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reservoir model and a model of a field development process. Layer models and processes for extracting oil and gas from them are always clothed in a mathematical form, i.e. characterized by certain mathematical relationships. The main task of the engineer engaged in the calculation of the development of an oil field is to draw up a calculation model based on individual concepts derived from a geological-geophysical study of the field, as well as hydrodynamic studies of wells. Generally speaking, any combination of reservoir models and development process can be used in an oil field development model, as long as this combination most accurately reflects reservoir properties and processes. At the same time, the choice of a particular reservoir model may entail taking into account any additional features of the process model and vice versa.
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inexpensive models based on simple homogeneous reservoir description. Analytical methods generally cannot capture all the details of the given reservoir or process, but are typically numerically fast and at times, sufficiently reliable. In modern reservoir engineering, they are generally used as screening or preliminary evaluation tools. Analytical methods are especially suitable for potential assets evaluation when the data are limited and the time is critical, or for broad studies as a pre-screening tool if a large number of processes and / or technologies are to be evaluated. The analytical methods are often developed and promoted in the academia or in-house, however commercial packages also exist.
25:
299:– The MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (MRST) is developed by SINTEF Applied Mathematics as a MATLAB® toolbox. The toolbox consists of two main parts: a core offering basic functionality and single and two-phase solvers, and a set of add-on modules offering more advanced models, viewers and solvers. MRST is mainly intended as a toolbox for rapid prototyping and demonstration of new simulation methods and modeling concepts on unstructured grids. Despite this, many of the tools are quite efficient and can be applied to surprisingly large and complex models.
293:– Black Oil Applied Simulation Tool (Boast) simulator is a free software package for reservoir simulation available from the U.S. Department of Energy. Boast is an IMPES numerical simulator (finite-difference implicit pressure-explicit saturation) which finds the pressure distribution for a given time step first then calculates the saturation distribution for the same time step isothermal. The last release was in 1986 but it remains as a good simulator for educational purposes.
2547:
82:
333:. The name ECLIPSE originally was an acronym for "ECL´s Implicit Program for Simulation Engineering". Simulators include black oil, compositional, thermal finite-volume, and streamline simulation. Add-on options include local grid refinements, coalbed methane, gas field operations, advanced wells, reservoir coupling, and surface networks.
259:. As such, it can be automated, and there are multiple commercial and software packages designed to accomplish just that. The model's parameters are adjusted until a reasonable match is achieved on a field basis and usually for all wells. Commonly, producing water cuts or water-oil ratios and gas-oil ratios are matched.
370:, by Coats Engineering, is a black oil and compositional reservoir simulator developed beginning in the 1990s by Dr. Keith H. Coats, founder of the commercial reservoir simulation industry (Intercomp Resource and Development, 1968). Sensor is the last of many reservoir simulators developed by Dr. Coats.
376:
is an EOS based general purpose compositional reservoir simulator with fully implicit formulation. It allows any components to appear and stay in any fluid phases (aqueous, oilec and vapour ).It can be simplified to the conventional or traditional black oil, compositional and thermal modules. It also
272:
one-dimensional displacement method, the Deitz method for inclined structures, or coning models), and sweep efficiency estimation techniques for water floods and decline curve analysis. These methods were developed and used prior to traditional or "conventional" simulations tools as computationally
247:
The simulation model computes the saturation change of three phases (oil, water and gas) and the pressure of each phase in each cell at each time step. As a result of declining pressure as in a reservoir depletion study, gas will be liberated from the oil. If pressures increase as a result of water
204:
Theoretically, finite difference models permit discretization of the reservoir using both structured and more complex unstructured grids to accurately represent the geometry of the reservoir. Local grid refinements (a finer grid embedded inside of a coarse grid) are also a feature provided by many
487:
Reservoir simulation is ultimately used for forecasting future oil production, decision making, and reservoir management. The state of the art framework for reservoir management is closed-loop field development (CLFD) optimization which utilizes reservoir simulation (together with geostatistics,
132:
The reservoir model should be distinguished from its design scheme, which takes into account only the geometric shape of the reservoir. For example, a reservoir model may be a stratified heterogeneous reservoir. In the design scheme, the reservoir with the same model of it can be represented as a
128:
field, consideration of the capabilities of the systems and technologies for its development create quantitative ideas about the development of the field as a whole. A system of interrelated quantitative ideas about the development of a field is a model of its development, which consists of a
240:
165:. This fault line is between the blue/green contour lines and the purple/red/yellow contour lines. The thin red circular contour line in the middle of the map indicates the top of the oil reservoir. Because gas floats above oil, the thin red contour line marks the gas/oil contact zone.
471:, with assisted history matching module (Revelations) that can vary porosity/permeability/structure/netpay/initial pressure/saturations/contact depths to match wells' observed rates/cumulatives/pressures. Revelations runs multiple cases on shared network computers.
216:
Natural fracture simulation (known as dual-porosity and dual-permeability) is an advanced feature which model hydrocarbons in tight matrix blocks. Flow occurs from the tight matrix blocks to the more permeable fracture networks that surround the blocks, and to the
235:(EOS), as a mixture of components. The simulator then uses the fitted EOS equation to dynamically track the movement of both phases and components in the field. This is accomplished at increased cost in setup time, compute time, and computer memory.
205:
simulators to more accurately represent the near wellbore multi-phase flow effects. This "refined meshing" near wellbores is extremely important when analyzing issues such as water and gas coning in reservoirs. Other types of simulators include
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Representation of faults and their transmissibilities are advanced features provided in many simulators. In these models, inter-cell flow transmissibilities must be computed for non-adjacent layers outside of conventional neighbor-to-neighbor
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Without FD models, recovery estimates and oil rates can also be calculated using numerous analytical techniques which include material balance equations (including
Havlena–Odeh and Tarner method), fractional flow curve methods (such as the
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Most modern FD simulation programs allow for construction of 3-D representations for use in either full-field or single-well models. 2-D approximations are also used in various conceptual models, such as cross-sections and 2-D radial grid
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and the implementation of calculations of field development on their basis is one of the main areas of activity of engineers and oil researchers. On the basis of geological and physical information about the properties of an oil, gas or
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simulator does not consider changes in composition of the hydrocarbons as the field is produced, beyond the solution or evolution of dissolved gas in oil, or vaporisation or dropout of condensate from gas.
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by Rock Flow
Dynamics, supports black oil, compositional and thermal compositional simulations, and is accelerated by both CPU and GPUs on laptops, workstations and High Performance Computing clusters
255:" where historical field production and pressures are compared to calculated values. It was realised at an early stage that this was essentially an optimisation process, corresponding to
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currently offers three simulators: a black oil simulator, called IMEX, a compositional / unconventional simulator called GEM and a thermal and advanced processes simulator called STARS.
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is a fully implicit 3-phase, 3-D, black oil and compositional finite difference reservoir simulator with LGRs, dual porosity dual permeability, and parallel capabilities.
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325:– Originally developed by ECL (Exploration Consultants Limited) and currently owned, developed, marketed and maintained by Digital and Integration (formerly known as
354:– RETINA Simulation is a Black-Oil and Compositional reservoir simulation software fully developed in Engineering Support and Technology Development Company (ESTD).
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305:– The Open Porous Media (OPM) initiative provides a set of open-source tools centered on the simulation of flow and transport of fluids in porous media.
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simulators dominate both theoretical and practical work in reservoir simulation. Conventional FD simulation is underpinned by three physical concepts:
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Meera simulation is AI-Physics hybrid reservoir simulation production forecasting tool for operation planning and budgeting by Target
Solutions LLC.
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is a fully implicit 3-Phase finite difference reservoir simulator originally developed at the Texaco research department and currently used by the
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347:, by Stone Ridge Technology: a fully implicit simulator, the only full GPU accelerated reservoir simulator for black-oil formulations.
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is a fully implicit, 3-phase, compositional finite difference reservoir simulator for the
Android phone and tablet platform.
1980:
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Representation of an underground fault by a structure map generated by
Contour map software for an 8500ft deep gas &
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Many programs are available for reservoir simulation. The most well known (in alphabetical order) are:
389:, a fully implicit 3-phase 2D modified black oil reservoir simulator for the Microsoft Excel platform
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2010:
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employs a patented approach called Time
Dynamic Volumetric Balancing to simulate reservoirs during
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412:. Nexus will gradually replace VIP, or Desktop VIP, Landmark's earlier generation of simulator.
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2005:
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approximation of fluid flow through porous media. Thermal simulators (most commonly used for
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data assimilation, and selection of representative models) for optimal reservoir operations.
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calculates the PVT properties of oil and gas phases once they have been fitted to an
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offers thermal simulation of SAGD, CSS with discretized wellbore flow up to surface.
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396:– Nexus is an oil and gas reservoir simulator originally developed as 'Falcon' by
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is a reservoir simulator offering black oil, compositional and thermal options.
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Numerical techniques and approaches that are common in modern simulators:
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Using computer models to predict the flow of fluids through porous media
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891:"Appendix E – Reservoir Modeling Team 2010; Reservoir Modeling Report"
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963:"DeepSim – Powerful reservoir simulation with an intuitive interface"
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to this list, allowing temperatures to change within the reservoir.
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from geological data in a full field model. (GSI MERLIN simulator)
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729:"ECHELON Software: World's Fastest Reservoir Software | SRT"
81:
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or gas injection, the gas is re-dissolved into the oil phase.
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A simulation project of a developed field usually requires "
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reservoir of a circular shape, a rectilinear reservoir, etc.
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TTA/PetroStudies offers a full-fledged black oil simulator,
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2145:
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rates and burst/collapse pressures on casing shoes and
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578:, Volume V(b), Chapt 17, Reservoir Engineering, 2007.
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can be expanded to fully EOS based thermal simulator.
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262:
157:. The left-to-right gap, near the top of the
585:, Volume VI, Chapter 6, Coalbed Methane, 2007.
447:Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement
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553:Ertekin, T, Abou-Kassem, J.H. and G.R. King,
987:"PetroStudies Consultants Inc. – Index page"
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562:Principles of Applied Reservoir Simulation
915:"BSEE Procurement Business Opportunities"
112:(typically, oil, water, and gas) through
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
238:
140:
80:
32:This article includes a list of general
1976:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
939:"DeepSim - Android Apps on Google Play"
597:The Mathematics of Reservoir Simulation
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1850:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
1609:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
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2565:
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1981:China National Petroleum Corporation
18:
550:, 1979, Applied Science Publishers.
13:
2041:National Iranian South Oil Company
1757:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
564:, 4th Edition, Elsevier GPP, 2018.
555:Basic Applied Reservoir Simulation
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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2509:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
2398:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
2051:Oil & Gas Development Company
1029:Software for reservoir simulation
1021:
491:
443:Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
243:Correlating relative permeability
229:compositional reservoir simulator
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1011:"Best Reservoir Simulation Tool"
571:, SPE Monograph Volume 13, 1990.
23:
2056:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
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883:
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567:Mattax, C.C. and Dalton, R. L,
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2648:Monte Carlo molecular modeling
2524:Society of Petroleum Engineers
2295:Port Harcourt Refining Company
1961:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
848:"ReservoirGrail Software Page"
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700:
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659:"Open Porous Media Initiative"
651:
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590:Practical Reservoir Simulation
583:Petroleum Engineering Handbook
576:Petroleum Engineering Handbook
548:Petroleum Reservoir Simulation
482:
402:Los Alamos National Laboratory
360:Suite (IMEX, GEM and STARS) –
181:fluid phase behavior, and the
85:A simulated Top of Structure,
1:
2691:Electronic circuit simulation
1470:Production sharing agreements
592:, 2006, PennWell Corporation.
540:
2610:Protein structure prediction
2504:Canadian petroleum companies
2499:American Petroleum Institute
2036:National Iranian Oil Company
2021:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
557:, SPE Textbook Vol 10, 2001.
263:Other engineering approaches
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2633:Chemical process simulators
2519:International Energy Agency
1504:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
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415:Plano Research Corporation
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10:
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2106:PTT Public Company Limited
1707:East Midlands Oil Province
1692:List of natural gas fields
1292:Integrated asset modelling
546:Aziz, K. and Settari, A.,
119:The creation of models of
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870:"ReservoirGrail Homepage"
362:Computer Modelling Group
104:are used to predict the
2701:Multiphysics simulation
2676:Cosmological simulation
2615:Nucleic acid simulation
2529:World Petroleum Council
2403:China Oilfield Services
1460:Petroleum fiscal regime
1159:Western Canadian Select
1154:West Texas Intermediate
574:Holstein, E. (Editor),
53:more precise citations.
2734:Organizational studies
2006:Indian Oil Corporation
1492:Submersible pump (ESP)
1437:Underbalanced drilling
1258:of gasoline and diesel
967:deepsim.stupendous.org
617:"Department of Energy"
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191:conservation of energy
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90:
2383:Cameron International
1825:Petrodollar recycling
1808:fossil fuel phase-out
1371:Differential sticking
1324:Reflection seismology
1297:Petroleum engineering
1139:OPEC Reference Basket
581:Warner, H. (Editor),
535:Seismic to simulation
525:Petroleum engineering
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98:reservoir engineering
84:
2755:Petroleum production
2706:Reservoir simulation
2686:Dynamical simulation
2280:Occidental Petroleum
1594:1990 oil price shock
1420:Shale oil extraction
1393:Drilling engineering
1376:Directional drilling
1302:Reservoir simulation
991:www.petrostudies.com
680:"INTERSECT Homepage"
569:Reservoir Simulation
451:Worst Case Discharge
175:conservation of mass
149:in the Erath field,
94:Reservoir simulation
2593:Computer simulation
2428:Naftiran Intertrade
2373:Amec Foster Wheeler
2300:Reliance Industries
2189:Naftiran Intertrade
2001:Hindustan Petroleum
1599:2000s energy crisis
530:Computer simulation
510:Black-oil equations
2681:Dynamic simulation
2643:Molecular modeling
2275:Marathon Petroleum
1697:List of oil fields
1307:Reservoir modeling
1065:Petroleum industry
792:"Tempest Homepage"
694:"ECLIPSE Homepage"
515:Reservoir modeling
460:Under Palm Trees'
455:blowout preventers
432:secondary recovery
257:Maximum Likelihood
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189:applications) add
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2724:Social simulation
2638:Quantum chemistry
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1551:Well intervention
1526:Petroleum product
1425:Ljungström method
1329:Seismic inversion
1314:Petroleum geology
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743:"RETINA Homepage"
520:Geologic modeling
437:Gemini Solutions
352:RETINA Simulation
329:), a division of
233:equation of state
171:finite difference
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1971:Bharat Petroleum
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1248:Posted oil price
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2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
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2445:
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2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2320:Surgutneftegas
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2240:Eneos Holdings
2237:
2232:
2230:ConocoPhillips
2227:
2222:
2220:Cenovus Energy
2217:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2161:Energy trading
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1847:
1845:Swing producer
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1717:Gulf of Mexico
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:2010s oil glut
1601:
1596:
1591:
1589:1980s oil glut
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1398:Drilling fluid
1395:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1336:Seismic source
1333:
1332:
1331:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1134:Japan Cocktail
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1081:Primary energy
1078:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1022:External links
1020:
1017:
1016:
1002:
978:
954:
930:
906:
882:
861:
839:
825:
804:
783:
769:
757:"CMG Homepage"
748:
734:
720:
708:"RFD Homepage"
699:
685:
671:
650:
629:
607:
606:
600:
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586:
579:
572:
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542:
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527:
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517:
512:
505:
502:
501:
500:
493:
492:Notable people
490:
484:
481:
480:
479:
476:
465:
458:
435:
424:ReservoirGrail
420:
413:
390:
384:
378:
371:
365:
355:
348:
341:
340:
334:
319:
307:
306:
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264:
261:
237:
236:
225:
218:
214:
210:
207:finite element
202:
161:, indicates a
138:
135:
126:gas condensate
96:is an area of
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2772:
2761:
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2753:
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2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:EM simulation
2694:
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2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
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2666:
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2500:
2497:
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2411:
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2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2356:
2346:
2345:Valero Energy
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Suncor Energy
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
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2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1939:TotalEnergies
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1888:
1885:
1883:organisations
1881:Companies and
1879:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:Petrocurrency
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:Oil shale gas
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1773:Abbreviations
1771:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:Permian Basin
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:United States
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:Seven Sisters
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:Core sampling
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:Indian Basket
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1012:
1006:
992:
988:
982:
968:
964:
958:
944:
940:
934:
916:
910:
892:
886:
871:
865:
849:
843:
835:
829:
814:
808:
793:
787:
779:
773:
758:
752:
744:
738:
730:
724:
709:
703:
695:
689:
681:
675:
660:
654:
639:
633:
618:
612:
608:
605:
604:
598:
595:R. E. Ewing,
594:
591:
588:Carlson, M.,
587:
584:
580:
577:
573:
570:
566:
563:
559:
556:
552:
549:
545:
544:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
499:
496:
495:
489:
477:
474:
470:
466:
463:
459:
456:
452:
449:to calculate
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
429:
425:
422:GrailQuest's
421:
418:
414:
411:
407:
406:Cray Research
403:
399:
395:
391:
388:
385:
382:
381:Tempest MORE
379:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
359:
356:
353:
349:
346:
343:
342:
338:
335:
332:
328:
324:
320:
318:
314:
313:
312:
311:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
288:
287:
286:
282:
274:
271:
260:
258:
254:
249:
241:
234:
230:
226:
223:
219:
215:
211:
208:
203:
199:
198:
197:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:Oil reservoir
143:
134:
130:
127:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
88:
83:
73:
70:
62:
59:February 2010
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2705:
2448:Schlumberger
2378:Baker Hughes
2270:Marathon Oil
2260:Imperial Oil
2255:Husky Energy
2245:Galp Energia
2235:Devon Energy
2121:Saudi Aramco
2101:Petrovietnam
2046:NNPC Limited
1950:National oil
1830:Petrofiction
1798:Orphan wells
1766:Other topics
1737:Persian Gulf
1664:Saudi Arabia
1634:Standard Oil
1442:Well logging
1319:Petrophysics
1301:
1005:
994:. Retrieved
990:
981:
970:. Retrieved
966:
957:
946:. Retrieved
942:
933:
921:. Retrieved
909:
897:. Retrieved
885:
873:. Retrieved
864:
852:. Retrieved
842:
828:
816:. Retrieved
807:
795:. Retrieved
786:
772:
760:. Retrieved
751:
737:
723:
711:. Retrieved
702:
688:
674:
662:. Retrieved
653:
641:. Retrieved
632:
620:. Retrieved
611:
602:
601:
596:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
560:Fanchi, J.,
554:
547:
486:
472:
468:
461:
438:
423:
416:
393:
386:
380:
373:
367:
357:
351:
344:
336:
322:
316:
309:
308:
302:
296:
290:
285:Open source:
284:
283:
280:
266:
250:
246:
228:
213:connections.
195:
169:Traditional
168:
137:Fundamentals
131:
118:
114:porous media
93:
92:
65:
56:
37:
2418:Halliburton
2290:Phillips 66
2111:QatarEnergy
2081:Petrobangla
2016:KazMunayGas
1906:Supermajors
1855:heavy crude
1742:Prudhoe Bay
1722:Niger Delta
1702:Caspian Sea
1465:Concessions
1415:Measurement
1381:Geosteering
1364:Squeeze job
1274:Exploration
1223:Consumption
1182:Consumption
1175:Natural gas
1104:Bonny Light
797:18 February
483:Application
410:Halliburton
310:Commercial:
159:contour map
51:introducing
2760:Simulation
2749:Categories
2468:Transocean
2335:Tullow Oil
2325:TechnipFMC
2091:PetroChina
1929:ExxonMobil
1835:Shale band
1712:East Texas
1685:and fields
1499:Downstream
1452:Production
1359:Completion
1287:Geophysics
1228:Production
1187:Production
1124:Indonesian
1099:Argus Sour
1091:Benchmarks
996:2017-09-27
972:2017-08-13
948:2017-08-13
875:13 January
854:13 January
762:28 October
541:References
337:tNavigator
179:isothermal
163:Fault line
121:oil fields
34:references
2729:Sociology
2625:Chemistry
2463:TC Energy
2364:companies
2194:Trafigura
2141:Sonatrach
2086:Petrobras
2076:Pertamina
1986:Ecopetrol
1952:companies
1896:companies
1894:petroleum
1870:tight oil
1865:oil shale
1860:oil sands
1840:Shale gas
1781:sweet oil
1752:Venezuela
1727:North Sea
1683:Provinces
1674:Venezuela
1521:Midstream
1216:Petroleum
1076:Petroleum
834:"FlowSim"
392:Landmark
350:ESTD Co.
317:INTERSECT
222:black-oil
100:in which
87:depth map
2595:software
2551:Category
2458:Subsea 7
2438:Petrofac
2433:NOV Inc.
2413:GE Power
2408:Enbridge
2362:services
2184:Mercuria
2174:Glencore
2136:Sonangol
2096:Petronas
2031:Naftogaz
1803:Peak oil
1786:sour oil
1541:Upstream
1536:Refining
1531:Pipeline
1487:Pumpjack
1482:Gas lift
1403:invasion
1346:Drilling
1233:Reserves
1192:Reserves
923:19 April
899:19 April
818:24 April
813:"ExcSim"
504:See also
473:Exotherm
327:GeoQuest
277:Software
2663:Physics
2602:Biology
2126:Sinopec
2116:Rosneft
1996:Gazprom
1991:Equinor
1919:Chevron
1566:History
1432:Tracers
1354:Blowout
1243:Exports
1238:Imports
1202:Exports
1197:Imports
713:7 March
664:3 March
643:3 March
622:3 March
462:DeepSim
428:primary
417:FlowSim
345:ECHELON
323:ECLIPSE
201:models.
47:improve
2492:Others
2443:Saipem
2340:TĂĽpraĹź
2330:TNK-BP
2315:Sunoco
2305:Repsol
2265:Lukoil
2208:Others
2179:Gunvor
1813:timing
1747:Russia
1659:Norway
1644:France
1639:Canada
469:Exodus
439:Merlin
387:ExcSim
374:XXSim
368:Sensor
217:wells.
110:fluids
36:, but
2359:Major
2225:Cepsa
2199:Vitol
2169:Enron
2131:SOCAR
2071:Pemex
2066:PDVSA
2061:Orlen
2026:Lotos
1966:ANCAP
1934:Shell
1891:Major
1649:India
1253:Price
1207:Price
1149:Urals
1144:Tapis
1114:Dubai
1109:Brent
918:(PDF)
894:(PDF)
398:Amoco
394:Nexus
291:BOAST
183:Darcy
2453:Snam
2393:CH2M
2146:TPAO
1654:Iraq
1624:OPEC
1619:GECF
1168:Data
925:2016
901:2016
877:2016
856:2016
820:2015
799:2020
764:2016
715:2014
666:2014
645:2014
624:2014
445:and
430:and
404:and
321:SLB
315:SLB
297:MRST
106:flow
2388:CGG
2285:OMV
2151:YPF
1924:Eni
358:CMG
331:SLB
303:OPM
108:of
2751::
1914:BP
1556:XT
1027:*
989:.
965:.
941:.
400:,
227:A
220:A
177:,
153:,
116:.
2585:e
2578:t
2571:v
1057:e
1050:t
1043:v
1013:.
999:.
975:.
951:.
927:.
903:.
879:.
858:.
836:.
822:.
801:.
780:.
766:.
745:.
731:.
717:.
696:.
682:.
668:.
647:.
626:.
457:.
434:.
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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