224:
such as bench press, squats, and arm curl, compared to no warm-up. Dynamic warm-ups (performed with greater than 20% of maximal effort) enhance strength and power in upper-body exercises. When properly warmed up the lifter will have more strength and stamina since the blood has begun to flow to the muscle groups. Pulse raisers do not have any effect on either 1RM or submaximal training. Static stretching induces strength loss, and should therefore probably not be performed before strength training. Resistance training functions as an active form of flexibility training, with similar increases in range of motion when compared to performing a static stretching protocol. Static stretching, performed either before or after exercise, also does not reduce muscle soreness in healthy adults.
307:
training volume using the time under tension (TUT), namely the time of each rep times the number of reps, rather than simply the number of reps. However, hypertrophy is similar for a fixed number of repetitions and each repetition's duration varying from 0.5 s - 8 s. There is however a marked decrease in hypertrophy for "very slow" durations greater than 10 s. There are similar hypertrophic effects for 50-60% 1RM loads with a slower 3/0/3/0 tempo and 80-90% 1RM loads with a faster 1/1/1/0 tempo. It may be beneficial for both hypertrophy and strength to use fast, short concentric phases and slower, longer eccentric phases. Research has not yet isolated the effects of concentric and eccentric durations, or tested a wide variety of exercises and populations.
303:
another pause of 2 seconds. The letter X in a tempo code represents a voluntary explosive action whereby the actual velocity and duration is not controlled and may be involuntarily extended as fatigue manifests, while the letter V implies volitional freedom "at your own pace". A phase's tempo may also be measured as the average movement velocity. Less precise but commonly used characterizations of tempo include the total time for the repetition or a qualitative characterization such as fast, moderate, or slow. The ACSM recommends a moderate or slower tempo of movement for novice- and intermediate-trained individuals, but a combination of slow, moderate, and fast tempos for advanced training.
375:
individual sessions. Traditional periodization can be viewed as repeating one weekly block over and over. Block periodization has the advantage of focusing on specific motor abilities and muscle groups. Because only a few abilities are worked on at a time, the effects of fatigue are minimized. With careful goal selection and ordering, there may be synergistic effects. A traditional block consists of high-volume, low-intensity exercises, transitioning to low-volume, high-intensity exercises. However, to maximize progress to specific goals, individual programs may require different manipulations, such as decreasing the intensity and increasing volume.
518:
possible, both anaerobic ("fast-twitch") and aerobic ("slow-twitch"), to generate the most force. However, at maximum load, the anaerobic processes contract so forcefully that the aerobic fibers are completely shut out, and all work is done by the anaerobic processes. Because the anaerobic muscle fibre uses its fuel faster than the blood and intracellular restorative cycles can resupply it, the maximum number of repetitions is limited. In the aerobic regime, the blood and intracellular processes can maintain a supply of fuel and oxygen, and continual repetition of the motion will not cause the muscle to fail.
352:
group (flat bench press followed by the incline bench press) result in a significantly lower training volume than a traditional exercise format with rests. However, agonist–antagonist supersets result in a significantly higher training volume when compared to a traditional exercise format. Similarly, holding training volume constant but performing upper–lower body supersets and tri-sets reduce elapsed time but increased perceived exertion rate. These results suggest that specific exercise orders may allow more intense, more time-efficient workouts with results similar to longer workouts.
951:
guidelines. The position of the
National Strength and Conditioning Association is that strength training is safe for children if properly designed and supervised. Younger children are at greater risk of injury than adults if they drop a weight on themselves or perform an exercise incorrectly; further, they may lack understanding of, or ignore the safety precautions around weight training equipment. As a result, supervision of minors is considered vital to ensuring the safety of any youth engaging in strength training.
2230:
33:
7073:
6470:
7083:
167:
818:
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253:
intra-abdominal pressure. This enhances the structural integrity of the torso—protecting against excessive spinal flexion or extension and providing a secure base to lift heavy weights effectively and securely. However, as the
Valsalva maneuver increases blood pressure, lowers heart rate, and restricts breathing, it can be a dangerous method for those with hypertension or for those who faint easily.
413:
compound movements improve gross motor coordination and proprioceptive stabilizing mechanisms. However, single-joint exercises can result in greater muscle growth in the targeted muscles, and are more suitable for injury prevention and rehabilitation. Low variation in exercise selection or targeted muscle groups, combined with a high volume of training, is likely to lead to
189:'). An injury or an inability to reach training objectives might arise from poor form during a training set. If the desired muscle group is not challenged sufficiently, the threshold of overload is never reached and the muscle does not gain in strength. At a particularly advanced level, however, "cheating" can be used to break through strength plateaus and encourage
237:. The general procedure of this method is to inhale when lowering the weight (the eccentric portion) and exhale when lifting the weight (the concentric portion). However, the reverse, inhaling when lifting and exhaling when lowering, may also be recommended. There is little difference between the two techniques in terms of their influence on
570:. A protein shake is often consumed immediately following the workout. However, the anabolic window is not particularly narrow and protein can also be consumed before or hours after the exercise with similar effects. Glucose (or another simple sugar) is often consumed as well since this quickly replenishes any
351:
Supersets are defined as a pair of different exercise sets performed without rest, followed by a normal rest period. Common superset configurations are two exercises for the same muscle group, agonist-antagonist muscles, or alternating upper and lower body muscle groups. Exercises for the same muscle
328:
The rest period is defined as the time dedicated to recovery between sets and exercises. Exercise causes metabolic stress, such as the buildup of lactic acid and the depletion of adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine. Resting 3–5 minutes between sets allows for significantly greater repetitions
302:
The speed or pace at which each repetition is performed is also an important factor in strength and muscle gain. The emerging format for expressing this is as a 4-number tempo code such as 3/1/4/2, meaning an eccentric phase lasting 3 seconds, a pause of 1 second, a concentric phase of 4 seconds, and
219:
Evidence is limited regarding whether warming up reduces injuries during strength training. As of 2015, no articles existed on the effects of warm up for upper body injury prevention. For the lower limbs, several programs significantly reduce injuries in sports and military training, but no universal
521:
Circuit weight training is a form of exercise that uses a number of weight training exercise sets separated by short intervals. The cardiovascular effort to recover from each set serves a function similar to an aerobic exercise, but this is not the same as saying that a weight training set is itself
315:
In general, for muscular strength, more training sessions per week results in greater increases. However, when training volume was equated, training frequency had no effect on muscle strength. Additionally, single-joint exercises did not show a significant effect of increased frequency. There may be
597:
to aid muscle growth. In a meta-analysis study that investigated the effects of creatine supplementation on repeated sprint ability, it was discovered that creatine increased body mass and mean power output. The creatine-induced increase in body mass was a result of fluid retention. The increase in
378:
Undulating periodization is an extension of block periodization to frequent changes in volume and intensity, usually daily or weekly. Because of the rapid changes, it is theorized that there will be more stress on the neuromuscular system and better training effects. Undulating periodization yields
525:
Strength training is typically associated with the production of lactate, which is a limiting factor of exercise performance. Regular endurance exercise leads to adaptations in skeletal muscle which can prevent lactate levels from rising during strength training. This is mediated via activation of
513:
metabolism makes a small contribution. Weight training is commonly perceived as anaerobic exercise, because one of the more common goals is to increase strength by lifting heavy weights. Other goals such as rehabilitation, weight loss, body shaping, and bodybuilding often use lower weights, adding
366:
Periodization refers to the organization of training into sequential phases and cyclical periods, and the change in training over time. The simplest strength training periodization involves keeping a fixed schedule of sets and reps (e.g. 2 sets of 12 reps of bicep curls every 2 days), and steadily
223:
The effects of warming up on exercise effectiveness are clearer. For 1RM trials, an exercise rehearsal has significant benefits. For submaximal strength training (3 sets of 80% of 1RM to failure), exercise rehearsal does not provide any benefits regarding fatigue or total repetitions for exercises
141:
Strength training follows the fundamental principle that involves repeatedly overloading a muscle group. This is typically done by contracting the muscles against heavy resistance and then returning to the starting position. This process is repeated for several repetitions until the muscles reach
930:
for hypertrophy and lower body strength, although some studies have found that women experience a greater relative increase in upper-body strength. Because of their greater starting strength and muscle mass, absolute gains are higher in men. In older adults, women experienced a larger increase in
412:
For strength and power training in able-bodied individuals, the NCSA recommends emphasizing integrated or compound movements (multi-joint exercises), such as with free weights, over exercises isolating a muscle (single-joint exercises), such as with machines. This is due to the fact that only the
408:
Exercise selection depends on the goals of the strength training program. If a specific sport or activity is targeted, the focus will be on specific muscle groups used in that sport. Various exercises may target improvements in strength, speed, agility, or endurance. For other populations such as
545:
Supplementation of protein in the diet of healthy adults increases the size and strength of muscles during prolonged resistance exercise training (RET); protein intakes of greater than 1.62 grams per kilogram of body weight a day did not additionally increase fat–free mass (FFM), muscle size, or
374:
Sequential or block periodization concentrates training into periods ("blocks"). For example, for athletes, performance can be optimized for specific events based on the competition schedule. An annual training plan may be divided hierarchically into several levels, from training phases down to
215:
before starting a workout, and it is recommended by the NCSA. A warm up may include cardiovascular activity such as light stationary biking (a "pulse raiser"), flexibility and joint mobility exercises, static and/or dynamic stretching, "passive warm up" such as applying heat pads or taking a hot
950:
might be at risk. The very rare reports of growth plate fractures in children who trained with weights occurred as a result of inadequate supervision, improper form or excess weight, and there have been no reports of injuries to growth plates in youth training programs that followed established
336:
For trained individuals, rest of 2–4 minutes is sufficient to maximize strength gain, compared to shorter intervals 20s-60s and longer intervals of 5 minutes. Intervals of greater than 5 minutes have not been studied. Starting at 2 minutes and progressively decreasing the rest interval over the
332:
For untrained individuals (no previous resistance training experience), the effect of resting on muscular strength development is small and other factors such as volitional fatigue and discomfort, cardiac stress, and the time available for training may be more important. Moderate rest intervals
306:
Intentionally slowing down the movement tempo of each repetition can increase muscle activation for a given number of repetitions. However, the maximum number of repetitions and the maximum possible load for a given number of repetitions decreases as the tempo is slowed. Some trainers calculate
252:
is often used. This involves deeply inhaling and then bracing down with the abdominal and lower back muscles as the air is held in during the entire rep. Air is then expelled once the rep is done, or after a number of reps is done. The
Valsalva maneuver leads to an increase in intrathoracic and
232:
In weight training, as with most forms of exercise, there is a tendency for the breathing pattern to deepen. This helps to meet increased oxygen requirements. One approach to breathing during weight training consists of avoiding holding one's breath and breathing shallowly. The benefits of this
620:
However, a much more accurate determination of how much fluid is necessary can be made by performing appropriate weight measurements before and after a typical exercise session, to determine how much fluid is lost during the workout. The greatest source of fluid loss during exercise is through
261:
Training volume is commonly defined as sets × reps × load. That is, an individual moves a certain load for some number of repetitions, rests, and repeats this for some number of sets, and the volume is the product of these numbers. For non-weightlifting exercises, the load may be replaced with
839:
The genealogy of lifting can be traced back to the beginning of recorded history where humanity's fascination with physical abilities can be found among numerous ancient writings. In many prehistoric tribes, they would have a big rock they would try to lift, and the first one to lift it would
393:
A training split refers to how the trainee divides and schedules their training volume, or in other words which muscles are trained on a given day over a period of time (usually a week). Popular training splits include full body, upper/lower, push/pull/legs, and the "bro" split. Some training
517:
Except in the extremes, a muscle will fire fibres of both the aerobic or anaerobic types on any given exercise, in varying ratio depending on the load on the intensity of the contraction. This is known as the energy system continuum. At higher loads, the muscle will recruit all muscle fibres
4727:
Costa, Rochelle Rocha; Buttelli, Adriana
Cristine Koch; Vieira, Alexandra Ferreira; Coconcelli, Leandro; Magalhães, Rafael de Lima; Delevatti, Rodrigo Sudatti; Kruel, Luiz Fernando Martins (1 June 2019). "Effect of Strength Training on Lipid and Inflammatory Outcomes: Systematic Review With
4335:
Wewege, Michael A.; Desai, Imtiaz; Honey, Cameron; Coorie, Brandon; Jones, Matthew D.; Clifford, Briana K.; Leake, Hayley B.; Hagstrom, Amanda D. (February 2022). "The Effect of
Resistance Training in Healthy Adults on Body Fat Percentage, Fat Mass and Visceral Fat: A Systematic Review and
3513:
PEREIRA, Ericson; MOYSES, Samuel Jorge; IGNÁCIO, Sérgio
Aparecido; MENDES, Daniel Komarchewski; SILVA, Diego Sgarbi D. A.; CARNEIRO, Everdan; HARDY, Ana Maria Trindade Grégio; ROSA, Edvaldo Antônio Ribeiro; BETTEGA, Patrícia Vida Cassi; JOHANN, Aline Cristina Batista Rodrigues (2019).
289:
Endurance: Endurance may be trained by performing many repetitions, such as 15 or more per set. The NCSA recommends "light" loads below 60% of 1RM, but some studies have found conflicting results suggesting that "moderate" 15-20RM loads may work better when performed to
150:
are overloaded by working against as high resistance as they are capable of. They respond by growing larger and stronger. Beginning strength-trainers are in the process of training the neurological aspects of strength, the ability of the brain to generate a rate of
875:
Ancient Greek sculptures also depict lifting feats. The weights were generally stones, but later gave way to dumbbells. The dumbbell was joined by the barbell in the later half of the 19th century. Early barbells had hollow globes that could be filled with
277:(1RM). Due to muscle failure, the intensity limits the maximum number of repetitions that can be carried out in one set, and is correlated with the repetition ranges chosen. Depending on the goal, different loads and repetition amounts may be appropriate:
5061:
Jones, Matthew D.; Wewege, Michael A.; Hackett, Daniel A.; Keogh, Justin W. L.; Hagstrom, Amanda D. (2021). "Sex
Differences in Adaptations in Muscle Strength and Size Following Resistance Training in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
220:
injury prevention program has emerged, and it is unclear if warm ups designed for these areas will also be applicable to strength training. Static stretching can increase the risk of injury due to its analgesic effect and cellular damage caused by it.
4896:
The genealogy of lifting traces back to the beginning of recorded history where man's fascination with physical prowess can be found among numerous ancient writings. A 5,000-year-old
Chinese text tells of prospective soldiers having to pass lifting
196:
Maintaining proper form is one of the many steps in order to perfectly perform a certain technique. Correct form in weight training improves strength, muscle tone, and maintaining a healthy weight. Improper form can lead to strains and fractures.
281:
Strength development (1RM performance): Gains may be achieved with a variety of loads. However, training efficiency is maximized by using heavy loads (80% to 100% of 1RM). The number of repetitions is secondary and may be 1 to 5 repetitions per
560:
A light, balanced meal prior to the workout (usually one to two hours beforehand) ensures that adequate energy and amino acids are available for the intense bout of exercise. The type of nutrients consumed affects the response of the body, and
746:
expression), and white matter-related structural and functional changes in neuroanatomy. Although resistance training has been less studied for its effect on depression than aerobic exercise, it has shown benefits compared to no intervention.
285:
Muscle growth (hypertrophy): Hypertrophy can be maximized by taking sets to failure or close to failure. Any load 30% of 1RM or greater may be used. The NCSA recommends "medium" loads of 8 to 12 repetitions per set with 60% to 80% of
2748:
Grandou, Clementine; Wallace, Lee; Impellizzeri, Franco M.; Allen, Nicholas G.; Coutts, Aaron J. (April 2020). "Overtraining in
Resistance Exercise: An Exploratory Systematic Review and Methodological Appraisal of the Literature".
4283:
Figueroa, Arturo; Okamoto, Takanobu; Jaime, Salvador J.; Fahs, Christopher A. (March 2019). "Impact of high- and low-intensity resistance training on arterial stiffness and blood pressure in adults across the lifespan: a review".
2461:
Campos GE, Luecke TJ, Wendeln HK, Toma K, Hagerman FC, Murray TF, et al. (November 2002). "Muscular adaptations in response to three different resistance-training regimens: specificity of repetition maximum training zones".
319:
For muscle growth, a training frequency of two sessions per week had greater effects than once per week. Whether training a muscle group three times per week is superior to a twice-per-week protocol remains to be determined.
216:
shower, and workout-specific warm up, such as rehearsal of the intended exercise with no weights or light weights. The intended purpose of warming up is to enhance exercise effectiveness and reduce the risk of injury.
530:
which alter the LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) isoenzyme complex composition and decreases the activity of the lactate generating enzyme LDHA, while increasing the activity of the lactate metabolizing enzyme LDHB.
3151:
Morton, Robert W; Murphy, Kevin T; McKellar, Sean R; Schoenfeld, Brad J; Henselmans, Menno; Helms, Eric; Aragon, Alan A; Devries, Michaela C; Banfield, Laura; Krieger, James W; Phillips, Stuart M (March 2018).
409:
older individuals, there is little information to guide exercise selection, but exercises can be selected on the basis of specific functional capabilities as well as the safety and efficiency of the exercises.
2005:
Grgic, Jozo; Schoenfeld, Brad J; Skrepnik, Mislav; Davies, Timothy B; Mikulic, Pavle (2018). "Effects of Rest
Interval Duration in Resistance Training on Measures of Muscular Strength: A Systematic Review".
690:
Strength training appears to be associated with a "10–17% lower risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), total cancer, diabetes and lung cancer". Two key outcomes of strength training are
565:
whereby protein and carbohydrates are consumed prior to and after workout has a beneficial impact on muscle growth. Water is consumed throughout the course of the workout to prevent poor performance due to
367:
increasing the intensity on a weekly basis. This is conceptually a parallel model, as several exercises are done each day and thus multiple muscles are developed simultaneously. It is also sometimes called
4131:
Fisher, James P.; Steele, James; Gentil, Paulo; Giessing, Jürgen; Westcott, Wayne L. (1 December 2017). "A minimal dose approach to resistance training for the older adult; the prophylactic for aging".
967:(those above age 85) can increase their muscle mass with a resistance training program, although to a lesser degree than younger individuals. With more strength older adults have better health, better
574:
lost during the exercise period. If consuming recovery drink after a workout, to maximize muscle protein anabolism, it is suggested that the recovery drink contain glucose (dextrose), protein (usually
5400:"Effects of resistance training, endurance training and whole-body vibration on lean body mass, muscle strength and physical performance in older people: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
1599:
Schoenfeld, Brad J; Ogborn, Dan; Krieger, James W (2017). "Dose-response relationship between weekly resistance training volume and increases in muscle mass: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
133:
and cardiac function; and reduce the risk of injury in athletes and the elderly. For many sports and physical activities, strength training is central or is used as part of their training regimen.
270:
required to achieve the activity. Training volume is one of the most critical variables in the effectiveness of strength training. There is a positive relationship between volume and hypertrophy.
617:
Some athletic trainers advise athletes to drink about 7 imperial fluid ounces (200 mL) every 15 minutes while exercising, and about 80 imperial fluid ounces (2.3 L) throughout the day.
1860:
Schoenfeld, Brad J.; Ogborn, Dan I.; Krieger, James W. (April 2015). "Effect of Repetition Duration During Resistance Training on Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
2410:
Williams, Tyler D.; Tolusso, Danilo V.; Fedewa, Michael V.; Esco, Michael R. (2017). "Comparison of Periodized and Non-Periodized Resistance Training on Maximal Strength: A Meta-Analysis".
1036:
Schoenfeld BJ, Grgic J, Ogborn D, Krieger JW (December 2017). "Strength and Hypertrophy Adaptations Between Low- vs. High-Load Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
1953:
Schoenfeld, Brad J.; Ogborn, Dan; Krieger, James W. (21 April 2016). "Effects of Resistance Training Frequency on Measures of Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
5005:
3154:"A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults"
2705:
Mannarino, P; Matta, T; Lima, J; Simão, R; Freitas de Salles, B (1 October 2021). "Single-Joint Exercise Results in Higher Hypertrophy of Elbow Flexors Than Multijoint Exercise".
718:
percentage, body fat mass and visceral fat, which is usually beneficial as obesity predisposes towards several chronic diseases and e.g. body fat distribution is one predictor of
1384:"The effectiveness of neuromuscular warm-up strategies, that require no additional equipment, for preventing lower limb injuries during sports participation: a systematic review"
379:
better strength improvements on 1RM than non-periodized training. For hypertrophy, it appears that daily undulating periodization has similar effect to more traditional models.
4503:
Chow, Zi-Siong; Moreland, Ashleigh T.; Macpherson, Helen; Teo, Wei-Peng (December 2021). "The Central Mechanisms of Resistance Training and Its Effects on Cognitive Function".
647:
The effects of strength training include greater muscular strength, improved muscle tone and appearance, increased endurance, cardiovascular health, and enhanced bone density.
3937:"Progressive resistance training for improving health-related outcomes in people at risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
4068:"Muscle-strengthening activities are associated with lower risk and mortality in major non-communicable diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies"
913:. Since the late 1990s, increasing numbers of women have taken up weight training; currently, nearly one in five U.S. women engage in weight training on a regular basis.
2084:
de Souza, Tácito P; Fleck, Steven J; Simão, Roberto; Dubas, João P; Pereira, Benedito; de Brito Pacheco, Elisa M; da Silva, Antonio C; de Oliveira, Paulo R (July 2010).
5447:
Csapo, R.; Alegre, L. M. (24 August 2015). "Effects of resistance training with moderate vs heavy loads on muscle mass and strength in the elderly: A meta-analysis".
1474:
McMillian, Danny J.; Moore, Josef H.; Hatler, Brian S.; Taylor, Dean C. (2006). "Dynamic vs. Static-Stretching Warm Up: The Effect on Power and Agility Performance".
787:
Stronger muscles improve performance in a variety of sports. Sport-specific training routines are used by many competitors. These often specify that the speed of
4875:
185:', performing the movements with the appropriate muscle group, and not transferring the weight to different body parts in order to move greater weight (called '
5515:
4446:"Functional and/or structural brain changes in response to resistance exercises and resistance training lead to cognitive improvements - a systematic review"
1904:
1759:"Effects of resistance training performed to repetition failure or non-failure on muscular strength and hypertrophy: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
3091:"Skeletal muscle PGC-1α controls whole-body lactate homeostasis through estrogen-related receptor α-dependent activation of LDH B and repression of LDH A"
2635:
Ribeiro, Alex S.; Nunes, João Pedro; Schoenfeld, Brad J. (June 2020). "Selection of Resistance Exercises for Older Individuals: The Forgotten Variable".
2507:"Effects of linear and daily undulating periodized resistance training programs on measures of muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1121:
In the first picture, the knees are too close and get twisted. For appropriate muscular development and safety the knee should be in line with the foot.
316:
a fatigue recovery effect where splitting the same volume of training across multiple days improves gains, but this must be verified by future research.
5127:
3720:
2250:"Repeated Bouts of Advanced Strength Training Techniques: Effects on Volume Load, Metabolic Responses, and Muscle Activation in Trained Individuals"
36:
A gym environment where various forms of strength training are being practiced. Identified from left to right, the exercises are: overhead presses,
5249:
4937:
1242:
5161:
4183:
Kraemer, Robert R.; Castracane, V. Daniel (February 2015). "Endocrine alterations from concentric vs. eccentric muscle actions: a brief review".
63:, involves the performance of physical exercises that are designed to improve strength and endurance. It is often associated with the lifting of
4810:"The effectiveness of exercise interventions to prevent sports injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"
2595:
2135:"What influence does resistance exercise order have on muscular strength gains and muscle hypertrophy? A systematic review and meta-analysis"
6420:
731:
3581:
6187:
2049:
Gonzalez, Adam M. (December 2016). "Effect of Interset Rest Interval Length on Resistance Exercise Performance and Muscular Adaptation".
3935:
Ponzano M, Rodrigues IB, Hosseini Z, Ashe MC, Butt DA, Chilibeck PD, Stapleton J, Thabane L, Wark JD, Giangregorio LM (February 2021).
5248:
Fragala, Maren S.; Cadore, Eduardo L.; Dorgo, Sandor; Izquierdo, Mikel; Kraemer, William J.; Peterson, Mark D.; Ryan, Eric D. (2019).
5508:
2350:"The effects of traditional, superset, and tri-set resistance training structures on perceived intensity and physiological responses"
2133:
Nunes, João Pedro; Grgic, Jozo; Cunha, Paolo M; Ribeiro, Alex S; Schoenfeld, Brad J; de Salles, Belmiro F; Cyrino, Edilson S (2021).
1109:"Why strength depends on more than muscle: Neural adaptations could account for differing strength gains despite similar muscle mass"
979:. Resistance training programs are safe for older adults, can be adapted for mobility and disability limitations, and may be used in
6741:
6395:
5200:
3674:
American College of Sports Medicine; Sawka, MN; Burke, LM; Eichner, ER; Maughan, RJ; Montain, SJ; Stachenfeld, NS (February 2007).
2248:
Wallace, W; Ugrinowitsch, C; Stefan, M; Rauch, J; Barakat, C; Shields, K; Barninger, A; Barroso, R; De Souza, EO (6 January 2019).
812:
421:
have several variations. Some studies have analyzed the differing muscle activation patterns, which can aid in exercise selection.
621:
perspiration, but as long as fluid intake is roughly equivalent to the rate of perspiration, hydration levels will be maintained.
1216:
639:
of well-hydrated persons should be nearly colorless, while an intense yellow color is normally a sign of insufficient hydration.
614:
throughout the workout by drinking sufficient water. This is particularly true in hot environments, or for those older than 65.
3786:
333:(60-160s) are better than short (20-40 s), but long rest intervals (3–4 minutes) have no significant difference from moderate.
1903:
Grgic, Jozo; Schoenfeld, Brad J.; Davies, Timothy B.; Lazinica, Bruno; Krieger, James W.; Pedisic, Zeljko (22 February 2018).
1642:
Schoenfeld, Brad J; Contreras, Bret; Krieger, James; Grgic, Jozo; Delcastillo, Kenneth; Belliard, Ramon; Alto, Andrew (2019).
3836:
2689:
2575:
1700:"Loading Recommendations for Muscle Strength, Hypertrophy, and Local Endurance: A Re-Examination of the Repetition Continuum"
1536:
1143:
1092:
2565:
682:, such as following stroke or orthopaedic surgery, strength training for weak muscles is a key factor to optimise recovery.
5501:
3303:
Cribb PJ, Hayes A (November 2006). "Effects of supplement timing and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle hypertrophy".
6885:
5305:
Christie J (September 2011). "Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults".
17:
2794:"A systematic review on the muscular activation on the lower limbs with five different variations of the squat exercise"
670:
and reduce pain in people at risk of fracture, with rare adverse effects. Weight-bearing exercise also helps to prevent
294:
Training to muscle failure is not necessary for increasing muscle strength and muscle mass, but it also is not harmful.
4973:"NBC News article on the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report on the prevalence of strength training"
983:
settings. Resistance training at lower intensities such as 45% of 1RM can still result in increased muscular strength.
902:
of the time. Weight training became increasingly popular in the 1970s, following the release of the bodybuilding movie
87:
3409:"Hyperinsulinaemia, hyperaminoacidaemia and post-exercise muscle anabolism: the search for the optimal recovery drink"
6135:
4883:
1813:"The Influence of Movement Tempo During Resistance Training on Muscular Strength and Hypertrophy Responses: A Review"
403:
2829:
6400:
6272:
675:
5250:"Resistance Training for Older Adults: Position Statement From the National Strength and Conditioning Association"
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6504:
6180:
4972:
791:
during weight training should be the same as that of the particular sport. Strength training can substantially
3348:
Schoenfeld, Brad Jon; Aragon, Alan; Wilborn, Colin; Urbina, Stacie L; Hayward, Sara E; Krieger, James (2017).
1905:"Effect of Resistance Training Frequency on Gains in Muscular Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
1275:"No Time to Lift? Designing Time-Efficient Training Programs for Strength and Hypertrophy: A Narrative Review"
6764:
5225:
5186:
2792:
Gene-Morales, Javier; Flandez, Jorge; Juesas, Alvaro; Gargallo, Pedro; Miñana, Iván; Colado, Juan C. (2020).
546:
strength, with the caveat that "Increasing age reduces… the efficacy of protein supplementation during RET."
5135:
3657:
3516:"Prevalence and profile of users and non-users of anabolic steroids among resistance training practitioners"
1554:"The Valsalva maneuver: its effect on intra-abdominal pressure and safety issues during resistance exercise"
1011:
2301:"The Effect of an Upper-Body Agonist-Antagonist Resistance Training Protocol on Volume Load and Efficiency"
2187:"Maximizing Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review of Advanced Resistance Training Techniques and Methods"
3204:
2086:"Comparison Between constant and decreasing rest intervals: influence on maximal strength and hypertrophy"
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Zhao, Jin-Lei; Jiang, Wan-Ting; Wang, Xing; Cai, Zhi-Dong; Liu, Zu-Hong; Liu, Guo-Rong (September 2020).
7112:
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6590:
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6173:
4934:
3582:"Short-Term Creatine Supplementation and Repeated Sprint Ability—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
976:
4027:"Strengthening interventions increase strength and improve activity after stroke: a systematic review"
884:, but by the end of the century these were replaced by the plate-loading barbell commonly used today.
5880:
3069:
975:. Resistance training can improve physical functioning in older people, including the performance of
963:, a decrease in muscle mass and strength. Resistance training can mitigate this effect, and even the
865:
3317:
3272:
2348:
Weakley, JJS; Till, K; Read, DB; Roe, GAB; Darrall-Jones, J; Phibbs, PJ; Jones, B (September 2017).
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Kraemer WJ (August 2003). "Strength training basics: designing workouts to meet patients' goals".
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that will produce a muscular contraction that is close to the maximum of the muscle's potential.
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mean power output was attributed to creatine's ability to counteract the lack of intramuscular
274:
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7117:
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554:
388:
5206:. National Strength and Conditioning Association. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011
5167:. National Strength and Conditioning Association. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011
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4556:"Does Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Influence Episodic Memory through Unique Mechanisms?"
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is necessary to maximize muscle hypertrophy. Strength adaptations may not be hindered by a
506:
361:
143:
83:
68:
5351:"Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults"
2234:
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1382:
Herman, Katherine; Barton, Christian; Malliaras, Peter; Morrissey, Dylan (December 2012).
348:
The largest increases in strength happen for the exercises in the beginning of a session.
8:
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course of a few weeks to 30s can produce similar strength gains to a constant 2 minutes.
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2233: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
1644:"Resistance Training Volume Enhances Muscle Hypertrophy but Not Strength in Trained Men"
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32:
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Momma, Haruki; Kawakami, Ryoko; Honda, Takanori; Sawada, Susumu S. (19 January 2022).
4043:
4026:
3978:"Non-pharmacological management of osteoporosis: a consensus of the Belgian Bone Club"
3350:"Pre- versus post-exercise protein intake has similar effects on muscular adaptations"
891:
as a part of track and field, and was officially recognized as its own event in 1914.
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Schoenfeld, Brad J.; Grgic, Jozo; Van Every, Derrick W.; Plotkin, Daniel L. (2021).
1628:
1513:
1368:
1335:"A systematic review of the effects of upper body warm-up on performance and injury"
1065:
142:
the point of failure. The basic method of resistance training uses the principle of
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3216:
3205:"Carbohydrate restriction: Friend or foe of resistance-based exercise performance?"
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2015:
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41:
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and muscular strength gain which are associated with reduced all-cause mortality.
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1351:
1334:
1243:"Influence of Active and Passive Warming up on Motor Performance of the Athletes"
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do not require any equipment, and others may be performed with equipment such as
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106:
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5649:
5626:
5554:
5075:
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4516:
4349:
3095:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2762:
2648:
1828:
1774:
1290:
853:
849:
703:
429:
Commonly used equipment for resistance training include free weights—including
273:
The load or intensity is often normalized as the percentage of an individual's
234:
5493:
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4297:
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3532:
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2423:
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2019:
1966:
1923:
1873:
942:
specialists used to recommend that children avoid weight training because the
655:
Strength training also provides functional benefits. Stronger muscles improve
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6917:
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6714:
6632:
5971:
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5590:
5468:
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5031:
4845:
4808:
Lauersen, Jeppe Bo; Bertelsen, Ditte Marie; Andersen, Lars Bo (1 June 2014).
4749:
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4640:
4581:
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4524:
4471:
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4357:
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4204:
4153:
4091:
3903:
3846:
3608:
3600:
3541:
3481:
3473:
3424:
3228:
2848:"Effects of Flywheel Training on Strength-Related Variables: a Meta-analysis"
2621:
2532:
2431:
1725:
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1184:
1123:
860:
on his back every day until it was fully grown. Another Greek, the physician
857:
760:
632:
625:
586:
64:
5762:
5736:
5416:
5399:
4243:
3115:
2995:
2907:"Flywheel Training in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation: A Clinical Commentary"
1553:
1400:
926:
Men and women have similar reactions to resistance training with comparable
674:
and to improve bone strength in those with osteoporosis. For many people in
6865:
6827:
6759:
6659:
6330:
6287:
6111:
6101:
6021:
5874:
5476:
5433:
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5101:
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1974:
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1620:
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904:
821:
735:
671:
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On the other hand, for people working with extremely heavy loads (such as
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6437:
6126:
6084:
5886:
5704:
5670:
5560:
5542:
927:
796:
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611:
567:
484:
438:
76:
4836:
3878:
Tieland, Michael; Trouwborst, Inez; Clark, Brian C. (19 November 2017).
650:
628:
do not offer a physiological benefit over water during weight training.
233:
include protecting against a lack of oxygen, passing out, and increased
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6532:
6370:
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5799:
5724:
5632:
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Loprinzi, Paul D.; Moore, Damien; Loenneke, Jeremy P. (December 2020).
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829:
679:
602:. Creatine does not have an effect on fatigue or maximum power output.
527:
505:. Even while training at a lower intensity (training loads of ~20-RM),
340:
Regarding older individuals, a 1 minute rest is sufficient in females.
238:
212:
206:
122:
72:
45:
5460:
4982:
4935:
From Milo to Milo: A History of Barbells, Dumbbells, and Indian Clubs.
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1497:
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6897:
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1273:
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869:
845:
715:
590:
571:
434:
171:
166:
114:
67:. It can also incorporate a variety of training techniques such as
4612:
2299:
Robbins, Daniel W; Young, Warren B; Behm, David G (October 2010).
840:
inscribe their name into the stone. Such rocks have been found in
6960:
6254:
6244:
6224:
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5730:
5596:
5566:
3203:
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2955:"19 Bodyweight Exercises You Can Do At Home for a Quick Workout"
848:
castles. Progressive resistance training dates back at least to
578:) hydrolysate containing mainly dipeptides and tripeptides, and
6912:
6239:
5837:
5715:
2747:
1697:
1641:
841:
817:
152:
147:
110:
5004:
Roberts, Brandon M.; Nuckols, Greg; Krieger, James W. (2020).
3150:
2247:
1381:
464:
from weights, facilitating variable resistance throughout the
371:
periodization, but this designation is considered a misnomer.
27:
Performance of physical exercises designed to improve strength
6513:
4726:
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Cornelissen, Veronique A.; Smart, Neil A. (1 February 2013).
3347:
2846:; Wernstål, Fredrik; Mattsson, C. Mikael (13 December 2018).
2004:
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1035:
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responses that could have positive effects. It also reduces
6945:
6165:
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Wilk, Michal; Zajac, Adam; Tufano, James J. (August 2021).
947:
877:
743:
575:
4130:
3512:
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1473:
663:, and reduce the risk of injury from everyday activities.
6146:
5897:
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4502:
3975:
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2504:
2409:
899:
6482:
5449:
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
4443:
4282:
4065:
84:
progressively increasing the force output of the muscles
5060:
2704:
2460:
2083:
1952:
1859:
1598:
631:
Insufficient hydration may cause lethargy, soreness or
417:
and training maladaptation. Many exercises such as the
4615:"Assessment of Neuroplasticity With Strength Training"
4334:
3877:
3456:
Butts, Jessica; Jacobs, Bret; Silvis, Matthew (2017).
2634:
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Progressive resistance training may improve function,
181:
Strength training also requires the use of proper or '
5003:
4553:
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2842:
651:
Bones, joints, frailty, posture and in people at risk
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3202:
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The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research
5010:
The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research
3772:
3770:
1122:
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734:– likely including functional brain changes, lower
730:Strength training also leads to various beneficial
610:As with other sports, weight trainers should avoid
3580:Glaister, Mark; Rhodes, Lauren (1 November 2022).
2347:
1552:Hackett, Daniel A.; Chow, Chin-Moi (August 2013).
1158:
1080:
864:, described strength training exercises using the
750:
136:
4882:. United States Olympic Committee. Archived from
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686:Mortality, longevity, muscle and body composition
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3569:
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509:is still the major source of power, although
86:and uses a variety of exercises and types of
5344:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5336:
4672:"Exercise, brain plasticity, and depression"
3969:
3714:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1526:
1115:
329:in the next set versus resting 1–2 minutes.
5446:
5355:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3655:
3305:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
3260:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
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2587:
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2403:
2401:
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1165:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
6505:
6491:
6188:
6174:
5516:
5502:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5235:
4965:
3884:Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle
3817:Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop Series
3813:"Physical Exercise as Therapy for Frailty"
3302:
3070:"Muscle Metabolism: Aerobic vs. Anaerobic"
2977:
2975:
1328:
1326:
894:The 1960s saw the gradual introduction of
725:
491:Aerobic exercise versus anaerobic exercise
5415:
5374:
5348:
5333:
5265:
5083:
5021:
4835:
4825:
4703:
4630:
4589:
4571:
4479:
4461:
4420:
4259:
4232:Journal of the American Heart Association
4099:
4042:
4001:
3952:
3911:
3854:
3691:
3669:
3667:
3549:
3531:
3489:
3432:
3375:
3365:
3316:
3271:
3179:
3169:
3146:
3144:
3124:
3114:
2930:
2873:
2863:
2805:
2611:
2540:
2522:
2373:
2316:
2275:
2265:
2212:
2202:
2150:
2126:
2101:
1989:
1836:
1782:
1750:
1733:
1715:
1667:
1487:
1450:
1409:
1399:
1350:
1298:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1192:
200:
5304:
4778:
4386:
3880:"Skeletal muscle performance and ageing"
3406:
3024:
2830:"Types of resistance training equipment"
2593:
2584:
2398:
2048:
816:
813:History of physical training and fitness
755:Moreover, it also promotes decreases in
714:) and alters body composition, reducing
501:Strength training exercise is primarily
165:
31:
5232:
5155:
5153:
4730:Journal of Physical Activity and Health
4031:The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy
3804:
2981:
2972:
2904:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1323:
14:
7100:
5159:
3664:
3141:
3067:
2676:
2674:
2464:European Journal of Applied Physiology
2354:European Journal of Applied Physiology
1529:Designing resistance training programs
1257:
1079:Brooks GA, Fahey TD, White TP (1996).
898:into the still-rare strength training
394:programs may alternate splits weekly.
6486:
6169:
5497:
5121:
5119:
4185:Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental
3257:
971:, better physical function and fewer
782:
397:
5150:
4927:
4728:Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression".
4025:Ada L, Dorsch S, Canning CG (2006).
1799:
452:Resistance can also be generated by
90:. Strength training is primarily an
4676:CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics
4619:Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
2798:Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
2671:
2600:Strength & Conditioning Journal
2594:Sheppard, Jeremy M. (August 2003).
2051:Strength & Conditioning Journal
935:Safety concerns related to children
852:, when legend has it that wrestler
514:aerobic character to the exercise.
310:
24:
5128:"Strength Training and Your Child"
5116:
4814:British Journal of Sports Medicine
4072:British Journal of Sports Medicine
3717:"Busting The 8-Glasses-A-Day Myth"
3413:British Journal of Sports Medicine
3327:10.1249/01.mss.0000233790.08788.3e
3282:10.1249/01.mss.0000121944.19275.c4
3158:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2905:Wonders, Jaap (14 December 2019).
2564:Kraemer WJ, Zatsiorsky VM (2006).
1339:British Journal of Sports Medicine
921:
382:
256:
25:
7134:
916:
909:and the subsequent popularity of
404:List of weight training exercises
297:
211:Weight trainers often spend time
7081:
7072:
7071:
7059:
6469:
6468:
6273:High-intensity interval training
5440:
5391:
5319:10.1111/j.1748-3743.2011.00291.x
4944:Iron Game History (Vol.3, No.6).
4505:Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
4338:Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
3676:"Exercise and Fluid Replacement"
3027:The Physician and Sportsmedicine
2984:The Physician and Sportsmedicine
2613:10.1519/00126548-200308000-00006
2228:
1452:10.1249/00005768-198012050-00004
1279:Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
1134:. The Aasgard Company. pp.
889:in the 1896 Athens Olympic Games
355:
7082:
5349:Liu CJ, Latham NK (July 2009).
5298:
5193:
5054:
4997:
4947:
4902:
4868:
4801:
4772:
4720:
4663:
4606:
4547:
4496:
4437:
4380:
4328:
4276:
4219:
4176:
4124:
4059:
4018:
3928:
3871:
3779:
3735:
3723:from the original on 9 May 2013
3708:
3649:
3631:
3506:
3449:
3400:
3296:
3251:
3196:
3082:
3061:
3018:
2947:
2898:
2836:
2822:
2785:
2741:
2698:
2628:
2557:
2498:
2454:
2341:
2292:
2241:
2077:
2042:
1946:
1896:
1853:
1545:
1520:
1467:
1426:
1375:
1126:, Lon Kilgore (2005). "Knees".
954:
751:Lipid and inflammatory outcomes
585:Some weight trainers also take
137:Principles and training methods
105:Strength training can increase
5367:10.1002/14651858.CD002759.pub2
4876:"The History of Weightlifting"
3039:10.1080/00913847.2003.11440567
2807:10.14198/jhse.2020.15.Proc4.28
1234:
1209:
1152:
1101:
1072:
1029:
1004:
856:trained by carrying a newborn
771:(CRP) as well as increases in
323:
161:
13:
1:
5126:Dowshen S, Homeier B (2005).
4795:10.1016/s0031-9406(05)66120-2
4197:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.024
4044:10.1016/S0004-9514(06)70003-4
3715:Nancy Cordes (2 April 2008).
3407:Manninen AH (November 2006).
2152:10.1080/17461391.2020.1733672
1613:10.1080/02640414.2016.1210197
1527:Fleck SJ, Kraemer WJ (2014).
998:
659:, provide better support for
535:Nutrition and supplementation
6195:
5267:10.1519/JSC.0000000000003230
5023:10.1519/JSC.0000000000003521
4955:"weightlifting | sport"
4827:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092538
4632:10.1249/JES.0000000000000229
4084:10.1136/bjsports-2021-105061
3693:10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597
3171:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608
2719:10.1519/JSC.0000000000003234
2318:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e3826e
2103:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ddae4a
2063:10.1519/SSC.0000000000000257
1660:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001764
1570:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31827de07d
1352:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094228
1050:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002200
605:
424:
227:
7:
5162:"Youth Resistance Training"
4146:10.1016/j.exger.2017.09.012
3776:Johnson-Cane et al., p. 153
3745:. Dartmouth Medical School.
3360:(eCollection 2017): e2825.
3078:. Vol. 18, no. 7.
1177:10.1101/cshperspect.a029769
986:
722:and related complications.
10:
7139:
5076:10.1007/s40279-020-01388-4
4517:10.1007/s40279-021-01535-5
4387:Goossens, Gijs H. (2017).
4350:10.1007/s40279-021-01562-2
3982:Osteoporosis International
3764:Johnson-Cane et al., p. 76
3755:Johnson-Cane et al., p. 75
3639:"Water, Water, Everywhere"
2763:10.1007/s40279-019-01242-2
2649:10.1007/s40279-020-01260-5
1829:10.1007/s40279-021-01465-2
1775:10.1016/j.jshs.2021.01.007
1291:10.1007/s40279-021-01490-1
1087:. Mayfield Publishing Co.
977:activities of daily living
810:
806:
742:(including some degree of
642:
624:Under most circumstances,
538:
494:
401:
386:
359:
204:
7053:
7007:
6974:
6931:
6843:
6798:
6750:
6697:
6571:
6520:
6512:
6466:
6388:
6318:
6263:
6210:
6203:
6094:
6075:
6055:
5999:
5949:
5896:
5853:
5809:
5790:
5746:
5714:
5648:
5576:
5532:
5224:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5185:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4463:10.1186/s11556-019-0217-2
4298:10.1007/s00424-018-2235-8
3994:10.1007/s00198-011-1545-x
3533:10.1186/s12889-019-8004-6
3221:10.1016/j.nut.2018.09.026
2865:10.1186/s40798-018-0169-5
2476:10.1007/s00421-002-0681-6
2424:10.1007/s40279-017-0734-y
2366:10.1007/s00421-017-3680-3
2020:10.1007/s40279-017-0788-x
1967:10.1007/s40279-016-0543-8
1924:10.1007/s40279-018-0872-x
1874:10.1007/s40279-015-0304-0
959:Aging is associated with
698:Strength training causes
549:It is not known how much
193:and muscular adaptation.
6655:Bodybuilding supplements
4573:10.3390/brainsci10120913
4134:Experimental Gerontology
3601:10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0072
3474:10.1177/1941738117737248
3458:"Creatine Use in Sports"
3425:10.1136/bjsm.2006.030031
773:high-density lipoprotein
343:
6421:Neurobiological effects
4959:Encyclopedia Britannica
4914:Encyclopædia Britannica
4910:"Weightlifting | sport"
4244:10.1161/JAHA.112.004473
3116:10.1073/pnas.1212976110
2996:10.3810/psm.2003.08.457
1401:10.1186/1741-7015-10-75
793:prevent sports injuries
765:low-density lipoprotein
732:neurobiological effects
726:Neurobiological effects
5757:Close-grip bench press
4742:10.1123/jpah.2018-0317
2923:10.26603/ijspt20190994
2852:Sports Medicine - Open
2204:10.3390/ijerph16244897
872:) in the 2nd century.
836:
275:one-repetition maximum
248:), breathing à la the
201:Stretching and warm-up
178:
49:
5417:10.1093/ageing/afy009
5085:1959.4/unsworks_83599
2267:10.3390/sports7010014
1717:10.3390/sports9020032
931:lower-body strength.
911:Arnold Schwarzenegger
820:
555:low-carbohydrate diet
402:Further information:
389:Split weight training
387:Further information:
169:
35:
6066:Side-lying leg raise
5811:Abdomen and obliques
5737:Reverse grip push-up
3658:"Metabolism Myth #5"
3075:Dynamic Chiropractic
1648:Med Sci Sports Exerc
678:or with an acquired
522:an aerobic process.
507:anaerobic glycolysis
477:bodyweight exercises
362:Sports periodization
241:and blood pressure.
144:progressive overload
117:strength as well as
69:bodyweight exercises
6448:Outline of exercise
6416:Exercise physiology
6303:Suspension training
6293:Bodyweight exercise
6107:Bodyweight exercise
3954:10.1093/ptj/pzaa221
3107:2013PNAS..110.8738S
1012:"Strength Training"
801:change of direction
481:suspension trainers
94:activity, although
61:resistance training
18:Resistance exercise
7123:Anaerobic exercise
6672:Physical education
6411:Exercise equipment
6406:Exercise and music
6356:Muscle hypertrophy
6265:Anaerobic exercise
6235:Endurance training
6117:Muscle hypertrophy
6059:(inside of thighs)
5922:Dirty dog exercise
5763:Close grip push-up
4940:2012-07-31 at the
4933:Todd, Jan (1995).
3896:10.1002/jcsm.12238
3367:10.7717/peerj.2825
2524:10.7717/peerj.3695
1763:J Sport Health Sci
1221:www.mayoclinic.org
868:(an early form of
837:
789:muscle contraction
783:Sports performance
769:C-reactive protein
720:insulin resistance
693:muscle hypertrophy
497:Anaerobic exercise
470:eccentric overload
398:Exercise selection
179:
98:also is a form of
82:Training works by
50:
7113:Physical exercise
7108:Strength training
7095:
7094:
7066:Sports portal
6677:Physical activity
6623:Athletic training
6606:Strength training
6558:Semi-professional
6480:
6479:
6384:
6383:
6351:Interval training
6326:Athletic training
6298:Flywheel training
6283:Strength training
6163:
6162:
6142:Flywheel training
6136:List of exercises
5953:(front of thighs)
5781:Triceps extension
5681:handstand push-up
5525:Strength training
5461:10.1111/sms.12536
4961:. 29 August 2023.
4880:USA Weightlifting
4688:10.1111/cns.13385
4511:(12): 2483–2506.
4405:10.1159/000471488
3838:978-3-318-05477-4
3829:10.1159/000382065
3656:Mark Dedomenico.
3520:BMC Public Health
3068:Griner T (2000).
2713:(10): 2677–2681.
2691:978-1-4925-0162-6
2577:978-0-7360-5628-1
2418:(10): 2083–2100.
2311:(10): 2632–2640.
1961:(11): 1689–1697.
1607:(11): 1073–1082.
1538:978-0-7360-8170-2
1285:(10): 2079–2095.
1145:978-0-9768054-0-3
1130:Starting Strength
1094:978-0-07-255642-1
993:Physical strength
896:exercise machines
832:and plate-loaded
757:total cholesterol
595:anabolic steroids
458:flywheel training
250:Valsalva maneuver
156:action potentials
127:lactate threshold
53:Strength training
16:(Redirected from
7130:
7085:
7084:
7075:
7074:
7064:
7063:
7062:
6808:General managers
6710:Governing bodies
6507:
6500:
6493:
6484:
6483:
6472:
6471:
6458:Physical fitness
6453:Physical culture
6428:Exercise mimetic
6366:Physical therapy
6336:Circuit training
6230:Distance running
6212:Aerobic exercise
6208:
6207:
6190:
6183:
6176:
6167:
6166:
6003:(back of thighs)
5518:
5511:
5504:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5488:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5419:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5378:
5346:
5331:
5330:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5269:
5260:(8): 2019–2052.
5245:
5230:
5229:
5223:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5205:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5184:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5166:
5157:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5134:. Archived from
5123:
5114:
5113:
5087:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5025:
5016:(5): 1448–1460.
5001:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4981:. Archived from
4969:
4963:
4962:
4951:
4945:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4893:
4891:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4839:
4829:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4707:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4634:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4593:
4575:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4483:
4465:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4424:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4336:Meta-Analysis".
4332:
4326:
4325:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4263:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4103:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4046:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4005:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3941:Physical Therapy
3932:
3926:
3925:
3915:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3858:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3765:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3695:
3671:
3662:
3661:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3586:
3577:
3564:
3563:
3553:
3535:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3493:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3436:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3379:
3369:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3320:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3275:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3173:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3118:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2877:
2867:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2643:(6): 1051–1057.
2632:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2526:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2407:
2396:
2395:
2377:
2360:(9): 1877–1889.
2345:
2339:
2338:
2320:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2269:
2245:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2216:
2206:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2154:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2105:
2096:(7): 1843–1850.
2081:
2075:
2074:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2002:
1987:
1986:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1918:(5): 1207–1220.
1909:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1823:(8): 1629–1650.
1808:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1719:
1695:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1564:(8): 2338–2345.
1549:
1543:
1542:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1491:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1413:
1403:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1354:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1302:
1270:
1255:
1254:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1196:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1133:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1086:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1016:FitnessHealth101
1008:
826:Two Hands Anyhow
779:concentrations.
541:Sports nutrition
447:resistance bands
311:Weekly frequency
266:, the amount of
100:aerobic exercise
96:circuit training
55:, also known as
21:
7138:
7137:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7060:
7058:
7049:
7008:Sport by region
7003:
6970:
6941:Artificial turf
6927:
6898:Olympic culture
6839:
6794:
6746:
6693:
6567:
6538:Military sports
6516:
6511:
6481:
6476:
6462:
6443:Fitness culture
6433:Exercise trends
6380:
6361:Outdoor fitness
6314:
6308:Weight training
6259:
6199:
6194:
6164:
6159:
6132:Weight training
6090:
6071:
6051:
5995:
5945:
5892:
5849:
5805:
5786:
5742:
5718:(front of arms)
5710:
5693:Rear delt raise
5644:
5572:
5528:
5522:
5492:
5455:(9): 995–1006.
5445:
5441:
5396:
5392:
5361:(3): CD002759.
5347:
5334:
5303:
5299:
5246:
5233:
5217:
5216:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5178:
5177:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5160:Faigenbaum AD.
5158:
5151:
5141:
5139:
5124:
5117:
5064:Sports Medicine
5059:
5055:
5002:
4998:
4988:
4986:
4985:on 8 April 2013
4971:
4970:
4966:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4942:Wayback Machine
4932:
4928:
4918:
4916:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4889:
4887:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4820:(11): 871–877.
4806:
4802:
4777:
4773:
4725:
4721:
4668:
4664:
4611:
4607:
4552:
4548:
4501:
4497:
4442:
4438:
4385:
4381:
4333:
4329:
4281:
4277:
4224:
4220:
4181:
4177:
4129:
4125:
4078:(13): 755–763.
4064:
4060:
4023:
4019:
3988:(11): 2769–88.
3974:
3970:
3933:
3929:
3876:
3872:
3839:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3713:
3709:
3672:
3665:
3654:
3650:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3584:
3578:
3567:
3511:
3507:
3454:
3450:
3405:
3401:
3346:
3342:
3318:10.1.1.320.6223
3311:(11): 1918–25.
3301:
3297:
3273:10.1.1.562.4723
3256:
3252:
3201:
3197:
3149:
3142:
3101:(21): 8738–43.
3087:
3083:
3066:
3062:
3023:
3019:
2980:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2917:(6): 994–1000.
2903:
2899:
2841:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2790:
2786:
2751:Sports Medicine
2746:
2742:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2637:Sports Medicine
2633:
2629:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2562:
2558:
2503:
2499:
2459:
2455:
2412:Sports Medicine
2408:
2399:
2346:
2342:
2297:
2293:
2246:
2242:
2183:
2176:
2139:Eur J Sport Sci
2131:
2127:
2082:
2078:
2047:
2043:
2003:
1990:
1955:Sports Medicine
1951:
1947:
1912:Sports Medicine
1907:
1901:
1897:
1862:Sports Medicine
1858:
1854:
1817:Sports Medicine
1809:
1800:
1755:
1751:
1696:
1685:
1640:
1636:
1597:
1593:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1525:
1521:
1498:10.1519/18205.1
1489:10.1.1.455.9358
1472:
1468:
1431:
1427:
1380:
1376:
1345:(14): 935–942.
1331:
1324:
1271:
1258:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1077:
1073:
1044:(12): 3508–23.
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1001:
989:
981:assisted living
969:quality of life
957:
937:
924:
922:Sex differences
919:
815:
809:
785:
753:
740:neuroplasticity
728:
688:
668:quality of life
653:
645:
608:
600:phosphocreatine
563:nutrient timing
543:
537:
499:
493:
466:range of motion
443:weight machines
427:
406:
400:
391:
385:
383:Training splits
364:
358:
346:
326:
313:
300:
259:
257:Training volume
230:
209:
203:
164:
146:, in which the
139:
57:weight training
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7136:
7126:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7079:
7069:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7011:
7009:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7001:
6996:
6994:National sport
6991:
6986:
6980:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6937:
6935:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6913:Sports mascots
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6847:
6845:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6810:
6804:
6802:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6756:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6728:
6727:
6722:
6712:
6707:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6674:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6615:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6577:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6517:
6510:
6509:
6502:
6495:
6487:
6478:
6477:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6346:Cross-training
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6280:
6275:
6269:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6216:
6214:
6205:
6201:
6200:
6193:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6170:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6154:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6081:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6062:
6060:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6013:
6006:
6004:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5987:
5981:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5956:
5954:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5906:
5904:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5884:
5881:Hyperextension
5878:
5872:
5866:
5859:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5816:
5814:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5796:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5753:
5751:
5750:(back of arms)
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5734:
5728:
5721:
5719:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5702:
5699:Shoulder press
5696:
5690:
5684:
5674:
5668:
5662:
5655:
5653:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5636:
5630:
5627:Shoulder shrug
5624:
5618:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5587:
5585:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5546:
5539:
5537:
5530:
5529:
5521:
5520:
5513:
5506:
5498:
5491:
5490:
5439:
5410:(3): 367–373.
5404:Age and Ageing
5390:
5332:
5297:
5231:
5192:
5149:
5138:on 2 July 2008
5132:kidshealth.org
5115:
5070:(3): 503–517.
5053:
4996:
4964:
4946:
4926:
4901:
4886:on 7 July 2013
4867:
4800:
4771:
4736:(6): 477–491.
4719:
4682:(9): 885–895.
4662:
4625:(4): 151–162.
4605:
4560:Brain Sciences
4546:
4495:
4436:
4399:(3): 207–215.
4379:
4344:(2): 287–300.
4327:
4292:(3): 467–478.
4275:
4238:(1): e004473.
4218:
4191:(2): 190–201.
4175:
4123:
4058:
4017:
3968:
3927:
3870:
3837:
3803:
3778:
3766:
3757:
3748:
3734:
3707:
3686:(2): 377–390.
3663:
3648:
3630:
3595:(6): 491–500.
3565:
3505:
3448:
3399:
3340:
3295:
3250:
3195:
3164:(6): 376–384.
3140:
3081:
3060:
3017:
2971:
2946:
2897:
2835:
2821:
2784:
2757:(4): 815–828.
2740:
2697:
2690:
2670:
2627:
2583:
2576:
2556:
2497:
2470:(1–2): 50–60.
2453:
2397:
2340:
2291:
2240:
2174:
2145:(2): 149–157.
2125:
2076:
2041:
2014:(1): 137–151.
1988:
1945:
1895:
1868:(4): 577–585.
1852:
1798:
1769:(2): 202–211.
1749:
1683:
1634:
1591:
1544:
1537:
1519:
1466:
1445:(5): 322–329.
1425:
1374:
1322:
1256:
1233:
1208:
1171:(6): a029769.
1151:
1144:
1114:
1100:
1093:
1071:
1028:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
988:
985:
956:
953:
936:
933:
923:
920:
918:
917:Subpopulations
915:
854:Milo of Croton
850:Ancient Greece
828:with an early
808:
805:
784:
781:
752:
749:
727:
724:
704:blood pressure
687:
684:
676:rehabilitation
652:
649:
644:
641:
607:
604:
587:ergogenic aids
539:Main article:
536:
533:
492:
489:
460:instead of by
426:
423:
399:
396:
384:
381:
357:
354:
345:
342:
325:
322:
312:
309:
299:
298:Movement tempo
296:
292:
291:
287:
283:
258:
255:
235:blood pressure
229:
226:
205:Main article:
202:
199:
163:
160:
138:
135:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7135:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7088:
7080:
7078:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7056:
7055:
7052:
7046:
7045:South America
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7035:North America
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7006:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6973:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6930:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6918:Sportsmanship
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6861:Entertainment
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6842:
6836:
6833:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6801:
6800:Communication
6797:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6743:
6742:International
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6698:Organizations
6696:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6684:Rating system
6682:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6648:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6596:Periodization
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6508:
6503:
6501:
6496:
6494:
6489:
6488:
6485:
6475:
6465:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6191:
6186:
6184:
6179:
6177:
6172:
6171:
6168:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6122:Weightlifting
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6054:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6023:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5972:Leg extension
5970:
5967:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5948:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5832:Russian twist
5830:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5687:Lateral raise
5685:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5647:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5591:Bent-over row
5589:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5526:
5519:
5514:
5512:
5507:
5505:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5394:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5301:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5227:
5221:
5202:
5196:
5188:
5182:
5163:
5156:
5154:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5122:
5120:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5057:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4968:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4930:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4898:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4804:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4782:Physiotherapy
4775:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4723:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4499:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4393:Obesity Facts
4390:
4383:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4331:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4279:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4013:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3773:
3771:
3761:
3752:
3744:
3738:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3660:. MSN Health.
3659:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3462:Sports Health
3459:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3419:(11): 900–5.
3418:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3266:(4): 689–96.
3265:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2976:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2844:Petré, Henrik
2839:
2831:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2588:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:(1): 94–103.
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1253:(2): 216–234.
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1003:
994:
991:
990:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
952:
949:
945:
944:growth plates
941:
932:
929:
914:
912:
908:
906:
901:
897:
892:
890:
885:
883:
879:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
835:
831:
827:
824:performing a
823:
819:
814:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:triglycerides
758:
748:
745:
741:
737:
733:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
648:
640:
638:
634:
633:muscle cramps
629:
627:
626:sports drinks
622:
618:
615:
613:
603:
601:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
558:
556:
552:
547:
542:
532:
529:
523:
519:
515:
512:
508:
504:
498:
488:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
422:
420:
416:
410:
405:
395:
390:
380:
376:
372:
370:
363:
356:Periodization
353:
349:
341:
338:
334:
330:
321:
317:
308:
304:
295:
288:
284:
280:
279:
278:
276:
271:
269:
265:
254:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
225:
221:
217:
214:
208:
198:
194:
192:
188:
184:
176:
173:
168:
159:
157:
154:
149:
145:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
7118:Bodybuilding
7057:
6856:Cheerleaders
6765:Broadcasting
6660:Sports drink
6628:Chriopractic
6605:
6586:Biomechanics
6553:Professional
6331:Calisthenics
6288:Bodybuilding
6282:
6112:Calisthenics
6102:Bodybuilding
6022:Good-morning
5875:Good-morning
5584:(upper back)
5524:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5407:
5403:
5393:
5358:
5354:
5313:(3): 244–6.
5310:
5306:
5300:
5257:
5253:
5208:. Retrieved
5195:
5169:. Retrieved
5140:. Retrieved
5136:the original
5131:
5067:
5063:
5056:
5013:
5009:
4999:
4987:. Retrieved
4983:the original
4976:
4967:
4958:
4949:
4929:
4917:. Retrieved
4913:
4904:
4895:
4888:. Retrieved
4884:the original
4879:
4870:
4837:11250/279729
4817:
4813:
4803:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4733:
4729:
4722:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4563:
4559:
4549:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4396:
4392:
4382:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4037:(4): 241–8.
4034:
4030:
4020:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3820:
3816:
3806:
3794:. Retrieved
3790:
3781:
3760:
3751:
3737:
3725:. Retrieved
3710:
3683:
3679:
3651:
3642:
3633:
3592:
3588:
3523:
3519:
3508:
3468:(1): 31–34.
3465:
3461:
3451:
3416:
3412:
3402:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3161:
3157:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3073:
3063:
3033:(3): 31–49.
3030:
3026:
3020:
2990:(8): 39–45.
2987:
2983:
2962:. Retrieved
2959:Verywell Fit
2958:
2949:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2855:
2851:
2838:
2824:
2797:
2787:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2681:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2606:(4): 26–30.
2603:
2599:
2566:
2559:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2415:
2411:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2227:
2197:(24): 4897.
2194:
2190:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2057:(6): 65–68.
2054:
2050:
2044:
2011:
2007:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1915:
1911:
1898:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1820:
1816:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1707:
1703:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1604:
1601:J Sports Sci
1600:
1594:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1528:
1522:
1482:(3): 492–9.
1479:
1475:
1469:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1391:
1388:BMC Medicine
1387:
1377:
1342:
1338:
1282:
1278:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:
1211:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1129:
1117:
1103:
1082:
1074:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:
1006:
958:
955:Older adults
938:
928:effect sizes
925:
905:Pumping Iron
903:
893:
886:
874:
838:
822:Arthur Saxon
799:and improve
786:
754:
736:white matter
729:
697:
689:
672:osteoporosis
665:
654:
646:
630:
623:
619:
616:
609:
584:
559:
551:carbohydrate
548:
544:
524:
520:
516:
500:
485:pull-up bars
474:
451:
428:
415:overtraining
411:
407:
392:
377:
373:
368:
365:
350:
347:
339:
335:
331:
327:
318:
314:
305:
301:
293:
272:
263:
260:
246:powerlifters
243:
231:
222:
218:
210:
195:
191:neurological
180:
140:
119:bone density
104:
81:
60:
56:
52:
51:
38:battle ropes
29:
6961:Flying disc
6876:Memorabilia
6785:Sponsorship
6438:Fitness app
6401:Epigenetics
6127:Plyometrics
5887:Pelvic lift
5705:Upright row
5671:Front raise
5652:(shoulders)
5561:Machine fly
5543:Bench press
4890:3 September
4566:(12): 913.
3947:(2): 1–12.
3890:(1): 3–19.
3791:Mayo Clinic
3526:(1): 1650.
3215:: 136–146.
940:Orthopaedic
797:jump height
795:, increase
777:adiponectin
767:(LDL), and
612:dehydration
568:dehydration
439:kettlebells
324:Rest period
162:Proper form
77:plyometrics
7102:Categories
6999:Regulation
6989:Ministries
6984:Sports law
6966:Sportswear
6903:Philosophy
6813:Journalism
6725:Postseason
6643:Psychology
6638:Physicians
6601:Physiology
6543:Parasports
6528:Individual
6371:Stretching
6085:Calf raise
6001:Hamstrings
5951:Quadriceps
5855:Lower back
5800:Wrist curl
5725:Bicep curl
5633:Supine row
5621:Seated row
5210:18 January
5171:18 January
5142:18 January
4989:1 February
2964:19 October
2008:Sports Med
1124:Rippetoe M
999:References
965:oldest old
961:sarcopenia
830:kettlebell
811:See also:
775:(HDL) and
680:disability
528:PGC-1alpha
495:See also:
360:See also:
239:heart rate
213:warming up
207:Warming up
175:half-squat
129:; improve
125:, and the
123:metabolism
73:isometrics
46:kettlebell
7020:Australia
6933:Equipment
6908:Rivalries
6893:Numbering
6886:Nicknames
6835:Promoters
6818:Magazines
6780:Marketing
6770:Economics
6689:Sociology
6650:Nutrition
6278:Sprinting
6057:Adductors
6034:Leg press
5978:Leg press
5928:Leg press
5826:Leg raise
5813:(abdomen)
5775:Push-down
5677:Headstand
5665:Face pull
5639:Face pull
5609:Pull-down
5603:Muscle-up
5582:trapezius
5549:Chest fly
5534:Pectorals
5527:exercises
5469:0905-7188
5426:0002-0729
5292:198492682
5276:1064-8011
5110:229302688
5094:1179-2035
5048:214681362
5032:1064-8011
4846:0306-3674
4789:(1): 47.
4766:133606401
4750:1543-5474
4696:1755-5949
4657:220501435
4641:0091-6331
4582:2076-3425
4541:237247819
4525:1179-2035
4472:1813-7253
4413:1662-4033
4374:237551461
4358:1179-2035
4306:1432-2013
4252:2047-9980
4205:1532-8600
4154:1873-6815
4140:: 80–86.
4118:247169550
4092:0306-3674
3904:2190-5991
3847:1664-2155
3823:: 83–92.
3796:16 August
3625:251952408
3609:1526-484X
3542:1471-2458
3482:1941-7381
3313:CiteSeerX
3268:CiteSeerX
3229:0899-9007
3209:Nutrition
2858:(1): 55.
2816:242661004
2779:208869268
2735:195798475
2665:210985951
2622:1524-1602
2533:2167-8359
2517:: e3695.
2432:1179-2035
2392:253892268
2260:(1): 14.
2235:CC BY 4.0
2169:211214313
1983:207494003
1726:2075-4663
1710:(2): 32.
1578:1533-4287
1484:CiteSeerX
1394:(1): 75.
1317:235419384
1185:2157-1422
946:on their
882:lead shot
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