271:, although as Caroline wrote, Clarke's letters "are not written without the advice of the Chev. Newton". Clarke complained that Leibniz's concept of God as a "supra-mundane intelligence" who set up a "pre-established harmony" was but a step from atheism: "And as those men, who pretend that in an earthly government things may go on perfectly well without the king himself ordering or disposing of any thing, may reasonably be suspected that they would like very well to set the king aside: so, whosoever contends, that the beings of the world can go on without the continual direction of God...his doctrine does in effect tend to exclude God out of the world".
1297:
belief in a true, original, monotheistic religion first discovered in ancient times by natural reason. This position, in Cragg's view, leads to the elimination of the
Christian revelation as neither necessary nor sufficient for human knowledge of God. This agenda is indeed the key point, as Leland describes above, of the deistic program which seeks to "set aside" revelatory religious texts. Cragg writes that, "In effect, Newton ignored the claims of revelation and pointed in a direction which many eighteenth-century thinkers would willingly follow." John Redwood has also recently linked anti-Trinitarian theology with both "Newtonianism" and "deism."
593:
19:
361:. In a manuscript Newton wrote in 1704, he describes his attempts to extract scientific information from the Bible. He estimated that the world would end no earlier than 2060. In predicting this, he said, "This I mention not to assert when the time of the end shall be, but to put a stop to the rash conjectures of fanciful men who are frequently predicting the time of the end, and by doing so bring the sacred prophesies into discredit as often as their predictions fail."
2753:
2717:
414:, Newton expressed his belief that Bible prophecy would not be understood "until the time of the end", and that even then "none of the wicked shall understand". Referring to that as a future time ("the last age, the age of opening these things, be now approaching"), Newton also anticipated "the general preaching of the Gospel be approaching" and "the Gospel must first be preached in all nations before the great tribulation, and end of the world".
1069:
2705:
1652:
about A. D. 756, when the Pope began to be a temporal power, (that is, in prophetic language, a beast) by assuming temporal dominion; 1260 years from this period will bring us to about A. D. 2000, and about the 6000th year of the world, which agrees with a tradition at least as ancient as the epistle ascribed to the apostle
Barnabas (f 15.] which says, that " in six thousand years shall all things be accomplished."
2729:
625:'s mechanical philosophy was promoted by rationalist pamphleteers as a viable alternative to the pantheists and enthusiasts, and was accepted hesitantly by orthodox clergy as well as dissident preachers like the latitudinarians. The clarity and simplicity of science was seen as a way in which to combat the emotional and mystical superlatives of superstitious enthusiasm, as well as the threat of atheism.
1039:
647:, and more importantly was very successful in popularizing them. Newton refashioned the world governed by an interventionist God into a world crafted by a God that designs along rational and universal principles. These principles were available for all people to discover, allowed man to pursue his own aims fruitfully in this life, not the next, and to perfect himself with his own rational powers.
2741:
2693:
1334:
express themselves in the dominion of the laws of nature. Time and space are regarded as the 'organs' of God. All is contained and moves in God but without having any effect on God himself. Thus space and time become metaphysical entities, superordinate existences that are not associated with any interaction, activity or observation on man's part.
365:
that it "was given by Sir Isaac Newton in his last illness to the woman who nursed him". The book was eventually bequeathed to the
Library in 1878. The places Newton marked or annotated in his Bible bear witness to his investigations into theology, chronology, alchemy, and natural philosophy; and some of these relate to passages of the
145:, changed the relevant statute of Trinity College to provide dispensation from this duty. Newton then embarked on an investigative study of the early history of the Church, which developed, during the 1680s, into inquiries about the origins of religion. At around the same time, he developed a scientific view on motion and matter. Of
429:(in which a day represents a year in prophecy) to certain key verses in the books of Daniel and Revelation (also known as the Apocalypse), and looked for significant dates in the Papacy's rise to power to begin this timeline. Newton's calculation ending in 2060 is based on the 1,260-year timeline commencing in 800 AD when
278:, Newton invoked God's active intervention to prevent the stars falling in on each other, and perhaps in preventing the amount of motion in the universe from decaying due to viscosity and friction. In private correspondence, Newton sometimes hinted that the force of gravity was due to an immaterial influence:
364:
The
Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, holds in its collections Newton's personal copy of the King James Version, which exhibits numerous marginal notes in his hand as well as about 500 reader's marks pointing to passages of particular interest to him. A note is attached to the Bible, indicating
417:
Over the years, a large amount of media attention and public interest has circulated regarding largely unknown and unpublished documents, evidently written by Isaac Newton, that indicate he believed the world could end in 2060. While Newton also had many other possible dates (e.g. 2034), he did not
1689:
East
Apthorp, D.D. "Discourses on Prophecy" (1786) Discourse XI, Page 273: "Rome the seat of Antichrist will be consumed with fire, at the coming of Christ, or when the period of her apostacy is expired, in 1260 years from the rise of Antichrist." Page 275: "...present Rome, when by an eruption of
1679:
Bishop Thomas Newton "DISSERTATIONS ON THE PROPHECIES" London: J.F. and C. Rivington (1789) 8th
Edition Page 327: "As the stone in Nebuchadnezzar's dream was cut out of the mountain without hands, that is not by human, but by supernatural means; so the little horn shall be broken without hand, not
1296:
Newton has often been identified as a deist. ...In the 19th century, William Blake seems to have put Newton into the deistic camp. Scholars in the 20th-century have often continued to view Newton as a deist. Gerald R. Cragg views Newton as a kind of proto-deist and, as evidence, points to Newton's
561:
Despite the dramatic nature of a prediction of the end of the world, Newton may not have been referring to the 2060 date as a destructive act resulting in the annihilation of the earth and its inhabitants, but rather one in which he believed the world was to be replaced with a new one based upon a
554:
state, the historicist view that the Papacy is the
Antichrist and the associated timelines delineating his rule rapidly declined in popularity as one of the defining characteristics of the Antichrist (i.e. that he would also be a political temporal power at the time of the return of Jesus) were no
245:
move in very eccentric orbs in all manner of positions, blind fate could never make all the planets move one and the same way in orbs concentric, some inconsiderable irregularities excepted which may have arisen from the mutual actions of comets and planets on one another, and which will be apt to
184:. Despite his unorthodox beliefs, Sir Isaac Newton affirmed infant baptism, in keeping with his Anglican upbringing, writing, "The Declaration by imposition of hands" is a Jewish ceremony. We call it confirmation, meaning a confirmation of what was done by the Godfathers in baptizing the Infant."
1651:
Jonathan
Edwards ”History of Redemption" New York: T. and J. Swords (1793) page 431: "The Beginning of the reign of Antichrist.] The best interpreters (as Mr. Fleming, Sir I. Newton, Mr. Lowman, Dr. Doddridge, Bp. Newton, and Mr. Reader) are pretty well agreed that this reign is to be dated from
1333:
Newton seems to have been closer to the deists in his conception of God and had no time for the doctrine of the
Trinity. The deists did not recognize the divine nature of Christ. According to Fierz, Newton's conception of God permeated his entire scientific work: God's universality and eternity
395:
Newton relied upon the existing
Scripture for prophecy, believing his interpretations would set the record straight in the face of what he considered to be, "so little understood". Though he would never write a cohesive body of work on prophecy, Newton's beliefs would lead him to write several
491:
Mr. Lowman, though an earlier commentator, is (we believe) far more generally followed; and he commences the 1260 years from about 756, when, by aid of Pepin, King of France, the Pope obtained considerable temporalities. This carries on the reign of Popery to 2016, or sixteen years into the
105:
and went to live with her new husband, the Reverend Barnabas Smith, leaving her son in the care of his maternal grandmother, Margery Ayscough. Isaac apparently hated his step-father, and had nothing to do with Smith during his childhood. His maternal uncle, the rector serving the parish of
301:
This most beautiful system of the sun, planets, and comets, could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent Being. This Being governs all things, not as the soul of the world, but as Lord over all; and on account of his dominion he is wont to be called "Lord God"
321:
and Newtonian ideas taken too far resulted in the millenarians, a religious faction dedicated to the concept of a mechanical universe, but finding in it the same enthusiasm and mysticism that the Enlightenment had fought so hard to extinguish. Newton showed considerable interest in
258:
Sir Isaac Newton and his followers have also a very odd opinion concerning the work of God. According to their doctrine, God Almighty wants to wind up his watch from time to time: otherwise it would cease to move. He had not, it seems, sufficient foresight to make it a perpetual
293:, and several biographers and scholars labelled him as a deist who is strongly influenced by Christianity. However, he differed from strict adherents of deism in that he invoked God as a special physical cause to keep the planets in orbits. He warned against using the
535:
The end of the timeline is based on Daniel 8:25, which reads "he shall be broken without hand" and is understood to mean that the end of the Papacy will not be caused by any human action. Volcanic activity is described as the means by which Rome will be overthrown.
373:. Some other passages he marked offer glimpses of his devotional practices and reveal distinct tensions in his personality. Newton's Bible appears to have been first and foremost a customized reference tool in the hands of a biblical scholar and critic.
540:
Antichrist will retain some part of his dominion over the nations till about the year 2016. And when the 1260 years are expired, Rome itself, with all its magnificence, will be absorbed in a lake of fire, sink into the sea, and rise no more at all for
1736:
Fitzpatrick, Martin. ed. Knud Haakonssen. "The Enlightenment, politics and providence: some Scottish and English comparisons." Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in eighteenth-century Britain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1996.
449:, Newton conversed, both first-hand and by correspondence, with other theologians of his time. Those contemporaries who knew him during the remaining 23 years of his life appear to be in agreement that Newton, and the "best interpreters" including
992:
675:. Newton did not publish any of his works of biblical study during his lifetime. All of Newton's writings on corruption in biblical scripture and the church took place after the late 1670s and prior to the middle of 1690.
173:. Scholars have generally concluded that Newton's heretical beliefs were self-taught, but he may have been influenced by then-current heretical writings; controversies over unitarianism were raging at the time.
549:
annexed the remaining Papal States, depriving the Popes of any temporal rule for the next 59 years. Unaware that Papal rule would be restored (albeit on a greatly diminished scale) in 1929 as head of the
155:
When I wrote my treatise about our Systeme I had an eye upon such Principles as might work with considering men for the beliefe of a Deity and nothing can rejoyce me more than to find it useful for that
1470:
942:
Illustrations of the literary history of the eighteenth century: Consisting of authentic memoirs and original letters of eminent persons; and intended as a sequel to the Literary anecdotes, Volume 4
1890:
1208:
Webb, R.K. ed. Knud Haakonssen. "The emergence of Rational Dissent." Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in eighteenth-century Britain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1996. p19.
480:
The author adopts the hypothesis of Fleming, Sir Isaac Newton, and Lowman, that the 1260 years commenced in A.d. 756; and consequently that the millennium will not begin till the year 2016.
2661:
887:
A Short Scheme of the True Religion, manuscript quoted in Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton by Sir David Brewster, Edinburgh, 1850; cited in; ibid, p. 65.
282:
Tis inconceivable that inanimate brute matter should (without the mediation of something else which is not material) operate upon & affect other matter without mutual contact.
200:
97:
Newton was born into an Anglican family three months after the death of his father, a prosperous farmer also named Isaac Newton. When Newton was three, his mother married the
2076:
383:
421:
Like most Protestant theologians of his time, Newton believed that the Papal Office and not any one particular Pope was the fulfillment of the Biblical predictions about
1545:
1370:
Newton (1642–1727), as a seventeenth century nonChristian Deist, would have been susceptible to an accusation of heresy by either the Anglican Church or the Puritans.
1474:
1618:
2011:
1842:
52:
Newton's conception of the physical world provided a model of the natural world that would reinforce stability and harmony in the civic world. Newton saw a
694:
313:
Opposition to godliness is atheism in profession and idolatry in practice. Atheism is so senseless and odious to mankind that it never had many professors.
878:
Principia, Book III; cited in; Newton's Philosophy of Nature: Selections from his writings, p. 42, ed. H.S. Thayer, Hafner Library of Classics, NY, 1953.
1825:
Greenham, Paul. "Clarifying divine discourse in early modern science: divinity, physico-theology, and divine metaphysics in Isaac Newton’s chymistry."
2641:
1425:
229:
Newton saw God as the masterful creator whose existence could not be denied in the face of the grandeur of all creation. Nevertheless, he rejected
387:, was sent in a letter to John Locke on 14 November 1690. In it, he reviews evidence that the earliest Christians did not believe in the Trinity.
1699:
Rev. David Simpson "A Plea for Religion and the Sacred Writings" London: W. Baynes, and Paternoster-Row. (1808) 5th Edition, pages 131 and 133.
138:
1979:
147:
410:
341:
Newton's concept of the physical world provided a model of the natural world that would reinforce stability and harmony in the civic world.
2068:
643:, were given their foundation with Boyle's mechanical conception of the universe. Newton gave Boyle's ideas their completion through
129:
of the Church of England. Newton considered ceasing his studies prior to completion to avoid the ordination made necessary by law of
2191:
2616:
2593:
2349:
2297:
1746:
Frankel, Charles. The Faith of Reason: The Idea of Progress in the French Enlightenment. King's Crown Press, New York: 1948. p1.
1097:
286:
Leibniz said that such an immaterial influence would be a continual miracle; this was another strand of his debate with Clarke.
56:
as the masterful creator whose existence could not be denied in the face of the grandeur of all creation. Although born into an
2773:
2201:
1939:
1852:
Joalland, Michael. "Isaac Newton Reads the King James Version: The Marginal Notes and Reading Marks of a Natural Philosopher".
1495:
Joalland, Michael. "Isaac Newton Reads the King James Version: The Marginal Notes and Reading Marks of a Natural Philosopher".
142:
233:'s thesis that God would necessarily make a perfect world which requires no intervention from the creator. In Query 31 of the
1780:
1721:
974:
558:
Eventually, the prediction was largely forgotten and no major Protestant denomination currently subscribes to this timeline.
1549:
2228:
1616:"A time and times and the dividing of times": Isaac Newton, the Apocalypse and 2060 AD Snobelen, S Can J Hist (2003) vol 38
1401:
A Short Scheme of the True Religion, manuscript quoted in Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton
191:, he shared many similar beliefs with them. They were a unitarian Reformation movement in Poland. A manuscript he sent to
2327:
2038:
1670:
Thomas Williams "The Cottage Bible and family expositor" Hartford: D.F. Robinson and H. F. Sumner (1837) Vol. 2-page 1417
1615:
2240:
400:. In this manuscript, he details the requirements for what he considered to be the proper interpretation of the Bible.
2218:
2030:
1590:
1363:
1326:
1289:
733:
2626:
2451:
1911:
587:
217:
After his death, Deists sometimes claimed him as one of their own, as have Trinitarians. In fact, he was an active
98:
38:
2646:
2548:
2267:
1062:
562:
transition to an era of divinely inspired peace. In Christian theology, this concept is often referred to as The
484:
1661:
Rev. F.A. Cox "Outlines of Lectures on the Book of Daniel" London: Westley and Davis (1833) 2nd Edition Page 152
487:
stated that this timeline had become the predominant view among the leading Protestant theologians of his time:
2793:
2788:
2531:
450:
264:
1500:
2441:
1035:
2636:
2495:
2292:
512:. Following Aistulf's capitulation, Pepin gave the newly conquered territories to the Papacy through the
2386:
1413:
1243:
Caroline to Leibniz, 10 January 1716, quoted in Alexander 1956, p. 193. (Chev. = Chevalier i.e. Knight.)
2783:
2683:
2436:
2431:
2354:
2257:
2223:
2186:
2045:
1932:
469:, were eventually "pretty well agreed" that the 1,260-year timeline should be calculated from the year
454:
114:
1574:
2401:
2317:
1971:
1174:
689:
230:
1313:
The Innermost Kernel: Depth Psychology and Quantum Physics. Wolfgang Pauli's Dialogue with C.G. Jung
125:, which he did the following year. He was also required to take a vow of celibacy and recognize the
2272:
2213:
2196:
2181:
2126:
1756:
1690:
fire the mountainous soil, being undermined, will fall into an abyss, and be covered with the sea*
1513:
Parker, Kim Ian (February 2009). "Newton, Locke and the Trinity: Sir Isaac's comments on Locke's:
1355:
2798:
2250:
2003:
671:. His last writing, published in 1737 with the miscellaneous works of John Greaves, was entitled
181:
1388:
Newton expressed the same conception of the nature of atoms in his deistic view of the Universe.
2621:
2611:
2376:
2339:
2312:
2206:
525:
1770:
1642:
the "42 months" of Revelation 11:2 and 13:5 equals the "1260 days" of Revelation 11:3 and 12:6
1318:
1280:
Force, James E.; Popkin, Richard Henry (1990). Force, James E.; Popkin, Richard Henry (eds.).
592:
2778:
2668:
2575:
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2456:
2245:
2158:
2133:
1925:
396:
treatises on the subject, including an unpublished guide for prophetic interpretation titled
218:
130:
1347:
1310:
964:
725:
237:, Newton simultaneously made an argument from design and for the necessity of intervention:
33:(4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) was considered an insightful and erudite theologian by his
2582:
2302:
2059:
1421:
989:
946:
629:
335:
308:, or "Universal Ruler". The Supreme God is a Being eternal, infinite, absolutely perfect.
133:. He was eventually successful in avoiding the statute, assisted in this by the efforts of
126:
69:
8:
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2391:
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2287:
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2138:
1348:
1148:
903:
684:
669:
Notes on early Church history and the moral superiority of the 'barbarians' to the Romans
476:
F. A. Cox also confirmed that this was the view of Newton and others, including himself:
251:
46:
1847:
1009:
854:
830:
795:
2606:
2322:
2235:
1963:
1680:
die the common death, not fall by the hand of men, but perish by a stroke from heaven."
1120:
911:
907:
773:
644:
426:
331:
1811:
Feingold, Mordechai. "Isaac Newton, Heretic? Some Eighteenth-Century Perceptions." in
673:
A Dissertation upon the Sacred Cubit of the Jews and the Cubits of the several Nations
2565:
2537:
2419:
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2344:
2262:
2148:
1776:
1717:
1359:
1322:
1285:
1128:
1124:
970:
729:
607:
597:
513:
462:
434:
177:
73:
1311:
718:
2733:
2697:
2525:
2501:
2477:
2307:
2053:
1906:
1857:
1830:
1526:
1112:
1093:
765:
632:
546:
517:
354:
53:
42:
1834:
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To Discourse of God : Isaac Newton's Heterdox Theology and Natural Philosophy
940:
18:
2513:
2282:
2176:
1622:
917:
501:
497:
65:
23:
1874:
Rogers, John. "Newton's Arian Epistemology and the Cosmogony of Paradise Lost."
667:, written in Latin some time prior to 1670. Written subsequently in English was
2757:
2556:
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2334:
2121:
1191:
John Rogers, "Newton's Arian Epistemology and the Cosmogony of Paradise Lost."
575:
327:
323:
318:
294:
122:
107:
1885:
Snobelen, Stephen D. "Isaac Newton, heretic: the strategies of a Nicodemite."
1530:
1116:
445:
Between the time he wrote his 2060 prediction (about 1704) until his death in
2767:
2601:
2483:
2425:
563:
521:
466:
268:
1350:
Classical Mechanics: Transformations, Flows, Integrable and Chaotic Dynamics
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2721:
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2359:
2168:
2143:
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1948:
724:. – 155 pages Oxford portraits in science Oxford University Press. p.
663:), which has an unnumbered leaf between folios 1 and 2 with the subheading
640:
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567:
551:
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458:
275:
134:
102:
30:
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Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John
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Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John
68:
that, had it been made public, would not have been considered orthodox by
2507:
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1995:
1501:
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/704518?journalCode=pbsa
960:
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Observations Upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John
433:
became the first Holy Roman Emperor and reconfirmed the earlier (756 AD)
430:
418:
believe that the end of the world would take place specifically in 2060.
204:
188:
118:
86:
83:
57:
1803:
vol. LXV, no. 4 (8 March 2018), pp. 28–29; a review of Rob Iliffe,
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2519:
1772:
Essays on the Context, Nature, and Influence of Isaac Newton's Theology
1471:"Papers Show Isaac Newton's Religious Side, Predict Date of Apocalypse"
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Essays on the Context, Nature, and Influence of Isaac Newton's Theology
777:
603:
422:
403:
350:
192:
61:
34:
2752:
1007:
Professor Rob Iliffe (AHRC Newton Papers Project) THE NEWTON PROJECT
425:, whose rule was predicted to last for 1,260 years. They applied the
250:
This passage prompted an attack by Leibniz in a letter to his friend
769:
297:
to view the universe as a mere machine, like a great clock, saying:
37:
contemporaries. He wrote many works that would now be classified as
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2094:
1917:
1861:
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Austin, William H. (1970), "Isaac Newton on Science and Religion",
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571:
211:
166:
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1987:
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196:
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Feingold, Mordechai. "The religion of the young Isaac Newton."
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A Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistle of St Paul to the Romans
221:
who opposed both orthodox teachings and religious skepticism.
1098:"Isaac Newton, heretic : the strategies of a Nicodemite"
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Newton's Views on the Corruptions of Scripture and the Church
509:
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An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture
358:
303:
290:
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commencement of the Millennium, as it is generally reckoned.
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Rules for interpreting the words & language in Scripture
207:
and Isaac Newton were, as most scholars now agree, Arians."
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may have influenced Newton's religious ideas. Later works—
446:
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874:
872:
790:
788:
786:
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the "time, times and half a time" of Daniel 7:25 and 12:7
661:
Introduction. Containing an explanation of the Apocalypse
516:, thereby elevating the Pope from being a subject of the
470:
1912:
The Newton Manuscripts at the National Library of Israel
1546:"The First Book Concerning the Language of the Prophets"
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783:
1843:
Priest of Nature: The Religious Worlds of Isaac Newton
1805:
Priest of Nature: the Religious Worlds of Isaac Newton
1775:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 103.
657:
Introductio. Continens Apocalypseos rationem generalem
2681:
1903:
Isaac Newton Theology, Prophecy, Science and Religion
966:
Ethics and the History of Philosophy: Selected Essays
349:
Newton spent a great deal of time trying to discover
1914: – the collection of all his religious writings
1455:
The Newtonians and the English Revolution: 1689–1720
1221:(2nd Edition), quoted in H. G. Alexander 1956 (ed):
695:
Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein
404:
End of the world vs. Start of the millennial kingdom
110:, was involved to some extent in the care of Isaac.
1714:
Science and Religion in Seventeenth-Century England
1573:by Sir Isaac Newton, 1733, J. DARBY and T. BROWNE,
825:(AHRC Newton Papers Project) THE NEWTON PROJECT –
180:, Newton's studies led him to reject belief in the
717:
381:Newton's work of New Testament textual criticism,
2642:Statal Institute of Higher Education Isaac Newton
655:His first writing on the subject of religion was
504:entered northern Italy, forcing the Lombard King
289:Newton's view has been considered to be close to
2765:
1854:Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America
1497:Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America
1473:. Associated Press. 19 June 2007. Archived from
1234:Leibniz, first letter, in Alexander 1956, p. 11
357:dealing with the literal interpretation of the
267:, ostensibly with Newton's friend and disciple
246:increase, till this system wants a reformation.
1381:
711:
709:
139:Secretary of State for the Northern Department
1933:
1769:James E. Force; Richard Henry Popkin (1990).
1252:Clarke, first reply, in Alexander 1956 p. 14.
1031:
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897:
895:
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847:
715:
117:, making necessary his commitment to taking
1707:
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1162:Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton,
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959:
716:Christianson, Gale E. (19 September 1996).
706:
606:'s belief in the universe and rejection of
224:
148:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
1940:
1926:
1887:British journal for the history of science
1105:British Journal for the History of Science
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
720:Isaac Newton and the scientific revolution
612:The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended
274:In addition to stepping in to re-form the
195:in which he disputed the existence of the
1846:. Oxford University Press: 2017, 536 pp.
1143:
1141:
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49:. He kept his heretical beliefs private.
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1384:Philosophical problems of modern physics
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998:
818:
816:
591:
508:to lift his siege of Rome and return to
353:. After 1690, Newton wrote a number of
17:
1075:
938:
618:(1733)—were published after his death.
165:According to most scholars, Newton was
2766:
1543:
1512:
1354:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1308:
1138:
755:
2192:Newton's law of universal gravitation
1921:
1813:Reading Newton in Early Modern Europe
1460:
1440:
969:. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 3.
945:. Nichols, Son, and Bentley. p.
813:
121:within seven years of completing his
2350:Newton's theorem of revolving orbits
1947:
1588:
1548:. The Newton Project. Archived from
1414:"A short Schem of the true Religion"
1309:Gieser, Suzanne (14 February 2005).
212:the sacrament of the Anglican church
2298:Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy
2039:standing on the shoulders of giants
1856:, vol. 113, no. 3 (2019): 297–339.
1499:, vol. 113, no. 3 (2019): 297–339 (
1270:Newton to Bentley, 25 February 1693
160:
113:In 1667, Newton became a Fellow of
72:. Many scholars now consider him a
60:family, and a devout but heterodox
47:literal interpretation of the Bible
13:
1807:, (Oxford University Press, 2017).
1792:
857:. The Newton Project. 5 April 2007
14:
2810:
1896:
1798:Eamon Duffy, "Far from the Tree"
1428:from the original on 3 April 2013
1225:, University of Manchester Press.
1223:The Leibniz-Clarke correspondence
500:, King of France, accompanied by
2751:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2627:Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes
1871:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974.
581:
440:
351:hidden messages within the Bible
336:Observations Upon the Prophecies
92:
64:, by his thirties Newton held a
2647:Newton International Fellowship
2328:generalized Gauss–Newton method
2241:Newton's method in optimization
1762:
1749:
1740:
1730:
1693:
1683:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1609:
1564:
1537:
1506:
1489:
1406:
1393:
1375:
1339:
1302:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1211:
1202:
1185:
1167:
1055:
983:
953:
758:Journal of the History of Ideas
263:Leibniz's letter initiated the
82:He may have been influenced by
1905: – writings on Newton by
1801:The New York Review of Books,
1712:Westfall, Richard S. (1973) .
1544:Newton, Isaac (5 April 2007).
1175:"Seven Statements on Religion"
932:
881:
749:
408:In his posthumously-published
376:
199:was never published. In 2019,
101:of the neighbouring parish of
1:
2774:Religious views by individual
1876:ELH: English Literary History
1835:10.1080/0268117X.2016.1271744
1193:ELH: English Literary History
939:Nichols, John Bowyer (1822).
700:
628:The attacks made against pre-
588:Isaac Newton's occult studies
369:to the second edition of the
326:, as he wrote about both the
265:Leibniz-Clarke correspondence
2268:Newton's theorem about ovals
1869:The Religion of Isaac Newton
1591:"Statement on the date 2060"
1519:Scottish Journal of Theology
1382:Hans S. Plendl, ed. (1982).
1346:McCauley, Joseph L. (1997).
1261:H.W. Alexander 1956, p. xvii
1063:University of King's College
1036:Cambridge University Library
855:"Newton's Views on Prophecy"
7:
2637:Sir Isaac Newton Sixth Form
2293:Corpuscular theory of light
2219:Schrödinger–Newton equation
1759:, retrieved 20 January 2014
1453:Jacob, Margaret C. (1976).
827:Newton's Religious Writings
678:
650:
528:over the newly constituted
390:
10:
2815:
2046:Notes on the Jewish Temple
1815:(Brill, 2017) pp. 328-345.
585:
545:In 1870, the newly formed
304:
214:offered before his death.
115:Trinity College, Cambridge
22:Sir Isaac Newton at 46 in
2655:
2592:
2547:
2470:
2412:
2167:
2087:
2022:
1955:
1531:10.1017/s0036930608004626
1117:10.1017/S0007087499003751
1072:Retrieved 29 January 2012
995:Retrieved 29 January 2012
690:Clockwork universe theory
570:and the establishment of
2197:post-Newtonian expansion
2077:Corruptions of Scripture
2069:Ancient Kingdoms Amended
1621:21 February 2014 at the
1284:. Springer. p. 53.
344:
225:God as masterful creator
203:stated, "Heretics both,
2387:Absolute space and time
2251:truncated Newton method
2224:Newton's laws of motion
2187:Newton's law of cooling
1827:The Seventeenth Century
1716:. U of Michigan Press.
1386:. Reidel. p. 361.
1147:Avery Cardinal Dulles.
2622:Isaac Newton Telescope
2612:Isaac Newton Institute
2382:Newton–Puiseux theorem
2377:Parallelogram of force
2365:kissing number problem
2355:Newton–Euler equations
2258:Gauss–Newton algorithm
2207:gravitational constant
1889:32.4 (1999): 381–419.
1829:32.2 (2017): 191-215.
1014:. University of Sussex
835:. University of Sussex
600:
543:
494:
482:
315:
310:
284:
261:
248:
187:Although he was not a
158:
137:, as in 1676 the then
27:
2794:Criticism of religion
2576:Isaac Newton Gargoyle
2486: (nephew-in-law)
2462:Copernican Revolution
2457:Scientific Revolution
2318:Newton–Cotes formulas
2182:Newton's inequalities
2159:Structural coloration
1822:76.2 (2019): 210-218.
1589:Snobelen, Stephen D.
1399:Brewster, Sir David.
1317:. Springer. pp.
595:
538:
489:
478:
311:
299:
280:
256:
239:
178:rejecting the Trinity
153:
70:mainstream Christians
21:
2789:Criticism of atheism
2583:Astronomers Monument
2273:Newton–Pepys problem
2246:Apollonius's problem
2214:Newton–Cartan theory
2127:Newton–Okounkov body
2060:hypotheses non fingo
2049: (c. 1680)
1878:86.1 (2019): 77-106
1755:The Newton Project,
1422:University of Sussex
1195:86.1 (2019): 77-106
1134:on 8 September 2014.
1094:Snobelen, Stephen D.
990:Cambridge University
823:Professor Rob Iliffe
796:"The Newton Project
496:In April of 756 AD,
127:Thirty-Nine Articles
45:that dealt with the
2392:Luminiferous aether
2340:Newton's identities
2313:Newton's cannonball
2288:Classical mechanics
2278:Newtonian potential
2139:Newtonian telescope
1164:(1980) pp. 103, 25.
913:The Galileo Project
904:Richard S. Westfall
685:Classical mechanics
645:mathematical proofs
317:On the other hand,
252:Caroline of Ansbach
2617:Isaac Newton Medal
2422: (birthplace)
2236:Newtonian dynamics
2134:Newton's reflector
1867:Manuel, Frank. E.
1597:on 15 October 2013
1552:on 8 November 2007
1418:The Newton Project
1179:The Newton Project
1160:Richard Westfall,
908:Indiana University
665:De prophetia prima
601:
596:Newton's grave in
427:day-year principle
332:Book of Revelation
28:
2784:Nontrinitarianism
2679:
2678:
2571: (sculpture)
2538:Abraham de Moivre
2492: (professor)
2420:Woolsthorpe Manor
2372:Newton's quotient
2345:Newton polynomial
2303:Newton's notation
2034: (1661–1665)
1820:Annals of science
1782:978-0-7923-0583-5
1723:978-0-472-06190-7
1149:The Deist Minimum
976:978-0-415-22530-4
608:Cartesian dualism
598:Westminster Abbey
514:Donation of Pepin
463:Phillip Doddridge
435:Donation of Pepin
169:, not holding to
143:Joseph Williamson
2806:
2756:
2755:
2744:
2743:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2707:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2667:
2562: (monotype)
2526:William Stukeley
2522: (disciple)
2502:Benjamin Pulleyn
2478:Catherine Barton
2397:Newtonian series
2308:Rotating spheres
2054:General Scholium
1949:Sir Isaac Newton
1942:
1935:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1907:Stephen Snobelen
1787:
1786:
1766:
1760:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1709:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1593:. Archived from
1586:
1577:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1510:
1504:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1467:
1458:
1451:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1410:
1404:
1403:Edinburgh, 1850.
1397:
1391:
1390:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1353:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1316:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1171:
1165:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1127:. Archived from
1102:
1090:
1073:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1005:
996:
987:
981:
980:
957:
951:
950:
936:
930:
929:
927:
925:
901:
888:
885:
879:
876:
867:
866:
864:
862:
851:
845:
844:
842:
840:
820:
811:
810:
808:
806:
792:
781:
780:
753:
747:
746:
744:
742:
723:
713:
633:magical thinking
547:Kingdom of Italy
518:Byzantine Empire
451:Jonathan Edwards
367:General Scholium
355:religious tracts
307:
306:
161:Christian heresy
54:monotheistic God
43:religious tracts
26:'s 1689 portrait
2814:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2750:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2682:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2651:
2607:Newton's cradle
2588:
2543:
2516: (student)
2514:William Whiston
2510: (student)
2466:
2447:Religious views
2408:
2323:Newton's method
2283:Newtonian fluid
2177:Bucket argument
2163:
2083:
2018:
1951:
1946:
1899:
1795:
1793:Further reading
1790:
1783:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1623:Wayback Machine
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1587:
1580:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1542:
1538:
1511:
1507:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1477:on 29 June 2007
1469:
1468:
1461:
1452:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1420:. East Sussex:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1344:
1340:
1329:
1307:
1303:
1292:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1190:
1186:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1100:
1091:
1076:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1008:
1006:
999:
993:Alumni Database
988:
984:
977:
958:
954:
937:
933:
923:
921:
918:Rice University
910:
902:
891:
886:
882:
877:
870:
860:
858:
853:
852:
848:
838:
836:
829:
821:
814:
804:
802:
794:
793:
784:
770:10.2307/2708258
754:
750:
740:
738:
736:
714:
707:
703:
681:
653:
590:
584:
502:Pope Stephen II
485:Thomas Williams
443:
437:to the Papacy.
406:
393:
379:
347:
227:
210:Newton refused
163:
131:King Charles II
95:
66:Christian faith
41:, and he wrote
24:Godfrey Kneller
12:
11:
5:
2812:
2802:
2801:
2799:Apocalypticism
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2761:
2760:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2677:
2676:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540: (friend)
2535:
2534: (friend)
2529:
2528: (friend)
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2498: (mentor)
2496:William Clarke
2493:
2487:
2481:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2452:Occult studies
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2335:Newton fractal
2332:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2263:Newton's rings
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2149:Newton's metal
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2122:Newton polygon
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2056:" (1713;
2050:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2023:Other writings
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1898:
1897:External links
1895:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1872:
1865:
1862:10.1086/704518
1850:
1838:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1761:
1748:
1739:
1729:
1722:
1701:
1692:
1682:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1608:
1578:
1563:
1536:
1505:
1488:
1459:
1439:
1405:
1392:
1374:
1364:
1338:
1327:
1301:
1290:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1210:
1201:
1184:
1166:
1153:
1137:
1111:(4): 381–419.
1074:
1061:S.D.Snobelen (
1054:
1025:
997:
982:
975:
952:
931:
889:
880:
868:
846:
812:
782:
764:(4): 521–542,
748:
734:
704:
702:
699:
698:
697:
692:
687:
680:
677:
652:
649:
586:Main article:
583:
580:
576:Kingdom of God
526:temporal power
455:Robert Fleming
442:
439:
405:
402:
392:
389:
378:
375:
346:
343:
328:Book of Daniel
324:millenarianism
319:latitudinarian
295:law of gravity
226:
223:
171:Trinitarianism
162:
159:
108:Burton Coggles
94:
91:
74:Nontrinitarian
39:occult studies
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2811:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:Newton (unit)
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2532:William Jones
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2504: (tutor)
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2484:John Conduitt
2482:
2480: (niece)
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2426:Cranbury Park
2424:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:Personal life
2411:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2360:Newton number
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2229:Kepler's laws
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:parameterized
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:Contributions
2086:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2041:" (1675)
2040:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1901:
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