808:
891:
1096:
853:
752:
1329:
1305:
1108:
528:
582:
1341:
1128:
64:
86:
1317:
697:
1353:
952:
636:
479:
1061:. The Weimar constitution provided that the president could be removed from office prematurely by a referendum initiated by the Reichstag. To require such a referendum the Reichstag had to pass a motion supported by at least two-thirds of votes cast in the chamber. If such a proposal to depose the president was rejected by voters the president would be deemed to have been re-elected and the Reichstag would be automatically dissolved.
1081:
383:(legislature) and that his emergency powers would be exercised only in extraordinary circumstances, but the political instability of the Weimar period, and a paralysing factionalism in the legislature, meant that the president came to occupy a position of considerable power, capable of legislating by decree and appointing and dismissing governments at will.
1037:) because the presidential decrees more and more replaced the Reichstag legislature. Under Brüning the social democrats still tolerated the government by not supporting motions that revoked the decrees, but after Papen (1932) they refused to do so. This made Hindenburg dismiss the parliament twice, to "buy" time without a functioning Parliament.
1026:
The Weimar constitution created a system in which the cabinet was answerable to both the president and the legislature. This meant that the parliament had the power to make a government retreat without the burden to create a new one. Ebert and
Hindenburg (initially) both attempted to appoint cabinets
1212:
to head the first "presidential cabinet", which did not enjoy the support of the
Reichstag. In July Hindenburg adopted the national budget by decree and, when the Reichstag reversed this act, he dissolved the legislature. The years that followed would see an explosion of legislation by decree, where
989:
Foreign relations: The president was entitled to represent the nation in its foreign affairs, to accredit and receive ambassadors and to conclude treaties in the name of the state. However approval of the
Reichstag was required to declare war, conclude peace or to conclude any treaty that related to
934:
to the office. Hindenburg died in office in August 1934, a little over two years after his reelection, having since appointed Hitler as
Chancellor. Hitler then assumed the powers of the presidency, though not the actual office. Prior to his suicide in 1945, Hitler named Karl Dönitz his successor as
973:
were appointed and dismissed by the president. No vote of confirmation was required in the
Reichstag before the members of the cabinet could assume office, but any member of the cabinet was obliged to resign if the body passed a vote of no confidence in him. The president could appoint and dismiss
1231:
as chancellor in
December, Hindenburg responded to growing civil unrest and Nazi activism by appointing Hitler as chancellor in January, 1933. A parliamentary dissolution followed after which Hitler's government, with the aid of another party, were able to command the support of a majority in the
1009:
empowered the president, if "public order and security seriously disturbed or endangered" to "take all necessary steps to re-establish law and order". These permissible steps included the use of armed force, the suspension of many of the civil rights guaranteed by the constitution and using his
1045:
The Weimar constitution did not provide for a vice presidency. If the president died or left office prematurely a successor would be elected. During a temporary vacancy, or in the event that the president was "unavailable", the powers and functions of the presidency passed to the chancellor. In
1017:
The
Reichstag had to be informed immediately of any measures taken under Article 48 and had the right to reverse any such measures. Though the article was intended for use only in an extraordinary emergency, it was used to by-pass parliament in the latter years of the Weimar Republic.
977:
Dissolution of the
Reichstag: The president had the right to dissolve the Reichstag at any time, in which case a general election had to occur within sixty days. Legally, he was not permitted to do so more than once for the same reason, but this limitation had little significance in
981:
Promulgation of the law: The president was responsible for signing bills into law. The president was constitutionally obliged to sign every law passed in accordance with the correct procedure but could insist that a bill first be submitted to the electorate in a
886:
persuaded the other centrist parties that the situation was still too turbulent to hold elections. Hence, the
Reichstag extended Ebert's term to June 30, 1925, in late 1922, which required a constitutional change. However, Ebert died in office in February 1925.
1595:"Article 180: Until the first Reichstag will convene, this national assembly is regarded as Reichstag. The President elected by the national assembly will serve in office until June 30th 1925." where "2nd sentence version based on the law of Oct. 27th 1922"
1068:, a court exclusively concerned with disputes between state organs. However it could only do this on a charge of willfully violating German law; furthermore the move had to be supported by a two-thirds majority of votes cast, at a meeting with a
846:
I swear to devote my energy to the welfare of the German people, to increase its prosperity, to prevent damage, to hold up the constitution of the Reich and its laws, to consciously honour my duties and to exercise justice to every
1030:
Ebert (especially in 1923) and
Hindenburg (from 1930 onwards) supported governments also by presidential decrees. The last four cabinets of the republic (Brüning I and II, Papen, Schleicher) are even called "presidential" cabinets
830:. If no candidate received the support of an absolute majority of votes cast (i.e. more than half) in a first round of voting, a second vote was held at a later date. In this round the candidate who received the support of a
1205:. Many on the right hoped that once in office Hindenburg would destroy Weimar democracy from the inside but in the years that followed his election Hindenburg never attempted to overthrow the Weimar constitution.
1585:"§ 1 The office of the Reichspräsident is merged with that of the Reichskanzler. Therefore, the previous rights of the Reichspräsident pass over to the Führer and Reichskanzler Adolf Hitler. He names his deputy."
334:
1158:) , that is, a substitute for the monarch who had reigned in Germany from 1871 until 1918. The new president's role was therefore informed, at least in part, by that played by the Emperors, such as
1010:
authority to oblige a state government to cooperate if it failed to meet its obligations under the constitution or under federal law. Most importantly, the president could issue emergency decrees (
1243:" providing that upon Hindenburg's death (which occurred the next day) the offices of President and Chancellor would be merged into one and held by Hitler. However, Hitler styled himself as
1193:
in 1920. His term came to an abrupt end with his death in 1925. In the election that followed, Hindenburg was eventually settled on as the candidate of the political right, while the
841:(parliament) at the same time. The constitution required that on taking office the president swore the following oath (the inclusion of additional religious language was permitted):
1027:
that enjoyed the confidence of the Reichstag. Most of the Weimar governments were minority cabinets of the centrist parties tolerated by the social democrats or the conservatives.
1270:
was to succeed him as chancellor. Goebbels committed suicide shortly after Hitler and within days Dönitz ordered Germany's military (not political) surrender on the 7 May, which
935:
president. Neither Hitler's nor Dönitz's accession to the presidency occurred within the bounds of constitutional legality and the title "President" was virtually never used in
1220:, decided to stand for re-election. Adolf Hitler was his major opponent but Hindenburg won the election by a substantial margin. In June he replaced Brüning as chancellor with
826:
The law provided that the presidency was open to all German citizens who had reached 35 years of age. The direct election of the president occurred under a form of the
974:
the chancellor at will, but all other cabinet members could, save in the event of a no confidence motion, only be appointed or dismissed at the chancellor's request.
834:
of voters was deemed elected. A group could also nominate a substitute candidate in the second round, in place of the candidate it had supported in the first.
1853:
1174:
as to the term of office and powers of the presidency, and the method by which the president would be elected. The structure of the relationship between the
1240:
1624:
1189:(SPD) as the first Reich President by 379 votes to 277. While in office he used emergency decrees on a number of occasions, including to suppress the
379:
was directly elected under universal adult suffrage for a seven-year term. It was intended that the president would rule in conjunction with the
427:
1224:
and again dissolved the Reichstag before it could adopt a vote of no confidence. After reconvening it was again dissolved in September.
1266:, Hitler intended to split again the two offices he had merged: he appointed Karl Dönitz as the new president, and propaganda minister
1046:
December 1932, according to a constitutional amendment, if the president died or was permanently incapacitated, the President of the
1488:
807:
751:
1617:
1263:
1236:, which effectively brought an end to democracy. From this point onwards almost all political authority was exercised by Hitler.
423:, thus reviving the presidential office. However, this revival only lasted until shortly after the German surrender in May 1945.
408:
852:
1278:
as head of government and the two attempted to gather together a government. However this government was not recognised by the
890:
986:. Such a referendum could, however, only override the decision of the Reichstag if a majority of eligible voters participated.
1848:
864:
Only two regular presidential elections under the provisions of the Weimar Constitution actually occurred, in 1925 and 1932:
1095:
1843:
902:
was held in 1925. After the first ballot had not resulted in a clear winner, the right-wing parties urged their candidate,
1328:
1304:
823:, the president was directly elected by universal adult suffrage for a term of seven years; reelection was not limited.
1610:
1186:
512:
527:
17:
1633:
927:
899:
686:
682:
517:
30:
This article is about the head of the German state that existed 1919–1945. For the modern President of Germany, see
1006:
581:
922:
throwing the election to Hindenburg) was controversial at the time and later officially declared a mistake by the
1594:
1275:
1858:
1659:
1374:
1340:
1271:
139:
1050:(Supreme Court) would be interim president instead of the chancellor, holding the post until new elections.
1528:
1107:
1697:
1451:
838:
380:
372:
930:, this time nominated by the pro-republican parties, who thought only he could prevent the election of
911:
356:, which was officially in force from 1919 to 1945. In English he was usually simply referred to as the
407:("Leader and Chancellor"), highlighting the positions he already held in party and government. In his
1655:
1316:
696:
300:
1732:
1524:
1484:
872:
635:
364:
1762:
1163:
1058:
923:
878:
Ebert intended to stand in presidential elections in 1922 when the outcry about assassination of
103:
1290:
1279:
1202:
1115:(standing left) who wants to declare the dismissal, above at the right the Reichstag president
478:
1404:
1282:
and was dissolved when its members were captured and arrested by British forces on 23 May at
1159:
1127:
395:
1352:
1033:
1812:
1369:
1233:
970:
648:
431:
368:
312:
266:
69:
63:
31:
8:
1677:
1602:
1499:
1379:
1228:
1131:
1100:
956:
907:
857:
820:
655:
387:
353:
256:
230:
192:
146:
1209:
1005:
The Weimar constitution granted the president sweeping powers in the event of a crisis.
1553:
1384:
831:
399:
134:
85:
919:
883:
882:
seemed to generate a pro-republican atmosphere. However, National Liberal politician
1712:
1557:
1116:
915:
1717:
1543:
1194:
1151:
879:
827:
438:), which is, however, a chiefly ceremonial post largely devoid of political power.
170:
1807:
1787:
1752:
1673:
1267:
1221:
1112:
1084:
868:
490:
412:
346:
338:
220:
165:
155:
53:
1747:
1580:
1548:
1170:, the writer of the Weimar constitution, is said to have accepted the advice of
1797:
1179:
1155:
1135:
202:
177:
91:
1689:
769:
416:
237:
1837:
1782:
1757:
1727:
1722:
1707:
1437:, Matthew Soberg Shugart and John M. Carey, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
1417:
1088:
1047:
965:
763:
593:
349:
119:
951:
1772:
1742:
1737:
1681:
1641:
1255:
1198:
993:
Commander-in-chief: The president held supreme command of the armed forces.
936:
931:
708:
677:
622:
568:
391:
1185:
On 11 February 1919, the National Assembly elected Friedrich Ebert of the
1792:
1289:
On 5 June 1945, the four occupying powers signed a document creating the
1190:
1167:
1054:
903:
812:
539:
1529:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns"
1489:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns"
1802:
1663:
1452:"Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's concept: A New Political System Model"
1120:
983:
791:
738:
109:
926:
and East German historiography. Hindenburg served a full term and was
1283:
1171:
1064:
The Reichstag also had authority to impeach the president before the
940:
719:
403:
288:
1293:, that did not mention the name of the previous German government.
1217:
1057:
or deposition of the president are similar to those found in the
1216:
In March 1932, Hindenburg, although suffering from the onset of
1080:
910:, who won a plurality on the second ballot. The decision of the
1259:
1069:
1014:) which had the same legal force as laws passed by parliament.
151:
95:
1496:
Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies
918:
in the second round in 1925 (widely considered to have been a
1251:. The law was approved by a popular referendum on 19 August.
996:
Amnesties: The president had the right to confer amnesties.
815:(conservatives and national liberals) in 1925, first round.
1632:
1213:
previously this power had been used only occasionally.
1581:
Gesetz über das Staatsoberhaupt des Deutschen Reichs
1241:
Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich
860:, right-wing candidate in the second round of 1925.
1247:("Leader and Chancellor"), not using the title of
1239:On 1 August 1934, Hitler's government issued the "
1053:The provisions of the Weimar constitution for the
1232:Reichstag. On 23 March the Reichstag adopted the
1835:
1178:and Reichstag is said to have been suggested by
1254:Hitler committed suicide on 30 April 1945, as
1072:of two-thirds of the total number of members.
367:in which power was divided between president,
184:with the possibility of indefinite re-election
1618:
1111:The Reichstag, 12 September 1932: Chancellor
867:The first office-holder, the Social Democrat
428:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
1854:Lists of political office-holders in Germany
1410:
875:on 11 February 1919 on a provisional basis.
646:
310:
298:
286:
45:
837:The president could not be a member of the
27:Head of state under the Weimar Constitution
1625:
1611:
1576:
1574:
1459:Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences
1103:(center) at the Reichstag, 1 January 1931.
84:
1547:
1296:
1040:
894:Propaganda at a poll site, 12 April 1932.
1443:
1126:
1106:
1094:
1079:
950:
939:regardless, Hitler preferring to go by "
889:
851:
806:
441:
1571:
1523:
1483:
946:
398:, assumed the powers of the presidency
14:
1836:
1634:Heads of State of Germany (since 1871)
1416:Acting President, as President of the
1397:
415:his successor as chancellor but named
386:In 1934, after the death of President
1606:
1449:
1021:
446:† denotes people who died in office.
1477:
1208:In March 1930, Hindenburg appointed
969:("Chancellor of the Reich") and his
1517:
1000:
963:Appointment of the Government: The
460:
457:
24:
1134:, president 1925–1934, painted by
1087:, president 1919–1925, painted by
363:The Weimar constitution created a
25:
1870:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
750:
695:
634:
580:
526:
477:
62:
90:The Presidential Palace at the
1588:
13:
1:
1427:
1375:List of presidents of Germany
1146:was established as a kind of
1849:Presidents by former country
732:10 years, 271 days
411:in April 1945, Hitler named
7:
1844:Weimar Republic politicians
1698:Federal Republic of Germany
1549:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087
1363:
1274:. He had by then appointed
1229:General Kurt von Schleicher
906:, to drop out in favour of
900:first presidential election
802:
10:
1875:
1123:) who looks the other way.
1075:
912:Communist Party of Germany
671:9 years, 82 days
506:6 years, 17 days
430:established the office of
29:
1821:
1771:
1696:
1640:
1435:Presidents and Assemblies
1264:Final Political Testament
1227:After briefly appointing
466:
277:
246:
226:
216:
208:
198:
188:
176:
161:
145:
133:
125:
115:
102:
81:
70:Standard of the President
61:
44:
39:
1686:Führer and Reichskanzler
1390:
1262:drew to a close. In his
1245:Führer und Reichskanzler
720:Führer und Reichskanzler
404:Führer und Reichskanzler
365:semi-presidential system
1826:indicates acting holder
1763:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
1525:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
1485:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
1272:ended the war in Europe
1187:Social Democratic Party
1164:constitutional monarchy
1059:Constitution of Austria
914:to run their candidate
503:28 February 1925 †
265:(Allied dissolution of
189:Constituting instrument
1733:Richard von Weizsäcker
1297:Presidential standards
1291:Allied Control Council
1139:
1124:
1104:
1092:
1041:Removal and succession
959:
895:
861:
816:
647:
342:
330:president of the Reich
311:
301:Präsident der Republik
299:
287:
46:
40:President of the Reich
1859:Presidents of Germany
1450:Veser, Ernst (1997).
1405:Chancellor of Germany
1403:Acting President, as
1160:William II of Germany
1130:
1110:
1098:
1083:
954:
893:
855:
810:
442:List of officeholders
1813:Sabine Bergmann-Pohl
1370:President of Germany
1162:under the system of
947:Duties and functions
729:30 April 1945 †
668:2 August 1934 †
649:Generalfeldmarschall
358:president of Germany
267:Flensburg Government
32:President of Germany
1678:Paul von Hindenburg
1380:Politics of Germany
1132:Paul von Hindenburg
1101:Paul von Hindenburg
957:Weimar Constitution
908:Paul von Hindenburg
871:was elected by the
858:Paul von Hindenburg
821:Weimar constitution
656:Paul von Hindenburg
354:Weimar constitution
257:Paul von Hindenburg
231:Paul von Hindenburg
193:Weimar constitution
140:Presidential Palace
1487:(September 2005).
1385:History of Germany
1276:Ludwig von Krosigk
1140:
1125:
1105:
1093:
1034:Präsidialkabinette
1022:Powers in practice
960:
896:
862:
817:
234:(constitutionally)
1831:
1830:
1527:(December 2005).
1505:on 19 August 2008
1066:Staatsgerichtshof
928:reelected in 1932
920:spoiler candidate
884:Gustav Stresemann
873:National Assembly
800:
799:
776:
715:
662:
606:
600:
552:
546:
497:
432:Federal President
326:
325:
16:(Redirected from
1866:
1718:Gustav Heinemann
1627:
1620:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1583:, 1 August 1934:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1551:
1533:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1498:. Archived from
1493:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1456:
1447:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1210:Heinrich Brüning
1195:Weimar coalition
1166:being replaced.
1099:Reichspräsident
1001:Emergency powers
880:Walther Rathenau
828:two round system
774:
761:
754:
723:
713:
706:
699:
660:
652:
645:
644:Hindenburg, Paul
638:
602:
598:
591:
584:
556:28 February 1925
548:
544:
537:
530:
500:11 February 1919
495:
488:
487:Ebert, Friedrich
481:
449:
448:
337:
319:
316:
307:
304:
295:
292:
280:
270:
260:
242:
235:
212:11 February 1919
171:two-round system
88:
76:
66:
57:
49:
37:
36:
21:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1817:
1808:Manfred Gerlach
1788:Walter Ulbricht
1775:
1767:
1753:Christian Wulff
1700:
1692:
1674:Friedrich Ebert
1666:
1644:
1636:
1631:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1536:French Politics
1531:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1491:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1347:
1344:
1335:
1332:
1323:
1320:
1311:
1308:
1299:
1268:Joseph Goebbels
1249:Reichspräsident
1222:Franz von Papen
1176:Reichspräsident
1144:Reichspräsident
1113:Franz von Papen
1085:Friedrich Ebert
1078:
1043:
1024:
1012:Notverordnungen
1003:
949:
869:Friedrich Ebert
856:Propaganda for
805:
773:
767:
759:
756:
755:
717:
716:
712:
704:
701:
700:
685:
659:
653:
643:
640:
639:
607:
601:
597:
589:
586:
585:
553:
547:
543:
535:
532:
531:
494:
491:Friedrich Ebert
486:
483:
482:
455:Reichspräsident
444:
436:Bundespräsident
421:Reichspräsident
413:Joseph Goebbels
377:Reichspräsident
343:Reichspräsident
333:
322:
317:
313:Bundespräsident
305:
293:
278:
273:
264:
254:
240:
236:
233:
221:Friedrich Ebert
183:
168:
166:Direct election
98:
89:
77:
74:
73:
51:
47:Reichspräsident
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Reichspräsident
15:
12:
11:
5:
1872:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1798:Erich Honecker
1795:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1713:Heinrich Lübke
1710:
1704:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1587:
1570:
1542:(3): 323–351.
1516:
1476:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1409:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1197:united behind
1180:Robert Redslob
1154:: replacement
1136:Max Liebermann
1117:Hermann Göring
1077:
1074:
1042:
1039:
1023:
1020:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
994:
991:
987:
979:
975:
948:
945:
916:Ernst Thälmann
850:
849:
804:
801:
798:
797:
794:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
757:
749:
748:
745:
744:
741:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
702:
694:
693:
690:
689:
680:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
641:
633:
632:
629:
628:
625:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
590:Simons, Walter
587:
579:
578:
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574:
571:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
533:
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521:
520:
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510:
507:
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501:
498:
484:
476:
475:
472:
471:
468:
465:
464:Time in office
462:
459:
456:
453:
443:
440:
324:
323:
321:
320:
308:
296:
283:
281:
275:
274:
272:
271:
261:
253:2 August 1934
250:
248:
244:
243:
228:
224:
223:
218:
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213:
210:
206:
205:
203:German Emperor
200:
196:
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143:
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137:
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117:
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106:
100:
99:
92:Wilhelmstrasse
83:
82:
79:
78:
75:(1933–1934/35)
67:
59:
58:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1871:
1860:
1857:
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1825:
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1783:Wilhelm Pieck
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1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1758:Joachim Gauck
1756:
1754:
1751:
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1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:Karl Carstens
1726:
1724:
1723:Walter Scheel
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:Theodor Heuss
1706:
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1699:
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1660:Frederick III
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1418:Reichsgericht
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1406:
1400:
1396:
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1325:
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1294:
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1280:Allied powers
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1196:
1192:
1188:
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1118:
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1097:
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1089:Lovis Corinth
1086:
1082:
1073:
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1062:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1048:Reichsgericht
1038:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1008:
995:
992:
988:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
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966:Reichskanzler
962:
961:
958:
955:Chart of the
953:
944:
942:
938:
933:
929:
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921:
917:
913:
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905:
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888:
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881:
876:
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865:
859:
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848:
844:
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840:
835:
833:
829:
824:
822:
814:
809:
795:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
779:30 April 1945
778:
772:
771:
766:
765:
758:
753:
747:
746:
742:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
726:2 August 1934
725:
722:
721:
711:
710:
705:Hitler, Adolf
703:
698:
692:
691:
688:
684:
681:
679:
676:
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664:
658:
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637:
631:
630:
626:
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621:
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615:
612:
610:12 March 1925
609:
605:
596:
595:
594:Walter Simons
588:
583:
577:
576:
572:
570:
567:
564:
561:
559:12 March 1925
558:
555:
551:
542:
541:
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397:
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389:
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350:head of state
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
315:
314:
309:
303:
302:
297:
291:
290:
285:
284:
282:
279:Superseded by
276:
268:
262:
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132:
128:
124:
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120:Head of state
118:
114:
111:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
87:
80:
72:
71:
65:
60:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
1823:
1773:East Germany
1748:Horst Köhler
1743:Johannes Rau
1738:Roman Herzog
1701:(since 1949)
1685:
1682:Adolf Hitler
1668:
1667:
1650:
1649:
1642:German Reich
1590:
1561:. Retrieved
1539:
1535:
1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1500:the original
1495:
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1462:
1458:
1445:
1434:
1412:
1399:
1288:
1256:World War II
1253:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1234:Enabling Act
1226:
1215:
1207:
1203:Centre Party
1199:Wilhelm Marx
1184:
1175:
1148:Ersatzkaiser
1147:
1143:
1141:
1065:
1063:
1052:
1044:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1011:
1004:
990:German laws.
964:
937:Nazi Germany
932:Adolf Hitler
897:
877:
866:
863:
845:
836:
825:
818:
785:23 days
768:
762:
760:Dönitz, Karl
718:
709:Adolf Hitler
707:
678:Non partisan
654:
623:Non partisan
616:61 days
603:
592:
569:Non partisan
562:12 days
549:
538:
536:Luther, Hans
489:
445:
435:
425:
420:
402:
392:Adolf Hitler
385:
376:
362:
357:
329:
327:
263:23 May 1945
227:Final holder
217:First holder
182:Seven years,
68:
1793:Willi Stoph
1776:(1949–1990)
1690:Karl Dönitz
1645:(1871–1945)
1433:Chapter 4,
1191:Kapp Putsch
1168:Hugo Preuss
1055:impeachment
904:Karl Jarres
847:individual.
813:Karl Jarres
782:23 May 1945
775:(1891–1980)
770:Karl Dönitz
764:Großadmiral
714:(1889–1945)
665:12 May 1925
661:(1847–1934)
613:12 May 1925
599:(1861–1937)
545:(1879–1962)
540:Hans Luther
496:(1871–1925)
461:Left office
458:Took office
417:Karl Dönitz
318:(from 1949)
306:(1949–1960)
294:(1934–1945)
238:Karl Dönitz
178:Term length
1838:Categories
1803:Egon Krenz
1669:Presidents
1664:Wilhelm II
1563:15 October
1509:15 October
1469:15 October
1465:(1): 39–60
1428:References
1007:Article 48
984:referendum
819:Under the
811:Candidate
396:chancellor
394:, already
388:Hindenburg
373:parliament
352:under the
345:) was the
255:(Death of
241:(de facto)
110:Excellency
1656:Wilhelm I
1358:1934–1945
1346:1933–1934
1334:1926–1933
1322:1921–1926
1310:1919–1921
1284:Flensburg
1172:Max Weber
978:practice.
924:Komintern
839:Reichstag
832:plurality
470:Election
452:Portrait
409:last will
381:Reichstag
335:‹See Tfd›
247:Abolished
209:Formation
199:Precursor
162:Appointer
135:Residence
129:Abolished
1651:Emperors
1558:73642272
1364:See also
1218:senility
1138:in 1927.
1091:in 1924.
803:Election
169:under a
1824:Italics
1201:of the
1156:Emperor
1152:English
1076:History
971:cabinet
369:cabinet
156:Germany
1556:
1260:Europe
1070:quorum
941:Führer
788:
735:
674:
619:
604:Acting
565:
550:Acting
509:
375:. The
347:German
339:German
289:Führer
152:Berlin
126:Status
96:Berlin
54:German
50:
1554:S2CID
1532:(PDF)
1503:(PDF)
1492:(PDF)
1455:(PDF)
1391:Notes
1121:NSDAP
792:NSDAP
739:NSDAP
467:Party
104:Style
1688:) •
1565:2016
1511:2016
1471:2016
1142:The
898:The
687:1932
683:1925
518:1919
426:The
371:and
328:The
147:Seat
116:Type
108:His
1544:doi
1258:in
943:".
513:SPD
419:as
94:in
1840::
1680:•
1676:•
1672::
1662:•
1658:•
1654::
1573:^
1552:.
1538:.
1534:.
1494:.
1463:11
1461:.
1457:.
1286:.
1182:.
400:as
390:,
360:.
341::
154:,
1684:(
1626:e
1619:t
1612:v
1567:.
1546::
1540:3
1513:.
1473:.
1420:.
1407:.
1150:(
1119:(
1031:(
796:–
743:–
627:–
573:–
434:(
332:(
269:)
259:)
56:)
52:(
34:.
20:)
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