767:, but has a very similar curvature. The non-articular portion of the tubercle is occasionally only feebly marked. The angle is slight and situated close to the tubercle. The body is not twisted so that both ends touch any plane surface upon which it may be laid; but there is a bend, with its convexity upward, similar to, though smaller than that found in the first rib. The body is not flattened horizontally like that of the first rib. Its external surface is convex, and looks upward and a little outward; near the middle of it is a rough eminence for the origin of the lower part of the first and the whole of the second digitation of the serratus anterior; behind and above this is attached the
1205:
969:'. The downward sloping nature of the upper ribs are as such because they enable this to occur. When the external intercostal muscles contract and lift the ribs, the upper ribs are able also to push the sternum up and out. This movement increases the anteroposterior diameter of the thoracic cavity, and hence aids breathing further. The third, transverse, plane is primarily expanded by the lower ribs (some say it is the 7th to 10th ribs in particular), with the diaphragm's central tendon acting as a fixed point. When the diaphragm contracts, the ribs are able to evert (meaning turn outwards or inside out) and produce what is known as the
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934:
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44:
1041:
The ability of the human rib to regenerate itself has been appreciated for some time. However, the repair has only been described in a few case reports. The phenomenon has been appreciated particularly by craniofacial surgeons, who use both cartilage and bone material from the rib for ear, jaw, face,
852:
The manubrium is the wider, superior portion of the sternum. The top of the manubrium has a shallow, U-shaped border called the jugular (suprasternal) notch. The clavicular notch is the shallow depression located on either side at the superior-lateral margins of the manubrium. This is the site of the
577:
of the rib is the flattened part that extends laterally from the head. The neck is about 3 cm long. Its anterior surface is flat and smooth, whilst its posterior is perforated by numerous foramina and its surface rough, to give attachment to the ligament of the neck. Its upper border presents a
964:
Expansion of the thoracic cavity is driven in three planes; the vertical, the anteroposterior and the transverse. The vertical plane is extended by the help of the diaphragm contracting and the abdominal muscles relaxing to accommodate the downward pressure that is supplied to the abdominal viscera
832:
on the head, which is of rather large size. They have no necks or tubercles, and are pointed at their anterior ends. The eleventh has a slight angle and a shallow costal groove, whereas the twelfth does not. The twelfth rib is much shorter than the eleventh rib, and only has a one articular facet.
597:
on the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper ribs than in the lower ribs.
691:, but at the tubercle, the rib is slightly bent, with the convexity upward, so that the head of the bone is directed downward. The upper surface of the body is marked by two shallow grooves, separated from each other by a slight ridge prolonged internally into a tubercle, the
482:
771:. The internal surface, smooth, and concave, is directed downward and a little inward: on its posterior part there is a short costal groove between the ridge of the internal surface of the rib and the inferior border. It protects the intercostal space containing the
400:
ribs, which do not connect directly to the sternum. The first three pairs of vertebrochondral ribs (eighth to tenth) connect indirectly to the sternum via the costal cartilages of the ribs above them, and the overall elasticity of their articulations allows the
3158:
965:
by the diaphragm contracting. A greater extension can be achieved by the diaphragm itself moving down, rather than simply the domes flattening. The second plane is the anteroposterior and this is expanded by a movement known as the '
945:' causes the transverse diameter of the chest to increase, because not only do the ribs slant downwards from the back to the front, but, in the case of the lower ribs, also from the midline downwards to the sides of the chest.
319:
There are thirty-three vertebrae in the human vertebral column. The rib cage is associated with TH1−TH12. Ribs are described based on their location and connection with the sternum. All ribs are attached posteriorly to the
616:
The distance between the angle and the tubercle is progressively greater from the second to the tenth ribs. The area between the angle and the tubercle is rounded, rough, and irregular, and serves for the attachment of the
1045:
The perichondrium and periosteum are fibrous sheaths of vascular connective tissue surrounding the rib cartilage and bone respectively. These tissues containing a source of progenitor stem cells that drive regeneration.
750:
is the second uppermost rib in humans or second most frontal in animals that walk on four limbs. In humans, the second rib is defined as a true rib since it connects with the sternum through the intervention of the
609:(costal angle) may both refer to the bending part of it, and a prominent line in this area, a little in front of the tubercle. This line is directed downward and laterally; this gives attachment to a tendon of the
1965:
809:
attaches directly to the body of vertebra T10 instead of between vertebrae like the second through ninth ribs. Due to this direct attachment, vertebra T10 has a complete costal facet on its body.
868:
and superiorly attaches at the posterior surface of the lower sternum. Its inferior attachment is the internal surface of costal cartilages two through six and works to depress the ribs.
593:
that consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion is the lower and more medial of the two and presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the
1204:
638:(the topmost one) is the most curved and usually the shortest of all the ribs; it is broad and flat, its surfaces looking upward and downward, and its borders inward and outward.
991:
are the most common injury to the rib cage. These most frequently affect the middle ribs. When several adjacent ribs incur two or more fractures each, this can result in a
1581:
Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (May 14, 2023).
849:) join with the sternum at the sternocostal joints. The costal cartilage of the second rib articulates with the sternum at the sternal angle making it easy to locate.
2006:
Although many people might think that males have fewer ribs than females — most likely sparked by the biblical story of Adam and Eve — there is no factual evidence.
1101:
that men's ribs would number one fewer than women's. However, thirteenth or “cervical rib” occurs in 1% of humans and this is more common in females than in males.
2127:
550:. It is marked by a kidney-shaped articular surface which is divided by a horizontal crest into two articulating regions. The upper region articulates with the
481:
129:
493:
1969:
941:'. This increases the antero-posterior diameter of the thorax, contributing to the expansion in the volume of the chest. A similar effect, known as the '
1787:
880:
during puberty. Thus, males generally have broad shoulders and expanded chests, allowing them to inhale more air to supply their muscles with oxygen.
2698:
1830:
Srour, MK; Fogel, Jl; Yamaguchi, KT; Montgomery, AP; Izuhara, AK; Misakian, AL; Lam, S; Lakeland, DL; Urata, MM; Lee, JS; Mariani, FV (2015).
105:
937:
The effect of the contraction of the accessory muscles of inhalation, pulling the front of the rib cage upwards, a movement known as the '
2090:, Subit D., Glacet A., Hamzah M., Crandall J., Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2015, 18, pp. 2064–2065
1668:
1643:
428:
and not to the sternum or any of the costal cartilages. These ribs are relatively small and delicate, and include a cartilaginous tip.
2154:
1024:
affecting about 1.2% of the population. It is often without symptoms though respiratory difficulties and other problems can arise.
2287:
2113:
1808:
1403:
567:
2277:
1462:
Bålens ytanatomi (surface anatomy). Godfried
Roomans, Mats Hjortberg and Anca Dragomir. Institution for Anatomy, Uppsala. 2008.
2047:
1623:
1590:
1549:
1451:
1362:
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A dislocated rib can be painful and can be caused simply by coughing, or for example by trauma or lifting heavy weights.
1178:
1991:
424:
rib refers to the two lowermost (the eleventh and twelfth) rib pairs; so-called because they are attached only to the
2107:
2068:
2039:
2022:
1930:
Franklin, D (Jan 2010). "Forensic age estimation in human skeletal remains: current concepts and future directions".
1443:
1321:
1166:
1879:
Kuwahara, ST; Serowoky, MA; Vakhshori, V; Tripuraneni, N; Hegde, NV; Lieberman, JR; Crump, JG; Mariani, FV (2019).
1020:
is a bifurcated rib, split towards the sternal end, and usually just affecting one of the ribs of a pair. It is a
900:, and there is a female predominance. Intrathoracic supernumerary ribs are extremely rare. The rib remnant of the
2684:
2017:
Duellman, W.E., Trueb, L. (1986). Biology of
Amphibians. 670 Pp. McGraw - Hill Book Company, New York, New York,
1354:
1571:
760:
953:. It encloses the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs. An inhalation is accomplished when the muscular
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is small and rounded, and possesses only a single articular facet, for articulation with the body of the first
1784:
1238:
124:
3163:
2366:
2267:
2205:
2147:
2034:
J. W. Petranka. 1998. Salamanders of the United States and Canada. 587 Pp. Smithsonian
Institution Press,
656:
1228:
731:
is convex, thick, and rounded, and at its posterior part gives attachment to the first digitation of the
547:
538:. They are numbered to match the vertebrae they attach to – one to twelve, from top (T1) to bottom. The
3128:
2646:
1144:
1097:
in 1543, setting off a wave of controversy, as it was traditionally assumed from the
Biblical story of
1093:
683:, thick and prominent, is placed on the outer border. It bears a small facet for articulation with the
324:
and are numbered accordingly one to twelve. Ribs that articulate directly with the sternum are called
2460:
2431:
2200:
1191:
2455:
2448:
2443:
613:. At this point, the rib is bent in two directions, and at the same time twisted on its long axis.
583:
304:
88:
1615:
1541:
980:
The circumference of the normal adult human rib cage expands by 3 to 5 cm during inhalation.
2359:
2307:
2140:
1641:
Testosterone causes expansion of rib cage during puberty as one of secondary sex characteristics.
1147:
on their ribs that project caudally from the vertical section of each rib. These serve to attach
684:
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563:
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1221:
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942:
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284:
136:
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100:
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1647:
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2232:
966:
938:
861:
776:
456:
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440:
28:
1881:"Sox9+ messenger cells orchestrate large-scale skeletal regeneration in the mammalian rib"
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8:
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2237:
1608:
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610:
534:
Each rib consists of a head, neck, and a shaft. All ribs are attached posteriorly to the
292:
3137:
957:, at the floor of the thoracic cavity, contracts and flattens, while the contraction of
915:
In several ethnic groups, most significantly the
Japanese, the tenth rib is sometimes a
487:
Human rib cage - CT scan (parallel projection (left) and perspective projection (right))
2707:
2661:
2623:
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2414:
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is concave, thin, and sharp, and marked about its center by the scalene tubercle. The
672:
559:
535:
436:
308:
288:
1816:
1411:
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articulating with the ribs. The thoracic cage also provides attachments for extrinsic
2651:
2436:
2419:
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2217:
2103:
2064:
2043:
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2018:
1947:
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Variations in the number of ribs occur. About 1 in 200–500 people have an additional
772:
732:
712:
618:
452:
444:
432:
321:
237:
55:
3159:
Knowledge articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
1133:. Each groove overlies the myotomal septa to mark the position of the internal rib.
93:
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with the tubercle of the rib of the same number. The crest gives attachment to the
472:
468:
381:
225:
178:
1069:
The ribs, particularly their sternal ends, are used as a way of estimating age in
2847:
2628:
2618:
2292:
2242:
2210:
1791:
1746:"Bifid intrathoracic rib: a case report and classification of intrathoracic ribs"
1311:
1233:
1030:
is the surgical removal of one or more ribs for therapeutic or cosmetic reasons.
1002:
909:
857:, between the sternum and clavicle. The first ribs also attach to the manubrium.
829:
768:
720:
716:
704:
696:
241:
233:
206:
190:
845:
that forms the front of the rib cage. The cartilages of the top seven ribs (the
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2319:
2314:
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Kamano H; Ishihama T; Ishihama H; Kubota Y; Tanaka T; Satoh K (June 1, 2006).
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anteriorly (at the front). Posteriorly, the second rib is connected with the
357:
273:
253:
202:
117:
1685:
Kurihara Y; Yakushiji YK; Matsumoto J; Ishikawa T; Hirata K (Jan–Feb 1999).
933:
3024:
2482:
2344:
2249:
1951:
1916:
1865:
1771:
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1210:
Surface projections of the trunk, including each rib, and the costal margin
1098:
988:
977:. In this way, the transverse diameter is expanded and the lungs can fill.
916:
905:
904:
on one or both sides is occasionally replaced by a free extra rib called a
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162:
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1118:
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1027:
1001:
One or more costal cartilages can become inflamed – a condition known as
992:
186:
24:
1897:
719:. Behind the posterior groove is a rough area for the attachment of the
142:
3079:
2952:
2903:
2777:
2729:
2721:
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1113:
Tyrannosaurus rib cage, University of
California Museum of Paleontology
300:
296:
249:
170:
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2608:
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1017:
928:
842:
764:
425:
229:
2102:, Tortora GJ and Derrickson B. 11th ED. John Wiley and Sons, 2006.
1878:
1832:"Natural large-scale regeneration of rib cartilage in a mouse model"
1743:
1383:"Intercostal spaces | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org"
3059:
2979:
2814:
2747:
2175:
1605:
1531:
1140:
1088:
543:
380:) as they connect directly to the sternum via their own individual
356:
describe rib pairs that are directly or indirectly attached to the
280:
2088:
Orientation of the intercostal muscle fibers in the human rib cage
1798:, Mosby-Year Book, inc. School of Nursing, Peking University, 2003
1121:, costal grooves refer to lateral indents along the integument of
554:
on the vertebra above, and the larger region articulates with the
2994:
2940:
2886:
2876:
2762:
2117:: online English translation of Vesalius' books on human anatomy.
799:
340:(eleven and twelve) that are not attached to the sternum at all.
182:
3009:
2984:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2852:
2792:
2772:
2519:
2499:
2406:
1148:
1126:
1063:
876:
Expansion of the rib cage in males is caused by the effects of
269:
265:
166:
2096:, 4th ed. Keith L. Moore and Robert F. Dalley. pp. 62–64
3089:
3069:
3019:
2999:
2989:
2945:
2891:
2881:
2867:
2824:
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2167:
1829:
1614:. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. p.
1540:. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. p.
1136:
1130:
1054:
The position of ribs can be permanently altered by a form of
919:, as it lacks a cartilaginous connection to the seventh rib.
194:
76:
883:
455:. The superficial surface of the rib cage is covered by the
3094:
3084:
3074:
3004:
2857:
2839:
2757:
2742:
2737:
2163:
1005:; the resulting pain is similar to that of a heart attack.
328:, whereas those that do not articulate directly are termed
261:
257:
245:
198:
43:
1438:, 6th Edition. 90 Pp. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins,
743:
is larger and thicker than that of any of the other ribs.
526:
3099:
3064:
2971:
2809:
2804:
2787:
2536:
1756:(9). The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine: 627–630.
1580:
606:
589:
On the posterior surface at the neck, is an eminence—the
174:
20:
1992:"How many ribs do humans have? Men, women, and anatomy"
1475:
Jung, Jaewoong; Lee, Misoon; Choi, Dasom (2020-09-04).
1351:
Anatomy and
Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function
1151:
muscles and also aid in allowing greater inspiration.
3126:
2061:
Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution
1700:(1). Radiological Society of North America: 105–119.
1081:
The number of ribs as 24 (12 pairs) was noted by the
360:
respectively. The first seven rib pairs known as the
19:"Ribs" redirects here. For the individual bones, see
908:, which can mechanically interfere with the nerves (
405:
of the rib cage essential for respiratory activity.
1687:"The Ribs: Anatomic and Radiologic Considerations"
384:. The next five pairs (eighth to twelfth) are the
1172:Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages
3150:
1585:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 7.4 The Thoracic Cage.
1184:X-ray image of a human chest, with ribs labelled
1033:Rib resection is the removal of part of a rib.
949:The human rib cage is a component of the human
562:of a thoracic vertebra also articulates at the
224:consists of 12 pairs of ribs and the adjoining
1606:Agur, Anne M.R.; Dalley, Arthur F. II (2009).
1532:Agur, Anne M.R.; Dalley, Arthur F. II (2009).
459:, which provides external attachments for the
2692:
2148:
1481:The Journal of International Medical Research
687:on the transverse process of T1. There is no
1809:"Anatomy of the Human ribs - Dislocated Rib"
1316:. University of Chicago Press. p. 230.
1287:"The Thoracic Cage · Anatomy and Physiology"
790:has a frontal part at the same level as the
1474:
727:is smooth and without a costal groove. The
2706:
2699:
2685:
2155:
2141:
558:on the vertebra with the same number. The
542:of the rib is the end part closest to the
54:
42:
1906:
1896:
1855:
1761:
1705:
1610:Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, Twelfth Edition
1536:Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, Twelfth Edition
1508:
1344:
1342:
1340:
763:. The second rib is much longer than the
431:The spaces between the ribs are known as
1929:
1456:
1108:
983:
932:
882:
811:
525:
2058:
2052:
1989:
1966:"Chapter 19 On the Bones of the Thorax"
1376:
1374:
1348:
1155:have cartilaginous uncinate processes.
1073:due to their progressive ossification.
995:which is a life-threatening condition.
662:Costal groove position on a central rib
283:, the rib cage intrinsically holds the
3151:
2162:
1667:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1337:
1313:Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
1260:This article incorporates text in the
1049:
1008:Abnormalities of the rib cage include
2680:
2136:
1707:10.1148/radiographics.19.1.g99ja02105
1680:
1678:
1637:
1635:
1477:"Twelfth rib syndrome: a case report"
1309:
629:
582:) for the attachment of the anterior
1801:
1470:
1468:
1430:
1428:
1398:
1396:
1371:
1305:
1303:
1281:
1279:
1158:
295:, etc.) that are crucial for active
864:muscle is innervated by one of the
23:. For ribs of animals as food, see
13:
1737:
1675:
1632:
1599:
260:, and together with the overlying
14:
3175:
2121:
1815:. 2 February 2016. Archived from
1525:
1465:
1425:
1393:
1380:
1300:
1276:
1076:
3136:
2100:Principles of Anatomy Physiology
2063:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 55, 57.
1990:Dresden, Danielle (2020-03-12).
1796:Health & Physical Assessment
1763:10.2169/internalmedicine.45.1502
1570: This article incorporates
1565:
1434:Moore, Dalley & Agur. 2009.
1310:Hyman, Libbie Henrietta (1992).
1254:
1203:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1104:
973:, facilitated by gliding at the
816:The four floating ribs indicated
655:
643:
492:
480:
2028:
2011:
1983:
1958:
1923:
1872:
1823:
1778:
1355:The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1190:
1066:to compress and move the ribs.
1036:
586:; its lower border is rounded.
521:
1944:10.1016/j.legalmed.2009.09.001
1785:Respiratory system examination
1125:. The grooves run between the
961:lift the rib cage up and out.
871:
435:; they contain the instrinsic
228:, the sternum (along with the
1:
2081:
1932:Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan)
1239:Terms for anatomical location
515: false and floating ribs
343:
2367:Uncinate process of vertebra
2268:Uncinate process of vertebra
2059:Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995).
1410:. 2013-05-02. Archived from
891:
715:and the lowest trunk of the
695:, for the attachment of the
314:
303:, and therefore has a major
16:Bone structure of the thorax
7:
2094:Clinically Oriented Anatomy
1436:Clinically Oriented Anatomy
1229:Articulation of head of rib
1215:
1091:in his key work of anatomy
922:
794:. This level is called the
679:is narrow and rounded. The
10:
3180:
2647:Superior thoracic aperture
2114:De Humani Corporis Fabrica
1219:
1094:De humani corporis fabrica
1042:and skull reconstruction.
926:
836:
18:
3050:
2970:
2961:
2866:
2838:
2728:
2714:
2637:
2594:
2527:
2518:
2498:
2461:posterior sacral foramina
2405:
2375:
2335:
2258:
2183:
2174:
1404:"Osteology of the Thorax"
1349:Saladin, Kenneth (2010).
822:eleventh and twelfth ribs
650:First rib seen from above
135:
123:
111:
99:
87:
75:
70:
65:
60:Animation of the rib cage
53:
41:
36:
2449:anterior sacral foramina
1583:Anatomy & Physiology
1493:10.1177/0300060520952651
1264:from the 20th edition of
1249:
761:second thoracic vertebra
624:
619:longissimus dorsi muscle
584:costotransverse ligament
568:intra-articular ligament
1487:(9): 0300060520952651.
841:The sternum is a long,
802:is also at this level.
685:transverse costal facet
595:transverse costal facet
564:transverse costal facet
503: true / fixed ribs
403:bucket handle movements
2708:Human regional anatomy
2223:Intervertebral foramen
1222:anatomical terminology
1114:
971:bucket handle movement
946:
943:bucket handle movement
888:
855:sternoclavicular joint
817:
531:
417:
393:
377:
285:muscles of respiration
137:Anatomical terminology
27:. For other uses, see
1112:
1016:("pigeon chest"). A
1012:("sunken chest") and
984:Clinical significance
975:costovertebral joints
936:
902:7th cervical vertebra
887:A C7 rib on the right
886:
815:
792:first lumbar vertebra
556:superior costal facet
552:inferior costal facet
529:
441:neurovascular bundles
2478:Lateral sacral crest
1574:available under the
1198:3D model of rib cage
939:pump handle movement
912:) going to the arm.
862:transversus thoracis
777:intercostal arteries
530:The parts of the rib
457:thoracolumbar fascia
185:, which protect the
29:Rib (disambiguation)
3164:Bones of the thorax
2473:Medial sacral crest
2468:Median sacral crest
2128:Diagram at mhhe.com
1898:10.7554/eLife.40715
1050:Society and culture
959:intercostal muscles
611:iliocostalis muscle
580:crista colli costae
437:intercostal muscles
293:intercostal muscles
222:human thoracic cage
173:that comprises the
2662:Infrasternal angle
2624:Xiphisternal joint
2604:Suprasternal notch
2337:Thoracic vertebrae
2327:Vertebra prominens
2288:Posterior tubercle
2273:Transverse foramen
2260:Cervical vertebrae
1996:Medical News Today
1819:on 12 August 2016.
1790:2012-03-23 at the
1220:This article uses
1145:uncinate processes
1115:
1071:forensic pathology
951:respiratory system
947:
889:
866:intercostal nerves
818:
796:transpyloric plane
781:intercostal nerves
741:anterior extremity
630:Ribs and vertebrae
560:transverse process
536:thoracic vertebrae
532:
445:intercostal nerves
433:intercostal spaces
418:costae fluctuantes
322:thoracic vertebrae
309:respiratory system
238:thoracic vertebrae
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2652:Intercostal space
2514:
2513:
2437:sacral tuberosity
2420:sacral promontory
2278:Anterior tubercle
2218:Vertebral foramen
2184:General structure
2048:978-1-56098-828-1
1848:10.1002/jbmr.2326
1750:Internal Medicine
1625:978-0-7817-7055-2
1592:978-1-947172-04-3
1551:978-0-7817-7055-2
1452:978-0-7817-7525-0
1364:978-0-07-352569-3
1159:Additional images
1056:body modification
1022:congenital defect
773:intercostal veins
769:posterior scalene
733:serratus anterior
713:subclavian artery
673:thoracic vertebra
473:abdominal muscles
382:costal cartilages
226:costal cartilages
165:enclosure in the
151:
150:
146:
3171:
3141:
3140:
3132:
2968:
2967:
2899:Vertebral column
2701:
2694:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2525:
2524:
2377:Lumbar vertebrae
2283:Carotid tubercle
2181:
2180:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2075:
2074:
2056:
2050:
2032:
2026:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1968:. Archived from
1962:
1956:
1955:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1900:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1805:
1799:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1709:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1646:. Archived from
1639:
1630:
1629:
1613:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1539:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1472:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1346:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1283:
1258:
1257:
1207:
1195:
1194:
1181:
1169:
1014:pectus carinatum
1010:pectus excavatum
828:, have a single
757:vertebral column
753:costal cartilage
697:anterior scalene
693:scalene tubercle
659:
647:
514:
509: false ribs
508:
502:
496:
484:
398:vertebrochondral
307:function in the
242:skeletal muscles
205:and support the
179:vertebral column
143:edit on Wikidata
140:
58:
46:
34:
33:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3135:
3127:
3125:
3116:
3046:
2957:
2862:
2834:
2724:
2710:
2705:
2675:
2666:
2633:
2629:Xiphoid process
2619:Body of sternum
2590:
2510:
2494:
2432:Lateral surface
2401:
2371:
2331:
2254:
2170:
2161:
2124:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2057:
2053:
2033:
2029:
2025:, 9780801847806
2016:
2012:
2000:
1998:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1928:
1924:
1877:
1873:
1828:
1824:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1792:Wayback Machine
1783:
1779:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1689:
1683:
1676:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1644:"Archived copy"
1642:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1530:
1526:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1433:
1426:
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1401:
1394:
1387:radiopaedia.org
1379:
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1326:
1324:
1308:
1301:
1291:
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1284:
1277:
1255:
1252:
1244:Terms for bones
1234:Rachitic rosary
1225:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1199:
1196:
1185:
1182:
1173:
1170:
1161:
1107:
1079:
1062:, which uses a
1052:
1039:
1003:costochondritis
986:
931:
925:
910:brachial plexus
894:
874:
839:
830:articular facet
717:brachial plexus
705:subclavian vein
701:anterior groove
663:
660:
651:
648:
632:
627:
524:
517:
516:
512:
510:
506:
504:
500:
497:
488:
485:
366:vertebrosternal
346:
317:
272:, makes up the
264:and associated
234:xiphoid process
207:shoulder girdle
191:thoracic cavity
147:
61:
49:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3177:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3146:
3145:
3122:
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3117:
3115:
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3112:
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3097:
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2987:
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2807:
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2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2635:
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2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
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2495:
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2456:Dorsal surface
2453:
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2444:Pelvic surface
2441:
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2429:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2411:
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2402:
2400:
2399:
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2381:
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2369:
2364:
2363:
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2357:
2352:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2308:posterior arch
2305:
2300:
2290:
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2256:
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2240:
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2122:External links
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1957:
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1842:(2): 297–308.
1822:
1813:Dislocated Rib
1800:
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1674:
1631:
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1408:TeachMeAnatomy
1392:
1381:Smith, Sarah.
1370:
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1274:
1273:
1267:Gray's Anatomy
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1077:Biblical Story
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985:
982:
927:Main article:
924:
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893:
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721:medial scalene
703:transmits the
665:
664:
661:
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546:with which it
523:
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491:
489:
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394:costae spuriae
345:
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236:), and the 12
215:axial skeleton
193:, such as the
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48:Human rib cage
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2774:
2771:
2769:
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2761:
2759:
2756:
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2736:
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2727:
2723:
2719:
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2713:
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2702:
2697:
2695:
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2657:Costal margin
2655:
2653:
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2648:
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2640:
2639:Thoracic cage
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
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2617:
2615:
2614:Sternal angle
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:costal groove
2572:
2570:
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2565:
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2561:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2552:floating ribs
2550:
2548:
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2535:
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2532:
2530:
2526:
2523:
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2497:
2489:
2488:sacral hiatus
2486:
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2427:Ala of sacrum
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2303:anterior arch
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2108:0-471-68934-3
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1972:on 2007-07-06
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1650:on 2015-09-11
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1444:0-7817-7525-6
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1414:on 2013-05-02
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1357:p. 485.
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2848:Adam's apple
2558:
2528:
2483:Sacral canal
2384:
2298:lateral mass
2250:Spinal canal
2227:
2112:
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2093:
2087:
2060:
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2030:
2013:
2005:
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1995:
1985:
1974:. Retrieved
1970:the original
1960:
1935:
1931:
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1888:
1884:
1874:
1839:
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1812:
1803:
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1749:
1739:
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1697:
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1648:the original
1609:
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1560:
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1412:the original
1407:
1386:
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1312:
1290:. Retrieved
1269:
1259:
1253:
1135:
1116:
1099:Adam and Eve
1092:
1080:
1068:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1037:Regeneration
1032:
1026:
1007:
1000:
997:
987:
979:
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948:
917:floating rib
914:
906:cervical rib
898:cervical rib
895:
878:testosterone
875:
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821:
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522:Parts of rib
430:
421:
410:floating rib
409:
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385:
378:costae verae
369:
365:
361:
353:
349:
347:
337:
336:include the
333:
329:
325:
318:
278:
219:
213:part of the
209:to form the
187:vital organs
163:endoskeletal
158:
154:
152:
106:A02.3.04.001
81:
1123:salamanders
1119:herpetology
1060:tightlacing
1028:Rib removal
993:flail chest
967:pump handle
872:Development
548:articulates
443:containing
408:The phrase
305:ventilatory
299:and forced
250:upper limbs
171:vertebrates
71:Identifiers
25:ribs (food)
3153:Categories
3015:Fingernail
2547:false ribs
2395:mammillary
2360:transverse
2233:transverse
2082:References
2001:2022-06-05
1976:2007-08-23
1938:(1): 1–7.
1729:August 13,
1654:2013-12-31
1418:2024-05-28
1153:Crocodiles
1143:have bony
748:second rib
709:posterior
386:false ribs
354:false ribs
348:The terms
344:Attachment
334:false ribs
330:false ribs
301:exhalation
297:inhalation
220:A typical
94:D000070602
2931:Genitalia
2609:Manubrium
2542:true ribs
2390:accessory
2385:Processes
2238:articular
2228:Processes
2176:Vertebrae
1716:1527-1323
1576:CC BY 4.0
1501:0300-0605
1086:anatomist
1018:bifid rib
955:diaphragm
929:Breathing
892:Variation
847:true ribs
843:flat bone
807:tenth rib
788:ninth rib
765:first rib
636:first rib
426:vertebrae
422:vertebral
370:true ribs
350:true ribs
326:true ribs
315:Structure
289:diaphragm
281:tetrapods
230:manubrium
3060:Buttocks
2980:Shoulder
2815:Mandible
2748:Forehead
2569:tubercle
2529:Rib cage
2355:inferior
2350:superior
1952:19853490
1917:30983567
1866:25142306
1794:citing:
1788:Archived
1772:16755094
1663:cite web
1578:license.
1519:32883133
1329:10 March
1292:10 March
1216:See also
1141:reptiles
1089:Vesalius
923:Function
681:tubercle
591:tubercle
544:vertebra
469:pectoral
449:arteries
439:and the
169:of most
155:rib cage
37:Rib cage
3143:Anatomy
3105:Toenail
2995:Forearm
2941:Scrotum
2887:Midriff
2877:Abdomen
2870:(Trunk)
2820:Occiput
2763:Eyebrow
2596:Sternum
2243:spinous
2201:pedicle
2166:of the
1908:6464605
1857:8253918
1724:9925395
1510:7479855
1353:. USA:
1129:to the
1083:Flemish
1058:called
837:Sternum
800:pylorus
759:by the
675:. The
358:sternum
270:muscles
244:of the
189:of the
183:sternum
66:Details
3129:Portal
3040:Little
3030:Middle
3010:Finger
2985:Axilla
2926:Pelvis
2919:Nipple
2914:Breast
2909:Thorax
2853:Throat
2830:Temple
2793:Tongue
2773:Eyelid
2520:Thorax
2500:Coccyx
2407:Sacrum
2206:lamina
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2038:
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1361:
1320:
1270:(1918)
1149:sacral
1127:axilla
1064:corset
824:, the
779:, and
735:. The
723:. The
707:, the
699:; the
513:
507:
501:
332:. The
266:fascia
167:thorax
161:is an
3090:Ankle
3070:Thigh
3025:Index
3020:Thumb
3000:Wrist
2990:Elbow
2963:Limbs
2946:Vulva
2936:Penis
2892:Navel
2882:Waist
2868:Torso
2825:Scalp
2798:Tooth
2783:Mouth
2753:Cheek
2564:angle
2559:Parts
2293:Atlas
2211:notch
2168:torso
2164:Bones
1885:eLife
1690:(PDF)
1250:Notes
1137:Birds
1131:groin
689:angle
625:Bones
605:of a
603:angle
453:veins
420:) or
414:Latin
396:) or
390:Latin
374:Latin
362:fixed
199:lungs
195:heart
141:[
77:Latin
3110:Sole
3095:Heel
3085:Foot
3080:Calf
3075:Knee
3035:Ring
3005:Hand
2953:Anus
2904:Back
2858:Nape
2840:Neck
2778:Nose
2758:Chin
2743:Face
2738:Hair
2730:Head
2722:Skin
2716:Body
2584:head
2579:neck
2537:Ribs
2507:none
2415:Base
2320:dens
2315:Axis
2196:Arch
2191:Body
2104:ISBN
2065:ISBN
2044:ISBN
2036:ISBN
2019:ISBN
1948:PMID
1913:PMID
1862:PMID
1836:JBMR
1768:PMID
1731:2009
1720:PMID
1712:ISSN
1669:link
1620:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1572:text
1546:ISBN
1515:PMID
1497:ISSN
1448:ISBN
1440:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1331:2018
1318:ISBN
1294:2018
1139:and
860:The
820:The
805:The
786:The
746:The
711:the
677:neck
669:head
667:The
634:The
601:The
575:neck
573:The
540:head
471:and
465:back
461:neck
451:and
352:and
268:and
262:skin
258:back
256:and
246:neck
232:and
211:core
201:and
181:and
175:ribs
153:The
130:7480
118:1096
101:TA98
89:MeSH
3100:Toe
3065:Hip
3052:Leg
2972:Arm
2810:Jaw
2805:Ear
2788:Lip
2768:Eye
1940:doi
1903:PMC
1893:doi
1852:PMC
1844:doi
1758:doi
1702:doi
1505:PMC
1489:doi
1117:In
607:rib
364:or
279:In
157:or
125:FMA
113:TA2
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