reduplication
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3134:, such as of
3133:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3104:Reduplication
3102:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3028:In contrast,
3026:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2995:inflectional
2990:
2980:
2978:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2935:'on you all'
2934:
2931:
2929:
2924:
2922:'on you two'
2921:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2804:(such as the
2803:
2793:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:I will arrive
2111:
2110:I had arrived
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1753:Inflecting a
1752:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1706:Inflecting a
1705:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1524:→ Portuguese
1523:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1371:English verbs
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1305:When a given
1298:
1296:
1292:
1291:English verbs
1288:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:
968:
958:
956:
953:) are called
952:
948:
944:
940:
937:) are called
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
868:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
818:
812:
810:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
676:
672:('two'), and
670:
665:
660:
654:
649:
646:
641:
630:
625:
623:
618:
616:
611:
610:
608:
607:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
589:Incorporation
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
573:
570:
569:
568:
565:
564:
558:
557:
550:
547:
545:
542:
538:
535:
534:
533:
530:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
496:
495:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
433:
432:
426:
425:
416:
413:
411:
408:
407:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
360:
359:
352:
349:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
299:Evidentiality
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
275:
274:
267:
264:
262:
259:
255:
252:
247:
244:
242:
239:
236:
235:
233:
232:
231:
228:
226:
223:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
177:Countability
176:
174:
171:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
126:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
110:
109:
106:
103:
102:
93:
90:
82:
72:
68:
62:
61:
55:
50:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6901:
6889:
6877:
6865:
6845:
6833:
6821:
6809:
6797:
6780:SIL articles
6756:
6737:
6715:
6696:
6671:
6667:
6645:
6626:
6607:
6588:
6562:
6540:
6529:the original
6520:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6474:
6470:
6464:
6456:
6451:
6442:
6432:
6424:
6419:
6411:
6386:
6368:
6362:
6353:
6347:
6331:
6322:
6313:
6307:
6296:
6291:
6283:
6278:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6225:
6208:
6204:
6198:
6189:
6183:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6155:
6149:
6137:. Retrieved
6125:
6113:. Retrieved
6108:
6099:
6080:
6074:
6049:
6045:
6035:
6027:
6019:
5985:prepositions
5967:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5848:
5839:
5832:
5820:
5790:
5765:
5756:
5713:
5703:
5660:
5651:Shanghainese
5648:
5623:kia or ki ke
5581:ŋia or ŋ̍ ke
5539:ŋa or ŋai ke
5473:
5415:Yue dialects
5398:
5394:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5368:
5364:
5362:
5354:
5347:
5336:
5332:
5330:
5307:
5297:
5275:
5266:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5223:
5220:
5212:
5209:
5204:
5201:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5159:
5156:
5151:
5148:
5139:
5136:
5129:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5067:(the/a) dog
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5032:
5030:
5020:
4976:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4938:
4934:
4932:
4911:Proto-Uralic
4900:
4888:
4881:
4868:
4855:
4842:
4829:
4816:
4787:
4778:
4764:
4750:
4736:
4722:
4707:
4688:
4674:
4660:
4646:
4632:
4618:
4604:
4590:
4575:
4553:
4539:
4525:
4511:
4497:
4482:
4463:
4449:
4435:
4421:
4407:
4393:
4379:
4365:
4350:
4330:
4323:
4309:
4295:
4281:
4268:—ī, —ya, —nī
4267:
4251:
4160:
4135:
4131:periphrastic
4116:
4104:
4057:
4042:
4011:
3987:
3971:
3952:
3933:
3914:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3721:definiteness
3718:
3703:
3660:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3609:
3467:Because the
3466:
3397:
3308:
3295:bazu’ 'wash'
3250:Imperfective
3225:ren 'person'
3217:Distribution
3176:derivational
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3013:and adding -
3010:
3006:
3005:to the root
3002:
2994:
2992:
2974:
2961:
2945:
2927:
2914:
2901:
2883:
2870:
2857:
2814:
2799:
2790:
2780:
2770:
2760:
2750:
2740:
2725:
2715:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2675:
2660:
2650:
2640:
2630:
2620:
2610:
2595:
2585:
2575:
2565:
2555:
2545:
2496:
2486:
2476:
2466:
2456:
2446:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2391:
2381:
2366:
2357:
2347:
2337:
2320:
2298:
2281:
2264:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2147:conjugations
2146:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1947:
1945:
1895:
1891:
1890:The pronoun
1889:
1805:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1781:, or number.
1758:
1731:
1730:is known as
1700:word classes
1697:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1558:
1550:
1533:
1532:vs. Spanish
1525:
1517:
1516:vs. Spanish
1505:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1265:(marking by
1262:
1256:
1245:(marking by
1242:
1229:
1076:noun phrases
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
977:
973:
964:
904:
895:
893:
866:
861:
859:
854:
850:
846:
838:
822:
814:
806:
772:
765:
747:
740:definiteness
691:
687:
681:
593:
549:Veridicality
440:Transitivity
384:Egophoricity
198:Definiteness
166:Measure word
154:Instrumental
134:Dative shift
85:
76:
57:
36:
6987:Strong Verb
6951:Conjugation
6888:What is an
6864:What is an
6820:What is an
6808:What is an
6496:(2): 1–15.
6477:(1): 53–80.
6261:10125/33040
6211:(1): 27–48.
5981:participles
5977:determiners
5923:Periphrasis
5918:Nominal TAM
5850:Interlingua
5845:Interlingua
5736:fuses into
5683:fuses into
5407:alternation
5403:Tone sandhi
5399:tone sandhi
5395:tone change
5111:Proper Noun
5075:(the) dogs
5007:Azerbaijani
4221:Independent
4206:Independent
4191:Independent
4088:syncretizes
3974:participles
3906:Indefinite
3900:Indefinite
3878:the houses
3837:the wagons
3752:Indefinite
3746:Indefinite
3694:determiners
3611:Old English
3553:Old English
3440:èlʊ́kʊ́nyá
3429:Accusative
3426:Nominative
3346:Completive
3286:Progressive
3277:gohu 'dark'
3209:buku 'book'
3110:Alternation
3053:readability
2977:adpositions
2251:Nominative
2161:Old English
2143:declensions
1975:he, she, it
1929:possessive
1913:nominative
1798:conjugation
1759:conjugating
1634:geschwommen
1422:superlative
1418:comparative
1273:Mouse, mice
1214:superlative
1190:comparative
1105:participles
1096:progressive
749:conjugation
485:Predicative
405:Reciprocity
374:Boundedness
294:Conjugation
261:Specificity
71:introducing
7024:Categories
6955:Declension
6943:Derivation
6939:Inflection
6900:What is a
6876:What is a
6846:derivation
6832:What is a
6798:inflection
6646:Morphology
6627:Morphology
6512:References
6246:(2): 239.
6240:Morphology
6026:. (2008).
5933:Suppletion
5795:, such as
5482:spoken in
5417:spoken in
5286:Vietnamese
5210:gusta-tzen
5205:Coffee-the
5072:txakurr-ak
5047:absolutive
4979:sprachbund
4166:possession
4127:Macedonian
4030:Portuguese
4016:, such as
3872:the house
3831:the wagon
3686:adjectives
3574:word order
3475:, such as
3437:èlʊ̀kʊ̀nyá
3406:spoken in
3268:Inchoative
3205:Indonesian
3098:Affixation
3030:derivation
2969:'on them'
2878:on us two
2825:San Carlos
2604:Accusative
2539:Nominative
2307:Accusative
2184:Masculine
2104:, such as
1937:reflexive
1884:ourselves
1825:nominative
1792:declension
1757:is called
1728:determiner
1690:Declension
1658:suppletion
1557:→ Spanish
1536:anduvieron
1514:Portuguese
1334:past tense
1307:word class
1269:variation)
1263:Foot, feet
1251:participle
1219:adjectives
1195:adjectives
1170:indicative
1166:3rd person
883:, such as
775:affixation
767:declension
758:adjectives
746:is called
688:inflection
684:morphology
678:for plural
599:Markedness
594:Inflection
579:Declension
510:Mirativity
319:Mirativity
225:Noun class
213:Possession
181:Count noun
161:Classifier
149:Comitative
144:Nominative
54:references
6688:144574879
6066:204970487
6052:: 51–73.
6012:Footnotes
6007:Citations
5866:le povres
5823:Esperanto
5811:Esperanto
5450:Zhongshan
5353:他给了我一本书 (
5346:我给了他一本书 (
5313:particles
5157:dizkiegu.
5137:Liburu-ak
5064:txakurr-a
4915:Hungarian
4806:Jordanian
4683:يــــَانِ
4641:يــــُونَ
4520:أَنْتُنَّ
4506:تــــِينَ
4458:تــــَانِ
4430:أَنْتُمَا
4416:تــــُونَ
4180:Singular
4123:Bulgarian
4106:Dual form
4002:Afrikaans
3915:masculine
3909:Definite
3903:Definite
3892:Singular
3796:the cars
3761:masculine
3755:Definite
3749:Definite
3738:Singular
3706:Icelandic
3670:Norwegian
3662:Old Norse
3615:Icelandic
3580:and some
3569:Deflexion
3557:Old Norse
3493:Ukrainian
3451:èndèrónì
3380:Irrealis
3241:ang 'red'
3233:Intensity
3201:Plurality
2997:morphemes
2953:'on him'
2928:da-nohwi-
2841:Singular
2534:'tongue'
2246:'sorrow'
2207:Singular
2201:Singular
2195:Singular
2190:Feminine
2098:to arrive
1948:to arrive
1897:defective
1877:reflexive
1816:singular
1732:declining
1716:adjective
1618:schwimmen
1603:(English
1319:irregular
1311:paradigms
900:agreement
889:isolating
862:invariant
827:bare form
791:circumfix
777:(such as
692:inflexion
567:Agreement
561:Phenomena
499:Semantics
465:Predicate
452:Branching
289:Clusivity
186:Mass noun
79:June 2019
6844:What is
6796:What is
6736:(2001).
6668:Language
6575:. (pbk).
6561:(1988).
6270:40795368
6177:: 39–53.
6139:11 March
6115:11 March
5997:articles
5993:numerals
5973:pronouns
5913:Morpheme
5872:See also
5698:, as in
5678:-serare-
5662:Japanese
5389:Certain
5052:ergative
5042:mugagabe
5040:(called
4991:Mongolic
4967:maja-han
4923:Estonian
4800:Arabic,
4798:Egyptian
4796:Arabic,
4794:Moroccan
4773:تــــْنَ
4759:ـــهُنَّ
4669:ـــهُمَا
4548:تــــْنَ
4534:ـــكُنَّ
4526:ʾantunna
4444:ـــكُمَا
4388:أَنْتُمْ
4228:Pronoun
4223:Pronoun
4213:Pronoun
4208:Pronoun
4198:Pronoun
4193:Pronoun
4034:Romanian
3934:feminine
3869:a house
3828:a wagon
3802:feminine
3790:the car
3698:articles
3682:pronouns
3588:, as in
3565:Sanskrit
3481:Armenian
3477:Albanian
3448:èndérònì
3412:Tanzania
3193:Original
3190:Language
3120:and the
3049:readable
3021:to form
3009:to form
2891:'on us'
2810:Japanese
2669:Genitive
2375:Genitive
2230:'angel'
1989:Present
1956:suffixes
1921:oblique
1460:further,
1390:children
1275:(umlaut)
1259:(ablaut)
1111:-en/-ed
1067:genitive
1058:-'s/'/s
955:fusional
911:Georgian
877:analytic
799:apophony
795:transfix
702:such as
544:Volition
505:Contrast
435:Argument
400:Polarity
314:Telicity
304:Modality
237:Singular
7030:Grammar
6664:Nichols
6563:Chinese
6437:London.
5883:Diction
5516:Jingpho
5425:Taishan
5411:Taishan
5337:puellam
5319:Latin:
5304:Chinese
5221:zaidak.
5213:please-
5003:Turkish
4919:Finnish
4817:antunna
4788:Arabic
4627:ـــهُمْ
4436:ʾantumā
4402:ـــكُمْ
4337:Second
4238:Person
4183:Plural
4170:tatweel
4086:but it
4080:Latvian
4022:Italian
4018:Spanish
3988:Modern
3895:Plural
3875:houses
3848:eit hus
3834:wagons
3822:vognene
3807:ei vogn
3766:ein bil
3741:Plural
3666:Swedish
3635:looking
3619:Faroese
3600:English
3594:Marathi
3537:Bengali
3529:Marathi
3517:Spanish
3509:Italian
3505:Kurdish
3501:Persian
3497:Russian
3485:English
3434:'head'
3273:Nukuoro
3255:Ilokano
2909:on you
2884:da-noh-
2847:Plural
2518:'name'
2238:'ship'
2210:Plural
2204:Plural
2198:Plural
2187:Neuter
1881:myself
1838:oblique
1819:plural
1724:article
1712:pronoun
1626:schwamm
1614:German
1579:German
1577:jumped,
1528:andaram
1463:Spanish
1456:farther
1448:euphony
1315:regular
1223:adverbs
1199:adverbs
1131:-ed/-t
1120:perfect
1101:gerunds
1013:regular
943:Finnish
931:Chinese
927:English
919:Russian
896:concord
873:English
762:adverbs
736:animacy
525:Patient
480:Adjunct
470:Subject
445:Valency
119:Animacy
67:improve
6763:
6744:
6722:
6703:
6686:
6652:
6633:
6614:
6595:
6569:
6547:
6268:
6087:
6064:
5995:, and
5903:Lexeme
5898:ʾIʿrab
5805:Frater
5803:, and
5778:clitic
5751:as in
5731:-teiru
5693:-sare-
5634:3 Acc
5629:khjiʔ
5620:3 Gen
5606:3 Nom
5592:2 Acc
5578:2 Gen
5564:2 Nom
5550:1 Acc
5536:1 Gen
5522:1 Nom
5506:Sixian
5484:Yunnan
5288:, and
5202:Kafe-a
5054:case.
5022:Basque
4993:, and
4987:Turkic
4921:, and
4891:ʾIʿrāb
4792:(e.g.
4765:—hunna
4717:ـــهَا
4712:"she"
4565:masc.
4562:Third
4540:—kunna
4487:"you"
4477:أَنْتِ
4394:ʾantum
4355:"you"
4345:أَنْتَ
4340:masc.
4304:ـــنَا
4290:نَحْنُ
4241:First
4233:Affix
4226:Suffix
4218:Affix
4211:Suffix
4203:Affix
4196:Suffix
4026:French
3990:German
3953:neuter
3843:neuter
3817:vogner
3787:a car
3781:bilane
3674:Danish
3672:, and
3651:clitic
3627:looked
3623:German
3592:&
3541:Nepali
3539:, and
3521:French
3489:German
3445:'rat'
3423:gloss
3319:Mexico
3136:stress
3122:umlaut
3114:ablaut
3073:jumped
3023:waited
2962:da-bi-
2915:nohwi-
2865:on me
2734:Dative
2526:'eye'
2440:Dative
2165:strong
2118:arrive
1932:whose
1787:lexeme
1779:person
1775:aspect
1744:gender
1736:number
1720:adverb
1666:people
1662:person
1651:ἔλιπον
1640:aorist
1591:machte
1583:machen
1508:comeré
1484:tendré
1426:better
1382:plural
1350:arrive
1293:, and
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1247:ablaut
1236:umlaut
1232:ablaut
1160:Person
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1091:Aspect
1047:plural
1042:Number
1024:Affix
967:number
951:German
915:Kichwa
843:number
793:, and
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779:prefix
738:, and
728:gender
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720:person
716:aspect
648:lexeme
475:Object
369:Affect
309:Person
246:Plural
230:Number
203:Gender
56:, but
7007:Tense
6684:S2CID
6532:(PDF)
6525:(PDF)
6266:S2CID
6134:(PDF)
6062:S2CID
5959:Notes
5801:Glosa
5791:Some
5746:-teru
5672:〜せられ〜
5643:khji
5615:khji
5545:ŋjeʔ
5511:Zaiwa
5488:Burma
5460:‘go’
5440:ngwoi
5432:ngwoi
5229:ALLOC
5149:saldu
5140:Book-
5011:Uzbek
4997:—are
4963:majja
4925:—all
4882:hunna
4843:antum
4830:hunna
4811:أنتنّ
4751:hunna
4745:هُنَّ
4697:fem.
4689:y—āni
4675:—humā
4655:هُمَا
4647:y—ūna
4585:ـــهُ
4580:"he"
4512:t—īna
4492:ـــكِ
4483:ʾanti
4472:fem.
4464:t—āni
4450:—kumā
4360:ـــكَ
4351:ʾanta
4296:naḥnu
4246:أَنَا
4186:Dual
4070:, an
4066:, an
4044:Latin
3998:Dutch
3947:-ene
3928:-ane
3853:huset
3812:vogna
3793:cars
3776:bilar
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3631:looks
3590:Czech
3545:Latin
3525:Hindi
3513:Irish
3408:Kenya
3335:1 PL
3332:1 SG
3187:Value
3140:pitch
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3065:books
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2844:Dual
2808:, or
2531:tunge
2505:case
2312:engel
2256:engel
2227:engel
2112:, or
2091:arriv
2084:arriv
2077:arriv
2063:arriv
2057:arriv
2051:arriv
2045:arriv
2039:arriv
2033:arriv
2030:Past
2022:arriv
2016:arriv
2010:arriv
2004:arriv
1998:arriv
1992:arriv
1984:they
1965:Tense
1871:ours
1868:mine
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1548:Latin
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1492:comer
1476:tengo
1468:tener
1396:(see
1394:women
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537:Focus
520:Agent
351:Voice
344:Tense
6999:INFL
6971:Root
6967:Stem
6963:Base
6897:SIL:
6885:SIL:
6873:SIL:
6861:SIL:
6853:SIL:
6841:SIL:
6829:SIL:
6817:SIL:
6805:SIL:
6793:SIL:
6761:ISBN
6742:ISBN
6720:ISBN
6701:ISBN
6650:ISBN
6631:ISBN
6612:ISBN
6593:ISBN
6567:ISBN
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6141:2024
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4731:تـــ
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4554:t—na
4422:t—ūn
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4374:تـــ
4318:نـــ
4256:"I"
4252:ʾanā
4147:dual
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4098:and
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3410:and
3392:húʔ
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3358:húʔ
3313:(an
3166:(or
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3071:and
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2724:tung
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2659:tung
2649:tung
2594:tung
2584:tung
2523:ēage
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2475:scip
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2400:scip
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2380:engl
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2356:sorg
2346:sorg
2336:scip
2329:scip
2319:engl
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2290:sorg
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2072:The
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1916:who
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1692:and
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1605:swim
1573:jump
1500:como
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1438:well
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1420:and
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1392:and
1386:mice
1373:and
1364:and
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1352:and
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1336:and
1326:verb
1221:and
1197:and
1181:-er
1140:past
1074:and
1062:Case
1006:-est
1004:and
998:-ing
867:must
855:cars
839:cars
823:lead
801:(as
732:mood
708:case
675:coin
664:dual
662:for
339:Mood
241:Dual
124:Case
7003:AGR
6676:doi
6498:doi
6337:doi
6256:hdl
6248:doi
6054:doi
5834:Ido
5829:Ido
5821:In
5740:〜てる
5712:ika
5649:In
5640:jaŋ
5626:jaŋ
5612:jaŋ
5598:naŋ
5584:naŋ
5570:naŋ
5553:ŋai
5525:ŋai
5374:In
5300:).
5249:DAT
5245:1SG
5241:ABS
5237:3SG
5225:AUX
5215:HAB
5185:ERG
5181:1PL
5177:DAT
5173:3PL
5169:ABS
5165:3PL
5161:AUX
5037:-ak
4969:).
4876:هنّ
4869:hum
4856:hum
4824:هنّ
4723:—hā
4619:hum
4591:—hu
4498:—ki
4366:—ka
4310:—nā
3966:-a
3941:-a
3938:ei
3858:hus
3621:or
3596:).
3402:(a
3389:húʔ
3386:húʔ
3383:húʔ
3372:húʔ
3369:húʔ
3366:húʔ
3355:húʔ
3352:húʔ
3349:húʔ
3142:or
3017:to
3007:dog
2946:bi-
2902:ni-
2815:In
2769:ēag
2759:ēag
2749:nam
2739:nam
2726:ena
2706:ena
2704:ēag
2694:ēag
2686:ena
2684:nam
2674:nam
2639:ēag
2629:ēag
2619:nam
2609:nam
2574:ēag
2564:ēag
2554:nam
2544:nam
2137:An
2093:ing
1981:you
1972:you
1892:who
1855:my
1845:us
1842:me
1832:we
1746:or
1726:or
1599:-en
1458:or
1452:far
1440:).
1436:or
1412:œil
1377:.)
1156:-s
1103:or
1038:-s
1002:-er
986:-ed
921:or
913:or
898:or
847:car
817:-am
797:),
659:chù
7026::
7005:,
7001:,
6997:,
6969:,
6965:,
6953:,
6941:,
6929:,
6925:,
6921:,
6682:.
6672:62
6670:.
6494:19
6492:.
6473:.
6395:^
6377:^
6264:.
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6217:^
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6175:13
6173:.
6107:.
6060:.
6050:61
6048:.
6044:.
5991:,
5983:,
5979:,
5975:,
5862:-s
5799:,
5757:てる
5755:食べ
5716:ru
5704:され
5702:行か
5637:ki
5609:ki
5595:ŋ̍
5567:ŋ̍
5556:ŋo
5542:ŋa
5528:ŋo
5494:.
5465:hy
5457:hy
5401:.
5384:Wú
5380:wǒ
5369:tā
5365:wǒ
5284:,
5142:PL
5033:-a
5005:,
4989:,
4961:→
4917:,
4886:.
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4850:هم
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4380:t—
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4282:ʾ—
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3643:'s
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3507:,
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3025:.
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2979:.
2964:ká
2956:–
2948:ká
2930:ká
2917:ká
2904:ká
2886:ká
2873:ká
2860:ká
2791:um
2781:an
2771:um
2761:an
2751:um
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2716:an
2696:an
2676:an
2661:an
2651:an
2641:an
2621:an
2611:an
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2497:um
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2321:as
2265:as
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2100:.
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1978:we
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1940:–
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1366:go
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