1485:
1155:
1278:
humbled and asked
Saladin for a truce, which was granted. The truce was made and duly sworn to. Caravans then went back and forth between Syria and Egypt. , a large caravan, rich in goods and with many men, accompanied by a good number of soldiers, passed by him. The accursed one treacheously seized every last man and made their goods, animals and weapons his booty. Those he made captive he consigned to his prisons. Saladin sent blaming him, deploring his treacherous action and threatening him if he did not release the captives and the goods, but he would not agree to do that and persisted in his refusal. Saladin vowed that, if ever had him in his power, he would kill him.
1110:, the governor of Egypt, dispatched a fleet to the Red Sea. The Egyptians relieved Pharaoh's Island and destroyed the Christian fleet. Some of the soldiers were captured near Medina because they landed either to escape or to attack the city. Raynald's men were executed, and Saladin took an oath that he would never forgive him. Though Raynald's naval expedition "showed a remarkable degree of initiative" according to Hamilton, most modern historians agree that it contributed to the unification of Syria and Egypt under Saladin's rule. Saladin captured Aleppo in June 1183, completing the encirclement of the crusader states.
563:
4928:
51:
917:
928:, came to the Holy Land at the head of a crusader army in early August 1177. The king offered him the regency, but Philip refused the offer, saying that he did not want to stay in the kingdom. Philip declared that he was "willing to take orders" from anybody, but he protested when Baldwin confirmed Raynald's position as "regent of the kingdom and of the armies" as he thought that a military commander without special powers should lead the army. Philip left the kingdom a month after his arrival.
1396:, Raynald refused to drink from the cup that Guy of Lusignan handed to him. According to Ernoul, Raynald's head was struck off by Saladin's soldiers and it was brought to Damascus to be "dragged along the ground to show the Saracens, whom the prince had wronged, that vengeance had been exacted". Baha ad-Din also wrote that Raynald's fate shocked Guy of Lusignan, but Saladin soon comforted him, stating that "A king does not kill a king, but that man's perfidy and insolence went too far".
1008:
1302:
1067:'s partisans to reconcile him with the monarch. A close relative of Baldwin, Raymond had assumed the regency in 1174 but was banned from the kingdom for allegedly plotting against the ailing king. Raymond's return to the royal court put an end to Raynald's paramount position. After accepting the new situation, Raynald cooperated with the king and Raymond during the fights against Saladin in the summer of 1182.
598:, did not hide his dismay at Constance's second marriage. He even refused to pay a subsidy to Raynald, although Raynald, as Barber underlines, "was in dire need of money". In retaliation for Aimery's refusal, Raynald arrested and tortured him in the summer of 1154, forcing him to sit naked and covered with honey in the sun, before imprisoning him. Aimery was only released on Baldwin
1227:, where she was crowned. She also arranged the coronation of her husband, although he was unpopular even among her supporters. Her opponents tried to persuade Raynald's stepson, Humphrey, to claim the crown on his wife's behalf, but Humphrey deserted them and swore fealty to Sybilla and Guy. Raynald headed the list of secular witnesses in four royal charters issued between 21
745:
644:. They attacked Cyprus, plundering the prosperous Byzantine island for three weeks in early 1156. Hearing rumours of an imperial fleet approaching the island, they left Cyprus, but only after they had forced all Cypriots to ransom themselves, with the exception of the wealthiest individuals (including Manuel's nephew,
1247:
according to
Hamilton. He took all the merchants and their families prisoner, seized a large amount of booty, and refused to receive envoys from Saladin demanding compensation. Saladin sent his envoys to Guy of Lusignan, who accepted his demands. However, Raynald refused to obey the king, stating in the words of the
419:. In spite of a truce between Saladin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Raynald attacked a caravan travelling from Egypt to Syria in late 1186 or early 1187, claiming that the truce was not binding upon him. After Raynald refused to pay compensation, Saladin invaded the kingdom and annihilated the crusader army in the
1373:(who was present) recorded that Raynald drank from the cup. Since customary law prescribed that a man who gave food or drink to a prisoner could not kill him, Saladin pointed out that it was Guy who had given the cup to Raynald. After calling Raynald to his tent, Saladin accused him of many crimes (including
1580:
at Hattin. Among modern historians, Hamilton portrays
Raynald as "an experienced and responsible crusader leader" who made several attempts to prevent Saladin from uniting the Muslim realms along the borders of the crusader states. His comments are described by Cobb as "attempts to dispel" Raynald's
1121:
IV's sister, Isabella, in Kerak. Saladin unexpectedly invaded
Oultrejordain, forcing the local inhabitants to seek refuge in Kerak. After Saladin broke into the town, Raynald only managed to escape to the fortress because one of his retainers had hindered the attackers from seizing the bridge between
546:, had proposed to be her husband. Raynald and Constance kept their betrothal a secret until Baldwin gave his permission for their marriage. According to the historian Andrew D. Buck, they needed a royal permission because Raynald was in Baldwin's service. The early-13th-century chronicle known as the
1385:
or death, according to Imad ad-Din and Ibn al-Athir. After
Raynald flatly refused to convert, Saladin took a sword and struck Raynald with it. As Raynald fell to the ground, Saladin beheaded him. The reliability of the reports of Saladin's offer to Raynald is subject to scholarly debate, because the
677:
who paid an annual tribute to
Raynald. Baldwin was planning to grant the fortress to Thierry of Flanders, but Raynald demanded that the count should pay homage to him for the town. After Thierry sharply refused to swear fealty to an upstart, the crusaders abandoned the siege. They marched on Harenc
1420:
who died in 1149. The widowed
Constance's marriage to Raynald is described as "the misalliance of the century" by Hamilton, but Buck emphasises that "the marriage went unmentioned in Western chronicles". Buck adds that Raynald's relatively low birth "actually made him the ideal candidate" to marry
1533:
stated that
Raynald's attack against a caravan at the turn of 1186 and 1187 was the "reason of the loss of the Kingdom of Jerusalem". Modern historians have usually also treated Raynald as a "maverick who did more harm to the Christian than to the cause". Runciman describes him as a marauder who
1329:
incorrectly claims that
Saladin's sister was also among the prisoners taken by Raynald when he seized the caravan. She returned from Mecca to Damascus in a separate pilgrim caravan in March 1187. To protect her against an attack by Raynald, Saladin escorted the pilgrims while they were travelling
1246:
in the kingdom. In late 1186 or early 1187, a rich caravan travelled through
Oultrejordain from Egypt to Syria. Ali ibn al-Athir mentioned that a group of armed men accompanied the caravan. Raynald seized the caravan, possibly because he regarded the presence of soldiers as a breach of the truce,
701:
to voluntarily make his submission to the emperor. On Manuel's demand, Raynald and his retainers walked barefoot and bareheaded through the streets of the town to the imperial tent where he prostrated himself, begging for mercy. William of Tyre stated that "the glory of the Latin world was put to
427:. Many historians have regarded Raynald as an irresponsible adventurer whose lust for booty caused the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. On the other hand, the historian Bernard Hamilton says that he was the only crusader leader who tried to prevent Saladin from unifying the nearby Muslim states.
1597:
to "cultural self-hatred", but historians such as Matthew Gabriele sharply criticised Lee's approach. Gabriele concludes that Lee's book "does violence to the study of the past" due to his uncritical use of primary sources and his obvious attempt to make a connection between medieval history and
1277:
Prince Reynald, lord of Kerak, was one of the greatest and wickedest of the Franks, the most hostile to the Muslims and the most dangerous to them. Aware of this, Saladin targeted him with blockades time after time and raided his territory occasion after occasion. As a result he was abashed and
574:
merchants. William of Tyre records that his subjects were astonished that their "famous, powerful and well-born" princess married to a man of low status. No coins struck for Raynald have survived. According to Buck, this indicates that Raynald's position was relatively weak. Whereas Raymond of
1618:
mentions that Raynald was "the brother of the lord of Gien" in France. For chronological reasons, this lord of Gien can only be associated with Hervé—a brother of Geoffrey II of Donzy—who gave the castle of Gien to his daughter Alix in dowry in 1153. They were both sons of Hervé II of
1353:
III of Tripoli had tried to persuade the king to avoid a direct fight with it. During the debate, Raynald accused Raymond of Tripoli of co-operating with the enemy. Raynald and Rideford had fatally misjudged the situation. Saladin inflicted a crushing defeat on the crusaders in the
1581:"bad press". The historian Alex Mallett refers to Raynald's naval expedition as "one of the most extraordinary episodes in the history of the Crusades, and yet one of the most overlooked". In 2017, the journalist Jeffrey Lee published a biography about Raynald, entitled
1534:
could not resist the temptation presented by the rich caravans passing through Oultrejordain. He argues that Raynald attacked a caravan during the 1180 truce because he "could not understand a policy that ran counter to his wishes". Cobb introduces Raynald as the
1241:
and other Muslim historians stated that Raynald made a separate truce with Saladin in 1186. This "seems unlikely to be true", according to Hamilton, because the truce between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Saladin legally covered Raynald's domains as they formed a
1034:
travelling between Egypt and Syria, breaking the truce. Modern historians debate whether Raynald's military actions sprang from a desire for booty, or were deliberate maneuvers to prevent Saladin from annexing new territories. After as-Salih died on
391:
between Egypt and Syria, he was the only Christian leader to pursue an offensive policy against Saladin, by making plundering raids against the caravans travelling near his domains. After Raynald's newly constructed fleet plundered the coast of the
4512:
1449:, from Constance, according to Hamilton and Buck, but Runciman says that Baldwin was Constance's son from her first husband. Baldwin moved to Constantinople in the early 1160s. He died fighting at the head of a Byzantine cavalry regiment in the
1484:
1538:
nemesis of Saladin", adding that Raynald's provocative actions inevitably led to Saladin's fatal invasion against the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Along with Guy of Lusignan and the Knights Templar, Raynald is one of the negative characters in the
1495:
Most information on Raynald's life was recorded by Muslim authors, who were hostile to him. Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad described him as a "monstrous infidel and terrible oppressor" in his biography of Saladin. Saladin compared Raynald with the
955:
Raynald signed a majority of royal charters between 1177 and 1180, with his name always first among signatories, showing that he was the king's most influential official during this period. Raynald became one of the principal supporters of
889:. The first extant charter styling Raynald as "Lord of Hebron and Montréal" was issued in November 1177. He owed service of 60 knights to the Crown, showing that he had become one of the wealthiest barons of the realm. From his castles at
790:. Constance died around 1163, shortly after her son reached the age of majority. Her death deprived Raynald of his claim to Antioch. However, he had become an important personality, with prominent family connections, as his stepdaughter,
825:, Gümüshtekin sought the support of Raynald's stepson Bohemond III of Antioch, and on his request released Raynald along with Joscelin of Courtenay and all other Christian prisoners in 1176. Raynald's ransom, fixed at 120,000
710:
was forced to move to Jerusalem. Raynald had to promise that he would allow a Byzantine garrison to stay in the citadel whenever it was required and would send a troop to fight in the Byzantine army. Before long,
1204:
III of Courtenay, took control of Jerusalem with the support of Raynald and other influential prelates and royal officials. Raynald urged the townspeople to accept Sybilla as the lawful monarch, according to the
4168:
951:
and other Muslim authors recorded that Raynald was the supreme commander. Saladin himself referred to the battle as a "major defeat which God mended with the famous battle of Hattin", according to Baha ad-Din.
731:
to seize cattle, horses and camels from the local peasants in November 1160 or 1161. Majd ad-Din, Nur ad-Din's commander of Aleppo, gathered his troops (10,000 people, according to the contemporary historian
715:
III of Jerusalem persuaded Manuel to consent to the return of the Latin patriarch, Aimery, to Antioch, instead of installing a Greek patriarch. When the emperor entered Antioch with much pomp and ceremony on
537:
III (who was Constance's cousin) led his army to Antioch at least three times during the following years. He tried to persuade Constance to remarry, but she did not accept his candidates. She also refused
1440:
III of Hungary in 1172. She followed her husband to Hungary, where she gave birth to seven children before she died around 1184. Raynald and Constance's second daughter, Alice, became the third wife of
1126:. According to Ernoul, Raynald's wife sent dishes from the wedding to Saladin, persuading him to stop bombarding the tower where her son and his wife stayed. After envoys from Kerak informed Baldwin
575:
Poitiers had issued around half of his charters without a reference to Constance, Raynald always mentioned that he made the decision with his wife's consent. Raynald did control appointments to
1652:
between 1098 and 1105. Occupying a narrow strip of land, the crusader states' survival depended on external support, and their leaders often appealed for help to the rulers of Catholic Europe.
1257:". For Barber, Raynald's disobedience indicates that the kingdom was "on the brink of breaking up into a collection of semi-autonomous fiefdoms" under Guy's rule. Saladin proclaimed a
4844:
1684:) of Antioch was one of the eleven highest-ranking officers in the principality but available sources do not contain detailed information on the dukes' role in state administration.
4192:
Cotts, John D. (2021). "Oppressor, Martyr, and Hollywood Villain: Reynald of Châtillon and the Representation of Crusading Violence". In Horswell, Mike; Skottki, Kristin (eds.).
1192:
V's mother, Sybilla (who was Guy of Lusignan's wife), nor her sister, Isabella (who was the wife of Raynald's stepson), could be crowned without the decision of the pope, the
736:), and attacked Raynald and his retinue on the way back to Antioch. Raynald tried to fight, but he was unhorsed and captured. He was sent to Aleppo where he was put in jail.
913:, to strengthen the defence of the southern and eastern frontier of the kingdom. After William of Montferrat died in June 1177, the king made Raynald regent of the kingdom.
554:
states that Baldwin happily consented to the marriage because it freed him from his obligation to "defend a land" (namely Antioch) "which was so far away" from his kingdom.
4193:
4061:
Baldwin, Marshall W. (1969) . "The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174; The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189". In Baldwin, Marshall W. (ed.).
570:
After Baldwin granted his consent, Constance married Raynald. He was installed as prince in or shortly before May 1153. In that month, he confirmed the privileges of the
1512:. Ibn al-Athir described him as "one of the most devilish of the Franks, and one of the most demonic", adding that Raynald "had the strongest hostility to the Muslims".
856:
that he had asked "Prince Raynald" to deliver a copy of the work to Aimery of Limoges. Hamilton writes that these words suggest that Raynald led the embassy that Baldwin
1113:
Baldwin IV, who had become seriously ill, made Guy of Lusignan regent in October 1183. Within a month, Baldwin had dismissed Guy, and had Guy's five-year-old stepson,
640:
Always in need of funds, Raynald urged Manuel to send the promised subsidy to him, but Manuel failed to pay the money. Raynald made an alliance with the Armenian lord
625:, who had risen up against Byzantine rule. He also promised that he would compensate Raynald for the expenses of the campaign. After Raynald defeated the Armenians at
4562:(1989). "Aux origines d'un grand lignage: Des Palladii à Renaud de Châtillon" [On the Origins of a Great Lineage: From the Palladii to Raynald of Châtillon].
5034:
1215:
III of Tripoli, and his supporters tried to prevent her coronation and reminded her partisans of the decision of the High Court. Ignoring their protest, Raynald and
617:
Emperor Manuel, who claimed suzerainty over Antioch, sent his envoys to Raynald, proposing to recognize him as the new prince if he launched a campaign against the
1117:, crowned king in association with himself. Raynald was not present at the child's coronation, because he was at the wedding of his stepson, Humphrey, and Baldwin
1421:
the widowed princess who had a son with a strong claim to rule upon reaching the age of majority, and Raynald was possibly "expected to eventually step aside".
1557:, Raynald is presented in the film as an aggressive Christian fanatic who deliberately provokes a conflict with the Muslims to achieve their total destruction.
4963:
1527:
Most Christian authors who wrote of Raynald in the 12th and 13th centuries were influenced by Raynald's political opponent, William of Tyre. The author of the
1269:
remarks that Saladin "badly needed a victory against the Franks to silence those who criticized him for spending so much time at war with his fellow Muslims".
1030:
Raynald was the only Christian leader who fought against Saladin in the 1180s. The contemporary chronicler Ernoul mentions two raids that Raynald made against
1726:
had taken advantage of the establishment of the crusader states to strengthen their position against the Byzantines and their Turkic neighbours. The Armenian
4837:
1585:, presenting him, according to the historian John Cotts, in a nearly hagiographic style as a loyal, valiant, and talented warrior. Lee's book was praised by
1491:'s biography of Saladin with parallel Arabic and Latin text, published in 1732. Baha ad-Din's work contains several (mainly negative) references to Raynald.
682:), which had been an Antiochene fortress before Nur ad-Din captured it in 1150. After the crusaders captured Harenc in February 1158, Raynald granted it to
637:
that the Armenians had recently invaded. Although the sources are unclear, Runciman and Barber agree that it was Raynald who granted the territory to them.
4568:
Media in France: A Collection of Various Studies Offered to Karl Ferdinand Werner on the Occasion of his 65th birthday by his French Friends and Colleagues
606:
for his abuse of a high-ranking cleric. Buck argues that Raynald could avoid the punishment because of Aimery's previous disputes with the papacy over the
415:, during conflicts regarding Baldwin IV's succession. Sibylla and Guy were able to seize the throne in 1186 due to Raynald's co-operation with her uncle,
1701:
had established the Principality of Antioch on former Byzantine territory, but the Byzantines never abandoned their claim to the region. First, Bohemond
702:
shame" on this occasion, because envoys from the nearby Muslim and Christian rulers were also present at Raynald's humiliation. Manuel demanded that a
902:
498:
in 1147, and stayed behind when the French abandoned the military campaign two years later. Early in 1153, he is known to have fought in the army of
4830:
4117:
4066:
436:
4487:
4564:
Media in Francia: Recueil de mélanges offert à Karl Ferdinand Werner à l'occasion de son 65e anniversaire par ses amis et collègues français
1078:, but his ships were forced to retreat. Raynald ordered the building of at least five ships in Oultrejordain. They were carried across the
4938:
5029:
1461:
874:
356:
197:
127:
513:, who was Raynald's political opponent, describes him as "a kind of mercenary knight", emphasising the distance between Raynald and
5014:
860:
IV sent to Constantinople to confirm an alliance between Jerusalem and the Byzantine Empire against Egypt towards the end of 1176.
706:
be installed at Antioch. Although his demand was not accepted, documentary evidence indicates that Gerard, the Catholic bishop of
4326:
576:
355:. He was released for a large ransom in 1176 but did not return to Antioch, because his wife had died in the interim. He married
610:. Instead, Aimery excommunicated Raynald on the demand of the papacy in 1154 as a consequence of a conflict between Antioch and
17:
4862:
703:
603:
4351:
1265:(or holy war) against the kingdom, taking an oath that he would personally kill Raynald for breaking the truce. The historian
5019:
4723:
4697:
4671:
4639:
4605:
4575:
4549:
4526:
4501:
4433:
4365:
4340:
4207:
4182:
4154:
4131:
4106:
4078:
4045:
4023:
1755:
1709:
in 1108, but the treaty was never implemented. In 1137, Raymond of Poitiers swore an oath of fealty to the Byzantine emperor
1560:
Some Christian authors regarded Raynald as a martyr for the faith. After learning of Raynald's death from King Guy's brother
1349:. Raynald and Gerard of Ridefort persuaded Guy of Lusignan to take the initiative and attack Saladin's army, although Raymond
663:
in the autumn of 1157. Raynald joined the royal army, and they laid siege to Shaizar. At this point, Shaizar was held by the
1392:
recount the events ending with Raynald's execution in almost the same language as the Muslim authors. However, according to
4445:
4221:
1472:
III of Toron, died around 1173. She inherited Oultrejordain from her niece, Beatrice Brisbarre, shortly before she married
697:
II to seek refuge in the mountains in December 1158. Unable to resist a full-scale Byzantine invasion, Raynald hurried to
1243:
1220:
281:
1436:, who lived in the Byzantine Empire. Agnes was renamed Anna in Constantinople. Her husband succeeded his brother as Béla
778:, who had been captured a couple of months before him. In Raynald's absence, Constance wanted to rule alone, but Baldwin
5064:
4983:
517:
whom Raynald unexpectedly engaged to marry before the end of the siege. Constance, the only daughter and successor of
4070:
4737:
5039:
1365:
Guy of Lusignan and Raynald were among the prisoners who were brought before Saladin. Saladin handed a cup of iced
984:
770:
Almost nothing is known about Raynald's life while he was imprisoned for fifteen years. He shared his prison with
5059:
5044:
5024:
1154:
991:, to mediate a reconciliation between Bohemond III of Antioch and Patriarch Aimery in early 1181. The same year,
590:
writes that Raynald seized three fortresses from the Aleppans soon after his accession, but does not name them.
4953:
1166:, who was proclaimed queen with Raynald's assistance (from a late-15th-century manuscript of William of Tyre's
1039:
November 1181, Saladin tried to seize Aleppo, but Raynald stormed into Saladin's territory, reaching as far as
897:, he controlled the routes between the two main parts of Saladin's empire, Syria and Egypt. Raynald and Baldwin
5054:
1730:
closely cooperated with the crusaders (or Franks) and often accepted the suzerainty of the princes of Antioch.
1386:
Muslim authors who recorded them may have only wanted to improve Saladin's image. Ernoul's chronicle and the
4968:
992:
988:
641:
655:, and his army in the Holy Land and an earthquake that had destroyed most towns in Northern Syria, Baldwin
5049:
3777:
1163:
961:
925:
829:, reflected his prestige. It was most probably paid by Emperor Manuel, according to Barber and Hamilton.
408:
4958:
4597:
4454:
4332:
4293:
894:
652:
595:
336:
320:
60:
1468:, Lord of Nablus, and Isabella of Oultrejordain. She was born around 1145. Her first husband, Humphrey
4593:
4284:
4092:
1015:
964:, in early 1180, although many barons of the realm had opposed the marriage. The king's half sister,
771:
416:
367:
to him, Raynald became one of the wealthiest barons in the kingdom. After Baldwin, who suffered from
4559:
4384:
1541:
1416:. Constance succeeded her father in Antioch in 1130. Six years later, she was given in marriage to
806:
539:
499:
444:
439:
in France. In older historiography, Raynald was thought to have been the son of Geoffrey, Count of
1130:
IV of the siege, the royal army left Jerusalem for Kerak under the command of the king and Raymond
4897:
4854:
4518:
4249:
4174:
1633:
1488:
1450:
1370:
1185:
1059:. Before long, Raynald seized a caravan and imprisoned its members. On Saladin's protest, Baldwin
965:
948:
841:
787:
683:
360:
3738:
3615:
4948:
4917:
4902:
4877:
1433:
1409:
1114:
1064:
518:
423:. Raynald was captured on the battlefield. Saladin personally beheaded him after he refused to
4282:
Hamilton, Bernard (1978). Baker, Derek (ed.). "The Elephant of Christ: Reynald of Châtillon".
1429:
1063:
IV ordered Raynald to free them, but Raynald refused. His defiance annoyed the king, enabling
799:
720:
April 1159, Raynald held the bridle of Manuel's horse. Manuel left the town eight days later.
471:
5004:
4912:
4872:
4292:(15: Religious Motivation: Biographical and Sociological Problems for the Church Historian).
4098:
1698:
463:
period. Raynald's mother, whose name is not known, was a daughter of Hugh the White, Lord of
277:
5009:
4882:
4814:
4806:
4790:
4733:
4425:
1637:
1561:
1501:
1405:
1288:
1031:
973:
936:
645:
580:
549:
514:
487:
388:
384:
305:
285:
193:
156:
116:
106:
87:
1253:
that "he was lord of his land, just as Guy was lord of his, and he had no truces with the
50:
8:
4887:
4822:
1417:
1382:
1095:
1055:, invaded Oultrejordain instead of attacking Aleppo to compel Raynald to return from the
1040:
522:
475:
456:
424:
4625:
4927:
4686:
4649:
4474:
4313:
4258:
4037:
4015:
1446:
1216:
1193:
837:
687:
667:
607:
571:
460:
906:
4978:
4797:
4719:
4707:
4693:
4667:
4653:
4635:
4601:
4571:
4545:
4522:
4497:
4478:
4466:
4429:
4396:
4361:
4336:
4317:
4305:
4270:
4231:
4203:
4178:
4150:
4127:
4123:
4102:
4074:
4041:
4019:
1751:
1662:
1641:
1513:
1098:. Part of his fleet made a plundering raid along the coasts against ships delivering
996:
910:
852:, who lived in Constantinople after about 1165, mentioned in the preface of his work
733:
611:
591:
587:
543:
478:
that a part of his patrimony was "violently and unjustly confiscated". The historian
452:
332:
316:
265:
204:
56:
602:
III's demand, but he soon left Antioch for Jerusalem. Surprisingly, Raynald was not
464:
455:(in present-day eastern France), who claimed descent from the Palladii, a prominent
4973:
4663:
4541:
4458:
4388:
4297:
4262:
4217:
1710:
1629:
1586:
1425:
1413:
1355:
1283:
1238:
1235:
March 1187, showing that he had become a principal figure in the new king's court.
1139:
969:
818:
795:
791:
622:
503:
420:
328:
209:
1362:
July, and most commanders of the Christian army were captured on the battlefield.
4585:
1743:
God's Wolf: The Life of the Most Notorious of All Crusaders: Reynald de Chatillon
1706:
1554:
1473:
1465:
1442:
1334:
April and pillaged Raynald's domains for a month. Thereafter, Saladin marched to
1159:
1106:. Raynald left the island, but his fleet continued the siege. Saladin's brother,
957:
849:
775:
753:
630:
510:
483:
412:
380:
297:
269:
146:
64:
4409:
4245:
God's Wolf: The Life of the Most Notorious of All Crusaders, Scourge of Saladin.
4907:
4088:
1747:
1741:
1565:
1521:
1224:
1123:
1056:
566:
The crusader states around 1165 (the Principality of Antioch is marked by blue)
526:
495:
479:
301:
4462:
4328:
The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
4301:
1705:
I was forced to acknowledge Byzantine suzerainty over the principality in the
916:
562:
304:
in 1147, and settled in Jerusalem as a mercenary. Six years later, he married
4998:
4739:
Renaud de Chatillon, Prince d'Antioche, seigneur de la terre d'Outre-Jourdain
4470:
4400:
4309:
4274:
4235:
4226:
4198:. Engaging the Crusades: The Memory and Legacy of the Crusades. Vol. 4.
1694:
1649:
1594:
1497:
1083:
878:
660:
482:
says that probably this event prompted Raynald to leave his homeland for the
4624:
Hamilton, Bernard (2006). "Reynald of Châtillon". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.).
1301:
323:, who had refused to pay a subsidy to him. He launched a plundering raid in
4715:
4681:
4652:(2003). "Some reflections on the imprisonment of Reynald of Châtillon". In
4443:
Mallett, Alex (2008). "A Trip down the Red Sea with Reynald of Châtillon".
4392:
4164:
1550:
1335:
1266:
1071:
1052:
1011:
890:
679:
674:
634:
626:
4744:
Raynald of Châtillon, Prince of Antioch, Lord of the Land of Outrejourdain
4659:
Texts, Documents and Artefacts: Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards
4657:
4413:
1661:
The Second Crusade was declared after the talented Turkic military leader
1645:
821:
assumed the regency for him in Aleppo. Being unable to resist attacks by
671:
309:
291:
273:
237:
4012:(Part 2: The Years 541–582/1146–1193: The Age of Nur ad-Din and Saladin)
308:, Princess of Antioch, although her subjects regarded the marriage as a
4514:
The Crusader States and their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099–1187
4266:
1577:
1374:
1366:
1090:
in January or February 1183. He captured the fort of Ayla (present-day
826:
664:
340:
4493:
4357:
4199:
1590:
1546:
1517:
1378:
1346:
1134:
III of Tripoli. Saladin abandoned the siege before their arrival on 4
1107:
972:, was Guy of Lusignan's opponent), was engaged to Raynald's stepson,
724:
659:
III of Jerusalem invaded the Muslim territories in the valley of the
618:
344:
4119:
The Principality of Antioch and Its Frontiers in the Twelfth Century
2052:
1524:
in 2010 was addressed to "Reynald Krak" in clear reference to him.
1369:
to Guy. After drinking from the cup, the king handed it to Raynald.
1102:
and goods, threatening the security of the holy cities of Mecca and
873:
After his return from Constantinople early in 1177, Raynald married
4631:
4375:
Liu, Yiou (2017). "Kingdom of Heaven and Its Ideological Message".
4243:
Gabriele, Matthew (Fall 2018). Spall, Richard (ed.). "Book Review.
1727:
1339:
1044:
1019:
836:
September 1176, where he became a close ally of Joscelin's sister,
744:
698:
339:, led an army towards Antioch, forcing Raynald to accept Byzantine
3816:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1516:
still regard Raynald as a symbol of their enemies: one of the two
3932:
3789:
3726:
2929:
2861:
2822:
2798:
2759:
2747:
2723:
2624:
1723:
1342:, where the troops coming from all parts of his realm assembled.
1254:
1087:
1007:
932:
845:
822:
707:
393:
376:
368:
4422:
Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)
3869:
3857:
3564:
2040:
1972:
4489:
Popular Muslim Reactions to the Franks in the Levant, 1097–1291
3786:, p. 335 (note 1), Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 4).
3188:
2636:
2493:
1931:
1666:
1615:
1505:
1393:
1306:
1180:
Baldwin IV died in early 1185. His successor, the child Baldwin
1143:
1103:
1075:
1023:
944:
886:
812:
783:
749:
728:
372:
364:
352:
348:
324:
183:
3944:
2165:
1509:
1476:
in early 1174. Miles of Plancy was murdered in October 1174.
1260:
1091:
1079:
1048:
448:
401:
3581:
3579:
3329:
3290:
3120:
2278:
2141:
1330:
near Oultrejordain. Saladin stormed into Oultrejordain on 26
4538:
Joscelyn III and the Fall of the Crusader States, 1154–1199
4008:
The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from
3591:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3440:
3438:
3406:
The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from
3365:
3363:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3110:
3108:
3035:
3033:
3018:
2917:
2890:
1099:
693:
Emperor Manuel unexpectedly invaded Cilicia, forcing Thoros
440:
397:
4852:
3886:
3884:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3806:
3804:
3767:
3765:
3268:
3266:
3251:
2907:
2905:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2851:
2849:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2585:
2583:
2483:
2481:
2468:
2466:
2429:
2427:
2340:
2338:
2295:
2293:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2209:
2207:
2194:
2192:
2064:
1820:
723:
Raynald made a plundering raid in the valley of the river
4590:
The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187
4170:
The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades
3576:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3241:
3239:
2711:
2675:
2558:
2556:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2310:
2308:
2268:
2266:
2236:
2234:
2030:
2028:
2026:
1948:
1921:
1919:
1904:
1832:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1781:
1779:
1777:
229:
A daughter of Hugh the White, Lord of La Ferté-Milon
3980:
3908:
3896:
3750:
3702:
3639:
3627:
3603:
3529:
3435:
3423:
3411:
3360:
3302:
3224:
3200:
3151:
3132:
3105:
3057:
3030:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2776:
2774:
2653:
2651:
2325:
2323:
2131:
2129:
2127:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1200:
V's lawful successor. However, Sybilla's uncle, Joscelin
794:, married Emperor Manuel in 1161, and his own daughter,
670:, but before the earthquake it had been the seat of the
3968:
3881:
3828:
3801:
3762:
3663:
3462:
3375:
3263:
3212:
3069:
3045:
2994:
2953:
2902:
2873:
2846:
2786:
2699:
2687:
2663:
2607:
2580:
2541:
2529:
2505:
2478:
2463:
2424:
2395:
2383:
2335:
2290:
2246:
2204:
2189:
2177:
805:
Nur ad-Din died unexpectedly in 1174. His underage son
4222:"Why Have We Forgotten the Greatest of All Crusaders?"
3747:, p. 365, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 2).
3680:
3678:
3624:, p. 183, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 2).
3510:
3498:
3486:
3474:
3450:
3341:
3278:
3236:
3176:
3093:
3081:
3006:
2941:
2553:
2407:
2350:
2305:
2263:
2231:
2023:
1960:
1916:
1803:
1774:
1273:
Ali ibn al-Athir on Raynald's attack against a caravan
935:, but the royal army launched an attack on him in the
486:. According to modern historians, Raynald came to the
2977:
2965:
2834:
2810:
2771:
2648:
2568:
2517:
2451:
2439:
2320:
2219:
2124:
2076:
2001:
1999:
1984:
1883:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1844:
1309:(from a 15th-century manuscript of William of Tyre's
943:
November, leading to his defeat. William of Tyre and
407:
Raynald was a firm supporter of Baldwin IV's sister,
375:
in 1177, Raynald led the crusader army that defeated
4712:
Saladin: The Life, the Legend and the Islamic Empire
3956:
3552:
3387:
2153:
1791:
1722:
The Armenian warlords of the mountainous regions of
533:
June 1148. To secure the defence of Antioch, Baldwin
470:
Born around 1124, Raynald inherited the lordship of
288:—from 1175 until his death, ruling both territories
3714:
3690:
3675:
3651:
2371:
2112:
2011:
404:, Saladin pledged that he would never forgive him.
359:, the wealthy heiress of Oultrejordain. Since King
4685:
4032:al-Nawādir al-Sultaniyya wa'l-Maḥāsin al-Yūsufiyya
3920:
2595:
2100:
2088:
1996:
1856:
1094:in Israel), and attacked the Egyptian fortress on
786:for her fifteen-year-old son (Raynald's stepson),
252:1124 – 4 July 1187), also known as
1479:
1428:, moved to Constantinople in early 1170 to marry
1146:, near the northern border of Raynald's domains.
648:), whom they carried off to Antioch as hostages.
447:demonstrated Raynald's kinship with the lords of
5035:Prisoners and detainees of the Ayyubid Sultanate
4996:
1644:—were established by western aristocrats in the
1593:—who attributed Raynald's bad reputation in the
1196:, and the kings of France and England on Baldwin
832:Raynald came to Jerusalem with Joscelin before 1
474:. Years later, he would complain in a letter to
4630:. The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. Vol. IV.
4408:Makk, Ferenc (1994). "Anna (1.); Béla III". In
3408:Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh, pp. 316–317 (s.a. 582).
343:. Raynald was raiding the valley of the river
4838:
4418:Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század)
4030:The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin or
1528:
1387:
1324:
1258:
1248:
1206:
810:
547:
4570:]. Hérault-Éditions. pp. 409–418.
4195:The Making of Crusading Heroes and Villains
1679:
1310:
1167:
757:
289:
68:
4845:
4831:
4216:
4034:by Bahā' ad-Dīn Yusuf ibn Rafi ibn Shaddād
3974:
583:and Geoffrey Falsard the duke of Antioch.
315:Always in need of funds, Raynald tortured
296:('by right of wife'). The second son of a
49:
4535:
4140:
3852:The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
3708:
3585:
2742:The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
1408:(born in 1128), was the only daughter of
1002:
435:Raynald was the younger son of Hervé II,
4584:
4324:
4281:
4242:
3986:
3938:
3914:
3875:
3839:
3810:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3756:
3744:
3732:
3645:
3633:
3621:
3609:
3546:
3444:
3429:
3417:
3369:
3335:
3323:
3296:
3230:
3206:
3170:
3145:
3126:
3114:
3063:
3039:
3000:
2959:
2935:
2923:
2911:
2896:
2884:
2867:
2855:
2828:
2804:
2792:
2765:
2753:
2729:
2705:
2693:
2669:
2630:
2618:
2589:
2562:
2547:
2535:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2472:
2433:
2401:
2389:
2365:
2344:
2299:
2284:
2257:
2213:
2198:
2058:
2046:
1978:
1942:
1925:
1814:
1785:
1483:
1300:
1296:
1153:
1006:
947:attributed the victory to the king, but
915:
863:
854:About the Procession of the Holy Spirit,
743:
739:
561:
451:. They were influential noblemen in the
396:in early 1183, threatening the route of
63:(from a late-13th-century manuscript of
27:Crusader and military leader (1125–1187)
4558:
4485:
4442:
4353:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades
4060:
4036:(Translated by D. S. Richards) (2001).
4014:(Translated by D. S. Richards) (2007).
3890:
3822:
3570:
3468:
3381:
3272:
3218:
3075:
3051:
3024:
3012:
2642:
2418:
2314:
2272:
2240:
2034:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1424:The daughter of Raynald and Constance,
960:, who married the king's elder sister,
782:III of Jerusalem made Patriarch Aimery
752:(from a mid-14th-century manuscript of
14:
4997:
4510:
4383:(1). University Library System of the
4087:
3863:
3597:
3523:
3504:
3492:
3480:
3456:
3354:
3284:
3257:
3245:
3194:
3182:
3099:
3087:
2988:
2971:
2840:
2816:
2780:
2717:
2681:
2657:
2574:
2523:
2457:
2445:
2329:
2225:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2135:
1954:
1910:
1898:
1877:
1797:
1693:Constance's paternal grandfather, the
1572:) to him shortly after his death. The
327:in 1156, causing great destruction in
4826:
4191:
4147:The Este: A Thousand Years of History
3962:
3558:
1865:
1576:underlines that Raynald defended the
1504:and was called the "Elephant" in the
347:in 1160 or 1161 when the governor of
4446:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
4407:
4349:
4163:
4115:
4053:
3950:
3902:
3720:
3696:
3684:
3669:
3657:
3393:
2947:
2601:
2377:
2147:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2017:
2005:
1990:
1966:
1570:Passion of Prince Raynald of Antioch
993:Roupen III, Lord of Cilician Armenia
651:Taking advantage of the presence of
557:
521:, had been widowed when her husband
4536:Nicholson, Robert Lawrence (1973).
4374:
4356:. Routledge Companions to History.
4149:] (in Italian). Corbo Editore.
3926:
1553:and released in 2005. Portrayed by
1221:Grand Master of the Knights Templar
905:, jointly granted large estates to
181:4 July 1187 (aged 61–62)
24:
4926:
4616:
4000:
1381:), offering him to choose between
1345:The Christian forces assembled at
995:, married Raynald's stepdaughter,
983:IV dispatched Raynald, along with
840:. She was the mother of the young
633:took control of the region of the
25:
5076:
4143:Gli Estensi: Mille anni di storia
4071:The University of Wisconsin Press
1502:had tried to destroy Mecca in 570
1445:in 1204. Raynald also had a son,
1338:on the road between Damascus and
1184:V, died in late summer 1186. The
1122:the town and the castle. Saladin
5030:Christians of the Second Crusade
3845:
3399:
1733:
809:succeeded him, and Nur ad-Din's
579:: he made Geoffrey Jordanis the
276:—from 1153 to 1160 or 1161, and
5015:12th-century princes of Antioch
2735:
1716:
1687:
1672:
1655:
1622:
459:aristocratic family during the
4688:The Crusades Through Arab Eyes
1614:The contemporaneous historian
1608:
1480:Historiography and perceptions
1464:, was the younger daughter of
1188:had ruled that neither Baldwin
1138:December. On Saladin's order,
931:Saladin invaded the region of
868:
542:, whom the Byzantine emperor,
515:Constance, Princess of Antioch
430:
55:Raynald of Châtillon tortures
13:
1:
4767:
4073:. pp. 528–561, 590–621.
1768:
1669:(now in Turkey) in late 1144.
1223:, accompanied Sybilla to the
331:territory. Four years later,
249:
170:
5020:12th-century French nobility
4230:. The Spectator (1828) Ltd.
2061:, pp. 345–346 (note 1).
1149:
989:Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem
7:
4141:Chiappini, Luciano (2001).
1589:—a blogger associated with
1568:dedicated a book (entitled
1086:at the northern end of the
926:Philip I, Count of Flanders
509:The 12th-century historian
43:Lord of Hebron and Montréal
10:
5081:
4598:Cambridge University Press
4455:Cambridge University Press
4333:Cambridge University Press
4325:Hamilton, Bernard (2000).
4294:Cambridge University Press
3995:
1014:, a major fortress in the
653:Thierry, Count of Flanders
596:Latin patriarch of Antioch
321:Latin Patriarch of Antioch
61:Latin Patriarch of Antioch
5065:Jure uxoris officeholders
4937:
4924:
4861:
4811:
4795:
4787:
4782:
4754:
4594:A History of the Crusades
4511:Morton, Nicholas (2020).
4463:10.1017/S1356186307008024
4302:10.1017/S0424208400008950
4285:Studies in Church History
4067:A History of the Crusades
3866:, pp. 306, 423, 435.
3825:, p. 592 (note 592).
1549:action movie directed by
1432:, the younger brother of
1399:
1016:Lordship of Oultrejordain
772:Joscelin III of Courtenay
417:Joscelin III of Courtenay
381:Sultan of Egypt and Syria
233:
225:
217:
203:
189:
177:
166:
162:
152:
142:
134:
122:
112:
102:
94:
82:
48:
41:
36:
4385:University of Pittsburgh
4116:Buck, Andrew D. (2017).
3953:, p. 306 (note 31).
3941:, pp. 102, 104–106.
3735:, pp. xviii, 40–41.
3197:, pp. 289–290, 293.
2938:, p. 103 (note 42).
2870:, p. 103 (note 39).
2831:, p. 101 (note 29).
2807:, p. 101 (note 27).
2768:, p. 101 (note 26).
2756:, p. 101 (note 25).
2732:, p. 100 (note 24).
2633:, p. 100 (note 22).
2150:, pp. 104–105, 107.
1981:, pp. 330–332, 345.
1648:as a consequence of the
1628:The crusader states—the
1601:
1305:Execution of Raynald at
1142:had a fortress built at
807:as-Salih Ismail al-Malik
500:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
5040:Medieval French knights
4855:Principality of Antioch
4519:Oxford University Press
4416:; Makk, Ferenc (eds.).
4175:Oxford University Press
4063:The First Hundred Years
3798:, p. 441 (note 1).
3573:, p. 72 (note 49).
2645:, p. 593 (note 2).
2502:, pp. 82, 98, 103.
2174:, pp. 83, 169–170.
2049:, p. 345 (note 1).
1634:Principality of Antioch
1598:21st-century politics.
1489:Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad
1460:Raynald's second wife,
1451:Battle of Myriokephalon
1371:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani
1186:High Court of Jerusalem
949:Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad
842:Baldwin IV of Jerusalem
788:Bohemond III of Antioch
684:Raynald of Saint-Valery
361:Baldwin IV of Jerusalem
5060:Deaths by decapitation
5045:French Roman Catholics
5025:Lords of Oultrejordain
4931:
4802:1153–1160/1161
4746:]. Librairie Plon.
4486:Mallett, Alex (2014).
4428:. pp. 47, 91–92.
4424:] (in Hungarian).
4393:10.5195/cinej.2017.158
4010:Al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta'rikh
3878:, p. 97 (note 1).
2073:, pp. 78–79, 116.
1945:, p. 98 (note 8).
1680:
1529:
1492:
1434:Stephen III of Hungary
1410:Bohemond II of Antioch
1404:Raynald's first wife,
1388:
1325:
1320:
1311:
1280:
1259:
1249:
1207:
1177:
1168:
1065:Raymond III of Tripoli
1027:
1003:Fights against Saladin
921:
811:
767:
758:
748:Raynald imprisoned at
586:The Norman chronicler
567:
548:
519:Bohemond II of Antioch
494:VII's army during the
300:family, he joined the
290:
69:
4930:
4756:Raynald of Châtillon
4734:Schlumberger, Gustave
4099:Yale University Press
1740:Lee, Jeffrey (2016).
1665:captured the city of
1487:
1304:
1297:Capture and execution
1275:
1157:
1074:and tried to capture
1043:on the route between
1010:
924:Baldwin IV's cousin,
919:
909:, the founder of the
903:William of Montferrat
901:IV's brother-in-law,
864:Lord of Oultrejordain
798:, became the wife of
747:
740:Captivity and release
608:Archbishopric of Tyre
565:
278:Lord of Oultrejordain
123:Lord of Oultrejordain
4377:Cinej Cinema Journal
4350:Lock, Peter (2006).
3600:, pp. 306, 423.
2287:, pp. 327, 349.
1829:, pp. 410, 416.
1638:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1562:Geoffrey of Lusignan
1406:Constance of Antioch
1289:The Complete History
1164:Sybilla of Jerusalem
1072:Egyptian naval force
1070:Saladin revived the
1051:. Saladin's nephew,
974:Humphrey IV of Toron
937:Battle of Montgisard
885:IV also granted him
844:, who suffered from
646:John Doukas Komnenos
642:Thoros II of Cilicia
488:Kingdom of Jerusalem
443:, but the historian
387:. In control of the
385:Battle of Montgisard
286:Kingdom of Jerusalem
246:Raynald of Châtillon
194:Constance of Antioch
157:Humphrey IV of Toron
98:1153 to 1160 or 1161
37:Raynald of Châtillon
18:Renauld de Châtillon
4666:. pp. 79–102.
4650:Hillenbrand, Carole
4094:The Crusader States
3905:, pp. xx, 185.
3338:, pp. 106–107.
3299:, pp. 107–108.
3260:, pp. 294–295.
3129:, pp. 440–441.
3027:, pp. 142–143.
2926:, pp. 171–172.
2899:, pp. 170–171.
2720:, pp. 270–271.
2684:, pp. 268–269.
1957:, pp. 152–153.
1913:, pp. 180–185.
1841:, pp. 412–413.
1418:Raymond of Poitiers
1383:conversion to Islam
1124:laid siege to Kerak
968:(whose stepfather,
800:Béla III of Hungary
577:the highest offices
523:Raymond of Poitiers
476:Louis VII of France
472:Châtillon-sur-Loire
411:, and her husband,
5055:House of Châtillon
5050:People from Loiret
4932:
4760:House of Châtillon
4654:Robinson, Chase F.
4267:10.1111/hisn.12980
4259:Taylor and Francis
4202:. pp. 42–59.
3672:, pp. 47, 91.
2950:, pp. 61, 66.
1969:, pp. 40, 50.
1514:Islamic extremists
1493:
1462:Stephanie of Milly
1414:Alice of Jerusalem
1394:Ernoul's chronicle
1321:
1231:October 1186 and 7
1217:Gerard of Ridefort
1194:Holy Roman Emperor
1178:
1028:
976:, in autumn 1180.
922:
875:Stephanie of Milly
838:Agnes of Courtenay
817:('slave-soldier')
768:
568:
357:Stephanie of Milly
198:Stephanie of Milly
128:Stephanie of Milly
4992:
4991:
4821:
4820:
4812:Succeeded by
4798:Prince of Antioch
4725:978-1-4735-0854-5
4699:978-0-8052-0898-6
4692:. Al Saqi Books.
4673:978-9-0041-2864-4
4641:978-1-5760-7862-4
4607:978-0-5210-6163-6
4577:978-2-9038-5157-6
4551:978-9-0040-3676-5
4528:978-0-1988-2454-1
4503:978-1-3170-7798-5
4435:978-9-6305-6722-0
4367:978-0-4153-9312-6
4342:978-0-5216-4187-6
4247:By Jeffrey Lee".
4218:Delingpole, James
4209:978-0-3672-6444-4
4184:978-0-1987-8799-0
4156:978-8-8826-9029-8
4133:978-1-7832-7173-3
4124:The Boydell Press
4108:978-0-3001-1312-9
4080:978-0-2990-4834-1
4054:Secondary sources
4046:978-0-7546-0143-2
4024:978-0-7546-4078-3
2186:, pp. 85–86.
2085:, pp. 88–89.
1993:, pp. 77–78.
1757:978-1-7823-9927-8
1642:County of Tripoli
1542:Kingdom of Heaven
1530:Estoire d'Eracles
1389:Estoire d'Eracles
1326:Estoire d'Eracles
1250:Estoire d'Eracles
1208:Estoire d'Eracles
997:Isabella of Toron
911:Order of Mountjoy
734:Matthew of Edessa
592:Aimery of Limoges
588:Robert of Torigni
558:Prince of Antioch
550:Estoire d'Eracles
544:Manuel I Komnenos
453:Duchy of Burgundy
363:had also granted
337:Byzantine Emperor
333:Manuel I Komnenos
317:Aimery of Limoges
266:Prince of Antioch
243:
242:
221:Hervé II of Donzy
130:
90:
83:Prince of Antioch
57:Aimery of Limoges
16:(Redirected from
5072:
4863:Reigning princes
4847:
4840:
4833:
4824:
4823:
4788:Preceded by
4778:
4771:
4769:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4729:
4703:
4691:
4677:
4645:
4634:. p. 1027.
4611:
4596:. Vol. II.
4586:Runciman, Steven
4581:
4555:
4532:
4507:
4482:
4439:
4404:
4371:
4346:
4321:
4278:
4239:
4220:(28 July 2018).
4213:
4188:
4160:
4137:
4112:
4084:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3527:
3521:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3358:
3352:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3149:
3143:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2476:
2470:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2422:
2416:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2348:
2342:
2333:
2327:
2318:
2312:
2303:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2244:
2238:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1929:
1923:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1881:
1880:, pp. 4–25.
1875:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1762:
1761:
1737:
1731:
1720:
1714:
1711:John II Komnenos
1704:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1676:
1670:
1659:
1653:
1630:County of Edessa
1626:
1620:
1612:
1587:James Delingpole
1537:
1532:
1498:king of Ethiopia
1471:
1457:September 1176.
1456:
1439:
1391:
1361:
1356:Battle of Hattin
1352:
1333:
1328:
1314:
1292:
1284:Ali ibn al-Athir
1264:
1252:
1239:Ali ibn al-Athir
1234:
1230:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1171:
1140:Izz ad-Din Usama
1137:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1096:Pharaoh's Island
1062:
1038:
982:
970:Balian of Ibelin
942:
900:
884:
859:
835:
816:
792:Maria of Antioch
781:
761:
719:
714:
696:
658:
601:
553:
536:
532:
504:siege of Ascalon
493:
425:convert to Islam
421:Battle of Hattin
351:captured him at
295:
284:in the crusader
251:
210:Agnes of Antioch
172:
125:
85:
72:
53:
34:
33:
21:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5069:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4941:
4939:Titular princes
4933:
4922:
4865:
4857:
4853:Princes of the
4851:
4817:
4803:
4801:
4793:
4772:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4750:
4732:
4726:
4706:
4700:
4680:
4674:
4648:
4642:
4623:
4619:
4617:Further reading
4614:
4608:
4578:
4552:
4529:
4504:
4436:
4426:Akadémiai Kiadó
4368:
4343:
4210:
4185:
4157:
4134:
4109:
4089:Barber, Malcolm
4081:
4069:. Vol. I.
4056:
4051:
4003:
4001:Primary sources
3998:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3975:Delingpole 2018
3973:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3937:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3850:
3846:
3838:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3809:
3802:
3794:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3719:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3530:
3522:
3511:
3503:
3499:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3368:
3361:
3353:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3152:
3144:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2351:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2247:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1932:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1721:
1717:
1707:Treaty of Devol
1702:
1692:
1688:
1677:
1673:
1660:
1656:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1555:Brendan Gleeson
1535:
1482:
1474:Miles of Plancy
1469:
1466:Philip of Milly
1454:
1443:Azzo VI of Este
1437:
1402:
1359:
1350:
1331:
1299:
1294:
1282:
1274:
1232:
1228:
1212:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1162:, by his wife,
1160:Guy of Lusignan
1152:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1118:
1100:Muslim pilgrims
1060:
1036:
1005:
980:
958:Guy of Lusignan
940:
907:Rodrigo Álvarez
898:
882:
871:
866:
857:
850:Hugo Etherianis
833:
779:
776:Count of Edessa
754:William of Tyre
742:
717:
712:
704:Greek Patriarch
694:
656:
631:Knights Templar
599:
560:
534:
530:
511:William of Tyre
491:
484:crusader states
433:
413:Guy of Lusignan
398:Muslim pilgrims
212:
196:
182:
147:Miles of Plancy
124:
84:
78:
65:William of Tyre
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5078:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4935:
4934:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4908:Raymond-Roupen
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4859:
4858:
4850:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4827:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4810:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4783:Regnal titles
4780:
4779:
4758:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4730:
4724:
4704:
4698:
4678:
4672:
4646:
4640:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4606:
4582:
4576:
4556:
4550:
4533:
4527:
4508:
4502:
4483:
4440:
4434:
4405:
4372:
4366:
4347:
4341:
4322:
4279:
4240:
4214:
4208:
4189:
4183:
4161:
4155:
4138:
4132:
4113:
4107:
4085:
4079:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4027:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3989:, p. 612.
3979:
3967:
3955:
3943:
3931:
3919:
3917:, p. 613.
3907:
3895:
3893:, p. 141.
3880:
3868:
3856:
3844:
3827:
3815:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3761:
3759:, p. 413.
3749:
3737:
3725:
3713:
3709:Chiappini 2001
3701:
3689:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3648:, p. 199.
3638:
3636:, p. 183.
3626:
3614:
3612:, p. 460.
3602:
3590:
3588:, p. 162.
3586:Nicholson 1973
3575:
3563:
3551:
3549:, p. 459.
3528:
3526:, p. 306.
3509:
3507:, p. 304.
3497:
3495:, p. 301.
3485:
3483:, p. 300.
3473:
3471:, p. 610.
3461:
3459:, p. 299.
3449:
3447:, p. 229.
3434:
3432:, p. 227.
3422:
3420:, p. 454.
3410:
3398:
3396:, p. 185.
3386:
3384:, p. 606.
3374:
3372:, p. 450.
3359:
3357:, p. 297.
3340:
3328:
3326:, p. 107.
3301:
3289:
3287:, p. 295.
3277:
3275:, p. 605.
3262:
3250:
3248:, p. 294.
3235:
3233:, p. 220.
3223:
3221:, p. 604.
3211:
3209:, p. 218.
3199:
3187:
3185:, p. 289.
3175:
3173:, p. 225.
3150:
3148:, p. 441.
3131:
3119:
3117:, p. 440.
3104:
3102:, p. 282.
3092:
3090:, p. 281.
3080:
3078:, p. 599.
3068:
3066:, p. 181.
3056:
3054:, p. 143.
3044:
3042:, p. 437.
3029:
3017:
3015:, p. 142.
3005:
3003:, p. 180.
2993:
2991:, p. 284.
2976:
2974:, p. 278.
2964:
2962:, p. 103.
2952:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2914:, p. 171.
2901:
2889:
2887:, p. 431.
2872:
2860:
2858:, p. 102.
2845:
2843:, p. 276.
2833:
2821:
2819:, p. 277.
2809:
2797:
2795:, p. 101.
2785:
2783:, p. 275.
2770:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2708:, p. 133.
2698:
2696:, p. 123.
2686:
2674:
2672:, p. 118.
2662:
2660:, p. 268.
2647:
2635:
2623:
2621:, p. 117.
2606:
2594:
2592:, p. 111.
2579:
2577:, p. 264.
2567:
2552:
2550:, p. 105.
2540:
2538:, p. 112.
2528:
2526:, p. 365.
2516:
2514:, p. 408.
2504:
2492:
2490:, p. 365.
2477:
2475:, p. 358.
2462:
2460:, p. 133.
2450:
2448:, p. 214.
2438:
2436:, p. 357.
2423:
2421:, p. 546.
2406:
2404:, p. 354.
2394:
2392:, p. 353.
2382:
2380:, p. 105.
2370:
2349:
2347:, p. 352.
2334:
2332:, p. 213.
2319:
2317:, p. 543.
2304:
2302:, p. 349.
2289:
2277:
2275:, p. 542.
2262:
2260:, p. 348.
2245:
2243:, p. 541.
2230:
2228:, p. 130.
2218:
2216:, p. 347.
2203:
2201:, p. 346.
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2138:, p. 209.
2123:
2121:, p. 104.
2111:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2037:, p. 540.
2022:
2020:, p. 228.
2010:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1930:
1915:
1903:
1901:, p. 206.
1882:
1870:
1855:
1853:, p. 410.
1843:
1831:
1819:
1817:, p. 345.
1802:
1800:, p. 201.
1790:
1788:, p. 104.
1772:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1748:Atlantic Books
1732:
1715:
1686:
1671:
1654:
1621:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1566:Peter of Blois
1522:cargo aircraft
1481:
1478:
1401:
1398:
1298:
1295:
1272:
1271:
1225:Holy Sepulchre
1158:Coronation of
1151:
1148:
1082:desert to the
1057:Arabian Desert
1004:
1001:
920:Raynald's seal
877:, the lady of
870:
867:
865:
862:
774:, the titular
741:
738:
604:excommunicated
594:, the wealthy
559:
556:
527:Battle of Inab
496:Second Crusade
480:Malcolm Barber
465:La Ferté-Milon
432:
429:
389:caravan routes
302:Second Crusade
270:crusader state
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
207:
201:
200:
191:
187:
186:
179:
175:
174:
168:
164:
163:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
126:together with
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
86:together with
80:
79:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5077:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4848:
4843:
4841:
4836:
4834:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4816:
4809:
4808:
4800:
4799:
4792:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4766:
4761:
4753:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4683:
4682:Maalouf, Amin
4679:
4675:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4560:Richard, Jean
4557:
4553:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4410:Kristó, Gyula
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4250:The Historian
4246:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4227:The Spectator
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4165:Cobb, Paul M.
4162:
4158:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4005:
3988:
3987:Gabriele 2018
3983:
3976:
3971:
3965:, p. 52.
3964:
3959:
3952:
3947:
3940:
3939:Hamilton 1978
3935:
3929:, p. 89.
3928:
3923:
3916:
3915:Gabriele 2018
3911:
3904:
3899:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3877:
3876:Hamilton 1978
3872:
3865:
3860:
3853:
3848:
3842:, p. 97.
3841:
3840:Hamilton 1978
3836:
3834:
3832:
3824:
3819:
3813:, p. 92.
3812:
3811:Hamilton 2000
3807:
3805:
3797:
3796:Runciman 1989
3792:
3785:
3784:Runciman 1989
3780:
3774:, p. 90.
3773:
3772:Hamilton 2000
3768:
3766:
3758:
3757:Runciman 1989
3753:
3746:
3745:Runciman 1989
3741:
3734:
3733:Hamilton 2000
3729:
3723:, p. 83.
3722:
3717:
3711:, p. 31.
3710:
3705:
3699:, p. 91.
3698:
3693:
3687:, p. 47.
3686:
3681:
3679:
3671:
3666:
3660:, p. 79.
3659:
3654:
3647:
3646:Runciman 1989
3642:
3635:
3634:Runciman 1989
3630:
3623:
3622:Runciman 1989
3618:
3611:
3610:Runciman 1989
3606:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3582:
3580:
3572:
3567:
3561:, p. 42.
3560:
3555:
3548:
3547:Runciman 1989
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3506:
3501:
3494:
3489:
3482:
3477:
3470:
3465:
3458:
3453:
3446:
3445:Hamilton 2000
3441:
3439:
3431:
3430:Hamilton 2000
3426:
3419:
3418:Runciman 1989
3414:
3407:
3402:
3395:
3390:
3383:
3378:
3371:
3370:Runciman 1989
3366:
3364:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3337:
3336:Hamilton 1978
3332:
3325:
3324:Hamilton 1978
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3298:
3297:Hamilton 1978
3293:
3286:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3232:
3231:Hamilton 2000
3227:
3220:
3215:
3208:
3207:Hamilton 2000
3203:
3196:
3191:
3184:
3179:
3172:
3171:Hamilton 2000
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3147:
3146:Runciman 1989
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3128:
3127:Runciman 1989
3123:
3116:
3115:Runciman 1989
3111:
3109:
3101:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3065:
3064:Hamilton 2000
3060:
3053:
3048:
3041:
3040:Runciman 1989
3036:
3034:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3009:
3002:
3001:Hamilton 2000
2997:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2973:
2968:
2961:
2960:Hamilton 1978
2956:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2936:Hamilton 1978
2932:
2925:
2924:Hamilton 2000
2920:
2913:
2912:Hamilton 2000
2908:
2906:
2898:
2897:Hamilton 2000
2893:
2886:
2885:Runciman 1989
2881:
2879:
2877:
2869:
2868:Hamilton 1978
2864:
2857:
2856:Hamilton 1978
2852:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2829:Hamilton 1978
2825:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2805:Hamilton 1978
2801:
2794:
2793:Hamilton 1978
2789:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2767:
2766:Hamilton 1978
2762:
2755:
2754:Hamilton 1978
2750:
2743:
2738:
2731:
2730:Hamilton 1978
2726:
2719:
2714:
2707:
2706:Hamilton 2000
2702:
2695:
2694:Hamilton 2000
2690:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2670:Hamilton 2000
2666:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2644:
2639:
2632:
2631:Hamilton 1978
2627:
2620:
2619:Hamilton 2000
2615:
2613:
2611:
2604:, p. 63.
2603:
2598:
2591:
2590:Hamilton 2000
2586:
2584:
2576:
2571:
2565:, p. 99.
2564:
2563:Hamilton 1978
2559:
2557:
2549:
2548:Hamilton 2000
2544:
2537:
2536:Hamilton 2000
2532:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2512:Runciman 1989
2508:
2501:
2500:Hamilton 2000
2496:
2489:
2488:Runciman 1989
2484:
2482:
2474:
2473:Runciman 1989
2469:
2467:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2434:Runciman 1989
2430:
2428:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2403:
2402:Runciman 1989
2398:
2391:
2390:Runciman 1989
2386:
2379:
2374:
2368:, p. 98.
2367:
2366:Hamilton 1978
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2346:
2345:Runciman 1989
2341:
2339:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2301:
2300:Runciman 1989
2296:
2294:
2286:
2285:Runciman 1989
2281:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2258:Runciman 1989
2254:
2252:
2250:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2214:Runciman 1989
2210:
2208:
2200:
2199:Runciman 1989
2195:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2162:, p. 43.
2161:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2120:
2115:
2109:, p. 42.
2108:
2103:
2097:, p. 90.
2096:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2059:Runciman 1989
2055:
2048:
2047:Runciman 1989
2043:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2014:
2008:, p. 78.
2007:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1979:Runciman 1989
1975:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1943:Hamilton 1978
1939:
1937:
1935:
1928:, p. 98.
1927:
1926:Hamilton 2000
1922:
1920:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1879:
1874:
1868:, p. 43.
1867:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1815:Runciman 1989
1811:
1809:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1786:Hamilton 2000
1782:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1682:
1678:The duke (or
1675:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1651:
1650:First Crusade
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1596:
1595:Western world
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1486:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1244:large fiefdom
1240:
1236:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1195:
1187:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1125:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:Gulf of Aqaba
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1018:(present-day
1017:
1013:
1009:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
953:
950:
946:
938:
934:
929:
927:
918:
914:
912:
908:
904:
896:
892:
888:
881:, and Baldwin
880:
879:Oultrejordain
876:
861:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
830:
828:
824:
820:
815:
814:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
777:
773:
765:
760:
755:
751:
746:
737:
735:
730:
726:
721:
709:
705:
700:
691:
689:
685:
681:
678:(present-day
676:
673:
669:
666:
662:
661:Orontes River
654:
649:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
629:in 1155, the
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
573:
564:
555:
552:
551:
545:
541:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:Lord of Donzy
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
293:
287:
283:
282:large fiefdom
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
247:
239:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
208:
206:
202:
199:
195:
192:
188:
185:
180:
176:
169:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
121:
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
81:
76:
71:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
44:
40:
35:
32:
30:
19:
5005:1120s births
4954:Bohemond VII
4898:Bohemond III
4892:
4805:
4796:
4774:
4764:
4759:
4743:
4738:
4716:Random House
4711:
4687:
4658:
4626:
4589:
4567:
4563:
4537:
4513:
4488:
4450:
4444:
4421:
4417:
4380:
4376:
4352:
4327:
4289:
4283:
4254:
4248:
4244:
4225:
4194:
4169:
4146:
4142:
4118:
4093:
4062:
4033:
4029:
4011:
4007:
3982:
3970:
3958:
3946:
3934:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3891:Mallett 2008
3871:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3823:Baldwin 1969
3818:
3791:
3779:
3752:
3740:
3728:
3716:
3704:
3692:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3605:
3593:
3571:Mallett 2014
3566:
3554:
3500:
3488:
3476:
3469:Baldwin 1969
3464:
3452:
3425:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3389:
3382:Baldwin 1969
3377:
3331:
3292:
3280:
3273:Baldwin 1969
3253:
3226:
3219:Baldwin 1969
3214:
3202:
3190:
3178:
3122:
3095:
3083:
3076:Baldwin 1969
3071:
3059:
3052:Mallett 2008
3047:
3025:Mallett 2008
3020:
3013:Mallett 2008
3008:
2996:
2967:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2919:
2892:
2863:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2761:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2643:Baldwin 1969
2638:
2626:
2597:
2570:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2453:
2441:
2419:Baldwin 1969
2397:
2385:
2373:
2315:Baldwin 1969
2280:
2273:Baldwin 1969
2241:Baldwin 1969
2221:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2114:
2102:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2035:Baldwin 1969
2013:
1986:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1906:
1873:
1851:Richard 1989
1846:
1839:Richard 1989
1834:
1827:Richard 1989
1822:
1793:
1742:
1735:
1718:
1695:Italo-Norman
1689:
1674:
1657:
1624:
1610:
1582:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1551:Ridley Scott
1540:
1526:
1520:hidden in a
1494:
1459:
1430:Alexios-Béla
1423:
1403:
1364:
1344:
1322:
1317:Continuation
1316:
1287:
1281:
1276:
1267:Paul M. Cobb
1237:
1179:
1174:Continuation
1173:
1112:
1069:
1053:Farrukh Shah
1029:
1012:Kerak Castle
978:
954:
930:
923:
872:
853:
831:
804:
769:
764:Continuation
763:
722:
692:
680:Harem, Syria
650:
639:
635:Syrian Gates
627:Alexandretta
616:
585:
569:
525:fell in the
508:
469:
445:Jean Richard
434:
406:
314:
298:French noble
261:
257:
253:
245:
244:
138:1176 to 1187
75:Continuation
74:
42:
31:
29:
5010:1187 deaths
4964:Philippe II
4949:Bohemond VI
4942:(1268–1457)
4918:Bohemond VI
4903:Bohemond IV
4878:Bohemond II
4866:(1098–1268)
4777:4 July 1187
4457:: 141–153.
3864:Barber 2012
3598:Barber 2012
3524:Barber 2012
3505:Barber 2012
3493:Barber 2012
3481:Barber 2012
3457:Barber 2012
3355:Barber 2012
3285:Barber 2012
3258:Barber 2012
3246:Barber 2012
3195:Barber 2012
3183:Barber 2012
3100:Barber 2012
3088:Barber 2012
2989:Barber 2012
2972:Barber 2012
2841:Barber 2012
2817:Barber 2012
2781:Barber 2012
2718:Barber 2012
2682:Barber 2012
2658:Barber 2012
2575:Barber 2012
2524:Barber 2012
2458:Morton 2020
2446:Barber 2012
2330:Barber 2012
2226:Morton 2020
2184:Morton 2020
2172:Barber 2012
2160:Morton 2020
2136:Barber 2012
1955:Barber 2012
1911:Barber 2012
1899:Barber 2012
1878:Barber 2012
1798:Barber 2012
1697:aristocrat
1646:Middle East
869:First years
827:gold dinars
819:Gümüshtekin
675:Munqidhites
502:during the
461:Later Roman
457:Gallo-Roman
431:Early years
371:, made him
310:mesalliance
292:iure uxoris
274:Middle East
238:Catholicism
143:Predecessor
103:Predecessor
4999:Categories
4913:Bohemond V
4873:Bohemond I
4414:Engel, Pál
4296:: 97–108.
3963:Cotts 2021
3559:Cotts 2021
1866:Cotts 2021
1769:References
1699:Bohemond I
1640:, and the
1583:God's Wolf
1578:True Cross
1536:"elentless
1518:mail bombs
1375:brigandage
1367:rose water
540:John Roger
341:suzerainty
4883:Constance
4815:Constance
4807:Constance
4791:Constance
4708:Man, John
4588:(1989) .
4494:Routledge
4479:162979332
4471:1356-1863
4401:2159-2411
4387:: 85–93.
4358:Routledge
4318:163740720
4310:0424-2084
4275:0018-2370
4236:2059-6499
4200:Routledge
4167:(2016) .
3951:Cobb 2016
3903:Cobb 2016
3721:Buck 2017
3697:Makk 1994
3685:Makk 1994
3670:Makk 1994
3658:Buck 2017
3394:Cobb 2016
2948:Lock 2006
2602:Lock 2006
2378:Buck 2017
2148:Buck 2017
2119:Buck 2017
2107:Buck 2017
2095:Buck 2017
2083:Buck 2017
2071:Buck 2017
2018:Buck 2017
2006:Buck 2017
1991:Buck 2017
1967:Lock 2006
1591:Breitbart
1506:Surah Fil
1379:blasphemy
1347:Sepphoris
1211:. Raymond
1150:Kingmaker
1115:Baldwin V
985:Heraclius
725:Euphrates
668:Assassins
619:Armenians
581:constable
383:, at the
345:Euphrates
329:Byzantine
306:Constance
153:Successor
117:Constance
113:Successor
107:Constance
88:Constance
4984:John III
4969:Margaret
4736:(1898).
4710:(2015).
4684:(1984).
4632:ABC-CLIO
4091:(2012).
3927:Liu 2017
3854:, p. 37.
2744:, p. 54.
1728:Rubenids
1340:Tiberias
1315:and its
1312:Historia
1255:Saracens
1172:and its
1169:Historia
1045:Damascus
1032:caravans
1020:al-Karak
966:Isabella
895:Montréal
762:and its
759:Historia
699:Mamistra
688:Flanders
572:Venetian
490:in Louis
258:Reginald
234:Religion
73:and its
70:Historia
4979:John II
4893:Raynald
4888:Raymond
4656:(ed.).
4261:: 332.
4038:Ashgate
4016:Ashgate
3996:Sources
1724:Cilicia
1574:Passion
1508:of the
1447:Baldwin
1336:Ashtara
1108:al-Adil
1088:Red Sea
979:Baldwin
962:Sybilla
933:Ascalon
846:leprosy
823:Saladin
711:Baldwin
708:Latakia
672:Sunnite
665:Shi'ite
623:Cilicia
409:Sybilla
394:Red Sea
377:Saladin
369:leprosy
272:in the
254:Reynald
4974:John I
4804:With:
4773:
4722:
4696:
4670:
4638:
4604:
4574:
4548:
4525:
4500:
4477:
4469:
4432:
4399:
4364:
4339:
4316:
4308:
4273:
4234:
4206:
4181:
4153:
4130:
4105:
4077:
4044:
4022:
1754:
1703:
1667:Edessa
1636:, the
1632:, the
1619:Donzy.
1616:Ernoul
1470:
1455:
1438:
1400:Family
1360:
1351:
1332:
1307:Hattin
1286:,
1233:
1229:
1213:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1144:Ajloun
1136:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1104:Medina
1076:Beirut
1061:
1037:
1024:Jordan
987:, the
981:
945:Ernoul
941:
899:
887:Hebron
883:
858:
834:
813:mamluk
784:regent
780:
750:Aleppo
729:Marash
718:
713:
695:
657:
600:
535:
531:
492:
379:, the
373:regent
365:Hebron
353:Marash
349:Aleppo
335:, the
325:Cyprus
264:, was
262:Renaud
226:Mother
218:Father
190:Spouse
184:Hattin
4959:Lucia
4775:Died:
4765:Born:
4742:[
4664:Brill
4566:[
4542:Brill
4475:S2CID
4453:(2).
4420:[
4314:S2CID
4257:(3).
4145:[
1663:Zengi
1602:Notes
1545:, an
1510:Quran
1453:on 17
1426:Agnes
1261:jihad
1092:Eilat
1080:Negev
1049:Mecca
1041:Tabuk
939:on 25
891:Kerak
796:Agnes
686:from
612:Genoa
529:on 28
449:Donzy
402:Mecca
260:, or
213:Alice
205:Issue
135:Reign
95:Reign
4770:1125
4720:ISBN
4694:ISBN
4668:ISBN
4636:ISBN
4602:ISBN
4572:ISBN
4546:ISBN
4523:ISBN
4498:ISBN
4467:ISSN
4430:ISBN
4397:ISSN
4362:ISBN
4337:ISBN
4306:ISSN
4271:ISSN
4232:ISSN
4204:ISBN
4179:ISBN
4151:ISBN
4128:ISBN
4103:ISBN
4075:ISBN
4042:ISBN
4020:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1547:epic
1500:who
1412:and
1377:and
1358:on 4
1323:The
1047:and
893:and
441:Gien
178:Died
173:1124
167:Born
4627:Q–Z
4459:doi
4389:doi
4298:doi
4263:doi
1681:dux
1022:in
756:'s
727:at
621:of
400:to
280:—a
268:—a
67:'s
5001::
4768:c.
4718:.
4714:.
4662:.
4600:.
4592:.
4544:.
4540:.
4521:.
4517:.
4496:.
4492:.
4473:.
4465:.
4451:18
4449:.
4412:;
4395:.
4379:.
4360:.
4335:.
4331:.
4312:.
4304:.
4290:15
4288:.
4269:.
4255:80
4253:.
4224:.
4177:.
4173:.
4126:.
4122:.
4101:.
4097:.
4065:.
4040:.
4018:.
3883:^
3830:^
3803:^
3764:^
3677:^
3578:^
3531:^
3512:^
3437:^
3362:^
3343:^
3304:^
3265:^
3238:^
3153:^
3134:^
3107:^
3032:^
2979:^
2904:^
2875:^
2848:^
2773:^
2650:^
2609:^
2582:^
2555:^
2480:^
2465:^
2426:^
2409:^
2352:^
2337:^
2322:^
2307:^
2292:^
2265:^
2248:^
2233:^
2206:^
2191:^
2126:^
2025:^
1998:^
1933:^
1918:^
1885:^
1858:^
1805:^
1776:^
1750:.
1746:.
1564:,
1219:,
1176:).
1035:18
999:.
848:.
802:.
716:12
690:.
614:.
506:.
467:.
319:,
312:.
256:,
250:c.
171:c.
77:).
59:,
4846:e
4839:t
4832:v
4728:.
4702:.
4676:.
4644:.
4610:.
4580:.
4554:.
4531:.
4506:.
4481:.
4461::
4438:.
4403:.
4391::
4381:6
4370:.
4345:.
4320:.
4300::
4277:.
4265::
4238:.
4212:.
4187:.
4159:.
4136:.
4111:.
4083:.
4048:.
4026:.
3977:.
1760:.
1713:.
1319:)
1026:)
766:)
248:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
