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53:, which refers to a metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy (in the form of ATP and NADPH) by oxidizing nutrients and releasing waste products. Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the organism, while physiologic respiration concerns the
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Exchange of gases in the lung occurs by ventilation and perfusion. Ventilation refers to the in-and-out movement of air of the lungs and perfusion is the circulation of blood in the pulmonary capillaries. In mammals, physiological respiration involves respiratory cycles of
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The process of breathing does not fill the alveoli with atmospheric air during each inhalation (about 350 ml per breath), but the inhaled air is carefully diluted and thoroughly mixed with a large volume of gas (about 2.5 liters in adult humans) known as the
185:
if the precise usage were to be followed. During respiration the C-H bonds are broken by oxidation-reduction reaction and so carbon dioxide and water are also produced. The cellular energy-yielding process is called cellular respiration.
107:. In contrast, exhalation (breathing out) is usually a passive process, though there are many exceptions: when generating functional overpressure (speaking, singing, humming, laughing, blowing, snorting, sneezing, coughing,
111:); when exhaling underwater (swimming, diving); at high levels of physiological exertion (running, climbing, throwing) where more rapid gas exchange is necessitated; or in some forms of breath-controlled
103:. Contraction of the diaphragm muscle causes a pressure variation, which is equal to the pressures caused by elastic, resistive and inertial components of the
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697:. Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Mark McGinley and C.J.Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
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127:. Physiological respiration involves the mechanisms that ensure that the composition of the
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is the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within
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Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P, eds. (2002).
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545: – Method to mechanically assist or replace spontaneous breathing
76:. Inhalation (breathing in) is usually an active movement that brings
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There are several ways to classify the physiology of respiration:
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Nelsons VCE Units 1–2 Physical
Education. 2010 Cengage Copyright.
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gaseous composition differs markedly from that of the ambient air
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The physiological definition of respiration differs from the
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which remains in the lungs after each exhalation, and whose
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in the opposite direction to the surrounding environment.
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61:between the organism and the external environment.
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16:Exchange of gases between environment and tissues
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588:"NADH and NADPH Are Important Electron Carriers"
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167:is not consistently followed, even by most
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654:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
335:By intensive care and emergency medicine
329:Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry
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652:Respiratory Physiology of Vertebrates
1090:oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve
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177:(RR) is a well-established term in
88:takes place between the air in the
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573:Introductory Animal Physiology
216:format but may read better as
190:Classifications of respiration
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593:Molecular Biology of the Cell
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129:functional residual capacity
121:functional residual capacity
21:Respiration (disambiguation)
7:
1048:Ventilation/perfusion ratio
899:pulmonary stretch receptors
571:Hinic-Frlog, Sanja (2019).
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1080:alveolar–arterial gradient
650:Nilsson, Goran E. (2010).
596:(4th ed.). New York:
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961:respiratory minute volume
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873:ventral respiratory group
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463:Carbon monoxide poisoning
418:Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
868:dorsal respiratory group
762:obligate nasal breathing
673:Eckert Animal Physiology
638:Johns Hopkins University
458:Carbon dioxide poisoning
1070:pulmonary gas pressures
692:C.Michael Hogan. 2011.
669:Randall, David (2002).
402:By other medical topics
361:Intensive care medicine
319:Huff and puff apparatus
225:converting this section
824:mechanical ventilation
733:Respiratory physiology
689:, human biology 146149
543:Respiratory monitoring
433:Decompression sickness
346:Mechanical ventilation
302:Control of respiration
270:Intestinal respiration
51:biochemical definition
1075:alveolar gas equation
1011:pulmonary circulation
265:Cutaneous respiration
169:health care providers
84:where the process of
1130:respiratory quotient
985:body plethysmography
904:Hering–Breuer reflex
779:pulmonary surfactant
19:For other uses, see
973:Lung function tests
807:hyperresponsiveness
408:Respiratory therapy
391:General anaesthesia
255:Aquatic respiration
171:, because the term
139:. Thus, in precise
137:throughout the body
1140:diffusion capacity
1135:arterial blood gas
1115:carbonic anhydrase
849:pneumotaxic center
534:Respiratory sounds
529:Outline of biology
523:Diffusing capacity
381:Medical ventilator
297:Arterial blood gas
275:Respiratory system
227:, if appropriate.
105:respiratory system
1186:
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1094:Oxygen saturation
1060:zones of the lung
799:airway resistance
661:978-0-521-70302-4
474:Additional images
453:Nitrogen narcosis
443:Oxygen equivalent
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57:and transport of
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995:nitrogen washout
854:apneustic center
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174:respiratory rate
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237:February 2014
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1065:gas exchange
1030:Interactions
955:calculations
916:Lung volumes
879:
860:
841:
812:constriction
774:respirometer
694:
672:
651:
610:– via
591:
581:
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428:Gas embolism
396:Laryngoscope
386:Life support
292:Gas exchange
281:By mechanism
234:
229:Editing help
211:
193:
182:
172:
165:prescription
160:
148:
144:
143:, the words
117:
109:powerlifting
86:gas exchange
63:
48:
31:
25:
1204:Respiration
1104:Bohr effect
1004:Circulation
740:Respiration
695:Respiration
179:health care
163:; but this
161:respiration
149:ventilation
101:capillaries
59:metabolites
32:respiration
1193:Categories
1166:death zone
1085:hemoglobin
980:spirometry
939:dead space
892:peripheral
817:dilatation
803:bronchial
784:compliance
757:exhalation
752:inhalation
553:References
438:Barotrauma
351:Intubation
324:Spirometry
249:By species
113:meditation
38:, and the
28:physiology
1199:Excretion
1042:Perfusion
356:Iron lung
287:Breathing
145:breathing
98:pulmonary
80:into the
55:diffusion
1053:V/Q scan
634:Overview
517:See also
157:synonyms
153:hyponyms
92:and the
1178:hypoxia
1099:2,3-BPG
887:central
862:medulla
834:Control
423:Hypoxia
96:in the
90:alveoli
74:breaths
71:exhaled
67:inhaled
40:removal
36:tissues
747:breath
681:
658:
604:
212:is in
155:, not
307:Apnea
218:prose
159:, of
141:usage
94:blood
82:lungs
1144:DLCO
1044:(Q)
843:pons
679:ISBN
656:ISBN
602:ISBN
468:HPNS
371:ECMO
214:list
151:are
147:and
69:and
949:PEF
929:FRC
636:at
341:CPR
131:is
78:air
42:of
26:In
1195::
944:CC
934:Vt
924:VC
600:.
590:.
561:^
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1142:(
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1117:(
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1092:(
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239:)
235:(
221:.
30:,
23:.
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