2753:. They argued further that the morality or immorality of any action could not be judged outside of the cultural context within which it occurred. The well-known phrase, "Man is the measure of all things" arises from this belief. One of the Sophists' most famous, and infamous, doctrines has to do with probability and counter arguments. They taught that every argument could be countered with an opposing argument, that an argument's effectiveness derived from how "likely" it appeared to the audience (its probability of seeming true), and that any probability argument could be countered with an inverted probability argument. Thus, if it seemed likely that a strong, poor man were guilty of robbing a rich, weak man, the strong poor man could argue, on the contrary, that this very likelihood (that he would be a suspect) makes it unlikely that he committed the crime, since he would most likely be apprehended for the crime. They also taught and were known for their ability to make the weaker (or worse) argument the stronger (or better).
2789:), like the Sophists, taught public speaking as a means of human improvement, but he worked to distinguish himself from the Sophists, whom he saw as claiming far more than they could deliver. He suggested that while an art of virtue or excellence did exist, it was only one piece, and the least, in a process of self-improvement that relied much more on native talent, desire, constant practice, and the imitation of good models. Isocrates believed that practice in speaking publicly about noble themes and important questions would improve the character of both speaker and audience while also offering the best service to a city. Isocrates was an outspoken champion of rhetoric as a mode of civic engagement. He thus wrote his speeches as "models" for his students to imitate in the same way that poets might imitate Homer or Hesiod, seeking to inspire in them a desire to attain fame through civic leadership. His was the first permanent school in
2335:
According to
Harpine, certainty is either objective or subjective. Although both Scotts and Cherwitz and Hikins theories deal with some form of certainty, Harpine believes that knowledge is not required to be neither objectively nor subjectively certain. In terms of "rhetoric", Harpine argues that the definition of rhetoric as "the art of persuasion" is the best choice in the context of this theoretical approach of rhetoric as epistemic. Harpine then proceeds to present two methods of approaching the idea of rhetoric as epistemic based on the definitions presented. One centers on Alston's view that one's beliefs are justified if formed by one's normal doxastic while the other focuses on the causal theory of knowledge. Both approaches manage to avoid Gettier's problems and do not rely on unclear conceptions of certainty.
3437:). Thus, in giving a speech in defense of a poet whose Roman citizenship had been questioned, the orator should examine not only the specifics of that poet's civic status, he should also examine the role and value of poetry and of literature more generally in Roman culture and political life. The orator, said Cicero, needed to be knowledgeable about all areas of human life and culture, including law, politics, history, literature, ethics, warfare, medicine, and even arithmetic and geometry. Cicero gave rise to the idea that the "ideal orator" be well-versed in all branches of learning: an idea that was rendered as "liberal humanism", and that lives on today in liberal arts or general education requirements in colleges and universities around the world.
4865:, focusing on comparative methodologies in the age of globalization. In 2015, LuMing Mao and Bo Wang coedited a symposium featuring position essays by a group of leading scholars in the field. In their introduction, Mao and Wang emphasize the fluid and cross-cultural nature of rhetoric, "Rhetorical knowledge, like any other knowledge, is heterogeneous, multidimentional, and always in the process of being created." The symposium includes "A Manifesto: The What and How of Comparative Rhetoric", demonstrating the first collective effort to identify and articulate comparative rhetoric's definition, goals, and methodologies. The tenets of this manifesto are engaged with in many later works that study or utilize comparative rhetoric.
52:
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topics were thus a heuristic or inventional tool designed to help speakers categorize and thus better retain and apply frequently used types of argument. For example, since we often see effects as "like" their causes, one way to invent an argument (about a future effect) is by discussing the cause (which it will be "like"). This and other rhetorical topics derive from
Aristotle's belief that there are certain predictable ways in which humans (particularly non-specialists) draw conclusions from premises. Based upon and adapted from his dialectical Topics, the rhetorical topics became a central feature of later rhetorical theorizing, most famously in Cicero's work of that name.
1554:
2399:- the sophists came to be common term for someone who sold wisdom for money. although there is no clear understanding why the Sicilians engaged to educating the Athenians persuasive speech. It is known that the Athenians did, indeed rely on persuasive speech, more during public speak, and four new political processes, also increasing the sophists trainings leading too many victories for legal cases, public debate, and even a simple persuasive speech. This ultimately led to concerns rising on falsehood over truth, with highly trained, persuasive speakers, knowingly, misinforming.
3816:
1370:
1350:
1769:, rhetoric is "...the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion". According to Aristotle, this art of persuasion could be used in public settings in three different ways: "A member of the assembly decides about future events, a juryman about past events: while those who merely decide on the orator's skill are observers. From this it follows that there are three divisions of oratoryâ(1) political, (2) forensic, and (3) the ceremonial oratory of display". Eugene Garver, in his critique of Aristotle's
4446:. According to Weaver there are four types of argument, and through the argument type a rhetorician habitually uses a critic can discern their worldview. Those who prefer the argument from genus or definition are idealists. Those who argue from similitude, such as poets and religious people, see the connectedness between things. The argument from consequence sees a cause and effect relationship. Finally the argument from circumstance considers the particulars of a situation and is an argument preferred by liberals.
4032:, proposed a new curriculum. In his scheme of things, the five components of rhetoric no longer lived under the common heading of rhetoric. Instead, invention and disposition were determined to fall exclusively under the heading of dialectic, while style, delivery, and memory were all that remained for rhetoric. Ramus was martyred during the French Wars of Religion. His teachings, seen as inimical to Catholicism, were short-lived in France but found a fertile ground in the Netherlands, Germany, and England.
3021:" (they form two sections of the whole and are sung by two parts of the chorus), so the art of rhetoric follows and is structurally patterned after the art of dialectic because both are arts of discourse production. While dialectical methods are necessary to find truth in theoretical matters, rhetorical methods are required in practical matters such as adjudicating somebody's guilt or innocence when charged in a court of law, or adjudicating a prudent course of action to be taken in a deliberative assembly.
4653:
includes, but it is not limited to, speeches, scientific discourse, pamphlets, literary work, works of art, and pictures. Contemporary rhetorical criticism has maintained aspects of early neo-Aristotelian thinking through close reading, which attempts to explore the organization and stylistic structure of a rhetorical object. Using close textual analysis means rhetorical critics use the tools of classical rhetoric and literary analysis to evaluate the style and strategy used to communicate the argument.
12422:
2896:
2057:
communication and help different cultures communicate effectively with each other. James Zappen defines cultural rhetorics as the idea that rhetoric is concerned with negotiation and listening, not persuasion, which differs from ancient definitions. Some ancient rhetoric was disparaged because its persuasive techniques could be used to teach falsehoods. Communication as studied in cultural rhetorics is focused on listening and negotiation, and has little to do with persuasion.
1936:
come more readily through reading and hearing the eloquent than by pursuing the rules of rhetoric." Poetry and letter writing became central to rhetorical study during the Middle Ages. After the fall of the Roman republic, poetry became a tool for rhetorical training since there were fewer opportunities for political speech. Letter writing was the primary way business was conducted both in state and church, so it became an important aspect of rhetorical education.
1716:, White argues that culture is "reconstituted" through language. Just as language influences people, people influence language. Language is socially constructed, and depends on the meanings people attach to it. Because language is not rigid and changes depending on the situation, the very usage of language is rhetorical. An author, White would say, is always trying to construct a new world and persuading his or her readers to share that world within the text.
12767:
2387:, "the people". Political and cultural identity had been tied to the city area - the citizens of Athens formed institutions to the red processes: are the Senate, jury trials, and forms of public discussions, but people needed to learn how to navigate these new institutions. With no forms of passing on the information, other than word of mouth the Athenians needed an effective strategy to inform the people. A group of wandering Sicilian's later known as the
4666:
rhetorical act. These are not hollow goals, but quality of life issues. By improving understanding and appreciation, the critic can offer new and potentially exciting ways for others to see the world. Through understanding we also produce knowledge about human communication; in theory this should help us to better govern our interactions with others." Criticism is a humanizing activity in that it explores and highlights qualities that make us human.
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3461:
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4835:
present cultures across the globe to reveal diversity in the uses of rhetoric and to uncover rhetorical perspectives, practices, and traditions that have been historically underrepresented or dismissed. As a methodology, comparative rhetoric constructs a culture's rhetorical perspectives, practices, and traditions on their own terms, in their own contexts, as opposed to using
European or American theories, terminology, or framing.
10330:
2727:, or what we might broadly refer to as discourse, its functions and powers. They defined parts of speech, analyzed poetry, parsed close synonyms, invented argumentation strategies, and debated the nature of reality. They claimed to make their students better, or, in other words, to teach virtue. They thus claimed that human excellence was not an accident of fate or a prerogative of noble birth, but an art or "
1755:, Isocrates states, "We have come together and founded cities and made laws and invented arts; and, generally speaking, there is no institution devised by man which the power of speech has not helped us to establish." With this statement he argues that rhetoric is a fundamental part of civic life in every society and that it has been necessary in the foundation of all aspects of society. He further argues in
4132:(founded 1636), Ramus and his followers dominated. However, in England, several writers influenced the course of rhetoric during the 17th century, many of them carrying forward the dichotomy that had been set forth by Ramus and his followers during the preceding decades. This century also saw the development of a modern, vernacular style that looked to English, rather than to Greek, Latin, or French models.
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Humanities, methods of research may also take many formsâcriticism, ethnography, for exampleâbut the personality of the researcher is an integral component of the study. Further personalizing criticism, we find that rhetorical critics use a variety of means when examining a particular rhetorical artifact, with some critics even developing their own unique perspective to better examine a rhetorical artifact.
4680:
1859:
a new form of government, known as democracy, that was being experimented with. Consequently people began to fear that persuasive speech would overpower truth. Aristotle however believed that this technique was an art, and that persuasive speech could have truth and logic embedded within it. In the end, rhetoric speech still remained popular and was used by many scholars and philosophers.
5106:
1855:
propaganda, presented to sway and maintain public opinion in their favor, and garner a positive image, potentially at the expense of suppressing dissent or criticism. An example of this is the government's actions in freezing bank accounts and regulating internet speech, ostensibly to protect the vulnerable and preserve freedom of expression, despite contradicting values and rights.
5120:
1569:, to many modern scholars it encompasses every aspect of culture. Contemporary studies of rhetoric address a much more diverse range of domains than was the case in ancient times. While classical rhetoric trained speakers to be effective persuaders in public forums and in institutions such as courtrooms and assemblies, contemporary rhetoric investigates human discourse
4535:, Edwin Black states, "It is the task of criticism not to measure... discourses dogmatically against some parochial standard of rationality but, allowing for the immeasurable wide range of human experience, to see them as they really are." While "as they really are" is debatable, rhetorical critics explain texts and speeches by investigating their
4471:, "The use of rhetoric is an art, and as such, it does not lend itself well to scientific methods of analysis. Criticism is an art as well, and as such is particularly well suited for examining rhetorical creations." He asserts that criticism is a method of generating knowledge just as the scientific method is a method for generating knowledge:
3778:). His dissertation is still noteworthy for undertaking to study the history of the verbal arts together as the trivium, even though the developments that he surveys have been studied in greater detail since he undertook his study. As noted below, McLuhan became one of the most widely publicized communication theorists of the 20th century.
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those who are not yet philosophers and are thus unready to pursue dialectic directly. Plato's animosity against rhetoric, and against the
Sophists, derives not only from their inflated claims to teach virtue and their reliance on appearances, but from the fact that his teacher, Socrates, was sentenced to death after Sophists' efforts.
2603:. In Classical times, many of the great thinkers and political leaders performed their works before an audience, usually in the context of a competition or contest for fame, political influence, and cultural capital. In fact, many of them are known only through the texts that their students, followers, or detractors wrote down.
4219:, a novelist and children's author whose work often parodied the male-centric rhetorical strategies of her time. In her 1795 "An Essay on the Noble Science of Self-Justification," Edgeworth presents a satire of Enlightenment rhetoric's science-centrism and the Belletristic Movement. She was called "the great Maria" by
3550:, Quintilian organizes rhetorical study through the stages of education that an aspiring orator would undergo, beginning with the selection of a nurse. Aspects of elementary education (training in reading and writing, grammar, and literary criticism) are followed by preliminary rhetorical exercises in composition (the
1723:, via practices which were once viewed as being merely the objective testing and reporting of knowledge, scientists persuade their audience to accept their findings by sufficiently demonstrating that their study or experiment was conducted reliably and resulted in sufficient evidence to support their conclusions.
4370:. These books represent an inward turn to attending to one's consciousness in contrast to the more outward orientation of other rhetoricians toward sociological considerations and symbolic interaction. No other scholar of the history and theory of rhetoric was as widely publicized in the 20th century as McLuhan.
4766:
Anthropocentrism plays a significant role in human-animal relationships, reflecting and perpetuating binaries in which humans assume they are beings that have extraordinary qualities while they regard animals as beings that lack those qualities. This dualism is manifested in other forms as well, such
4502:
Jim A. Kuypers sums this idea of criticism as art in the following manner: "In short, criticism is an art, not a science. It is not a scientific method; it uses subjective methods of argument; it exists on its own, not in conjunction with other methods of generating knowledge (i.e., social scientific
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than it is an interpretive theory with a rhetorical tradition. Aristotle's art of rhetoric emphasizes persuasion as the purpose of rhetoric. His definition of rhetoric as "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion", essentially a mode of discovery, limits the art to
2334:
William D. Harpine refers to the issue of unclear definitions that occurs in the theories of "rhetoric is epistemic" in his 2004 article "What Do You Mean, Rhetoric is
Epistemic?". In it, he focuses on uncovering the most appropriate definitions for the terms "rhetoric", "knowledge", and "certainty".
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that rhetoric, although it cannot be taught to just anyone, is capable of shaping the character of man. He writes, "I do think that the study of political discourse can help more than any other thing to stimulate and form such qualities of character." Aristotle, writing several years after
Isocrates,
1935:
exerted strong influence on
Christian rhetoric in the Middle Ages, advocating the use of rhetoric to lead audiences to truth and understanding, especially in the church. The study of liberal arts, he believed, contributed to rhetorical study: "In the case of a keen and ardent nature, fine words will
1858:
The origins of the rhetoric language begin in
Ancient Greece. It originally began by a group named the Sophists, who wanted to teach the Athenians to speak persuasively in order to be able to navigate themselves in the court and senate. What inspired this form of persuasive speech came about through
4834:
Comparative rhetoric is a practice and methodology that developed in the late twentieth century to broaden the study of rhetoric beyond the dominant rhetorical tradition that has been constructed and shaped in western Europe and the U.S. As a research practice, comparative rhetoric studies past and
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Criticism is considered rhetorical when it focuses on the way some types of discourse react to situational exigenciesâproblems or demandsâand constraints. Modern rhetorical criticism concerns how the rhetorical case or object persuades, defines, or constructs the audience. In modern terms, rhetoric
1871:
Rhetoric as a course of study has evolved since its ancient beginnings, and has adapted to the particular exigencies of various times, venues, and applications ranging from architecture to literature. Although the curriculum has transformed in a number of ways, it has generally emphasized the study
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found fault in it. They claimed that while it could be used to improve civic life, it could be used just as easily to deceive or manipulate. The masses were incapable of analyzing or deciding anything on their own and would therefore be swayed by the most persuasive speeches. Thus, civic life could
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characterizes the conflict between these positions as viewing rhetoric as a "thing contained" versus a "container". The neo-Aristotelian view threatens the study of rhetoric by restraining it to such a limited field, ignoring many critical applications of rhetorical theory, criticism, and practice.
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Comparative rhetoric is comparative in that it illuminates how rhetorical traditions relate to one another, while seeking to avoid binary depictions or value judgments. This can reveal issues of power within and between cultures as well as new or under-recognized ways of thinking, doing, and being
4644:
By the mid-1980s the study of rhetorical criticism began to move away from precise methodology towards conceptual issues. Conceptually-driven criticism operates more through abduction, according to scholar James
Jasinski, who argues that this type of criticism can be thought of as a back-and-forth
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In sharp contrast, criticism (one of many
Humanistic methods of generating knowledge) actively involves the personality of the researcher. The very choices of what to study, and how and why to study a rhetorical artifact are heavily influenced by the personal qualities of the researcher.... In the
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At the turn of the 20th century, there was a revival of rhetorical study manifested in the establishment of departments of rhetoric and speech at academic institutions, as well as the formation of national and international professional organizations. The early interest in rhetorical studies was a
3581:
After the breakup of the western Roman Empire, the study of rhetoric continued to be central to the study of the verbal arts. However the study of the verbal arts went into decline for several centuries, followed eventually by a gradual rise in formal education, culminating in the rise of medieval
3228:
is also a Sanskrit word which means string or thread. Here sutra refers to a collection of aphorism in the form of a manual. Each sutra is a short rule usually consisted of one or two sentences. An example of a sutra is: "Reality is truth, and what is true is so, irrespective of whether we know it
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he suggests the possibility of a true art wherein rhetoric is based upon the knowledge produced by dialectic. He relies on a dialectically informed rhetoric to appeal to the main character, Phaedrus, to take up philosophy. Thus Plato's rhetoric is actually dialectic (or philosophy) "turned" toward
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was a compilation of exhibits of ads and other materials from popular culture with short essays involving rhetorical analyses of the persuasive strategies in each item. McLuhan later shifted the focus of his rhetorical analysis and began to consider how communication media themselves affect us as
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While the work of this committee never went beyond planning, John Dryden is often credited with creating and exemplifying a new and modern English style. His central tenet was that the style should be proper "to the occasion, the subject, and the persons". As such, he advocated the use of English
3428:
Cicero championed the learning of Greek (and Greek rhetoric), contributed to Roman ethics, linguistics, philosophy, and politics, and emphasized the importance of all forms of appeal (emotion, humor, stylistic range, irony, and digression in addition to pure reasoning) in oratory. But perhaps his
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of dialectic, he means that rhetoric as he uses the term has a domain or scope of application that is parallel to, but different from, the domain or scope of application of dialectic. Claude Pavur explains that "he Greek prefix 'anti' does not merely designate opposition, but it can also mean 'in
2005:
Debate clubs and lyceums also developed as forums in which common citizens could hear speakers and sharpen debate skills. The American lyceum in particular was seen as both an educational and social institution, featuring group discussions and guest lecturers. These programs cultivated democratic
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Rhetorical criticism serves several purposes. For one, it hopes to help form or improve public taste. It helps educate audiences and develops them into better judges of rhetorical situations by reinforcing ideas of value, morality, and suitability. Rhetorical criticism can thus contribute to the
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wrote on this point that, "Methods, then, admit of varying degrees of personality. And criticism, on the whole, is near the indeterminate, contingent, personal end of the methodological scale. In consequence of this placement, it is neither possible nor desirable for criticism to be fixed into a
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or commonplaces). Though the term had a wide range of application (as a memory technique or compositional exercise, for example) it most often referred to the "seats of argument"âthe list of categories of thought or modes of reasoningâthat a speaker could use to generate arguments or proofs. The
4527:
explores the relationship between text and context; that is, how an instance of rhetoric relates to circumstances. Since the aim of rhetoric is to be persuasive, the level to which the rhetoric in question persuades its audience is what must be analyzed, and later criticized. In determining the
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Nyaya provides insight into Indian rhetoric. Nyaya presents an argumentative approach with which a rhetor can decide about any argument. In addition, it proposes an approach to thinking about cultural tradition which is different from Western rhetoric. Whereas Toulmin emphasizes the situational
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held eloquent speaking in high esteem. Egyptian rules of rhetoric specified that "knowing when not to speak is essential, and very respected, rhetorical knowledge", making rhetoric a "balance between eloquence and wise silence". They also emphasized "adherence to social behaviors that support a
1472:
defined rhetoric as "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion", and since mastery of the art was necessary for victory in a case at law, for passage of proposals in the assembly, or for fame as a speaker in civic ceremonies, he called it "a combination of the
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with gesture and preen, sing and growl. Since animals offer models of rhetorical behavior and interaction that are physical, even instinctual, but perhaps no less artful, transcending our accustomed focus on verbal language and consciousness concepts will help people interested in rhetoric and
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criticized those who are preoccupied with style rather than "the weight of matter, worth of subject, soundness of argument, life of invention, or depth of judgment". On matters of style, he proposed that the style conform to the subject matter and to the audience, that simple words be employed
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Another area of rhetoric is the study of cultural rhetorics, which is the communication that occurs between cultures and the study of the way members of a culture communicate with each other. These ideas can then be studied and understood by other cultures, in order to bridge gaps in modes of
1993:
sparked the growth of the study of rhetoric in colleges across the United States. Harvard's rhetoric program drew inspiration from literary sources to guide organization and style, and studies the rhetoric used in political communication to illustrate how political figures persuade audiences.
1854:
Political parties employ "manipulative rhetoric" to advance their party-line goals and lobbyist agendas. They use it to portray themselves as champions of compassion, freedom, and culture, all while implementing policies that appear to contradict these claims. It serves as a form of political
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According to Jim A. Kuypers, a second purpose for performing criticism should be to enhance our appreciation and understanding. "e wish to enhance both our own and others' understanding of the rhetorical act; we wish to share our insights with others, and to enhance their appreciation of the
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According to William Keith and Christian Lundberg, as the Greek society shifted towards more democratic values, the Sophists were responsible for teaching the newly democratic Greek society the importance of persuasive speech and strategic communication for its new governmental institutions.
4138:(1561â1626), although not a rhetorician, contributed to the field in his writings. One of the concerns of the age was to find a suitable style for the discussion of scientific topics, which needed above all a clear exposition of facts and arguments, rather than an ornate style. Bacon in his
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It is likely that many well-known English writers were exposed to the works of Erasmus and Vives (as well as those of the Classical rhetoricians) in their schooling, which was conducted in Latin (not English), often included some study of Greek, and placed considerable emphasis on rhetoric.
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are the efforts made by authors or speakers to persuade or inform their audiences. According to James W. Gray, there are various argument strategies used in writing. He describes four of these as argument from analogy, argument from absurdity, thought experiments, and inference to the best
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Quintilian's work describes not just the art of rhetoric, but the formation of the perfect orator as a politically active, virtuous, publicly minded citizen. His emphasis was on the ethical application of rhetorical training, in part in reaction against the tendency in Roman schools toward
2720:
of Miletus is believed to be one of the first women to engage in private and public rhetorical activities as a Sophist. The Sophists were a disparate group who travelled from city to city, teaching in public places to attract students and offer them an education. Their central focus was on
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Rhetoric is a persuasive speech that holds people to a common purpose and therefore facilitates collective action. During the fifth century BCE, Athens had become active in metropolis and people all over there. During this time the Greek city state had been experimenting with a new form of
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Several Sophists also questioned received wisdom about the gods and the Greek culture, which they believed was taken for granted by Greeks of their time, making these Sophists among the first agnostics. For example, they argued that cultural practices were a function of convention or
4316:". He described rhetoric as "the use of language as a symbolic means of inducing cooperation in beings that by nature respond to symbols". In relation to Aristotle's theory, Aristotle was more interested in constructing rhetoric, while Burke was interested in "debunking" it.
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was indeed imbued with a sense of the divine, of the incarnate logos, that is of rhetoric as an eloquent and humane means to reach further devotion and further action in the Christian city, which was absent from Ramist formalism. The Ratio is, in rhetoric, the answer to
3847:), was widely published (it went through more than 150 editions throughout Europe) and became one of the basic school texts on the subject. Its treatment of rhetoric is less comprehensive than the classic works of antiquity, but provides a traditional treatment of
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6351:
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Aristotle's theory of character and how the character and credibility of a speaker can influence an audience to consider him/her to be believableâthere being three qualities that contribute to a credible ethos: perceived intelligence, virtuous character, and
3108:, however it excludes either the major or minor premise. An enthymeme is persuasive because the audience provides the missing premise. Because the audience participates in providing the missing premise, they are more likely to be persuaded by the message.
1680:
and neo-Sophistic positions on rhetoric mirror the division between the Sophists and Aristotle. Neo-Aristotelians generally study rhetoric as political discourse, while the neo-Sophistic view contends that rhetoric cannot be so limited. Rhetorical scholar
3558:) that include maxims and fables, narratives and comparisons, and finally full legal or political speeches. The delivery of speeches within the context of education or for entertainment purposes became widespread and popular under the term "declamation".
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standardization of themes and techniques. At the same time that rhetoric was becoming divorced from political decision making, rhetoric rose as a culturally vibrant and important mode of entertainment and cultural criticism in a movement known as the "
1943:
argued that the processes of invention and arrangement should be elevated to the domain of philosophy, while rhetorical instruction should be chiefly concerned with the use of figures and other forms of the ornamentation of language. Scholars such as
1580:
Because the ancient Greeks valued public political participation, rhetoric emerged as an important curriculum for those desiring to influence politics. Rhetoric is still associated with its political origins. However, even the original instructors of
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to make political and judicial decisions, and to develop and disseminate philosophical ideas. For modern students, it can be difficult to remember that the wide use and availability of written texts is a phenomenon that was just coming into vogue in
4555:
while the analytical dimension of criticism began to gain momentum. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, methodological pluralism replaced the singular neo-Aristotelian method. Methodological rhetorical criticism is typically done by deduction, in which
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The word "sophistry" developed negative connotations in ancient Greece that continue today, but in ancient Greece Sophists were nevertheless popular and well-paid professionals, respected for their abilities but also criticized for their excesses.
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A newspaper would reach remote villages and would then be read by a reader to tens of others. Gradually library movements sprung up all over the country. A local 'library' would be organized around a single newspaper. A table, a bench or two or a
1742:, free assembly, and political enfranchisement for some portion of the population. Those who classify rhetoric as a civic art believe that rhetoric has the power to shape communities, form the character of citizens, and greatly affect civic life.
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The way the Sciences and the Humanities study the phenomena that surround us differ greatly in the amount of researcher personality allowed to influence the results of the study. For example, in the Sciences researchers purposefully adhere to a
4860:
LuMing Mao, Xing Lu, Mary Garrett, Arabella Lyon, Bo Wang, Hui Wu, and Keith Lloyd have published extensively on comparative rhetoric, helping to shape and define the field. In 2013, LuMing Mao edited a special issue on comparative rhetoric in
1867:
The study of rhetoric trains students to speak and/or write effectively, and to critically understand and analyze discourse. It is concerned with how people use symbols, especially language, to reach agreement that permits coordinated effort.
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Cum ergo sit in medio posita facultas eloquii, quae ad persuadenda seu prava seu recta valet plurimum, cur non bonorum studio comparatur, ut militet veritati, si eam mali ad obtinendas perversas vanasque causas in usus iniquitatis et erroris
3543:), a lengthy treatise on the training of the orator, in which he discusses the training of the "perfect" orator from birth to old age and, in the process, reviews the doctrines and opinions of many influential rhetoricians who preceded him.
3353:, formerly attributed to Cicero but now considered to be of unknown authorship, is one of the most significant works on rhetoric and is still widely used as a reference today. It is an extensive reference on the use of rhetoric, and in the
1931:). During the medieval period, political rhetoric declined as republican oratory died out and the emperors of Rome garnered increasing authority. With the rise of European monarchs, rhetoric shifted into courtly and religious applications.
3956:
The mid-16th century saw the rise of vernacular rhetoricsâthose written in English rather than in the Classical languages. Adoption of works in English was slow, however, due to the strong scholastic orientation toward Latin and Greek.
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would constitute the capital equipment. Every piece of news or editorial comment would be read or heard and thoroughly discussed. The newspaper not only became the political educator; reading or discussing it became a form of political
1738:, rhetoric meant persuasion in public and political settings such as assemblies and courts. Because of its associations with democratic institutions, rhetoric is commonly said to flourish in open and democratic societies with rights of
2874:. Plato claims that since Sophists appeal only to what seems probable, they are not advancing their students and audiences, but simply flattering them with what they want to hear. While Plato's condemnation of rhetoric is clear in the
2462:. She is also known for describing her process of invention in "The Exaltation of Inanna," moving between first- and third-person address to relate her composing process in collaboration with the goddess Inanna, reflecting a mystical
1647:. Yet, even as he provided order to existing rhetorical theories, Aristotle generalized the definition of rhetoric to be the ability to identify the appropriate means of persuasion in a given situation based upon the art of rhetoric (
2615:
was a citizen who regularly addressed juries and political assemblies and who was thus understood to have gained some knowledge about public speaking in the process, though in general facility with language was often referred to as
4394:. Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca move rhetoric from the periphery to the center of argumentation theory. Among their most influential concepts are "dissociation", "the universal audience", "quasi-logical argument", and "presence".
1817:
argued that art required something more than eloquence. A good orator needed also to be a good man, a person enlightened on a variety of civic topics. He describes the proper training of the orator in his major text on rhetoric,
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with the Gospels, Cicero with the Apostles?" Augustine is also remembered for arguing for the preservation of pagan works and fostering a church tradition that led to conservation of numerous pre-Christian rhetorical writings.
4178:(1631â1700). Sprat regarded "fine speaking" as a disease, and thought that a proper style should "reject all amplifications, digressions, and swellings of style" and instead "return back to a primitive purity and shortness".
3895:, also had considerable influence on the teaching of rhetoric in the later 16th century. Its orations in favour of qualities such as madness spawned a type of exercise popular in Elizabethan grammar schools, later called
1952:'s teaching, which emphasized concrete knowledge and steered away from ornamentation in speech, further alienating rhetorical instructionâwhich was identified wholly with such ornamentationâfrom the pursuit of knowledge.
4857:. Though Oliver's and Kennedy's works contributed to the birth of comparative rhetoric, given the newness of the field, they both used Euro-American terms and theories to interpret non-Euro-American cultures' practices.
1593:, a successful rhetorician could speak convincingly on a topic in any field, regardless of his experience in that field. This suggested rhetoric could be a means of communicating any expertise, not just politics. In his
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movement away from elocution as taught in English departments in the United States, and an attempt to refocus rhetorical studies from delivery-only to civic engagement and a "rich complexity" of the nature of rhetoric.
4023:
During this same period, a movement began that would change the organization of the school curriculum in Protestant and especially Puritan circles and that led to rhetoric losing its central place. A French scholar,
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It studies rhetoric in different times and locations, looking at similarities in the rhetorical situation and the rhetoric that responds to them. Examples include eulogies, inaugural addresses, and declarations of
4783:
to become more complete and holistic. The relationship between humans and animals (as well as the rest of the natural world) is often defined by the human rhetorical act of naming and categorizing animals through
4539:, typically placing them in a framework of speaker/audience exchange. The antithetical view places the rhetor at the center of creating that which is considered the extant situation; i.e., the agenda and spin.
2886:
Some scholars, however, see Plato not as an opponent of rhetoric but rather as a nuanced rhetorical theorist who dramatized rhetorical practice in his dialogues and imagined rhetoric as more than just oratory.
1974:, he advocates rhetorical study for common citizens as a resource for social success. Many American colleges and secondary schools used Blair's text throughout the 19th century to train students of rhetoric.
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method (the scientific method).... Generally speaking, the researcher's personality, likes and dislikes, and religious and political preferences are supposed to be as far removed as possible from the actual
4159:, Hobbes also produced a number of other works on the subject. Sharply contrarian on many subjects, Hobbes, like Bacon, also promoted a simpler and more natural style that used figures of speech sparingly.
1631:
aimed at flattery as within the scope of rhetoric. Some scholars, however, contest the idea that Plato despised rhetoric and instead view his dialogues as a dramatization of complex rhetorical principles.
4078:
Ramism could not exert any influence on the established Catholic schools and universities, which remained loyal to Scholasticism, or on the new Catholic schools and universities founded by members of the
9250:
Mao, LuMing; Wang, Bo; Lyon, Arabella; Jarratt, Susan C.; Swearingen, C. Jan; Romano, Susan; Simonson, Peter; Mailloux, Steven; Lu, Xing (15 June 2015). "Manifesting a Future for Comparative Rhetoric".
2647:. Their work, as well as that of many of the early rhetoricians, grew out of the courts of law; Tisias, for example, is believed to have written judicial speeches that others delivered in the courts.
3637:, the rhetoric of the sermon. Augustine asks why "the power of eloquence, which is so efficacious in pleading either for the erroneous cause or the right", should not be used for righteous purposes.
4499:
system, for critical techniques to be objectified, for critics to be interchangeable for purposes of replication, or for rhetorical criticism to serve as the handmaiden of quasi-scientific theory."
3253:"though some of the contents of the Nyaya Sutra are certainly a post-Christian era". The ancient school of Nyaya extended over a period of one thousand years, beginning with Gautama about 550
4779:) represents and belongs to only humans. By becoming aware of and overcoming these dualistic conceptions including the one between humans and animals, human knowledge of themselves and the world
4460:
Rhetoric can be analyzed by a variety of methods and theories. One such method is criticism. When those using criticism analyze instances of rhetoric what they do is called rhetorical criticism (
1726:
The vast scope of rhetoric is difficult to define. Political discourse remains the paradigmatic example for studying and theorizing specific techniques and conceptions of persuasion or rhetoric.
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in the field of rhetorical studies, exploring its methods within their historical context, comparing its approach to the traditional logical syllogism, and relating it to modern perspectives of
2650:
Rhetoric evolved as an important art, one that provided the orator with the forms, means, and strategies for persuading an audience of the correctness of the orator's arguments. Today the term
2177:
in the latter half of the century said "...until the art of music has attained such a height in our own day, that it may indeed be compared to a rhetoric, in view of the multitude of figures".
1843:, he argues that words of persuasion and identification define community and civic life. He states that words produce "the methods by which culture is maintained, criticized, and transformed".
1977:
Political rhetoric also underwent renewal in the wake of the U.S. and French revolutions. The rhetorical studies of ancient Greece and Rome were resurrected as speakers and teachers looked to
1875:
Rhetoric began as a civic art in Ancient Greece where students were trained to develop tactics of oratorical persuasion, especially in legal disputes. Rhetoric originated in a school of
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Garrett, Mary; Sharon-Zisser, Shirley; Swearingen, C. Jan; Schiappa, Edward; Lares, Jameela; Skretkowicz, Victor; Abbott, Don Paul; Bator, Paul; Miller, Thomas (1998). "Short Reviews".
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the use of emotional appeals to alter the audience's judgment through metaphor, amplification, storytelling, or presenting the topic in a way that evokes strong emotions in the audience
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means "plenty" or "abundance", as in copious or cornucopia), so both books focus on ways to introduce the maximum amount of variety into discourse. For instance, in one section of the
1846:
Rhetoric remains relevant as a civic art. In speeches, as well as in non-verbal forms, rhetoric continues to be used as a tool to influence communities from local to national levels.
1623:, Plato defines rhetoric as the persuasion of ignorant masses within the courts and assemblies. Rhetoric, in Plato's opinion, is merely a form of flattery and functions similarly to
7032:
Hoskisson, Paul Y.; Boswell, Grant M. (2004). "Neo-Assyrian Rhetoric: The Example of the Third Campaign of Sennacherib (704â681 BC)". In Carol S. Lipson; Roberta A. Binkley (eds.).
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approaches to criticism, scholars began to derive methods from other disciplines, such as history, philosophy, and the social sciences. The importance of critics' personal judgment
2424:). As the first named author in history, Enheduanna's writing exhibits numerous rhetorical features that would later become canon in Ancient Greece. Enheduanna's "The Exaltation of
1573:. Rhetoricians have studied the discourses of a wide variety of domains, including the natural and social sciences, fine art, religion, journalism, digital media, fiction, history,
3604:, rhetoric was secondary to the study of logic, and its study was highly scholastic: students were given repetitive exercises in the creation of discourses on historical subjects (
1835:
claims that "questions of freedom, equality, and justice often are raised and addressed through performances ranging from debates to demonstrations without loss of moral content".
4071:
rhetorics followed in the next half-century, and by the 17th century, their approach became the primary method of teaching rhetoric in Protestant and especially Puritan circles.
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defined itself broadly as disfavoring medieval scholastic logic and dialectic and as favoring instead the study of classical Latin style and grammar and philology and rhetoric.
2009:
Throughout the 20th century, rhetoric developed as a concentrated field of study, with the establishment of rhetorical courses in high schools and universities. Courses such as
1662:
Aristotle also outlined generic constraints that focused the rhetorical art squarely within the domain of public political practice. He restricted rhetoric to the domain of the
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labeling. The act of naming partially defines the rhetorical relationships between humans and animals, though both may engage in rhetoric beyond human naming and categorizing.
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is an important text in modern rhetorical theory. In this work, he defined rhetoric as "a study of misunderstandings and its remedies", and introduced the influential concepts
2285:. For rhetorical purposes, this definition, like many others, is too broad. The same issue presents itself with definitions that are too narrow. Rhetoricians in support of the
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Cobos, Casie; Raquel RĂos, Gabriela; Johnson Sackey, Donnie; Sano-Franchini, Jennifer; Haas, Angela M. (3 April 2018). "Interfacing Cultural Rhetorics: A History and a Call".
7668:. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series. Vol. VI. Translated by Fremantle, W.H.; Lewis, G.; Martley, W.G. Buffalo, N.Y.: Christian Literature Publishing Co. §29.
1939:
Rhetorical education became more restrained as style and substance separated in 16th-century France, and attention turned to the scientific method. Influential scholars like
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the inventional process; Aristotle emphasizes the logical aspect of this process. A speaker supports the probability of a message by logical, ethical, and emotional proofs.
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words whenever possible instead of foreign ones, as well as vernacular, rather than Latinate, syntax. His own prose (and his poetry) became exemplars of this new style.
3623:(354â430) was trained in rhetoric and was at one time a professor of Latin rhetoric in Milan. After his conversion to Christianity, he became interested in using these "
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extent to which a text is persuasive, one may explore the text's relationship with its audience, purpose, ethics, argument, evidence, arrangement, delivery, and style.
1613:
defined the scope of rhetoric according to his negative opinions of the art. He criticized the Sophists for using rhetoric to deceive rather than to discover truth. In
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believed quite the contrary: the skilled use of rhetoric was essential to the discovery of truths, because it provided the means of ordering and clarifying arguments.
3410:(a defense of Cicero's style). Cicero also left a large body of speeches and letters which would establish the outlines of Latin eloquence and style for generations.
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6978:
Binkley, R. (2004). "Suggestions for Teaching Ancient Rhetorics: Mesopotamia â Problems of Origins and Reading Enheduanna". In Lipson, C. S.; Binkley, R. A. (eds.).
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most significant contribution to subsequent rhetoric, and education in general, was his argument that orators learn not only about the specifics of their case (the
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Ross, Jill (2013). "The Dazzling Sword of Language: Masculinity and Persuasion in Classical and Medieval Rhetoric". In Ross, Jill; Conklin-Akbari, Suzanne (eds.).
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which enables them to "learn and receive instruction" with rudimentary understanding of some significant signs. Those animals practice deliberative, judicial, and
3347:) was chief among Roman rhetoricians and remains the best known ancient orator and the only orator who both spoke in public and produced treatises on the subject.
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can be used at times to refer only to the form of argumentation, often with the pejorative connotation that rhetoric is a means of obscuring the truth. Classical
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Weaver was a rhetorical and cultural critic known for his contributions to the new conservatism. He focused on the ethical implications of rhetoric in his books
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Binkley, Roberta (2004). "The Rhetoric of Origins and the Other: Reading the Ancient Figure of Enheduanna". In Lipson, Carol S.; Binkley, Roberta A. (eds.).
5330:, London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987. "In the last ten years, many scholars have investigated exactly how rhetoric works within a particular field."
9332:
The Routledge handbook of comparative world rhetorics: studies in the history, application, and teaching of rhetoric beyond traditional Greco-Roman contexts
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alike have struggled to concretely define the expanse of implications these words hold. Those who have identified this inconsistency maintain the idea that
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have the capacity to deceive through communicative keyboard systems, and deer stags compete for the attention of mates. While these might be understood as
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as central to the process of rhetorical invention, though later rhetorical theorists placed much less emphasis on it. An "enthymeme" follows the form of a
1948:
developed the study of "scientific rhetoric" which rejected the elaborate style characteristic of classical oration. This plain language carried over to
6752:
McKerrow, Ray E. (31 December 1992), "Chapter 16. Rhetorical Validity: an Analysis of three Perspectives on the Justification of Rhetorical Argument",
1701:
broadens the scope from strategic and overt political persuasion to the more implicit tactics of identification found in an immense range of sources.
5334:
Polito, Theodora (2005). "Educational Theory as Theory of Culture: A Vichian perspective on the educational theories of John Dewey and Kieran Egan".
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as prominent teachers. Modern teachings continue to reference these rhetoricians and their work in discussions of classical rhetoric and persuasion.
13081:
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Die Werke der Barmherzigkeit in der Kunst des 12.â18. Jahrhunderts. Zum Wandel eines Bildmotivs vor dem Hintergrund neuzeitlicher Rhetorikrezeption
2391:, began teaching the Athenians persuasive speech, with the goal of navigating the courts and senate. The sophists became speech teachers known as
12224:
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The definition of rhetoric is a controversial subject in the field and has given rise to philological battles over its meaning in Ancient Greece.
4906:
4901:. A major shortcoming to achieving high accuracy with these systems is the shortage of labeled data for these tasks, but with recent advances in
3905:(1492â1540) also helped shape the study of rhetoric in England. A Spaniard, he was appointed in 1523 to the Lectureship of Rhetoric at Oxford by
4701:
3249:. The text may have been composed by more one author, over a period of time. Radhakrishan and Moore placed its origin in the third century
3139:
concerned with praise and blame, values, right and wrong, demonstrating beauty and skill in the presentâfor example, a eulogy or a wedding toast
9784:
7870:
4752:), they can also be seen as rhetorical fundamentals shared by humans and animals. The study of animal rhetoric has been called "biorhetorics".
3573:", a development that gave rise to the charge (made by Quintilian and others) that teachers were emphasizing style over substance in rhetoric.
1990:
1839:
argues that rhetoric is capable not only of addressing issues of political interest but that it can influence culture as a whole. In his book,
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are most relevant to students of rhetoric) became models of oratory and keys to his entire educational program. He was one of the canonical "
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and rhetoric have been compared to one another for decades, but the specifications of their similarities have gone undefined. Since scholar
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and appropriateness to citizens." Each of Aristotle's divisions plays a role in civic life and can be used in a different way to affect the
6674:
Miller, Susan; Cherwitz, Richard A.; Hikins, James (May 1987). "Communication and Knowledge: An Investigation in Rhetorical Epistemology".
4223:, with whom she corresponded, and by modern scholars is noted as "a transgressive and ironic reader" of the 18th century rhetorical norms.
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Aristotle identifies three steps or "offices" of rhetoricâinvention, arrangement, and styleâand three different types of rhetorical proof:
9025:
Melzow, Candice Chovanec (Spring 2012). "Identification, Naming, and Rhetoric in The Sky, the Stars, the Wilderness and The Maine Woods".
6147:"Rhetoric, Aboriginal Australians and the Northern Territory intervention: A socio-legal investigation into pre-legislative argumentation"
3972:; second edition published in 1532) is the earliest text on rhetorics in English; it was, for the most part, a translation of the work of
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between the text and the concepts, which are being explored at the same time. The concepts remain "works in progress", and understanding
2041:) and trace rhetorical development through history. Rhetoric earned a more esteemed reputation as a field of study with the emergence of
970:
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McLuhan was a media theorist whose theories and whose choice of objects of study are important to the study of rhetoric. McLuhan's book
2989:) was a student of Plato who set forth an extended treatise on rhetoric that still repays careful study today. In the first sentence of
1955:
In the 18th century, rhetoric assumed a more social role, leading to the creation of new education systems (predominantly in England): "
890:
13798:
12993:
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Railsback, Celeste Condit (November 1983). "Beyond rhetorical relativism: A structural-material model of truth and objective reality".
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assumes certain situations call for similar needs and expectations within the audience, therefore calling for certain types of rhetoric
3181:
This reading and discussion was the focal point of origin of the modern Indian rhetorical movement. Much before this, ancients such as
3121:
concerned with determining the truth or falseness of events that took place in the past and issues of guiltâfor example, in a courtroom
4640:
Narrative criticism focuses on the story itself and how the construction of the narrative directs the interpretation of the situation.
4613:
In short, how they make certain facts more noticeable than others. It is particularly useful for analyzing products of the news media.
4600:
This means identifying terms that are "clustered" around key symbols in the rhetorical artifact and the patterns in which they appear.
3988:(1553) presents a traditional treatment of rhetoric, for instance, the standard five canons of rhetoric. Other notable works included
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8767:
8047:
Donawerth, Jane (2000). "Poaching on Men's Philosophies of Rhetoric: Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Rhetorical Theory by Women".
7812:. For an extensive presentation of the intricate political and religious debates concerning rhetoric in France and Italy at the time.
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in philosophy also contributed to this revival. The term rhetoric came to be applied to media forms other than verbal language, e.g.
2358:
rears this question, addressing the issue, not with ambiguity in the definitions of other terms, but against subjectivity regarding
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11354:
3843:
3672:
2639:), whose theories on human knowledge would provide a basis for many future rhetoricians. The first written manual is attributed to
1693:
asserted humans use rhetoric to resolve conflicts by identifying shared characteristics and interests in symbols. People engage in
1060:
1966:
The study of rhetoric underwent a revival with the rise of democratic institutions during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
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required to practice rhetoric might be difficult to notice and acknowledge in some animals. However, some animals are capable of
4200:
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concerned with determining whether or not particular actions should or should not be taken in the futureâfor example, making laws
7193:
Metzger, David (2004). "Pentateuchal Rhetoric and the Voice of the Aaronides". In Lipson, Carol S.; Binkley, Roberta A. (eds.).
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11037:
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engages rhetoric as it suggests the beliefs, values, assumptions, and interpretations held by the rhetor or the larger culture
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Scholars have debated the scope of rhetoric since ancient times. Although some have limited rhetoric to the specific realm of
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technology led to a revival of the study of rhetoric, language, persuasion, and political rhetoric and its consequences. The
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dimension of argumentative genre as the fundamental component of any rhetorical logic; Nyaya views this situational rhetoric
2502:). The five canons of eloquence in ancient Egyptian rhetoric were silence, timing, restraint, fluency, and truthfulness. The
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departments and of Rhetoric and Composition programs within English departments in universities, and in conjunction with the
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2594:, speaking skill was adapted to the needs of the public and political life of cities in ancient Greece. Greek citizens used
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Xu, George Q. (2004). "The Use of Eloquence: The Confucian Perspective". In Lipson, Carol S.; Binkley, Roberta A. (eds.).
4763:, and therefore, they might be understood to be self-aware and engaged in rhetoric when practicing some form of language.
1827:
Modern works continue to support the claims of the ancients that rhetoric is an art capable of influencing civic life. In
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be controlled by whoever could deliver the best speech. Plato explores the problematic moral status of rhetoric twice: in
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4166:(founded in 1660), which in 1664 set up a committee to improve the English language. Among the committee's members were
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Rhetoric would not regain its classical heights until the Renaissance, but new writings did advance rhetorical thought.
2053:. Rhetorical study has broadened in scope, and is especially used by the fields of marketing, politics, and literature.
9924:
8302:"Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates on Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies"
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notion that the art of persuasion (the Sophists' art, which he calls "rhetoric"), can exist independent of the art of
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science of logic and of the ethical branch of politics". Aristotle also identified three persuasive audience appeals:
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1599:, Gorgias even applied rhetoric to fiction by seeking, for his amusement, to prove the blamelessness of the mythical
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Ideological criticism also treats ideology as an artifact of discourse, one that is embedded in key terms (called "
4548:
4296:
Burke was a rhetorical theorist, philosopher, and poet. Many of his works are central to modern rhetorical theory:
3167:
offers a vivid description of the culture that sprang up around the newspaper in village India of the early 1870s:
2258:
circles long predates his addition of rhetoric. There is an overwhelming majority that does support the concept of
1677:
689:
515:
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that challenge or enrich the dominant Euro-American tradition and provide a fuller account of rhetorical studies.
3671:, continues Aristotle's taxonomy by placing rhetoric in subordination to philosophical argument or dialectic. The
2207:
The root of the issue lies in the ambiguous use of the term rhetoric itself, as well as the epistemological terms
1627:, which mask the undesirability of unhealthy food by making it taste good. Plato considered any speech of lengthy
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is credited as the first scholar who recognized the need to study non-Western rhetorics in his 1971 publication
4358:" highlights the significance of the medium itself. This shift in focus led to his two most widely known books,
1365:
as part of a series of seven paintings depicting the seven independent arts. This painting illustrates rhetoric.
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3883:, Erasmus presents two hundred variations of the sentence "Always, as long as I live, I shall remember you" ("
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Aristotle both redeemed rhetoric from his teacher and narrowed its focus by defining three genres of rhetoricâ
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brought rhetoric more prominently into people's lives. The discipline of rhetoric has been used to study how
1558:
1454:, rhetoric aims to study the techniques that speakers or writers use to inform, persuade, and motivate their
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Stern, Barbara B. (1990). "Pleasure and Persuasion in Advertising: Rhetorical Irony as a Humor Technique".
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Waddington, Raymond B.; Sloane, Thomas O. (1999). "On the Contrary: The Protocol of Traditional Rhetoric".
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is a Sanskrit word which means "just" or "right" and refers to "the science of right and wrong reasoning".
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Simultaneously, the neo-Sophists threaten to expand rhetoric beyond a point of coherent theoretical value.
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Vickers, Brian. "Deconstruction's Designs on Rhetoric". In Horner, Winifred Bryan; Leff, Michael (eds.).
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Bjork, Collin (2021). "Plato, Xenophon, and the Uneven Temporalities of Ethos in the Trial of Socrates".
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This work was available only in fragments in medieval times, but the discovery of a complete copy at the
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Madotto, Marie (August 2020). "Language Models as Few-Shot Learner for Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems".
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or scientific)... nsight and imagination top statistical applications when studying rhetorical action."
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narratives help organize experiences in order to endow meaning to historical events and transformations
3782:
3683:) renewed interest in Aristotle and Classical thought in general, leading to what some historians call
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In more recent years, people studying rhetoric have tended to enlarge its object domain beyond speech.
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in 1416 led to its emergence as one of the most influential works on rhetoric during the Renaissance.
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used to determine how an argument should be organized for greatest effect, usually beginning with the
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2854:) outlined the differences between true and false rhetoric in a number of dialoguesâparticularly the
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8469:. Translated by Wilkinson, John; Weaver, Purcell. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press.
6911:
Hallo, William W. (2004). "The Birth of Rhetoric". In Lipson, Carol S.; Binkley, Roberta A. (eds.).
5891:
Lundberg, C. O., & Keith, W. M. (2018). The essential guide to rhetoric. Bedford/St. Martin's. â
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For Plato and Aristotle, dialectic involves persuasion, so when Aristotle says that rhetoric is the
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conservative status quo" and they held that "skilled speech should support, not question, society".
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rhetoric enjoyed a resurgence, and as a result nearly every author who wrote about music before the
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Edwards, Paul C. (1984). "Elocution and Shakespeare: An Episode in the History of Literary Taste".
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as reason and sense, mind and body, ideal and phenomenal in which the first category of each pair (
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impedes the effectivity of the argument of Richard A. Cherwitz and James A. Hikins, who employ the
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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One early concern of the medieval Christian church was its attitude to classical rhetoric itself.
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as the two basic texts of rhetorical theory throughout the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance),
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Aristotle's treatise on rhetoric systematically describes civic rhetoric as a human art or skill (
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11430:
11290:
11047:
10925:
10359:
10097:
9876:. Studien zur Kunstgeschichte. Vol. 115. Hildesheim / ZĂŒrich / New York: Verlag Georg Olms.
8901:
8506:
6375:
6188:
Roffee, J. A. (2014). "Synthetic Necessary Truth Behind New Labour's Criminalisation of Incest".
5743:
Leff, Michael (1993). "The Habitation of Rhetoric". In Lucaites, John Louis; et al. (eds.).
5688:
5512:
5179:
5095:
4044:
4028:(1515â1572), dissatisfied with what he saw as the overly broad and redundant organization of the
3475:
3157:
2940:
2489:
2066:
920:
273:
102:
12612:
10283:
7440:
Chandra, Bipan; Mukherjee, Mridula; Mukherjee, Aditya; Mahajan, Sucheta; Panikkar, K.N. (1987).
3241:
school of Hindu philosophy. It is estimated that the text was composed between 6th-century
2319:. Celeste Condit Railsback takes a different approach, drawing from Ray E. McKerrow's system of
13649:
13493:
13428:
13090:
12833:
12707:
11952:
11536:
11435:
11425:
11161:
10975:
9594:
9526:
8462:
5998:
4414:
to describe the components of a metaphorâthe main idea and the concept to which it is compared.
4387:
3629:
3349:
1377:
1329:
1164:
1040:
1030:
950:
387:
176:
12190:
10240:
9813:
8188:"In the Present and Importantly Present: Enacting a Temporal Turn for Asian American Rhetoric"
5866:
5222:
4190:
Arguably one of the most influential schools of rhetoric during the 18th century was Scottish
2254:, his references to the term abstract. He is not the only one, as the debate's persistence in
2142:
the gestures, pronunciation, tone, and pace used when presenting the persuasive argumentsâthe
13624:
13604:
13539:
13423:
13205:
13048:
12531:
12461:
12334:
12233:
12028:
11445:
11270:
11265:
11245:
11146:
10599:
9709:
8280:
6415:
6107:
5812:
5319:
5274:
5080:
4568:
3910:
2798:
2312:
2300:
2042:
1794:
Because rhetoric is a public art capable of shaping opinion, some of the ancients, including
1709:
1208:
1119:
1050:
910:
669:
532:
447:
344:
10239:
8301:
6997:
Stark, R. J. (2008). "Some Aspects of Christian Mystical Rhetoric, Philosophy, and Poetry".
6367:
5484:
4853:
has been credited for the first cross-cultural overview of rhetoric in his 1998 publication
3702:
2801:
were founded in part as a response to Isocrates. Though he left no handbooks, his speeches (
1349:
13954:
13788:
13698:
13497:
13458:
13190:
12742:
12541:
12491:
12456:
12446:
12441:
12184:
12159:
12116:
11521:
11344:
10970:
10683:
10567:
10495:
9668:
9616:
8934:
8417:
8396:
7240:
6252:
5365:
5239:
5217:
5060:
5010:
4745:
4536:
4524:
4427:
4379:
4360:
4349:
4312:(1966). Among his influential concepts are "identification", "consubstantiality", and the "
3820:
3809:
3756:
3418:
2991:
2904:
2812:
2804:
1981:
and others to inspire defenses of the new republics. Leading rhetorical theorists included
1757:
1114:
1104:
900:
674:
634:
377:
20:
9584:
9570:
9204:
Mao, Luming (2015). "Thinking beyond Aristotle: The Turn to How in Comparative Rhetoric".
9100:
8984:
8798:
7461:
Lloyd, Keith (2007). "Rethinking Rhetoric from an Indian Perspective: Implications in the
5572:
2915:
counterpart of dialectic" â an art of practical civic reasoning, applied to deliberative,
2625:
Possibly the first study about the power of language may be attributed to the philosopher
2173:
wrote in 1601, "there is only little difference between music and the nature of oration".
8:
13838:
13828:
13678:
13634:
13468:
13245:
13160:
12985:
12812:
12687:
12662:
12103:
12069:
12034:
11848:
11659:
11608:
11450:
11400:
11368:
11307:
11260:
11032:
11015:
11010:
11003:
10963:
10915:
10823:
10726:
10708:
10579:
8438:
5607:
5040:
5035:
4886:
4630:
4366:
4117:
4102:
4029:
3914:
3891:
3797:
3717:
3599:
3531:
3100:
3091:
3087:
2862:
2470:
2429:
2407:
2100:
1960:
1959:
schools" in which girls and women analyzed classic literature, most notably the works of
1920:
1806:
1745:
Rhetoric was viewed as a civic art by several of the ancient philosophers. Aristotle and
1713:
1447:
1213:
1169:
1159:
1154:
1010:
684:
349:
217:
10054:
9839:
8376:
Dubois, J.; Edeline, F.; Klinkenberg, J.-M.; Minguet, P.; Pire, F.; Trinon, H. (1981) .
7839:
Philosophy and the Art Europe, 1500â1700: Teaching and Texts at Schools and Universities
7790:
Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue: From the Art of Discourse to the Art of Reason
7127:
Hutto, David (Summer 2002). "Ancient Egyptian Rhetoric in the Old and Middle Kingdoms".
6070:
Zappen, James P. (1989). "Francis Bacon and the Historiography of Scientific Rhetoric".
3730:, are rare; but medieval rhetoric produced by women either in religious orders, such as
3529:
created a chair of rhetoric for him in Rome. The culmination of his life's work was the
3525:) began his career as a pleader in the courts of law; his reputation grew so great that
2223:
claims are accepted by some academics, but are then used to draw different conclusions.
1989:, who advocated the democratic advancement of rhetorical art. Harvard's founding of the
1651:). This made rhetoric applicable to all fields, not just politics. Aristotle viewed the
13688:
13584:
13579:
13503:
13478:
13280:
13265:
13230:
12876:
12526:
12501:
12476:
12401:
12344:
12054:
12022:
11823:
11808:
11586:
11581:
11571:
11511:
11457:
11225:
11215:
10989:
10958:
10945:
10756:
10741:
10698:
10658:
10584:
10535:
10352:
9835:
9778:
9491:
9437:
9303:
9276:
9229:
9184:
9144:
9096:
9061:
8980:
8878:
8790:
8723:
8700:
8329:
8230:
8165:
8064:
7921:
7864:
7767:
7490:
7146:
7014:
6888:
6839:
6699:
6616:
6515:
6306:
6207:
6169:
6124:
6087:
5993:
5576:
5568:
5404:
5353:
5320:
The Rhetoric of Human Sciences: Language and Argument in Scholarship and Public Affairs
5050:
4933:
4785:
4313:
3815:
3735:
3620:
3450:
3398:(a rhetorical treatment of common topics, highly influential through the Renaissance),
3285:
2856:
2794:
2515:
2174:
2170:
2050:
1719:
People engage in rhetoric any time they speak or produce meaning. Even in the field of
1620:
1615:
1566:
1298:
1109:
1080:
930:
880:
809:
734:
719:
652:
610:
321:
266:
147:
129:
12627:
9869:
9307:
8096:
The ethics and politics of speech: Communication and rhetoric in the twentieth century
5814:
Person-Centered Political Party: A Blueprint for Organization Free of Power Corruption
4162:
Perhaps the most influential development in English style came out of the work of the
4043:, in 1544. This work emphasized style, and became so popular that it was mentioned in
3582:
universities. Rhetoric transmuted during this period into the arts of letter writing (
2918:
judicial, and "display" speeches in political assemblies, lawcourts, and other public
1489:, or phases of developing a persuasive speech, were first codified in classical Rome:
13924:
13654:
13574:
13413:
13295:
12908:
12893:
12820:
12557:
11919:
11902:
11828:
11818:
11770:
11591:
11477:
11395:
11361:
11285:
11255:
11220:
11190:
10935:
10893:
10888:
10818:
10813:
10785:
10751:
10716:
10426:
10249:
10186:
10169:
10137:
10110:
10078:
10044:
9999:
9976:
9957:
9944:
9905:
9877:
9855:
9825:
9801:
9730:
9441:
9380:
9345:
9335:
9280:
9268:
9233:
9221:
9188:
9174:
9148:
9134:
8905:
8882:
8794:
8740:
8666:
8615:
8580:
8542:
8510:
8480:
8470:
8356:
8352:
8333:
8321:
8268:
8234:
8222:
8169:
8157:
8068:
8002:
7899:
7889:
7699:
7663:
7556:
7531:
7482:
7333:
7323:
7298:
7288:
7281:
7202:
7173:
7104:
7087:
7041:
6958:
6920:
6892:
6878:
6831:
6765:
6734:
6691:
6651:
6620:
6608:
6571:
6538:
6507:
6461:
6419:
6379:
6329:
6310:
6298:
6256:
6211:
6173:
5909:
5872:
5845:
5818:
5580:
5560:
5488:
5448:
5425:
5396:
5373:
5357:
5349:
5244:
5125:
5111:
4902:
4878:
4741:
4737:
4585:
4433:
4279:
4036:
3731:
3562:
3198:
3144:
3115:
2818:
2640:
1982:
1777:
articulates a civic art of rhetoric, combining the almost incompatible properties of
1640:
1595:
1577:, and architecture, along with the more traditional domains of politics and the law.
1517:
1322:
1273:
1129:
1020:
859:
854:
679:
642:
603:
510:
261:
206:
35:
8861:
Leff, Michael (2001). "Lincoln at Cooper Union: Neo-Classical Criticism Revisited".
8458:
7494:
7150:
6519:
5473:
4989:
4373:
3196:
can be likened to the recital of ancient Greek poetry. Lloyd proposed including the
804:
13718:
13629:
13453:
13448:
13250:
13038:
12930:
12682:
12374:
11986:
11531:
11373:
11275:
11250:
11240:
11235:
11210:
11114:
10930:
10920:
10878:
10668:
10633:
10552:
10520:
10436:
10411:
10383:
9817:
9692:
9640:
9470:
9429:
9398:"Beyond Bias, Binary, and Border: Mapping out the Future of Comparative Rhetoric".
9372:
9260:
9213:
9166:
9126:
9088:
9034:
9007:
8972:
8943:
8870:
8782:
8433:
8412:
8391:
8380:. Translated by Burrell, Paul B.; Slotkin, Edgar M. Johns Hopkins University Press.
8313:
8264:
8260:
8212:
8147:
8056:
7859:. The Works of John Milton. Vol. XI. Translated by Gilbert, Allan H. New York.
7759:
7474:
7138:
7079:
7006:
6868:
6823:
6757:
6726:
6683:
6643:
6600:
6563:
6499:
6453:
6290:
6199:
6161:
6116:
6079:
6025:
5552:
5345:
5297:
5020:
4842:
4342:
4247:, "temporal rhetorics", and the "temporal turn" in rhetorical theory and practice.
4087:
curriculum (in use up to the 19th century across the Christian world) known as the
4080:
4001:
3913:
to be one of the tutors of Mary. Vives fell into disfavor when Henry VIII divorced
3862:
3792:
3760:
3570:
3414:
3234:
2600:
2595:
2582:
were honored for their ability to advise and exhort their peers and followers (the
2324:
2228:
1995:
1836:
1735:
1705:
1390:
1369:
1362:
1293:
1238:
1124:
794:
620:
339:
256:
249:
117:
12607:
10622:
9433:
9264:
9011:
8217:
8200:
8152:
8135:
7984:
The History of the Royal Society of London, for the Improving of Natural Knowledge
7636:
6294:
6056:
4697:
4075:(1608â1674) wrote a textbook in logic or dialectic in Latin based on Ramus' work.
3781:
Another interesting record of medieval rhetorical thought can be seen in the many
13863:
13778:
13534:
13513:
13463:
13443:
13383:
13350:
13305:
13300:
13260:
13145:
13023:
12872:
12717:
12677:
12667:
12657:
12592:
12582:
12572:
12567:
12394:
11991:
11981:
11940:
11892:
11743:
11716:
11576:
11526:
11516:
11383:
11339:
11322:
11230:
10573:
10500:
10485:
10431:
10227:
10074:
9726:
8847:
8576:
8571:
Kuypers, Jim A. (2009). "Rhetorical Criticism as Art". In Kuypers, Jim A. (ed.).
8530:
6368:
5839:
5326:
5025:
4616:
4417:
4244:
4240:
4216:
4129:
4113:
4090:
3906:
3902:
3406:
3400:
3326:
3203:
2757:
famously parodies the clever inversions that sophists were known for in his play
2355:
2308:
2304:
2243:
2220:
2201:
2189:
2046:
2014:
2010:
1666:
or probable: those matters that admit multiple legitimate opinions or arguments.
1582:
1521:
1258:
1174:
990:
849:
759:
724:
664:
559:
505:
462:
155:
10213:. Greece & Rome New Surveys in the Classics. Vol. 36. Cambridge, U.K.:
9604:
9294:
Mao, LuMing (2003). "Reflective Encounters: Illustrating Comparative Rhetoric".
9217:
9052:
Kennedy, George (1992). "A Hoot in the Dark The evolution of general rhetoric".
7659:
1570:
13614:
13569:
13393:
13325:
13195:
12825:
12752:
12747:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12672:
12647:
12632:
12622:
12617:
12562:
11874:
11858:
11564:
11543:
11329:
11317:
11185:
11156:
10908:
10746:
10663:
10648:
10406:
10288:
9847:
9420:
Mao, LuMing; Wang, Bo (2015). "Manifesting a Future for Comparative Rhetoric".
9092:
8998:
Segeerdahl, PĂ€r (2015). "The rhetoric and prose of the human/animal contrast".
8976:
8839:
8116:
7750:
Ives Carpenter, Frederic (1898). "Leonard Cox and the First English Rhetoric".
6861:"Creating the Ancient Rhetorical Tradition: Dionysius of Halicarnassus in Rome"
5868:
Manipulation and Ideologies in the Twentieth Century: Discourse, Language, Mind
5841:
Manipulating Democracy: Democratic Theory, Political Psychology, and Mass Media
5748:
5556:
5030:
4776:
4756:
4603:
4468:
4397:
4191:
3691:
3585:
3211:
2909:
Aristotle: Rhetoric is an antistrophes to dialectic. "Let rhetoric an ability
2557:
2550:
2281:
The more commonly accepted definition of rhetoric claims it is synonymous with
1832:
1813:
More trusting in the power of rhetoric to support a republic, the Roman orator
1513:
1354:
1202:
1000:
834:
729:
659:
549:
542:
402:
334:
13200:
9349:
8948:
8874:
8786:
8317:
7478:
6873:
6860:
6761:
6730:
6604:
6457:
6083:
5301:
2733:" that could be taught and learned. They were thus among the first humanists.
13918:
13858:
13473:
13378:
13373:
13335:
13255:
13235:
13210:
13175:
12702:
12697:
12637:
12597:
12577:
12506:
12451:
12339:
12279:
12097:
11625:
11490:
11378:
11334:
11280:
11200:
11170:
11109:
11067:
10850:
10828:
10775:
10615:
10594:
10589:
10441:
10421:
10401:
9475:
9456:
9384:
9376:
9272:
9225:
9170:
8325:
8272:
8226:
8161:
8087:
The history of speech communication: The emergence of a discipline, 1914â1945
8006:. Bell's British Theatre. Vol. II. London: George Cawthorn. p. vii.
7937:
7825:
7804:
7785:
7486:
7386:
7366:
7337:
7142:
7091:
6835:
6738:
6695:
6612:
6511:
6465:
6302:
6203:
5901:
5564:
5475:
The Older Sophists: A Complete Translations by Several Hands of the Fragments
5400:
5090:
5065:
4789:
4594:
4291:
4163:
4148:
4135:
3687:. A number of medieval grammars and studies of poetry and rhetoric appeared.
3553:
3378:
3369:
3318:
3314:
3207:
2511:
2485:
2292:
2255:
2227:, for example, takes on the view that, "rhetoric creates knowledge," whereas
2224:
1945:
1690:
1624:
1600:
1358:
1303:
1288:
1139:
940:
799:
774:
739:
586:
554:
85:
75:
10317:
9130:
7943:
Of the Advancement and Proficience of Learning or the Partitions of Sciences
7903:
7696:
The Classical Trivium: The Place of Thomas Nashe in the Learning of His Time
7302:
6280:
6165:
6029:
5479:. Translated by Kennedy, George (first ed.). Columbia, South Carolina:
5288:
Parlor, Burkean; Johnstone, Henry W. (1996). "On schiappa versus poulakos".
3826:
One influential figure in the rebirth of interest in classical rhetoric was
2895:
13599:
13594:
13549:
13508:
13418:
13320:
13275:
13270:
13240:
13225:
13220:
13018:
13003:
12712:
12652:
12642:
12587:
12289:
12274:
12152:
12147:
12059:
11924:
11912:
11696:
11630:
11495:
10868:
10604:
10545:
10490:
10463:
9744:
7979:
7957:
7917:
7317:
5070:
4898:
4220:
4171:
4025:
3768:
3627:" arts for spreading his religion. He explores this new use of rhetoric in
3124:
2912:, in each case, to see the available means of persuasion." "Rhetoric is a
2754:
2527:
2363:
2339:
2316:
2286:
2193:
2185:
2166:
2129:
1916:
1876:
1682:
1636:
1506:
1283:
1228:
829:
615:
470:
439:
307:
9821:
9038:
8060:
7083:
6647:
6567:
6503:
4151:(1588â1679) also wrote on rhetoric. Along with a shortened translation of
3726:, 1200â1216). Pre-modern female rhetoricians, outside of Socrates' friend
3376:
among history's orators. His works include the early and very influential
3143:
Another Aristotelian doctrine was the idea of topics (also referred to as
1773:, confirms that Aristotle viewed rhetoric as a civic art. Garver writes, "
13843:
13808:
13728:
13554:
13345:
13285:
13170:
13155:
13059:
12998:
12888:
12858:
12692:
12299:
12001:
11969:
11930:
11775:
11701:
11635:
11601:
11596:
11205:
11195:
11141:
11119:
10953:
10840:
10653:
10638:
10609:
10562:
10505:
10480:
10468:
9934:
9644:
9580:
8925:
8444:
7997:
4982:
4760:
4271:
4255:
4251:
4175:
4167:
4072:
3973:
3958:
3899:, which required pupils to compose passages in praise of useless things.
3896:
3373:
3358:
3354:
2998:
2655:
2588:
or army) to wise and appropriate action. With the rise of the democratic
2474:
2403:
2162:
2143:
2125:
the process of learning and memorizing the speech and persuasive messages
1940:
1912:
1893:
1739:
1670:
1574:
1423:
1308:
1268:
1243:
754:
749:
433:
423:
12202:
9065:
8727:
8704:
7018:
6016:
Prill, Paul E. (1987). "Rhetoric and Poetics in the Early Middle Ages".
4320:
3111:
Aristotle identified three different types or genres of civic rhetoric:
2366:
exist as counterparts, working towards the same purpose of establishing
2087:
the process that leads to the development and refinement of an argument.
1872:
of principles and rules of composition as a means for moving audiences.
1762:
supported many of his arguments and argued for rhetoric as a civic art.
1708:
sees rhetoric as a broader domain of social experience in his notion of
1704:
Among the many scholars who have since pursued Burke's line of thought,
1697:, either to assign themselves or another to a group. This definition of
13848:
13639:
13483:
13438:
13315:
13290:
13215:
13150:
13043:
13033:
12940:
12915:
12868:
12369:
12324:
12319:
11962:
11887:
11853:
11780:
11765:
11753:
11721:
11682:
11485:
11390:
11082:
10998:
10993:
10673:
10643:
10391:
9723:
The Politics of Rhetoric: Richard Weaver and the Conservative Tradition
9654:
7771:
6983:
6843:
6128:
5408:
5085:
4968:
4909:, it may be possible to detect more rhetorical figures with less data.
4890:
4804:
4609:
looks for how rhetors construct an interpretive lens in their discourse
4579:
4259:
4236:
4205:
4195:
3917:
and left England in 1528. His best-known work was a book on education,
3680:
3634:
3446:
3388:
3361:, it achieved wide publication as an advanced school text on rhetoric.
3322:
3133:
2954: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2826:
2759:
2681:
2626:
2437:
2411:
2282:
2197:
2091:
1967:
1949:
1820:
1644:
1604:
1533:
1494:
1459:
1451:
1427:
960:
839:
824:
819:
598:
520:
481:
395:
286:
182:
12781:
9362:
8838:
Grey, Stephanie Houston (2009). "Conceptually-Oriented Criticism". In
7681:
The Rhetorical Tradition: Readings from Classical Times to the Present
7283:
The Rhetorical tradition: readings from classical times to the present
6703:
6091:
5471:
Gorgias (1972). "Encomium of Helen". In Sprague, Rosamond Kent (ed.).
3189:, and the like indulged in a great deal of discussion and persuasion.
13880:
13589:
13529:
13408:
13388:
13140:
13135:
13115:
12975:
12955:
12863:
12838:
12354:
11946:
11935:
11897:
11790:
11412:
11175:
11097:
10898:
10798:
10721:
10678:
10628:
10540:
10475:
10416:
10396:
10375:
10164:
9939:
9612:
9538:
7374:
7354:
7129:
7010:
6230:
The Lyceum and Public Culture in the Nineteenth-Century United States
5665:(Winter 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
5639:(Winter 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
5230:
5208:
4961:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4798:
4796:
4749:
4331:
in the context of poetics and modern linguistics, significantly with
4275:
4152:
3989:
3785:
popular in England and the continent during the Middle Ages, such as
3676:
3551:
3526:
3301:
3277:
3273:
3105:
3077:
3065:
3052:
3035:
3025:
3014:
3004:
2996:
2982:
2871:
2867:
2842:
2780:
2746:
2738:
2728:
2722:
2709:
2617:
2610:
2604:
2589:
2583:
2531:
2519:
2503:
2463:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2328:
2296:
2274:
is subjective and feeling-based, the other that it is a byproduct of
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2236:
2212:
2208:
2034:
2026:
2018:
1956:
1932:
1901:
1784:
1778:
1751:
1746:
1652:
1529:
1469:
1443:
1278:
779:
709:
647:
579:
493:
476:
457:
452:
238:
232:
211:
193:
10557:
10304:
7763:
6827:
6120:
4954:
4204:
saw international success in various editions and translations, and
3460:
3433:) but also about the general questions from which they derived (the
2929:
1589:âdisputed this limited view of rhetoric. According to Sophists like
1557:
Ezra calls for the rebuilding of the temple in this 1860 woodcut by
13544:
13165:
13125:
13028:
13008:
12945:
12883:
12843:
11974:
11863:
11785:
11706:
11420:
11104:
11072:
10984:
10979:
10858:
10803:
10736:
10693:
10458:
10447:
10339:
9496:
8929:
8898:
Comparative Rhetoric: An Historical and Cross-Cultural Introduction
7857:
Artis Logicae Plenior Institutio: Ad Petri Rami Methodum Concinnata
6687:
5075:
5045:
4882:
4855:
Comparative Rhetoric: An Historical and Cross-cultural Introduction
3868:
3856:
3763:(1911â1980) surveys the verbal arts from approximately the time of
3657:
3624:
3422:
3365:
3281:
3182:
2579:
2571:
2538:
2459:
2433:
2107:
2080:
2017:
apply fundamental Greek theories (such as the modes of persuasion:
1880:
1586:
1498:
1490:
1463:
1455:
591:
569:
487:
293:
279:
90:
80:
9923:. Festschrift in Honor of Edward P. J. Corbett. Carbondale, Ill.:
7576:
Manuwald, Gesine (2007). "Relevance of Demosthenes and Atticism".
6408:
Musica Poetica: Musical-Rhetorical Figures in German Baroque Music
1970:
was a key early leader of this movement. In his most famous work,
13564:
13120:
12935:
12925:
12920:
12903:
12411:
12379:
11957:
11907:
11881:
11758:
11711:
11548:
11312:
11180:
11136:
11131:
11061:
10883:
10873:
10688:
10510:
9797:
8712:
Vatz, Richard E. (1974). "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation".
4926:
4325:
This interdisciplinary team contributed to the renovation of the
3827:
3727:
3339:
For the Romans, oration became an important part of public life.
3016:
2717:
2695:
2677:
2667:
2150:
2118:
1986:
1928:
1905:
1720:
1659:(especially, based upon the syllogism) as the basis of rhetoric.
1590:
1502:
1435:
1431:
844:
769:
764:
714:
574:
564:
537:
300:
244:
187:
134:
95:
9794:
The Ends of the Body: Identity and Community in Medieval Culture
8484:
7439:
4120:". This complex oratorical-prayer system is absent from Ramism.
4101:, it is through the lenses of devotion and the militancy of the
3392:(a fuller statement of rhetorical principles in dialogue form),
2406:. Some of the earliest examples of rhetoric can be found in the
2075:
serve as a guide to creating persuasive messages and arguments:
2006:
values and promoted active participation in political analysis.
13709:
An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
13644:
12970:
12965:
12950:
12848:
12389:
12384:
11996:
11868:
11726:
11552:
11302:
11087:
10863:
10770:
10529:
10053:
9805:
9566:
9552:
9121:
Mao, LuMing (10 June 2020), "Redefining Comparative Rhetoric",
8375:
6803:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 22â23.
4975:
4947:
4881:. The major focus has been to detect specific figures, such as
4768:
4733:
4084:
4068:
3764:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3340:
3310:
3186:
3067:
2829:, and through them, the entire educational system of the west.
2822:
2790:
2748:
2644:
2575:
2425:
2347:
2343:
2320:
2232:
2028:
1978:
1897:
1814:
1673:
has undergone a major development that also modifies rhetoric.
1525:
1478:
1253:
1248:
789:
784:
744:
525:
500:
428:
362:
328:
315:
226:
200:
10305:"American Rhetoric: The Power of Oratory in the United States"
9919:
Connors, Robert; Ede, Lisa S.; Lunsford, Andrea, eds. (1984).
2307:
explores the room for fallacy in this concept. Therefore, the
2270:
where parties begin to diverge. One definition maintains that
13130:
11748:
11651:
11559:
11126:
11077:
11055:
10808:
10793:
9457:"Rhetorical Figure Detection: Chiasmus, Epanaphora, Epiphora"
8201:"Rhetoric and the Temporal Turn: Race, Gender, Temporalities"
6444:
Scott, Robert L. (1967). "On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic".
6370:
The End of Early Music: A Period Performer's History of Music
6154:
International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy
5508:
4940:
4263:
3752:), did occur although it was not always recorded in writing.
3238:
3193:
3079:
3054:
2847:
2838:
2566:
2561:
2216:
2135:
2036:
2020:
1924:
1795:
1786:
1669:
Since the time of Aristotle, logic has changed. For example,
1656:
1628:
1610:
1482:
1474:
1439:
1373:
1353:
Painting depicting a lecture in a knight academy, painted by
814:
369:
355:
10344:
9533:, published with an English translation on the facing page.
5950:
Rhetoric and Pedagogy: Its History, Philosophy, and Practice
5931:
Classical Rhetoric & Its Christian and Secular Tradition
4868:
2672:
Teaching in oratory was popularized in the 5th century
2549:
In Europe, organized thought about public speaking began in
1998:
became the first American college professor of rhetoric, at
1516:
to the late 19th century, rhetoric played a central role in
12898:
12853:
11297:
11092:
10453:
7886:
The Ratio studiorum: The Official Plan for Jesuit Education
7683:(2nd ed.). Boston: Bedford / St. Martins. p. 486.
5838:
Cheminant, Wayne Le; Parrish, John M. (22 September 2010).
4772:
4740:, various animals warn members of their species of danger,
4691:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
4582:") as well as material resources and discursive embodiment.
4267:
4145:
whenever possible, and that the style should be agreeable.
3925:, published in 1531, and his writings on rhetoric included
1537:
1405:
1399:
1218:
9206:
Publications of the Modern Language Association of America
9161:
Sharma, Shyam (10 June 2020), "Teaching World Rhetorics",
8136:"Resisting Temporal Regimes, Imagining Just Temporalities"
6786:
Epistemic Justification: Essays in the Theory of Knowledge
5387:
McCloskey, Donald N. (1983). "The Rhetoric of Economics".
4877:
has developed, so has interest in automatically detecting
4591:
seeks to help the critic understand the rhetor's worldview
4095:. If the influence of Cicero and Quintilian permeates the
4062:
4055:
4014:
4006:
3994:
3982:
2362:. Ultimately, according to Thomas O. Sloane, rhetoric and
12175:
List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field
11738:
8768:"The Status of Theory and Method in Rhetorical Criticism"
7580:. Vol. 1. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 129ff.
6788:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 153â171.
3013:
responds to and is patterned after the structure of the "
3010:
2740:
2231:
writes that rhetoric assists in people's ability to form
1411:
9954:
American Voices: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Orators
8457:
8032:
Birch, D.; Hooper, K., eds. (2012). "Edgeworth, Maria".
5590:
The epistemology of rhetoric: Plato, doxa and post-truth
5517:. Translated by Jowett, Benjamin. The Classical Library.
4194:
rhetoric, exemplified by such professors of rhetoric as
3853:(matter and form). Its first book treats the subject of
3267:
in a new way which offers context of practical arguments
1749:
were two of the first to see rhetoric in this light. In
11801:
10071:
Purpose, Practice, and Pedagogy in Rhetorical Criticism
9027:
Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment
8665:. Berkeley, Calif.: Parthenon West Books. p. 236.
6537:(2nd ed.). Prospect Heights, Ill: Waveland Press.
6043:
6041:
6039:
4996:
4748:(attempts at persuading through meaningful actions and
3690:
Late medieval rhetorical writings include those of St.
3619:
Although he is not commonly regarded as a rhetorician,
5317:
John S. Nelson, Allan Megill, and Donald N. McCloskey
3223:
3217:
9525:
for Greek and Latin primary texts on rhetoric is the
9163:
The Routledge Handbook of Comparative World Rhetorics
9123:
The Routledge Handbook of Comparative World Rhetorics
8689:
Bitzer, Lloyd F. (1968). "The Rhetorical Situation".
7511:
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; Moore, Charles A. (1957).
4736:
animals in a variety of ways. For example, birds use
4426:
is an important text in modern rhetorical theory and
4382:
theorists of the 20th century. His chief work is the
3873:. Much of the emphasis is on abundance of variation (
2560:, the earliest mention of oratorical skill occurs in
2537:
The use of rhetoric can also be found in the ancient
2469:
Later examples of early rhetoric can be found in the
1414:
10155:. Washington, D.C.: Catholic Univ. of America Press.
10126:"An introduction to Rhetoric and Rhetorical Figures"
6673:
6328:(1st ed.). Bedford/St. Martin's. pp. 5â8.
6036:
5865:
Saussure, Louis de; Schulz, Peter (1 January 2005).
5101:
4847:
Communication and Culture in Ancient India and China
4662:
audience's understanding of themselves and society.
4542:
4402:
Richards was a literary critic and rhetorician. His
4215:
Another notable figure in 18th century rhetoric was
1810:, a dialogue best-known for its commentary on love.
1430:. It is one of the three ancient arts of discourse (
1408:
1402:
1396:
8089:. Annandale, Va.: Speech Communication Association.
7099:Glenn, Cheryl; Ratcliffe, Krista (5 January 2011).
5685:
Aristotle, On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse
3364:Cicero charted a middle path between the competing
3192:Keith Lloyd argued that much of the recital of the
2289:view of rhetoric have yet to agree in this regard.
2204:relation is important, but requires further study.
1393:
9918:
9249:
8034:The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature
7986:. T.R. for J. Martyn at the Bell. pp. 112â13.
7510:
7316:Keith, William M.; Lundberg, Christian O. (2008).
7280:
7103:. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
7065:
6249:Rhetorical Theory: An Introduction (with InfoTrac)
5472:
5191:. New York: Harcourt Brace & World. p. 1.
2153:was added much later to the original four canons.
10132:. Archived from the original on 18 November 2005.
10064:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). pp. 233â237.
9952:Duffy, Bernard K.; Leeman, Richard, eds. (2005).
9921:Essays on Classical Rhetoric and Modern Discourse
9749:Francis Bacon: Discovery and the Art of Discourse
8761:
8759:
8285:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
7962:Francis Bacon: Discovery and the Art of Discourse
7736:William Shakspere's Small Latine and Lesse Greeke
7660:"To Eustochium, on the preservation of Virginity"
7657:
7389:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 181â365.
7369:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 160â177.
7279:Bizzell, Patricia; Herzberg, Bruce, eds. (1990).
5187:Young, R. E.; Becker, A. L.; Pike, K. L. (1970).
3633:, which laid the foundation of what would become
1900:emerged as major orators during this period, and
13916:
9079:Hawhee, D. (2011). "Toward a Bestial Rhetoric".
8496:
8494:
8299:
7245:The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes
7031:
6813:
6535:Rhetorical criticism: exploration & practice
6053:The Bedford Bibliography for Teachers of Writing
5837:
5221:. Translated by Roberts, W. Rhys. Archived from
4826:communication to promote human-animal rhetoric.
4560:is used to examine a specific case of rhetoric.
4384:TraitĂ© de l'argumentationâla nouvelle rhĂ©torique
4274:persuades, and to help understand the spread of
2395:Greek for "wisdom" and root for philosophy, or "
2350:for rhetoric to present itself in the branch of
9904:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
9764:(Twelfth ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
7888:. St. Louis, Mo.: Institute of Jesuit Sources.
7678:
7287:. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press.
7278:
6591:Scott, Robert L. (February 2000). "The Forum".
5287:
5186:
3929:Rhetoricae, sive De Ratione Dicendi, Libri Tres
3889:") Another of his works, the extremely popular
3233:is an ancient Indian Sanskrit text composed by
2622:, "skill with arguments" or "verbal artistry".
1911:Rhetoric was taught in universities during the
1462:for understanding, discovering, and developing
9667:
8825:Rhetorical Criticism: Exploration and Practice
8756:
8566:
8564:
8562:
8560:
8558:
8199:Houdek, Matthew; Phillips, Kendall R. (2020).
8198:
7749:
7723:. Vol. 4. Scholars Press. pp. 69â91.
7630:
7098:
5992:
5864:
3413:The rediscovery of Cicero's speeches (such as
1991:Boylston Professorship of Rhetoric and Oratory
124:
13075:
12797:
12218:
12040:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
11667:
10360:
10028:Eighteenth-Century British Logic and Rhetoric
8963:Davis, Diane (2011). "Creaturely Rhetorics".
8598:
8596:
8491:
8467:The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation
8121:Twentieth-Century Roots of Rhetorical Studies
7923:The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century
7315:
6855:
6853:
6049:"A Brief History of Rhetoric and Composition"
5719:
5717:
5661:, in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.),
5635:, in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.),
5395:(2). American Economic Association: 481â517.
4455:
4392:The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation
2315:standpoint in their argument for rhetoric as
1330:
9852:Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History
8844:Rhetorical Criticism: Perspectives in Action
8573:Rhetorical Criticism: Perspectives in Action
7405:
7403:
7401:
7399:
6011:
6009:
5871:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 213+.
3576:
2239:once they become widespread in a community.
1486:
62:
10015:The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Rhetoric
9951:
9720:
9708:
9579:
9520:
9415:
9413:
8555:
8115:
8036:. Oxford University Press. pp. 215â16.
8031:
8021:(fifth ed.). Pearson. pp. 183â84.
7679:Bizzell, Patricia; Herzberg, Bruce (2001).
7641:
5800:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
4326:
4106:
4096:
4088:
4049:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3919:
3884:
3874:
3866:
3854:
3848:
3759:doctoral dissertation in English, Canadian
3611:
3605:
3597:
3591:
3583:
3489:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
971:A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions
13799:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
13089:
13082:
13068:
12804:
12790:
12225:
12211:
11674:
11660:
10367:
10353:
10165:A booke called the Foundacion of Rhetorike
9970:
9868:
9783:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9721:Duffy, Bernard K.; Jacobi, Martin (1993).
9716:. Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press.
9653:
8997:
8593:
8300:Diaz Ruiz, Carlos; Nilsson, Tomas (2023).
8253:Current Issues and Research in Advertising
8133:
7869:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7429:. Marquette University Press. p. 129.
6850:
6488:"What Do You Mean, Rhetoric Is Epistemic?"
5714:
3941:(1533), and a treatise on letter writing,
3257:and ending with Vatsyayana about 400
2488:, rhetoric had existed since at least the
2377:
1337:
1323:
12232:
10109:(in Portuguese). CovilhĂŁ: Livros Labcom.
10094:The Oxford Handbook of Rhetorical Studies
10091:
10038:
10012:
9992:Aristotle's Rhetoric: On Art of Character
9902:Speak Well in Public: 10 Steps to Succeed
9639:
9611:
9537:
9495:
9474:
9454:
8947:
8765:
8216:
8151:
8046:
7662:. In Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (eds.).
7506:
7504:
7396:
7373:
7353:
6872:
6865:Creating the Ancient Rhetorical Tradition
6716:
6348:
6006:
5779:Aristotle's Rhetoric: An Art of Character
5386:
5364:
5176:Classical rhetoric for the modern student
4869:Automatic detection of rhetorical figures
4720:Learn how and when to remove this message
4649:develops through the analysis of a text.
4083:or the Oratorians, as can be seen in the
3509:Learn how and when to remove this message
3344:
3254:
3250:
3242:
2986:
2970:Learn how and when to remove this message
2851:
2786:
2713:
2704:
2690:
2673:
2635:
2523:
2498:
2478:
2420:
1888:
1824:, which he modeled on Plato's dialogues.
9899:
9593:
9410:
8827:. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press, Inc.
8500:
8346:
8306:Journal of Public Policy & Marketing
7836:
7803:
7575:
7226:. Princeton University Press. p. 3.
7101:Silence and Listening as Rhetorical Arts
6751:
6323:
6246:
5745:Contemporary Rhetorical Theory: A Reader
5587:
3844:Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style
3814:
3300:
2894:
2866:, dialogues in which Plato disputes the
2114:determining how to present the arguments
1552:
1368:
1348:
1061:Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style
12811:
10234:
10221:
10068:
9973:Farnsworth's Classical English Rhetoric
9762:Persuasion Reception and Responsibility
9743:
9625:
9489:
9419:
9051:
8895:
8608:Rhetorical Criticism: A Study in Method
8570:
8529:
8432:
8411:
8390:
8016:
7956:
7733:
7693:
7221:
7192:
6977:
6948:
6798:
6558:Herrick, James A. (22 September 2017).
6557:
6485:
6104:
5974:
5928:
5908:. Illinois: Waveland Press. p. 2.
5795:
5682:
5663:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5637:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5533:
5470:
5173:
4829:
4656:
4533:Rhetorical Criticism: A Study in Method
4390:, which was translated into English as
4354:persuasive devices. His famous dictum "
4201:Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres
3272:Some of India's famous rhetors include
2995:, Aristotle says that "rhetoric is the
1972:Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres
1963:, and discussed pronunciation tactics.
1862:
13917:
11038:Types of fiction with multiple endings
10199:
10150:
10104:
10025:
9989:
9846:
9759:
9714:The Great Sophists in Periclean Athens
9681:
9565:
9551:
9325:
9323:
9321:
9319:
9317:
9245:
9243:
9199:
9197:
9160:
9116:
9114:
9112:
9110:
9078:
9024:
8688:
8093:
7996:
7916:
7854:
7525:
7501:
7260:
7239:
6783:
6669:
6667:
6405:
6365:
6187:
6144:
6069:
5965:
5900:
5810:
5798:Political Style: The Artistry of Power
5776:
5415:
5333:
5268:
4450:
4378:Perelman was among the most important
4123:
3734:(d. 1415), or the very well-connected
3404:(a discussion of famous orators), and
2370:, with the common enemy of subjective
1849:
141:
13063:
12785:
12206:
12127:National Endowment for the Humanities
12112:Humanities, arts, and social sciences
11655:
10348:
10246:Cambridge Companion to English Poetry
10208:
10177:Rorty, Amélie Oksenberg, ed. (1996).
10176:
9768:
9329:
8962:
8737:The Only Authentic Book of Persuasion
8602:
8250:
8084:
7978:
7936:
7883:
7550:
7460:
7424:
7409:
7383:Isocrates with an English Translation
7363:Isocrates with an English Translation
7195:Rhetoric before and beyond the Greeks
7166:Rhetoric before and beyond the Greeks
7126:
7034:Rhetoric before and beyond the Greeks
6996:
6980:Rhetoric Before and Beyond the Greeks
6951:Rhetoric before and beyond the Greeks
6944:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6913:Rhetoric before and beyond the Greeks
6910:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6676:College Composition and Communication
6590:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6443:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6015:
5761:
5723:
5701:
5542:
5526:
5524:
5438:
5229:
5207:
4927:College Composition and Communication
4185:
4039:(Omer Talon) published his rhetoric,
3669:Overview of the Structure of Rhetoric
3237:. It is the foundational text of the
3229:is, or are aware of that truth." The
2219:. Though counterintuitive and vague,
2065:Rhetorical education focused on five
1264:Rhetoric of social intervention model
12122:Moscow University for the Humanities
12093:Arts and Humanities Research Council
12050:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
10051:
9791:
8924:
8860:
8837:
8822:
8734:
8711:
8660:
8634:
8134:Bjork, Collin; Buhre, Frida (2021).
7884:Pavur, Claude Nicholas, ed. (2005).
7551:Sinha, Nandalal (31 December 1990).
7251:
6532:
5817:. LIT Verlag MĂŒnster. pp. 13+.
5742:
5656:
5630:
5605:
4912:
4761:acknowledging themselves in a mirror
4673:
4285:
3804:
3487:adding citations to reliable sources
3454:
3382:(On Invention, often read alongside
3372:to become considered second only to
2952:adding citations to reliable sources
2923:
2250:is an inherent part of establishing
10312:Wikibooks: Rhetoric and Composition
9314:
9293:
9240:
9203:
9194:
9120:
9107:
8739:. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company.
8185:
7824:
7784:
7719:Ong, Walter J. (1999). "Humanism".
7718:
7555:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
7254:Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens
7224:A New History of Classical Rhetoric
7063:
6664:
6636:Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?
6227:
5977:A New History of Classical Rhetoric
5947:
5613:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2609:was the Greek term for "orator": A
2466:in drawing upon a Cosmic audience.
70:
13:
10204:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10162:Rainolde (or Rainholde), Richard.
10123:
10052:Jebb, Richard Claverhouse (1911).
9925:Southern Illinois University Press
9893:
8349:Rhetorical theory: an introduction
8100:Southern Illinois University Press
8019:The History and Theory of Rhetoric
7615:
7513:A Source Book in Indian Philosophy
7473:(4). Informa UK Limited: 365â384.
7199:State University of New York Press
7170:State University of New York Press
7163:
7038:State University of New York Press
6955:State University of New York Press
6933:
6917:State University of New York Press
6899:
6560:The History and Theory of Rhetoric
6472:
6432:
6269:
5968:Rhetoric in the European Tradition
5935:University of North Carolina Press
5618:§2 "The Structure of the Rhetoric"
5521:
5481:University of South Carolina Press
5271:Rhetoric in the European Tradition
4669:
4467:). According to rhetorical critic
3839:De Duplici Copia Verborum et Rerum
3522:
3425:helped to ignite the Renaissance.
3258:
3246:
2338:In the discussion of rhetoric and
1765:In the words of Aristotle, in the
14:
13981:
11441:Third-person omniscient narrative
10263:
10107:Introdução à Retórica no Séc. XXI
7592:"Petrarch | Western Civilization"
7443:India's Struggle for Independence
7263:Rhetoric and Poetics in Antiquity
5906:Introduction to Rhetorical Theory
5507:
5337:Educational Philosophy and Theory
4543:Additional theoretical approaches
4063:
4056:
4015:
4007:
3995:
3983:
3861:, showing the student how to use
3675:from European relations with the
3610:) or on classic legal questions (
3164:India's Struggle for Independence
2544:
2266:, but it is at the definition of
1729:
12766:
12765:
12420:
10328:
10092:MacDonald, Michael, ed. (2017).
9769:Rorty, Amelie Oksenberg (1996).
9483:
9448:
9391:
9356:
9287:
9154:
9072:
9045:
9018:
8991:
8956:
8918:
8889:
8863:Western Journal of Communication
8854:
8831:
8816:
8775:Western Journal of Communication
8679:
8654:
8628:
8523:
8451:
8426:
8405:
8399:: The Folklore of Industrial Man
8384:
8369:
8340:
8293:
8244:
8205:Women's Studies in Communication
8186:Mao, LuMing (18 December 2018).
8176:
8127:
7446:. Penguin Random House. p.
7322:. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.
6756:, DE GRUYTER, pp. 297â312,
5536:The Rhetoric of Plato's Republic
5350:10.1111/j.1469-5812.2005.00136.x
5118:
5104:
4990:Rhetoric Society Quarterly (RSQ)
4678:
4422:Toulmin was a philosopher whose
4035:One of Ramus' French followers,
4012:(1589), and Richard Rainholde's
3886:Semper, dum vivam, tui meminero.
3673:introduction of Arab scholarship
3459:
2928:
1389:
50:
12285:Computer-mediated communication
12170:Humanities in the United States
12018:American Journal of Archaeology
9462:Frontiers in Digital Humanities
9165:, Routledge, pp. 353â362,
8663:The Speaking/Writing Connection
8420:: The Making of Typographic Man
8109:
8075:
8040:
8025:
8010:
7990:
7972:
7950:
7930:
7910:
7877:
7848:
7815:
7796:
7778:
7743:
7738:. University of Illinois Press.
7727:
7712:
7687:
7672:
7651:
7624:
7609:
7584:
7569:
7544:
7519:
7454:
7433:
7425:Pavur, Claude Nicholas (1998).
7418:
7344:
7319:The essential guide to rhetoric
7309:
7272:
7230:
7215:
7186:
7157:
7120:
7054:
7025:
6990:
6971:
6807:
6792:
6777:
6745:
6710:
6627:
6584:
6551:
6526:
6399:
6359:
6342:
6326:The Essential Guide to Rhetoric
6317:
6240:
6234:Michigan State University Press
6221:
6135:
6098:
6063:
5986:
5956:
5941:
5922:
5894:
5885:
5858:
5831:
5804:
5789:
5770:
5755:
5736:
5695:
5676:
5650:
5624:
5599:
3644:(d. 420) complained, "What has
2939:needs additional citations for
2676:by itinerant teachers known as
19:For the work by Aristotle, see
13739:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
12045:Journal of Controversial Ideas
11681:
10829:Conflict between good and evil
10248:. Cambridge University Press.
10183:University of California Press
10179:Essays on Aristotle's Rhetoric
10096:. Oxford Handbooks. New York:
10026:Howell, Wilbur Samuel (1971).
9956:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood.
9940:The Art or Crafte of Rhetoryke
9854:. W. W. Norton & Company.
8422:. University of Toronto Press.
8267:(inactive 12 September 2024).
8265:10.1080/01633392.1990.10504942
7792:. University of Chicago Press.
7385:. Vol. II. Translated by
7365:. Vol. II. Translated by
5970:. University of Chicago Press.
5708:University of California Press
5501:
5464:
5439:Brown, Richard Harvey (1987).
5389:Journal of Economic Literature
5308:
5281:
5262:
5198:
5189:Rhetoric: discovery and change
5164:
5139:
5056:Grammarian (Greco-Roman world)
4553:decreased in explicit coverage
4463:
4116:'s practice, in devotion, of "
4064:most used in the best schooles
3963:The Art or Crafte of Rhetoryke
2745:rather than blood or birth or
2680:, the best known of whom were
2410:of the princess and priestess
1376:was a preacher in 1st-century
1:
13620:Principle of compositionality
10374:
10244:. In Corns, Thomas N. (ed.).
10069:Kuypers, Jim A., ed. (2014).
9455:Dubremetz, Marie (May 2018).
9434:10.1080/07350198.2015.1040105
9265:10.1080/07350198.2015.1040105
9125:, Routledge, pp. 15â33,
9012:10.1016/j.langcom.2015.03.001
8612:University of Wisconsin Press
8347:Borchers, Timothy A. (2006).
8218:10.1080/07491409.2020.1824501
8153:10.1080/02773945.2021.1918503
7515:. Princeton University Press.
7256:. Princeton University Press.
6867:: 137â244. 18 November 2021.
6446:Central States Speech Journal
6295:10.1080/07350198.2018.1424470
6247:Borchers, Timothy A. (2006).
5979:. Princeton University Press.
5811:Netzer, Olek (14 June 2021).
5726:When Words Lose Their Meaning
5422:University of Wisconsin Press
5152:
4506:
3966:
3831:
3772:
3746:
3739:
3710:
3695:
3661:
3440:
3305:Bust of Marcus Tullius Cicero
3086:the use of reasoning, either
2699:
2685:
2630:
2514:, rhetoric dates back to the
2493:
2415:
2095:(disposition, or arrangement)
1915:as one of the three original
1883:
1841:When Words Lose Their Meaning
1559:Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld
1234:List of feminist rhetoricians
13769:Philosophical Investigations
12407:Text and conversation theory
12065:Revue des Ătudes ArmĂ©niennes
10294:Resources in other libraries
9371:(4). Project Muse: 431â454.
9000:Language & Communication
8635:Gray, James W. (June 2011).
7837:Freedman, Joseph S. (1999).
6533:Foss, Sonja K., ed. (1996).
6486:Harpine, William D. (2004).
6412:University of Nebraska Press
5157:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4797:
4795:Some animals have a sort of
4518:
3685:the 12th century Renaissance
3552:
3078:
3066:
3053:
3036:
3026:
3015:
3005:
2997:
2890:
2774:
2747:
2739:
2729:
2723:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2590:
2584:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2402:Rhetoric has its origins in
2180:
2035:
2027:
2019:
1785:
1779:
1712:. Influenced by theories of
1224:Glossary of rhetorical terms
7:
13610:Modality (natural language)
10338:public domain audiobook at
9996:University of Chicago Press
9810:University of Toronto Press
9760:Larson, Charles U. (2012).
9218:10.1632/pmla.2014.129.3.448
8896:Kennedy, George A. (1998).
8123:. Westpost, Conn.: Praeger.
7926:. Harvard University Press.
7832:. Harvard University Press.
7694:McLuhan, Marshall (2009) .
7658:Jerome of Stridon (1893) .
7067:"Ancient Egyptian Rhetoric"
6784:Alston, William P. (1989).
6719:Quarterly Journal of Speech
6593:Quarterly Journal of Speech
5929:Kennedy, George A. (1999).
5783:University of Chicago Press
5730:University of Chicago Press
5683:Kennedy, George A. (1991).
5445:University of Chicago Press
5372:. Univ of Wisconsin Press.
5003:
4875:natural language processing
4461:
4310:Language as Symbolic Action
4141:The Advancement of Learning
3788:The Owl and the Nightingale
3224:
3218:
2661:
1466:for particular situations.
1071:Language as Symbolic Action
10:
13986:
13749:Language, Truth, and Logic
13489:Theological noncognitivism
13374:Contrast theory of meaning
13369:Causal theory of reference
13100:Index of language articles
10215:Cambridge University Press
10200:Sloane, Thomas O. (2001).
10032:Princeton University Press
10019:Cambridge University Press
9753:Cambridge University Press
9646:The Arte of English Poesie
9603:(in Latin). Archived from
9508:
9400:Rhetoric Society Quarterly
9101:10.5325/philrhet.44.1.0081
9093:10.5325/philrhet.44.1.0081
8985:10.5325/philrhet.44.1.0088
8977:10.5325/philrhet.44.1.0088
8637:"Four Argument Strategies"
8539:Cambridge University Press
8503:The Philosophy of Rhetoric
8140:Rhetoric Society Quarterly
8017:Herrick, James A. (2013).
7966:Cambridge University Press
7553:The Nyaya Sutras of Gotama
7265:. Oxford University Press.
6191:Social & Legal Studies
5724:White, James Boyd (1984).
5573:10.5325/philrhet.54.3.0240
5557:10.5325/philrhet.54.3.0240
5174:Corbett, E. P. J. (1990).
4920:Argumentation and Advocacy
4863:Rhetoric Society Quarterly
4456:Criticism seen as a method
4404:The Philosophy of Rhetoric
4254:and of mass media such as
4235:By the 1930s, advances in
4008:The Arte of English Poesie
3945:De Conscribendis Epistolas
3444:
3335:De Partitionibus Oratoriae
3308:
3155:
3136:(also known as ceremonial)
3094:, to construct an argument
2902:
2899:A marble bust of Aristotle
2836:
2778:
2665:
2192:stated that, "rhetoric is
1879:philosophers known as the
1699:rhetoric as identification
18:
13889:
13834:Philosophy of information
13821:
13670:
13522:
13434:Mediated reference theory
13359:
13106:
13097:
12984:
12931:Parsimony (Occam's razor)
12819:
12761:
12550:
12429:
12418:
12258:
12240:
12180:Outline of the humanities
12160:Criticism of mass culture
12140:
12132:National Humanities Medal
12085:
12010:
11841:
11689:
11504:
11476:
11468:Stream of unconsciousness
11411:
11155:
11046:
10999:Falling action/Catastasis
10944:
10849:
10784:
10707:
10519:
10382:
10289:Resources in your library
10209:Steel, Catherine (2006).
10142:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
10039:Jansinski, James (2001).
9971:Farnsworth, Ward (2010).
9900:Andresen, Volker (2010).
9054:Philosophy & Rhetoric
8949:10.12697/SSS.2001.29.2.16
8875:10.1080/10570310109374704
8787:10.1080/10570310109374705
8766:Jansinski, James (2001).
8735:Vatz, Richard E. (2014).
8715:Philosophy & Rhetoric
8692:Philosophy & Rhetoric
8318:10.1177/07439156221103852
8049:Philosophy & Rhetoric
7830:Ramus and Talon Inventory
7596:courses.lumenlearning.com
7526:Zimmer, Heinrich (2008).
7479:10.1080/07350190701577892
6874:10.1017/9781108873956.008
6799:Goldman, Alan H. (1988).
6762:10.1515/9783110885651.297
6754:Readings in Argumentation
6731:10.1080/00335638309383662
6605:10.1080/00335630009384281
6458:10.1080/10510976709362856
6406:Bartel, Dietrich (1997).
6084:10.1080/07350198909388879
5545:Philosophy & Rhetoric
5370:The Rhetoric of Economics
5302:10.1080/07350199609389075
5016:List of political slogans
4732:Rhetoric is practiced by
4356:the medium is the message
4226:
3865:; the second book covers
3577:Medieval to Enlightenment
3331:De Optimo Genere Oratorum
3296:
3127:(also known as political)
2440:, as well as elements of
2060:
1458:. Rhetoric also provides
981:De Optimo Genere Oratorum
107:
13940:Critical thinking skills
13759:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
12365:Nonviolent communication
12295:History of communication
12165:Educational essentialism
11802:Interdisciplinary fields
10836:Self-fulfilling prophecy
10322:BBC Radio 4: In Our Time
10202:Encyclopedia of Rhetoric
10151:Pernot, Laurent (2005).
10013:Gunderson, Erik (2009).
9840:10.3138/9781442661387.11
9531:Harvard University Press
9476:10.3389/fdigh.2018.00010
9377:10.1525/rh.1998.16.4.431
9171:10.4324/9780367809768-39
8930:"A note on biorhetorics"
8501:Richards, I. A. (1965).
7261:Walker, Jeffrey (2000).
7143:10.1525/rh.2002.20.3.213
7064:Fox, Michael V. (1983).
6324:Lundberg, Keith (2008).
6204:10.1177/0964663913502068
5796:Hariman, Robert (1995).
5416:Nelson, John S. (1998).
5325:24 November 2009 at the
5132:
3521:Quintilian (35â100
3151:
3118:(also known as judicial)
2832:
2785:Isocrates (436â338
2342:, comes the question of
2156:
2000:New-York Central College
1548:
13560:Useâmention distinction
13404:Direct reference theory
12360:Nonverbal communication
12350:Models of communication
11463:Stream of consciousness
10926:Suspension of disbelief
10222:Vickers, Brian (1998).
10105:Mateus, Samuel (2018).
10098:Oxford University Press
10061:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
9990:Garver, Eugene (1995).
9710:de Rommilly, Jacqueline
9632:The Garden of Eloquence
9334:. New York: Routledge.
9131:10.4324/9780367809768-3
9081:Philosophy and Rhetoric
8965:Philosophy and Rhetoric
8902:Oxford University Press
8507:Oxford University Press
8463:Olbrechts-Tyteca, Lucie
8441:: The Extensions of Man
8119:; King, Andrew (2001).
8000:(1797) . "Dedication".
6999:Philosophy and Rhetoric
6492:Philosophy and Rhetoric
6376:Oxford University Press
6349:Heinrichs, Jay (2017).
6228:Ray, Angela G. (2005).
6166:10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i1.285
6030:10.1525/rh.1987.5.2.129
5777:Garver, Eugene (1994).
5702:Burke, Kenneth (1969).
5689:Oxford University Press
5657:Rapp, Christof (2023),
5631:Rapp, Christof (2023),
5606:Rapp, Christof (2022).
5588:Bengtson, Erik (2019).
5534:Kastely, James (2015).
5269:Conley, Thomas (1991).
5180:Oxford University Press
5096:Technical communication
4337:Rhétorique de la poésie
4041:Institutiones Oratoriae
4016:Foundacion of Rhetorike
3909:, and was entrusted by
3837:â1536). His 1512 work,
3648:to do with the Psalms,
3291:
3158:Ancient Indian rhetoric
3003:of dialectic". As the "
2570:, in which heroes like
2383:government- democracy,
2378:History and development
2235:, which are defined as
2072:Five Canons of Rhetoric
1543:
1487:five canons of rhetoric
921:De Sophisticis Elenchis
13970:Philosophy of language
13494:Theory of descriptions
13429:Linguistic determinism
13091:Philosophy of language
11953:Liberal arts education
11004:Denouement/Catastrophe
10985:Rising action/Epitasis
10224:In Defence of Rhetoric
10041:Sourcebook on Rhetoric
9688:The Arte of Rhetorique
9600:Rhetorica ad Herennium
9527:Loeb Classical Library
9521:
9308:10.5325/style.37.4.401
7855:Milton, John (1935) .
7734:Baldwin, T.W. (1944).
7642:
7633:De doctrina Christiana
7578:Cicero, Philippics 3â9
7359:"Against the Sophists"
7222:Kennedy, G.A. (1994).
6816:Comparative Literature
6366:Haynes, Bruce (2007).
6145:Roffee, J. A. (2016).
5999:De doctrina Christiana
5975:Kennedy, G.A. (1994).
5659:"Aristotle's Rhetoric"
5633:"Aristotle's Rhetoric"
5608:"Aristotle's Rhetoric"
4700:by rewriting it in an
4493:
4444:The Ethics of Rhetoric
4388:Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca
4327:
4128:In New England and at
4107:
4097:
4089:
4057:or The Grammar Schoole
4050:
3996:The English Secretorie
3984:The Arte of Rhetorique
3944:
3936:
3928:
3920:
3885:
3875:
3867:
3855:
3849:
3823:
3630:De doctrina Christiana
3612:
3606:
3598:
3592:
3590:) and sermon writing (
3584:
3541:The Orator's Education
3537:Institutes of Oratory,
3415:the defense of Archias
3350:Rhetorica ad Herennium
3306:
3179:
3101:enthymematic reasoning
2900:
2793:and it is likely that
2530:emphasized the use of
2497: 2080â1640
2419: 2285â2250
2242:It is unclear whether
1562:
1381:
1366:
1041:De doctrina Christiana
1031:Dialogus de oratoribus
951:Rhetorica ad Herennium
177:Captatio benevolentiae
13935:Communication studies
13605:Mental representation
13540:Linguistic relativity
13424:Inquisitive semantics
12986:Theories of deduction
12512:Mediated cross-border
12234:Communication studies
12029:History of Humanities
11350:Utopian and dystopian
10153:Rhetoric in Antiquity
9822:10.3138/9781442661387
9773:. Los Angeles, Calif.
9669:Susenbrotus, Johannes
9330:Lloyd, Keith (2021).
8094:Gehrke, P.J. (2009).
8061:10.1353/par.2000.0017
7752:Modern Language Notes
7665:Letters of St. Jerome
7530:. London: Routledge.
7528:Philosophies of India
7252:Ober, Josiah (1989).
7241:Hansen, Mogens Herman
7084:10.1525/rh.1983.1.1.9
6648:10.4324/9781912281862
6568:10.4324/9781315404141
6504:10.1353/par.2004.0026
6352:Thank You for Arguing
6108:Shakespeare Quarterly
5966:Conley, T.M. (1990).
5704:A Rhetoric of Motives
5366:McCloskey, Deirdre N.
5275:University of Chicago
5225:on 16 September 2008.
5081:Persuasion technology
4569:Ideological criticism
4512:Rhetorical strategies
4473:
4306:A Rhetoric of Motives
4210:Elements of Criticism
4208:with his influential
3818:
3304:
3245:and 2nd-century
3169:
3156:Further information:
3098:Aristotle emphasized
2898:
2490:Middle Kingdom period
2458:, and repetition and
2313:justified true belief
2301:justified true belief
2262:as a requirement for
2043:Communication Studies
1710:constitutive rhetoric
1556:
1372:
1352:
1209:Communication studies
1051:De vulgari eloquentia
911:Rhetoric to Alexander
13950:Intellectual history
13789:Naming and Necessity
13699:De Arte Combinatoria
13498:Definite description
13459:Semantic externalism
12447:Communication theory
12442:Communication design
12185:Renaissance humanism
12117:Master of Humanities
10904:Narrative techniques
10684:Story within a story
10496:Supporting character
10181:. Berkeley, Calif.:
10130:The Galilean Library
9771:Aristotle's Rhetoric
9618:Against the Sophists
9607:on 27 February 2005.
8935:Sign Systems Studies
8823:Foss, Sonja (1989).
8661:Ryan, David (2007).
8535:The Uses of Argument
8418:The Gutenberg Galaxy
8397:The Mechanical Bride
8098:. Carbondale, Ill.:
7631:Augustine of Hippo.
6253:Wadsworth Publishing
5061:Language and thought
5011:Glossary of rhetoric
4830:Comparative rhetoric
4657:Purpose of criticism
4537:rhetorical situation
4525:rhetorical criticism
4440:Language is Sermonic
4428:argumentation theory
4361:The Gutenberg Galaxy
4350:The Mechanical Bride
4302:A Grammar of Motives
3821:Erasmus of Rotterdam
3810:Renaissance humanism
3767:down to the time of
3757:Cambridge University
3667:â524), in his brief
3483:improve this section
2948:improve this article
2905:Rhetoric (Aristotle)
2813:Against the Sophists
2703: 483â376
2689: 481â420
2526:). The tradition of
2196:," rhetoricians and
2169:discussed rhetoric.
1863:As a course of study
1758:Against the Sophists
13965:Philosophy of logic
13960:Philosophical logic
13930:Applied linguistics
13839:Philosophical logic
13829:Analytic philosophy
13635:Sense and reference
13514:Verification theory
13469:Situation semantics
12813:Philosophical logic
12104:Geisteswissenschaft
12070:Teaching Philosophy
11849:Abductive reasoning
11609:Political narrative
11451:Unreliable narrator
11308:Speculative fiction
11016:Nonlinear narrative
10964:Three-act structure
10824:Deal with the Devil
10030:. Princeton, N.J.:
10017:. Cambridge, U.K.:
9975:. David R. Godine.
9725:. Westport, Conn.:
9660:Institutio oratoria
9039:10.1093/isle/iss084
8439:Understanding Media
8351:. Belmont, Calif.:
7201:. pp. 165â82.
7172:. pp. 115â30.
6801:Empirical Knowledge
6183:on 5 February 2017.
5952:. pp. 295â315.
5933:. Chapel Hill: The
5041:Conversation theory
5036:Composition studies
4807:rhetoric deploying
4631:Narrative criticism
4451:Methods of analysis
4367:Understanding Media
4333:Rhétorique générale
4280:conspiracy theories
4124:Seventeenth century
4118:spiritual exercises
4103:Counter-Reformation
3974:Philipp Melanchthon
3915:Catherine of Aragon
3892:The Praise of Folly
3798:Parliament of Fowls
3791:(13th century) and
3783:animal debate poems
3718:Geoffrey of Vinsauf
3532:Institutio Oratoria
3421:) by Italians like
3042:an objective theory
2992:The Art of Rhetoric
2516:Chinese philosopher
2473:during the time of
2471:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2295:teachings refer to
2133:(presentation) and
1961:William Shakespeare
1850:As a political tool
1714:social construction
1567:political discourse
1448:academic discipline
1214:Composition studies
1145:Health and medicine
1011:Institutio Oratoria
218:Eloquentia perfecta
13689:Port-Royal Grammar
13585:Family resemblance
13504:Theory of language
13479:Supposition theory
12877:Unity of opposites
12477:Discourse analysis
12402:Telecommunications
12345:Meta-communication
12191:Studia Humanitatis
11587:Narrative paradigm
11582:Narrative identity
11512:Dominant narrative
11458:Multiple narrators
10742:Fictional location
10585:Dramatic structure
9695:on 30 August 2006.
8904:. pp. 11â28.
8610:. Madison, Wisc.:
8378:A General Rhetoric
8085:Cohen, H. (1994).
7809:Age de l'Ăloquence
7721:Faith and Contexts
7427:Nietzsche Humanist
7040:. pp. 65â78.
6986:. pp. 227â29.
6957:. pp. 47â64.
6919:. pp. 25â46.
5994:Augustine of Hippo
5418:Tropes of Politics
5051:Discourse analysis
4879:rhetorical figures
4746:rhetorical actions
4702:encyclopedic style
4689:is written like a
4314:dramatistic pentad
4186:Eighteenth century
3863:schemes and tropes
3824:
3736:Christine de Pizan
3707:Ars Versificatoria
3703:Matthew of VendĂŽme
3596:). As part of the
3539:or alternatively,
3451:Byzantine rhetoric
3307:
3286:Chandragupt Maurya
2901:
2799:Aristotle's Lyceum
2175:Christoph Bernhard
2171:Joachim Burmeister
2051:Western philosophy
1621:Socratic Dialogues
1563:
1382:
1367:
1299:Terministic screen
1081:A General Rhetoric
611:Resignation speech
148:Studia humanitatis
130:Byzantine rhetoric
13912:
13911:
13414:Dynamic semantics
13057:
13056:
12909:List of fallacies
12894:Explanatory power
12821:Critical thinking
12779:
12778:
12200:
12199:
11920:General knowledge
11903:Cultural literacy
11837:
11836:
11771:Religious studies
11707:Classical studies
11649:
11648:
11592:Narrative therapy
11026:television series
10971:Freytag's Pyramid
10814:Moral development
10717:Alternate history
10427:False protagonist
10270:Library resources
10255:978-0-521-42309-0
10192:978-0-520-20228-3
10170:Project Gutenberg
10116:978-989-654-438-6
10084:978-0-7391-8018-1
10045:SAGE Publications
10005:978-0-226-28425-5
9982:978-1-56792-552-4
9945:Project Gutenberg
9911:978-1-4563-1026-4
9861:978-0-393-05931-1
9831:978-1-4426-6138-7
9702:Secondary sources
9641:Puttenham, George
9341:978-1-000-06623-4
9180:978-0-367-80976-8
9140:978-0-367-80976-8
8911:978-0-19-510932-0
8746:978-1-4652-5925-7
8672:978-0-9765684-9-0
8586:978-0-7391-2774-2
8548:978-0-521-53483-3
8516:978-0-19-500715-2
8476:978-0-268-00446-0
8434:McLuhan, Marshall
8413:McLuhan, Marshall
8401:. Vanguard Press.
8392:McLuhan, Marshall
8362:978-0-534-63918-1
8353:Thomson/Wadsworth
8003:The Spanish Fryar
7895:978-1-880810-59-0
7705:978-1-58423-235-3
7537:978-0-415-46232-7
7329:978-0-312-47239-9
7294:978-0-312-00348-7
7208:978-0-7914-6099-3
7179:978-0-7914-6099-3
7110:978-0-8093-3017-1
7047:978-0-7914-6099-3
6964:978-0-7914-6099-3
6926:978-0-7914-6099-3
6884:978-1-108-87395-6
6771:978-3-11-013576-3
6657:978-1-912281-86-2
6577:978-1-315-40414-1
6544:978-0-88133-873-7
6385:978-0-19-804094-1
6335:978-0-312-47239-9
6262:978-0-534-63918-1
6236:. pp. 14â15.
5915:978-1-57766-221-1
5878:978-90-272-2707-2
5851:978-1-136-99445-6
5824:978-3-643-91296-1
5454:978-0-226-07617-1
5431:978-0-299-15833-0
5379:978-0-299-15813-2
5126:Psychology portal
5112:Philosophy portal
4976:Relevant Rhetoric
4913:Academic journals
4907:few-shot learning
4903:language modeling
4851:George A. Kennedy
4730:
4729:
4722:
4586:Cluster criticism
4434:Richard M. Weaver
4286:Notable theorists
4282:on social media.
4174:(1635â1713), and
4037:Audomarus Talaeus
3805:Sixteenth century
3732:Julian of Norwich
3563:Abbey of St. Gall
3519:
3518:
3511:
3040:). It is more of
2980:
2979:
2972:
2821:". He influenced
2819:Ten Attic Orators
2408:Akkadian writings
1983:John Quincy Adams
1676:The contemporary
1643:or judicial, and
1596:Encomium to Helen
1518:Western education
1347:
1346:
1274:Rogerian argument
1021:Panegyrici Latini
113:The age of Cicero
16:Art of persuasion
13977:
13945:History of logic
13874:Formal semantics
13822:Related articles
13814:
13804:
13794:
13784:
13774:
13764:
13754:
13744:
13734:
13724:
13714:
13704:
13694:
13684:
13454:Relevance theory
13449:Phallogocentrism
13084:
13077:
13070:
13061:
13060:
13039:Platonic realism
12806:
12799:
12792:
12783:
12782:
12769:
12768:
12424:
12375:Public relations
12270:Biocommunication
12227:
12220:
12213:
12204:
12203:
11987:Self-realization
11799:
11798:
11676:
11669:
11662:
11653:
11652:
11572:Literary science
11115:Narrative poetry
11011:Linear narrative
10921:Stylistic device
10916:Show, don't tell
10879:Figure of speech
10669:Shaggy dog story
10412:Characterization
10369:
10362:
10355:
10346:
10345:
10332:
10331:
10325:
10308:
10259:
10243:
10231:
10218:
10205:
10196:
10172:
10156:
10147:
10141:
10133:
10120:
10101:
10088:
10065:
10057:
10055:"Rhetoric"
10048:
10035:
10022:
10009:
9986:
9967:
9947:
9928:
9915:
9887:
9870:van BĂŒhren, Ralf
9865:
9843:
9796:(1st ed.).
9788:
9782:
9774:
9765:
9756:
9740:
9717:
9696:
9691:. Archived from
9678:
9674:Epitome troporum
9664:
9650:
9636:
9622:
9608:
9590:
9576:
9562:
9548:
9524:
9502:
9501:
9499:
9487:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9452:
9446:
9445:
9417:
9408:
9407:
9395:
9389:
9388:
9360:
9354:
9353:
9327:
9312:
9311:
9291:
9285:
9284:
9247:
9238:
9237:
9201:
9192:
9191:
9158:
9152:
9151:
9118:
9105:
9104:
9076:
9070:
9069:
9049:
9043:
9042:
9022:
9016:
9015:
8995:
8989:
8988:
8960:
8954:
8953:
8951:
8922:
8916:
8915:
8893:
8887:
8886:
8858:
8852:
8851:
8835:
8829:
8828:
8820:
8814:
8813:
8811:
8809:
8804:on 29 March 2017
8803:
8797:. Archived from
8772:
8763:
8754:
8750:
8731:
8708:
8683:
8677:
8676:
8658:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8632:
8626:
8625:
8600:
8591:
8590:
8568:
8553:
8552:
8531:Toulmin, Stephen
8527:
8521:
8520:
8498:
8489:
8488:
8455:
8449:
8448:
8430:
8424:
8423:
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8402:
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8382:
8381:
8373:
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8338:
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8291:
8290:
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8276:
8248:
8242:
8238:
8220:
8195:
8180:
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8173:
8155:
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8125:
8124:
8113:
8107:
8103:
8090:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8044:
8038:
8037:
8029:
8023:
8022:
8014:
8008:
8007:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7954:
7948:
7947:
7934:
7928:
7927:
7914:
7908:
7907:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7868:
7860:
7852:
7846:
7842:
7833:
7819:
7813:
7811:
7800:
7794:
7793:
7782:
7776:
7775:
7747:
7741:
7739:
7731:
7725:
7724:
7716:
7710:
7709:
7698:. Gingko Press.
7691:
7685:
7684:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7655:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7628:
7622:
7621:
7613:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7588:
7582:
7581:
7573:
7567:
7566:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7523:
7517:
7516:
7508:
7499:
7498:
7458:
7452:
7451:
7437:
7431:
7430:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7407:
7394:
7390:
7370:
7348:
7342:
7341:
7313:
7307:
7306:
7286:
7276:
7270:
7266:
7257:
7248:
7234:
7228:
7227:
7219:
7213:
7212:
7190:
7184:
7183:
7161:
7155:
7154:
7124:
7118:
7114:
7095:
7069:
7058:
7052:
7051:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7011:10.2307/25655316
6994:
6988:
6987:
6975:
6969:
6968:
6946:
6931:
6930:
6908:
6897:
6896:
6876:
6857:
6848:
6847:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6796:
6790:
6789:
6781:
6775:
6774:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6671:
6662:
6661:
6641:
6631:
6625:
6624:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6555:
6549:
6548:
6530:
6524:
6523:
6483:
6470:
6469:
6441:
6430:
6429:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6373:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6278:
6267:
6266:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6232:. East Lansing:
6225:
6219:
6215:
6184:
6182:
6176:. Archived from
6151:
6139:
6133:
6132:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6055:. Archived from
6045:
6034:
6033:
6013:
6004:
6003:
5990:
5984:
5980:
5971:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5898:
5892:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5808:
5802:
5801:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5603:
5597:
5593:
5584:
5539:
5528:
5519:
5518:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5478:
5468:
5462:
5458:
5435:
5412:
5383:
5361:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5266:
5260:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5247:on 15 April 2012
5243:. Archived from
5226:
5202:
5196:
5192:
5183:
5168:
5146:
5143:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5021:List of speeches
4843:Robert T. Oliver
4824:
4818:
4812:
4802:
4782:
4725:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4705:
4682:
4681:
4674:
4648:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4549:neo-Aristotelian
4491:
4466:
4424:Uses of Argument
4343:Marshall McLuhan
4330:
4298:Counterstatement
4221:Sir Walter Scott
4110:
4100:
4094:
4081:Society of Jesus
4066:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4051:Ludus literarius
4018:
4017:
4010:
4009:
4002:George Puttenham
3998:
3997:
3986:
3985:
3971:
3970: 1524â1530
3968:
3947:
3939:
3937:De Consultatione
3931:
3923:
3888:
3878:
3872:
3860:
3852:
3836:
3833:
3793:Geoffrey Chaucer
3777:
3774:
3761:Marshall McLuhan
3751:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3715:
3712:
3700:
3697:
3666:
3663:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3595:
3589:
3571:Second Sophistic
3557:
3524:
3514:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3494:
3463:
3455:
3346:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3235:Aksapada Gautama
3227:
3221:
3083:
3071:
3058:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3020:
3008:
3002:
2988:
2975:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2955:
2932:
2924:
2853:
2788:
2752:
2744:
2732:
2726:
2715:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2675:
2638:
2637:
2634: 444
2632:
2621:
2614:
2608:
2601:Classical Greece
2593:
2587:
2525:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2480:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2074:
2073:
2040:
2032:
2024:
1996:William G. Allen
1891:
1890:
1887: 600
1885:
1837:James Boyd White
1790:
1782:
1736:European History
1706:James Boyd White
1678:neo-Aristotelian
1603:in starting the
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1363:Rosenborg Castle
1339:
1332:
1325:
1239:List of speeches
1086:
1076:
1066:
1056:
1046:
1036:
1026:
1016:
1006:
996:
986:
976:
966:
956:
946:
936:
926:
916:
906:
896:
886:
690:Neo-Aristotelian
257:Figure of speech
118:Second Sophistic
54:
31:
30:
13985:
13984:
13980:
13979:
13978:
13976:
13975:
13974:
13915:
13914:
13913:
13908:
13885:
13864:School of Names
13817:
13812:
13802:
13792:
13782:
13779:Of Grammatology
13772:
13762:
13752:
13742:
13732:
13722:
13712:
13702:
13692:
13682:
13666:
13518:
13464:Semantic holism
13444:Non-cognitivism
13384:Conventionalism
13355:
13102:
13093:
13088:
13058:
13053:
13024:Logical atomism
12980:
12873:Socratic method
12824:
12815:
12810:
12780:
12775:
12757:
12546:
12425:
12416:
12263:
12261:
12254:
12236:
12231:
12201:
12196:
12136:
12081:
12006:
11992:Self-reflection
11982:Moral character
11941:Human condition
11893:Critical theory
11833:
11797:
11744:Performing arts
11685:
11680:
11650:
11645:
11577:Literary theory
11517:Fiction writing
11500:
11472:
11407:
11159:
11151:
11042:
10940:
10845:
10780:
10703:
10574:Deus ex machina
10515:
10501:Title character
10486:Stock character
10432:Focal character
10378:
10373:
10329:
10316:
10303:
10300:
10299:
10298:
10278:
10277:
10273:
10266:
10256:
10228:Clarendon Press
10193:
10161:
10135:
10134:
10117:
10085:
10075:Lexington Books
10073:. Lanham, Md.:
10006:
9983:
9964:
9933:
9912:
9896:
9894:Further reading
9891:
9884:
9862:
9848:Safire, William
9832:
9776:
9775:
9737:
9727:Greenwood Press
9699:
9522:locus classicus
9515:Primary sources
9511:
9506:
9505:
9488:
9484:
9453:
9449:
9422:Rhetoric Review
9418:
9411:
9397:
9396:
9392:
9361:
9357:
9342:
9328:
9315:
9292:
9288:
9253:Rhetoric Review
9248:
9241:
9202:
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8859:
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8848:Lexington Books
8846:. Lanham, Md.:
8840:Kuypers, Jim A.
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8641:Ethical Realism
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8577:Lexington Books
8575:. Lanham, Md.:
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8117:Kuypers, Jim A.
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4934:College English
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4709:
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4698:help improve it
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4670:Animal rhetoric
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4617:Genre criticism
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4418:Stephen Toulmin
4288:
4245:visual rhetoric
4241:linguistic turn
4229:
4217:Maria Edgeworth
4188:
4130:Harvard College
4126:
4114:Ignatius Loyola
4098:Ratio Studiorum
4091:Ratio Studiorum
3969:
3907:Cardinal Wolsey
3903:Juan Luis Vives
3841:(also known as
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3679:(in particular
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3593:ars praedicandi
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3445:Main articles:
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3417:) and letters (
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3309:Main articles:
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3204:Stephen Toulmin
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2496:
2428:," includes an
2418:
2397:love of wisdom"
2380:
2309:Gettier Problem
2305:Gettier Problem
2303:. However, the
2190:Robert L. Scott
2183:
2159:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2047:linguistic turn
2015:speech analysis
2011:public speaking
1886:
1865:
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1829:Political Style
1732:
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1528:, counsellors,
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506:Farewell speech
463:Socratic method
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13394:Deconstruction
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12994:Constructivism
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12826:informal logic
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12517:Organizational
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12467:Cross-cultural
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12315:Intrapersonal
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11875:Belles-lettres
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11859:Antipositivism
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11641:Verisimilitude
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11544:Parallel novel
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11186:Action fiction
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10923:
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10896:
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10847:
10846:
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10811:
10806:
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10705:
10704:
10702:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10664:Self-insertion
10661:
10656:
10651:
10649:Poetic justice
10646:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10619:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
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10587:
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10555:
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10508:
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10471:
10466:
10461:
10451:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10407:Character flaw
10404:
10399:
10394:
10388:
10386:
10380:
10379:
10372:
10371:
10364:
10357:
10349:
10343:
10342:
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10309:
10297:
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10286:
10280:
10279:
10268:
10267:
10265:
10264:External links
10262:
10261:
10260:
10254:
10236:Vickers, Brian
10232:
10219:
10206:
10197:
10191:
10174:
10159:
10157:
10148:
10124:Newall, Paul.
10121:
10115:
10102:
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10049:
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9757:
9741:
9735:
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9705:
9698:
9697:
9683:Wilson, Thomas
9679:
9665:
9651:
9637:
9627:Peacham, Henry
9623:
9609:
9591:
9577:
9563:
9549:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9504:
9503:
9482:
9447:
9428:(3): 239â274.
9409:
9390:
9355:
9340:
9313:
9286:
9259:(3): 239â274.
9239:
9212:(3): 448â455.
9193:
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9071:
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8942:(2): 693â704.
8917:
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8888:
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8781:(3): 249â270.
8755:
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8709:
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8383:
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8339:
8292:
8259:(1â2): 25â42.
8243:
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8211:(4): 369â383.
8196:
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8146:(3): 177â181.
8126:
8108:
8105:
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8091:
8081:
8074:
8055:(3): 243â258.
8039:
8024:
8009:
7989:
7971:
7949:
7938:Bacon, Francis
7929:
7909:
7894:
7876:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7834:
7826:Ong, Walter J.
7821:
7814:
7805:Fumaroli, Marc
7795:
7786:Ong, Walter J.
7777:
7742:
7726:
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7704:
7686:
7671:
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7608:
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7561:
7543:
7536:
7518:
7500:
7453:
7432:
7417:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7387:Norlin, George
7371:
7367:Norlin, George
7350:
7343:
7328:
7308:
7293:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7258:
7249:
7236:
7229:
7214:
7207:
7185:
7178:
7156:
7119:
7116:
7115:
7109:
7096:
7060:
7053:
7046:
7024:
6989:
6970:
6963:
6932:
6925:
6898:
6883:
6849:
6806:
6791:
6776:
6770:
6744:
6725:(4): 351â363.
6709:
6688:10.2307/357725
6663:
6656:
6626:
6599:(1): 108â110.
6583:
6576:
6550:
6543:
6525:
6498:(4): 335â352.
6471:
6431:
6424:
6398:
6384:
6358:
6355:. p. 303.
6341:
6334:
6316:
6289:(2): 139â154.
6268:
6261:
6255:. p. 21.
6239:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6185:
6141:
6134:
6097:
6062:
6035:
6024:(2): 129â147.
6005:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5972:
5962:
5955:
5940:
5921:
5914:
5902:Hauser, Gerard
5893:
5884:
5877:
5857:
5850:
5830:
5823:
5803:
5788:
5769:
5754:
5749:Guilford Press
5735:
5713:
5694:
5675:
5649:
5623:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5585:
5551:(3): 240â262.
5540:
5530:
5520:
5500:
5493:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5453:
5436:
5430:
5413:
5384:
5378:
5362:
5344:(4): 475â494.
5331:
5314:
5307:
5296:(2): 438â440.
5280:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5227:
5204:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5184:
5170:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5115:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5031:Civic humanism
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4914:
4911:
4870:
4867:
4831:
4828:
4757:self-awareness
4728:
4727:
4710:September 2023
4686:
4684:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4658:
4655:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4611:
4606:
4604:Frame analysis
4601:
4598:
4593:(developed by
4588:
4583:
4576:
4571:
4558:a broad method
4547:Following the
4544:
4541:
4520:
4517:
4508:
4505:
4490:Jim A. Kuypers
4487:
4479:
4469:Jim A. Kuypers
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4436:
4431:
4420:
4415:
4400:
4398:I. A. Richards
4395:
4376:
4374:ChaĂŻm Perelman
4371:
4345:
4340:
4323:
4317:
4294:
4287:
4284:
4228:
4225:
4187:
4184:
4125:
4122:
4067:". Many other
4061:as being the "
4000:(1586, 1592),
3921:De Disciplinis
3806:
3803:
3692:Thomas Aquinas
3586:ars dictaminis
3578:
3575:
3517:
3516:
3467:
3465:
3458:
3442:
3439:
3370:Asiatic styles
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3212:Chaim Perelman
3177:participation.
3153:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3096:
3095:
3084:
3075:
3072:
3063:
3059:
2985:(384â322
2978:
2977:
2960:September 2013
2936:
2934:
2927:
2903:Main article:
2892:
2889:
2850:(427â347
2834:
2831:
2779:Main article:
2776:
2773:
2712:(436â338
2666:Main article:
2663:
2660:
2643:and his pupil
2558:ancient Greece
2551:ancient Greece
2546:
2545:Ancient Greece
2543:
2522:(551â479
2477:(704â681
2379:
2376:
2182:
2179:
2158:
2155:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2126:
2123:
2115:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2085:
2062:
2059:
1864:
1861:
1851:
1848:
1833:Robert Hariman
1731:
1730:As a civic art
1728:
1695:identification
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1514:Ancient Greece
1355:Pieter Isaacsz
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1203:Ars dictaminis
1198:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1037:
1027:
1017:
1007:
1001:On the Sublime
997:
987:
977:
967:
957:
947:
937:
927:
917:
907:
897:
887:
876:
872:
871:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
706:
702:
701:
700:
697:
696:
693:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
656:
655:
645:
639:
633:
632:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
607:
606:
596:
595:
594:
584:
583:
582:
577:
572:
562:
557:
552:
550:Lightning talk
547:
546:
545:
535:
530:
529:
528:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
497:
496:
491:
479:
474:
467:
466:
465:
455:
450:
445:
444:
443:
431:
426:
420:
416:
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
399:
392:
391:
390:
380:
375:
374:
373:
366:
359:
347:
342:
337:
335:Method of loci
332:
325:
318:
313:
312:
311:
304:
297:
290:
283:
271:
270:
269:
264:
254:
253:
252:
242:
235:
230:
223:
222:
221:
209:
204:
197:
190:
185:
180:
172:
168:
167:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
153:
152:
151:
139:
138:
137:
132:
122:
121:
120:
115:
105:
100:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
71:Ancient Greece
67:
61:
60:
59:
56:
55:
47:
46:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13982:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13953:
13951:
13948:
13946:
13943:
13941:
13938:
13936:
13933:
13931:
13928:
13926:
13923:
13922:
13920:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13891:
13888:
13882:
13879:
13875:
13872:
13871:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13859:Scholasticism
13857:
13855:
13852:
13850:
13847:
13845:
13842:
13840:
13837:
13835:
13832:
13830:
13827:
13826:
13824:
13820:
13811:
13810:
13806:
13801:
13800:
13796:
13791:
13790:
13786:
13781:
13780:
13776:
13771:
13770:
13766:
13761:
13760:
13756:
13751:
13750:
13746:
13741:
13740:
13736:
13730:
13726:
13721:
13720:
13716:
13711:
13710:
13706:
13701:
13700:
13696:
13691:
13690:
13686:
13681:
13680:
13676:
13675:
13673:
13669:
13663:
13662:
13658:
13656:
13653:
13651:
13648:
13646:
13643:
13641:
13638:
13636:
13633:
13631:
13628:
13626:
13623:
13621:
13618:
13616:
13613:
13611:
13608:
13606:
13603:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13581:
13578:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13563:
13561:
13558:
13556:
13553:
13551:
13548:
13546:
13543:
13541:
13538:
13536:
13533:
13531:
13528:
13527:
13525:
13521:
13515:
13512:
13510:
13507:
13505:
13502:
13499:
13495:
13492:
13490:
13487:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13477:
13475:
13474:Structuralism
13472:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13450:
13447:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13437:
13435:
13432:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13422:
13420:
13417:
13415:
13412:
13410:
13407:
13405:
13402:
13400:
13399:Descriptivism
13397:
13395:
13392:
13390:
13387:
13385:
13382:
13380:
13379:Contrastivism
13377:
13375:
13372:
13370:
13367:
13366:
13364:
13362:
13358:
13352:
13349:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13332:
13329:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13319:
13317:
13314:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13232:
13229:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13219:
13217:
13214:
13212:
13209:
13207:
13204:
13202:
13199:
13197:
13194:
13192:
13189:
13187:
13184:
13182:
13179:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13139:
13137:
13134:
13132:
13129:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13119:
13117:
13114:
13113:
13111:
13109:
13105:
13101:
13096:
13092:
13085:
13080:
13078:
13073:
13071:
13066:
13065:
13062:
13050:
13047:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13032:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
13000:
12997:
12995:
12992:
12991:
12989:
12987:
12983:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12942:
12939:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12917:
12914:
12910:
12907:
12906:
12905:
12902:
12900:
12897:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12878:
12874:
12870:
12867:
12866:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12845:
12842:
12840:
12837:
12835:
12832:
12831:
12829:
12827:
12822:
12818:
12814:
12807:
12802:
12800:
12795:
12793:
12788:
12787:
12784:
12772:
12764:
12763:
12760:
12754:
12751:
12749:
12746:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12736:
12734:
12731:
12729:
12726:
12724:
12721:
12719:
12716:
12714:
12711:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12684:
12681:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12664:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12634:
12631:
12629:
12626:
12624:
12621:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12581:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12555:
12553:
12549:
12543:
12540:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12507:Media studies
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12497:International
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12482:Environmental
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12472:Developmental
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12460:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12452:Communicology
12450:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12435:
12434:
12432:
12428:
12423:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12396:
12393:
12392:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12368:
12366:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12340:Media ecology
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12310:Interpersonal
12308:
12306:
12305:Intercultural
12303:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12280:Communication
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12267:
12265:
12257:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12242:
12239:
12235:
12228:
12223:
12221:
12216:
12214:
12209:
12208:
12205:
12193:
12192:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12166:
12163:
12161:
12158:
12154:
12151:
12150:
12149:
12146:
12145:
12143:
12139:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12118:
12115:
12113:
12110:
12106:
12105:
12101:
12100:
12099:
12098:Human science
12096:
12094:
12091:
12090:
12088:
12084:
12078:
12077:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12030:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12019:
12016:
12015:
12013:
12009:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11976:
11973:
11972:
11971:
11968:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11955:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11948:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11914:
11911:
11910:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11883:
11879:
11877:
11876:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11846:
11844:
11840:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11814:Environmental
11812:
11810:
11807:
11806:
11804:
11800:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11778:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11747:
11746:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11719:
11718:
11717:Language arts
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11694:
11692:
11688:
11684:
11677:
11672:
11670:
11665:
11663:
11658:
11657:
11654:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11626:Screenwriting
11624:
11620:
11617:
11616:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11603:
11600:
11599:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11566:
11563:
11562:
11561:
11558:
11554:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11524:
11523:
11520:
11519:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11509:
11507:
11503:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11483:
11481:
11479:
11475:
11469:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11459:
11456:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11438:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11431:Second-person
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11418:
11416:
11414:
11410:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11393:
11392:
11389:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11363:
11360:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11346:
11343:
11342:
11341:
11338:
11336:
11335:Magic realism
11333:
11331:
11328:
11324:
11321:
11320:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11310:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11283:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11266:Psychological
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11246:Philosophical
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11202:
11199:
11197:
11194:
11192:
11189:
11187:
11184:
11183:
11182:
11179:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11171:Autobiography
11169:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11158:
11154:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11121:
11118:
11117:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11110:Narrative art
11108:
11106:
11103:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11075:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11068:Flash fiction
11066:
11064:
11063:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11053:
11051:
11049:
11045:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11018:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10977:
10974:
10973:
10972:
10969:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10959:Act structure
10957:
10956:
10955:
10952:
10951:
10949:
10947:
10943:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10910:
10907:
10906:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10856:
10854:
10852:
10848:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10821:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10791:
10789:
10787:
10783:
10777:
10776:Worldbuilding
10774:
10772:
10769:
10763:
10760:
10759:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10744:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10714:
10712:
10710:
10706:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10624:
10623:KishĆtenketsu
10620:
10618:
10617:
10616:In medias res
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10595:Foreshadowing
10593:
10591:
10590:Eucatastrophe
10588:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10575:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10553:Chekhov's gun
10551:
10547:
10544:
10543:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10531:
10527:
10526:
10524:
10522:
10518:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10456:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10449:
10445:
10443:
10442:Gothic double
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10422:Deuteragonist
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10402:Character arc
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10389:
10387:
10385:
10381:
10377:
10370:
10365:
10363:
10358:
10356:
10351:
10350:
10347:
10341:
10337:
10336:
10327:
10323:
10319:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10306:
10302:
10301:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10257:
10251:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10233:
10229:
10225:
10220:
10216:
10212:
10211:Roman Oratory
10207:
10203:
10198:
10194:
10188:
10184:
10180:
10175:
10171:
10167:
10166:
10160:
10158:
10154:
10149:
10145:
10139:
10131:
10127:
10122:
10118:
10112:
10108:
10103:
10099:
10095:
10090:
10086:
10080:
10076:
10072:
10067:
10063:
10062:
10056:
10050:
10046:
10042:
10037:
10033:
10029:
10024:
10020:
10016:
10011:
10007:
10001:
9997:
9993:
9988:
9984:
9978:
9974:
9969:
9965:
9963:0-313-32790-4
9959:
9955:
9950:
9946:
9942:
9941:
9936:
9932:
9930:
9926:
9922:
9917:
9913:
9907:
9903:
9898:
9897:
9885:
9883:3-487-10319-2
9879:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9863:
9857:
9853:
9849:
9845:
9841:
9837:
9833:
9827:
9823:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9790:
9786:
9780:
9772:
9767:
9763:
9758:
9754:
9750:
9746:
9745:Jardine, Lisa
9742:
9738:
9736:0-313-25713-2
9732:
9728:
9724:
9719:
9715:
9711:
9707:
9706:
9704:
9703:
9694:
9690:
9689:
9684:
9680:
9676:
9675:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9661:
9656:
9652:
9648:
9647:
9642:
9638:
9634:
9633:
9628:
9624:
9620:
9619:
9614:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9601:
9596:
9592:
9588:
9587:
9582:
9578:
9574:
9573:
9572:De Inventione
9568:
9564:
9560:
9559:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9545:
9540:
9536:
9535:
9534:
9532:
9528:
9523:
9517:
9516:
9498:
9493:
9486:
9477:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9463:
9458:
9451:
9443:
9439:
9435:
9431:
9427:
9423:
9416:
9414:
9405:
9401:
9394:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9359:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9337:
9333:
9326:
9324:
9322:
9320:
9318:
9309:
9305:
9302:(4): 401â24.
9301:
9297:
9290:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9246:
9244:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9200:
9198:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9157:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9117:
9115:
9113:
9111:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9075:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9048:
9040:
9036:
9033:(2): 356â74.
9032:
9028:
9021:
9013:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8994:
8986:
8982:
8978:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8959:
8950:
8945:
8941:
8937:
8936:
8931:
8927:
8921:
8913:
8907:
8903:
8899:
8892:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8872:
8869:(3): 232â48.
8868:
8864:
8857:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8834:
8826:
8819:
8800:
8796:
8792:
8788:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8769:
8762:
8760:
8748:
8742:
8738:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8716:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8694:
8693:
8687:
8686:
8682:
8674:
8668:
8664:
8657:
8642:
8638:
8631:
8623:
8621:0-299-07550-8
8617:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8599:
8597:
8588:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8567:
8565:
8563:
8561:
8559:
8550:
8544:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8526:
8518:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8497:
8495:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8454:
8446:
8442:
8440:
8435:
8429:
8421:
8419:
8414:
8408:
8400:
8398:
8393:
8387:
8379:
8372:
8364:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8343:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8296:
8288:
8282:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8262:
8258:
8254:
8247:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8197:
8193:
8192:Enculturation
8189:
8184:
8183:
8179:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8130:
8122:
8118:
8112:
8101:
8097:
8092:
8088:
8083:
8082:
8078:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8043:
8035:
8028:
8020:
8013:
8005:
8004:
7999:
7993:
7985:
7981:
7980:Sprat, Thomas
7975:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7958:Jardine, Lisa
7953:
7945:
7944:
7939:
7933:
7925:
7924:
7919:
7918:Miller, Perry
7913:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7891:
7887:
7880:
7872:
7866:
7858:
7851:
7840:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7822:
7818:
7810:
7806:
7799:
7791:
7787:
7781:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7758:(5): 146â47.
7757:
7753:
7746:
7737:
7730:
7722:
7715:
7707:
7701:
7697:
7690:
7682:
7675:
7667:
7666:
7661:
7654:
7647:
7645:
7638:
7634:
7627:
7619:
7618:De Inventione
7612:
7597:
7593:
7587:
7579:
7572:
7564:
7562:81-208-0748-0
7558:
7554:
7547:
7539:
7533:
7529:
7522:
7514:
7507:
7505:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7457:
7449:
7445:
7444:
7436:
7428:
7421:
7413:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7351:
7347:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7325:
7321:
7320:
7312:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7290:
7285:
7284:
7275:
7264:
7259:
7255:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7237:
7233:
7225:
7218:
7210:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7189:
7181:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7160:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7137:(3): 213â33.
7136:
7132:
7131:
7123:
7112:
7106:
7102:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7068:
7062:
7061:
7057:
7049:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7028:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7005:(3): 260â77.
7004:
7000:
6993:
6985:
6981:
6974:
6966:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6928:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6907:
6905:
6903:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6856:
6854:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6810:
6802:
6795:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6748:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6713:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6670:
6668:
6659:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6638:
6637:
6630:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6587:
6579:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6554:
6546:
6540:
6536:
6529:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6427:
6425:0-8032-3593-3
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6402:
6387:
6381:
6378:. p. 8.
6377:
6372:
6371:
6362:
6354:
6353:
6345:
6337:
6331:
6327:
6320:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6264:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6243:
6235:
6231:
6224:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6186:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6160:(1): 131â47.
6159:
6155:
6148:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6115:(3): 305â14.
6114:
6110:
6109:
6101:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6066:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6012:
6010:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5989:
5978:
5973:
5969:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5951:
5944:
5936:
5932:
5925:
5917:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5888:
5880:
5874:
5870:
5869:
5861:
5853:
5847:
5844:. Routledge.
5843:
5842:
5834:
5826:
5820:
5816:
5815:
5807:
5799:
5792:
5784:
5780:
5773:
5765:
5758:
5750:
5746:
5739:
5731:
5727:
5720:
5718:
5709:
5705:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5679:
5664:
5660:
5653:
5638:
5634:
5627:
5619:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5602:
5592:. Uppsala UP.
5591:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5538:. Chicago UP.
5537:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5525:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5504:
5496:
5494:0-87249-192-7
5490:
5486:
5482:
5477:
5476:
5467:
5456:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5284:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5190:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5142:
5138:
5127:
5116:
5113:
5102:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5091:Speechwriting
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5066:Multimodality
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4969:Present Tense
4966:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4941:Enculturation
4938:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4897:trained with
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4864:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4724:
4721:
4713:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4687:This section
4685:
4676:
4675:
4667:
4663:
4654:
4650:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4595:Kenneth Burke
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4550:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4526:
4516:
4515:explanation.
4513:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4486:
4477:
4472:
4470:
4465:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:(1958), with
4385:
4381:
4380:argumentation
4377:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4292:Kenneth Burke
4290:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4170:(1620â1706),
4169:
4165:
4164:Royal Society
4160:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4149:Thomas Hobbes
4146:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4136:Francis Bacon
4133:
4131:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4052:
4046:
4045:John Brinsley
4042:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3991:
3987:
3979:
3978:Thomas Wilson
3975:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3829:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3708:
3704:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3677:Muslim empire
3674:
3670:
3659:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3621:St. Augustine
3617:
3614:
3613:controversiae
3608:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3574:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3554:progymnasmata
3549:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3513:
3510:
3502:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3468:This section
3466:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3379:De Inventione
3375:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3343:(106â43
3342:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3319:De Inventione
3316:
3315:Asiatic style
3312:
3303:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3262:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:Kenneth Burke
3205:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3149:
3146:
3145:common topics
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3009:" of a Greek
3007:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2984:
2974:
2971:
2963:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2937:This section
2935:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2897:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2711:
2697:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2613:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2534:in speaking.
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:ancient China
2508:
2505:
2491:
2487:
2486:ancient Egypt
2482:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2293:Philosophical
2290:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2276:justification
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2256:philosophical
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2229:James Herrick
2226:
2225:Sonja K. Foss
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
2002:, 1850â1853.
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1946:Francis Bacon
1942:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1691:Kenneth Burke
1687:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:culinary arts
1622:
1619:, one of his
1618:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1601:Helen of Troy
1598:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:) along with
1433:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1360:
1359:Reinhold Timm
1356:
1351:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1304:Toulmin model
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:Talking point
1287:
1285:
1284:Speechwriting
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:Argumentation
1103:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1002:
998:
993:
992:
988:
983:
982:
978:
973:
972:
968:
963:
962:
958:
953:
952:
948:
943:
942:
941:De Inventione
938:
933:
932:
928:
923:
922:
918:
913:
912:
908:
903:
902:
898:
893:
892:
888:
883:
882:
878:
877:
869:
868:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
699:
698:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
654:
651:
650:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
636:
630:
629:
622:
621:War-mongering
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
605:
602:
601:
600:
597:
593:
590:
589:
588:
587:Progymnasmata
585:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
555:Maiden speech
553:
551:
548:
544:
541:
540:
539:
536:
534:
531:
527:
524:
523:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
495:
492:
490:
489:
485:
484:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
472:
468:
464:
461:
460:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
442:
441:
437:
436:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
413:
412:
405:
404:
400:
398:
397:
393:
389:
386:
385:
384:
381:
379:
376:
372:
371:
367:
365:
364:
360:
358:
357:
353:
352:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
330:
326:
324:
323:
319:
317:
314:
310:
309:
305:
303:
302:
298:
296:
295:
291:
289:
288:
284:
282:
281:
277:
276:
275:
272:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
258:
255:
251:
248:
247:
246:
243:
241:
240:
236:
234:
231:
229:
228:
224:
220:
219:
215:
214:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
202:
198:
196:
195:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
178:
174:
173:
165:
164:
157:
156:Modern period
154:
150:
149:
145:
144:
143:
140:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
119:
116:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
104:
103:Ancient India
101:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
86:Attic orators
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
72:
69:
68:
64:
58:
57:
53:
49:
48:
45:
42:
41:
37:
33:
32:
29:
25:
23:
13853:
13807:
13797:
13787:
13777:
13767:
13757:
13747:
13737:
13717:
13707:
13697:
13687:
13677:
13659:
13600:Metalanguage
13595:Logical form
13550:Truth-bearer
13509:Unilalianism
13419:Expressivism
13246:Wittgenstein
13191:von Humboldt
13108:Philosophers
13019:Intuitionism
13004:Fictionalism
12960:
12290:Conversation
12275:Broadcasting
12189:
12153:Philistinism
12148:Antihumanism
12102:
12074:
12060:Nova Religio
12027:
11945:
11925:Hermeneutics
11880:
11873:
11731:
11697:Anthropology
11631:Storytelling
11613:
11446:Subjectivity
11436:Third-person
11426:First-person
11060:
10869:Comic relief
10621:
10614:
10605:Flashforward
10572:
10546:Origin story
10528:
10491:Straight man
10446:
10334:
10321:
10284:Online books
10274:
10245:
10223:
10210:
10201:
10178:
10163:
10152:
10129:
10106:
10093:
10070:
10059:
10040:
10027:
10014:
9991:
9972:
9953:
9938:
9935:Cox, Leonard
9920:
9901:
9873:
9851:
9793:
9770:
9761:
9748:
9722:
9713:
9701:
9700:
9693:the original
9687:
9673:
9659:
9645:
9631:
9617:
9605:the original
9599:
9585:
9571:
9557:
9543:
9518:
9514:
9513:
9485:
9466:
9460:
9450:
9425:
9421:
9403:
9399:
9393:
9368:
9364:
9358:
9331:
9299:
9295:
9289:
9256:
9252:
9209:
9205:
9162:
9156:
9122:
9087:(1): 81â87.
9084:
9080:
9074:
9057:
9053:
9047:
9030:
9026:
9020:
9003:
8999:
8993:
8971:(1): 88â94.
8968:
8964:
8958:
8939:
8933:
8926:Kull, Kalevi
8920:
8900:. New York:
8897:
8891:
8866:
8862:
8856:
8843:
8833:
8824:
8818:
8806:. Retrieved
8799:the original
8778:
8774:
8736:
8719:
8713:
8696:
8690:
8681:
8662:
8656:
8644:. Retrieved
8640:
8630:
8607:
8604:Black, Edwin
8572:
8534:
8525:
8505:. New York:
8502:
8466:
8453:
8437:
8428:
8416:
8407:
8395:
8386:
8377:
8371:
8348:
8342:
8312:(1): 18â35.
8309:
8305:
8295:
8281:cite journal
8256:
8252:
8246:
8208:
8204:
8191:
8178:
8143:
8139:
8129:
8120:
8111:
8095:
8086:
8077:
8052:
8048:
8042:
8033:
8027:
8018:
8012:
8001:
7998:Dryden, John
7992:
7983:
7974:
7961:
7952:
7941:
7932:
7922:
7912:
7885:
7879:
7856:
7850:
7838:
7829:
7817:
7808:
7798:
7789:
7780:
7755:
7751:
7745:
7735:
7729:
7720:
7714:
7695:
7689:
7680:
7674:
7664:
7653:
7640:
7632:
7626:
7617:
7611:
7599:. Retrieved
7595:
7586:
7577:
7571:
7552:
7546:
7527:
7521:
7512:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7456:
7441:
7435:
7426:
7420:
7411:
7382:
7362:
7346:
7318:
7311:
7282:
7274:
7262:
7253:
7247:. Blackwell.
7244:
7232:
7223:
7217:
7194:
7188:
7165:
7159:
7134:
7128:
7122:
7100:
7075:
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6992:
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6586:
6559:
6553:
6534:
6528:
6495:
6491:
6449:
6445:
6407:
6401:
6389:. Retrieved
6369:
6361:
6350:
6344:
6325:
6319:
6286:
6282:
6248:
6242:
6229:
6223:
6195:
6189:
6178:the original
6157:
6153:
6137:
6112:
6106:
6100:
6078:(1): 74â88.
6075:
6071:
6065:
6057:the original
6052:
6021:
6017:
5997:
5988:
5976:
5967:
5958:
5949:
5943:
5930:
5924:
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5887:
5867:
5860:
5840:
5833:
5813:
5806:
5797:
5791:
5778:
5772:
5763:
5757:
5747:. New York:
5744:
5738:
5725:
5706:. Berkeley:
5703:
5697:
5687:. New York:
5684:
5678:
5667:, retrieved
5662:
5652:
5641:, retrieved
5636:
5626:
5611:
5601:
5589:
5548:
5544:
5535:
5513:
5503:
5474:
5466:
5440:
5417:
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5341:
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5318:
5310:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5270:
5264:
5249:. Retrieved
5245:the original
5238:
5223:the original
5216:
5200:
5188:
5182:. p. 1.
5178:. New York:
5175:
5166:
5141:
5071:New rhetoric
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4899:labeled data
4872:
4862:
4859:
4854:
4846:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4794:
4765:
4754:
4731:
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4664:
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4635:
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4532:
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4423:
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4403:
4391:
4383:
4365:
4359:
4348:
4336:
4332:
4309:
4308:(1950), and
4305:
4301:
4297:
4250:The rise of
4249:
4234:
4230:
4214:
4209:
4199:
4192:Belletristic
4189:
4180:
4172:Thomas Sprat
4161:
4156:
4147:
4139:
4134:
4127:
4077:
4048:
4040:
4034:
4026:Petrus Ramus
4022:
4013:
4005:
3993:
3981:
3962:
3955:
3951:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3901:
3890:
3880:
3842:
3838:
3825:
3819:Portrait of
3808:
3796:
3786:
3780:
3769:Thomas Nashe
3755:In his 1943
3754:
3723:Poetria Nova
3722:
3706:
3689:
3668:
3655:
3639:
3628:
3618:
3580:
3567:
3560:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3520:
3505:
3496:
3481:Please help
3469:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3412:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3384:Ad Herennium
3383:
3377:
3363:
3348:
3338:
3271:
3263:
3231:NyÄya SĆ«tras
3230:
3216:
3199:NyÄya SĆ«tras
3197:
3191:
3180:
3173:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3142:
3125:Deliberative
3110:
3099:
3097:
3047:
3033:
3031:place of'".
3023:
2990:
2981:
2966:
2957:
2946:Please help
2941:verification
2938:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2861:
2855:
2846:
2810:
2802:
2784:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2755:Aristophanes
2735:
2671:
2656:philosophers
2651:
2649:
2624:
2619:logĂŽn techne
2565:
2555:
2548:
2536:
2528:Confucianism
2509:
2483:
2468:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2364:epistemology
2340:epistemology
2337:
2333:
2327:rather than
2291:
2280:
2241:
2206:
2198:philosophers
2186:Epistemology
2184:
2167:Romantic era
2160:
2149:
2134:
2130:pronuntiatio
2128:
2117:
2106:
2099:
2090:
2079:
2064:
2055:
2008:
2004:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1954:
1938:
1923:(along with
1917:liberal arts
1910:
1877:pre-Socratic
1874:
1870:
1866:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1828:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1733:
1725:
1718:
1703:
1688:
1683:Michael Leff
1675:
1668:
1661:
1648:
1637:deliberative
1634:
1614:
1609:
1594:
1579:
1564:
1520:in training
1511:
1468:
1384:
1383:
1229:Glossophobia
1201:
1120:Constitutive
1079:
1069:
1059:
1049:
1039:
1029:
1019:
1009:
999:
989:
979:
969:
959:
949:
939:
929:
919:
909:
899:
889:
879:
703:Rhetoricians
616:Stump speech
533:Invitational
486:
471:Dissoi logoi
469:
448:Deliberative
440:Controversia
438:
401:
394:
368:
361:
354:
327:
320:
308:Pronuntiatio
306:
299:
292:
285:
278:
237:
225:
216:
199:
192:
175:
146:
108:Ancient Rome
43:
28:
21:
13955:Narratology
13844:Linguistics
13809:Limited Inc
13729:On Denoting
13555:Proposition
13206:de Saussure
13171:Ibn Khaldun
12999:Dialetheism
12889:Explanation
12859:Credibility
12437:Closed-loop
12300:Information
12262:terminology
12002:Work of art
11970:Metaphysics
11931:Historicism
11776:Visual arts
11702:Archaeology
11690:Disciplines
11636:Tellability
11602:Metafiction
11597:Narratology
11369:Theological
11261:Pop culture
11142:Short story
11120:Epic poetry
10841:Time travel
10654:Red herring
10639:Plot device
10610:Frame story
10563:Cliffhanger
10506:Tritagonist
10481:Protagonist
9994:. Chicago:
9812:. pp.
9671:(c. 1540).
9581:Demosthenes
9575:(in Latin).
9561:(in Latin).
9060:(1): 1â21.
8699:(1): 1â14.
8646:19 February
8445:McGraw-Hill
7463:Nyaya Sutra
7410:Aristotle.
7379:"Antidosis"
7078:(1): 9â22.
6452:(1): 9â17.
5781:. Chicago:
5762:Aristotle.
5728:. Chicago:
5483:. pp.
5443:. Chicago:
4895:classifiers
4781:is expected
4742:chimpanzees
4647:those terms
4562:These types
4496:Edwin Black
4272:advertising
4256:photography
4252:advertising
4176:John Dryden
4168:John Evelyn
4073:John Milton
3959:Leonard Cox
3897:adoxography
3835: 1466
3776: 1600
3750: 1430
3743: 1364
3714: 1175
3699: 1225
3374:Demosthenes
3359:Renaissance
3355:Middle Ages
3027:antistrophe
3006:antistrophe
2999:antistrophe
2541:tradition.
2475:Sennacherib
2404:Mesopotamia
2246:holds that
2163:Renaissance
2161:During the
2144:Grand Style
2084:(invention)
1941:Peter Ramus
1913:Middle Ages
1894:Demosthenes
1740:free speech
1734:Throughout
1671:modal logic
1655:based upon
1585:speechâthe
1575:cartography
1495:arrangement
1450:within the
1309:Wooden iron
1269:Rhetrickery
1244:Oral skills
1180:Composition
1115:Contrastive
935:(c. 350 BC)
925:(c. 350 BC)
915:(c. 350 BC)
905:(c. 350 BC)
895:(c. 370 BC)
755:Demosthenes
735:Brueggemann
670:Ideological
521:Homileticsâ
434:Declamation
424:Apologetics
274:Five canons
142:Renaissance
125:Middle Ages
24:(Aristotle)
13919:Categories
13904:Discussion
13899:Task Force
13849:Pragmatics
13640:Speech act
13570:Categories
13484:Symbiosism
13439:Nominalism
13351:Watzlawick
13231:Bloomfield
13151:Chrysippus
13044:Pragmatism
13034:Nominalism
12941:Propaganda
12916:Hypothesis
12869:Antithesis
12753:Wertheimer
12633:Horkheimer
12370:Propaganda
12325:Mass media
12320:Journalism
12260:Topics and
11963:Quadrivium
11888:Creativity
11854:Aesthetics
11781:Filmmaking
11766:Philosophy
11722:Literature
11683:Humanities
11522:Continuity
11391:Nonfiction
11355:Underwater
11251:Picaresque
11226:Historical
11211:Epistolary
11083:Fairy tale
10994:Peripeteia
10976:Exposition
10732:Dreamworld
10674:Stereotype
10644:Plot twist
10392:Antagonist
10318:"Rhetoric"
10241:"Rhetoric"
10226:. Oxford:
9655:Quintilian
9558:De Oratore
9497:2008.06239
9406:(3). 2013.
9350:1162596431
7841:. Ashgate.
6984:SUNY Press
6822:(4): 346.
6682:(2): 216.
6414:. p.
6251:. Canada:
6198:: 113â30.
5251:19 October
5213:"I.2§1359"
5153:References
5086:Propaganda
4905:, such as
4887:epanaphora
4805:epideictic
4786:scientific
4750:utterances
4580:ideographs
4507:Strategies
4260:telegraphy
4237:mass media
4206:Lord Kames
4196:Hugh Blair
4047:'s (1612)
3911:Henry VIII
3681:Al-Andalus
3665: 480
3635:homiletics
3548:Institutes
3447:Quintilian
3441:Quintilian
3431:hypothesis
3419:to Atticus
3389:De Oratore
3323:De Oratore
3134:Epideictic
2921:gatherings
2827:Quintilian
2760:The Clouds
2682:Protagoras
2627:Empedocles
2438:peroration
2412:Enheduanna
2283:persuasion
2139:(delivery)
2092:dispositio
1968:Hugh Blair
1950:John Locke
1821:De Oratore
1664:contingent
1645:epideictic
1605:Trojan War
1571:writ large
1530:historians
1460:heuristics
1452:humanities
1428:persuasion
1165:Technology
1155:Procedural
975:(c. 50 BC)
961:De Oratore
825:Quintilian
820:Protagoras
675:Metaphoric
599:Propaganda
482:Epideictic
396:Sotto voce
350:Persuasion
345:Operations
287:Dispositio
183:Chironomia
13881:Semiotics
13869:Semantics
13719:Alciphron
13655:Statement
13590:Intension
13530:Ambiguity
13409:Dramatism
13389:Cratylism
13141:Eubulides
13136:Aristotle
13116:Confucius
13014:Formalism
12976:Vagueness
12956:Relevance
12951:Reasoning
12864:Dialectic
12839:Ambiguity
12537:Technical
12522:Political
12430:Subfields
12355:New media
12035:Humanitas
11947:Humanitas
11936:Historism
11898:Criticism
11791:Sculpture
11413:Narration
11362:Superhero
11286:Chivalric
11271:Religious
11256:Political
11191:Adventure
11176:Biography
11098:Tall tale
10946:Structure
10931:Symbolism
10899:Narration
10799:Leitmotif
10727:Crossover
10722:Backstory
10679:Story arc
10629:MacGuffin
10600:Flashback
10541:Backstory
10417:Confidant
10397:Archenemy
10384:Character
10376:Narrative
10238:(2003) .
9779:cite book
9712:(1992) .
9657:(1868) .
9615:(1980) .
9613:Isocrates
9597:(1999) .
9583:(1939) .
9569:(1984) .
9555:(1902) .
9541:(1926) .
9539:Aristotle
9442:142944901
9385:0734-8584
9365:Rhetorica
9281:142944901
9273:0735-0198
9234:161874901
9226:0030-8129
9189:225769076
9149:225672002
9006:: 36â49.
8883:157684635
8795:151981343
8606:(1978) .
8465:(1969) .
8334:248934562
8326:0743-9156
8273:0163-3392
8235:230637522
8227:0749-1409
8170:235812222
8162:0277-3945
8069:170719233
7865:cite book
7788:(2004) .
7740:(2 vols.)
7644:usurpant?
7487:0735-0198
7377:(1929) .
7375:Isocrates
7357:(1929) .
7355:Isocrates
7338:166373607
7130:Rhetorica
7092:0734-8584
7072:Rhetorica
6893:243489639
6836:0010-4124
6739:0033-5630
6696:0010-096X
6621:147585248
6613:0033-5630
6512:1527-2079
6466:0008-9575
6311:150341115
6303:0735-0198
6212:145292798
6174:146941187
6018:Rhetorica
5581:244334227
5565:0031-8213
5401:0022-0515
5358:143830059
5231:Aristotle
5209:Aristotle
5158:Citations
4799:phrĂłnÄsis
4564:include:
4519:Criticism
4481:study....
4464:Criticism
4276:fake news
4153:Aristotle
3990:Angel Day
3850:res-verba
3607:suasoriae
3527:Vespasian
3499:July 2010
3470:does not
3278:Rahim Das
3274:Kabir Das
3106:syllogism
3092:deductive
3088:inductive
2983:Aristotle
2891:Aristotle
2878:, in the
2872:dialectic
2868:sophistic
2843:Platonism
2805:Antidosis
2781:Isocrates
2775:Isocrates
2710:Isocrates
2532:eloquence
2520:Confucius
2504:Egyptians
2464:enthymeme
2372:certainty
2368:knowledge
2360:certainty
2352:knowledge
2329:certainty
2323:based on
2317:epistemic
2297:knowledge
2287:epistemic
2272:certainty
2268:certainty
2264:knowledge
2260:certainty
2252:knowledge
2248:certainty
2237:knowledge
2213:certainty
2209:knowledge
2194:epistemic
2181:Knowledge
1957:Elocution
1933:Augustine
1902:Isocrates
1752:Antidosis
1747:Isocrates
1653:enthymeme
1534:statesmen
1491:invention
1470:Aristotle
1464:arguments
1456:audiences
1444:dialectic
1422:) is the
1279:Seduction
1110:Cognitive
1098:Subfields
1025:(100â400)
780:Isocrates
720:Augustine
710:Aristotle
685:Narrative
635:Criticism
580:Philippic
494:Panegyric
477:Elocution
458:Dialectic
378:Situation
239:Facilitas
233:Enthymeme
212:Eloquence
194:Delectare
13925:Rhetoric
13894:Category
13854:Rhetoric
13679:Cratylus
13650:Sentence
13625:Property
13545:Language
13523:Concepts
13361:Theories
13326:Strawson
13311:Davidson
13301:Hintikka
13296:Anscombe
13241:Vygotsky
13196:Mauthner
13166:Averroes
13156:Zhuangzi
13146:Diodorus
13126:Cratylus
13029:Logicism
13009:Finitism
12961:Rhetoric
12946:Prudence
12884:Evidence
12844:Argument
12834:Analysis
12771:Category
12723:Richards
12648:Jakobson
12628:Habermas
12583:Castells
12573:Benjamin
12551:Scholars
12086:Academia
12055:Leonardo
12023:Daedalus
12011:Journals
11975:Ontology
11864:The arts
11786:Painting
11732:Rhetoric
11619:Glossary
11614:Rhetoric
11421:Diegesis
11401:Creative
11374:Thriller
11323:Southern
11241:Paranoid
11236:Nautical
11147:Vignette
11105:Gamebook
11073:Folklore
10980:Protasis
10859:Allegory
10804:Metaphor
10762:parallel
10757:universe
10737:Dystopia
10694:Suspense
10580:Dialogue
10568:Conflict
10476:Narrator
10448:Hamartia
10340:LibriVox
10335:Rhetoric
10275:Rhetoric
10138:cite web
9872:(1998).
9850:(2004).
9747:(1975).
9685:(1553).
9643:(1589).
9629:(1593).
9595:disputed
9586:Orations
9544:Rhetoric
9066:40238276
8928:(2001).
8728:40236848
8705:40236733
8533:(2003).
8485:68-20440
8436:(1964).
8415:(1962).
8394:(1951).
7982:(1667).
7960:(1975).
7946:. I.4§2.
7940:(1605).
7920:(1939).
7904:58476251
7828:(1958).
7807:(1980),
7616:Cicero.
7601:10 April
7495:43698162
7412:Rhetoric
7303:21325600
7243:(1991).
7151:55717336
7019:25655316
6520:53057130
6391:6 August
5904:(2002).
5764:Rhetoric
5669:14 March
5643:21 March
5368:(1998).
5323:Archived
5240:Rhetoric
5218:Politics
5076:Pedagogy
5046:Demagogy
5004:See also
4997:XChanges
4891:epiphora
4883:chiasmus
4488:â
4328:elocutio
4321:Groupe Ό
4304:(1945),
4300:(1931),
4157:Rhetoric
4020:(1563).
3949:(1536).
3933:(1533),
3881:De Copia
3869:inventio
3857:elocutio
3701:â1274),
3658:Boethius
3423:Petrarch
3282:Chanakya
3183:Kautilya
3116:Forensic
3062:goodwill
2880:Phaedrus
2863:Phaedrus
2678:sophists
2668:Sophists
2662:Sophists
2652:rhetoric
2580:Odysseus
2572:Achilles
2539:Biblical
2460:metonymy
2434:argument
2430:exordium
2389:Sophists
2346:. Is it
2325:validity
2122:(memory)
2108:elocutio
2101:exordium
2081:inventio
1881:Sophists
1807:Phaedrus
1775:Rhetoric
1771:Rhetoric
1767:Rhetoric
1641:forensic
1587:Sophists
1507:delivery
1446:. As an
1385:Rhetoric
1150:Pedagogy
1130:Feminist
901:Rhetoric
891:Phaedrus
885:(380 BC)
835:Richards
805:Perelman
653:Pentadic
648:Dramatic
592:Suasoria
570:Diatribe
511:Forensic
488:Encomium
453:Demagogy
322:Imitatio
294:Elocutio
280:Inventio
250:Informal
169:Concepts
96:Sophists
91:Calliope
81:Atticism
76:Asianism
44:Rhetoric
36:a series
34:Part of
22:Rhetoric
13661:more...
13565:Concept
13306:Dummett
13281:Gadamer
13276:Chomsky
13261:Derrida
13251:Russell
13236:Bergson
13221:Tillich
13181:Leibniz
13121:Gorgias
13049:Realism
12936:Premise
12926:Opinion
12921:Inquiry
12904:Fallacy
12743:Tankard
12738:Shannon
12733:Schramm
12718:Quebral
12713:Postman
12703:Packard
12683:McLuhan
12678:Marcuse
12673:Luhmann
12668:Lippman
12663:Kincaid
12658:Johnson
12623:Goffman
12618:Gerbner
12608:Flusser
12588:Chomsky
12568:Bateson
12563:Barthes
12532:Science
12462:Climate
12412:Writing
12380:Reading
12330:Meaning
12250:Outline
12245:History
12141:Related
12076:more...
11958:Trivium
11908:Culture
11882:Bildung
11824:Medical
11809:Digital
11759:Theatre
11712:History
11549:Prequel
11505:Related
11491:Present
11384:Western
11340:Science
11313:Fantasy
11281:Romance
11231:Mystery
11216:Ergodic
11181:Fiction
11137:Parable
11132:Novella
11062:Fabliau
11033:Premise
10884:Imagery
10874:Diction
10752:country
10709:Setting
10689:Subplot
10511:Villain
10464:Byronic
10324:. 2004.
9802:Buffalo
9798:Toronto
9529:of the
9509:Sources
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