1070:
1307:
827:
1089:
1295:
140:
969:
803:
127:
1868:). In the specimens preserving the anterior end of the body, this end is pointed or rounded, bearing a rhynchocoel with the proboscis, which is characteristic for nemerteans. The authors attributed these fossils to nemerteans and interpreted them as the oldest record of the group reported so far. However, Knaust & Desrochers cautioned that partly preserved putative nemertean fossils might ultimately turn out to be fossils of
1071:
1073:
1074:
334:, consisting of about 1300 known species. Most ribbon worms are very slim, usually only a few millimeters wide, although a few have relatively short but wide bodies. Many have patterns of yellow, orange, red and green coloration. The foregut, stomach and intestine run a little below the midline of the body, the
2256:
of nemertea are usually in the walls of the fluid vessels and are served by "drains" from which the wastes exit by a small number of tubes through the skin, while the flame cells of flatworms are scattered throughout the body. Rigorous comparisons show no synapomorphies of nemertean and platyhelminth
1125:
Larger species often break up when stimulated, and the fragments often grow into full individuals. Some species fragment routinely and even parts near the tail can grow full bodies. But this kind of extreme regeneration is restricted to only a few types of nemerteans, and is assumed to be a derived
822:
exits from an orifice which is separate from the mouth, coils around the prey and immobilizes it by sticky, toxic secretions. The Anopla can attack as soon as the prey moves into the range of the proboscis. Some Anopla have branched proboscises which can be described as "a mass of sticky spaghetti".
910:
In the simplest type of circulatory system, two lateral vessels are joined at the ends to form a loop. However, many species have additional long-wise and cross-wise vessels. There is no heart nor pumping vessels, and the flow of fluid depends on contraction of both the vessels and the body wall's
798:
is an infolding of the body wall, and sits in the rhynchocoel when inactive. When muscles in the wall of the rhynchocoel compress the fluid inside, the pressure makes the proboscis jump inside-out along a canal called the rhynchodeum and through an orifice, the proboscis pore. The proboscis has a
1036:
organs, sacs whose only openings are to the outside. Others species have unpaired evertible organs on the front of their heads. Some have slits along the side of the head or grooves obliquely across the head, and these may be associated with paired cerebral organs. All of these are thought to be
1008:
invertebrates encircle the foregut. Most nemertean species have just one pair of nerve cords, many species have additional paired cords, and some species also have a dorsal cord. In some species the cords lie within the skin, but in most they are deeper, inside the muscle layers. The central
692:, however, is usually only a few millimeters wide. The bodies of most nemerteans can stretch a lot, up to 10 times their resting length in some species, but reduce their length to 50% and increase their width to 300% when disturbed. A few have relatively short but wide bodies, for example
633:
The typical nemertean body is very thin in proportion to its length. The smallest are a few millimeters long, most are less than 20 centimetres (7.9 in), and several exceed 1 metre (3.3 ft). The longest animal ever found, at 54 metres (177 ft) long, may be a specimen of
2211:
believe the
Bdellonemertea are a part of the Monostilifera (with one active stylet), which are within the Hoplonemertea – which implies that "Enopla" and "Hoplonemertea" are synonyms for the same branch of the tree. The Polystilifera (with many tiny stylets) are monophyletic.
924:
850:
barb, with which the animal stabs the prey many times to inject toxins and digestive secretions. The prey is then swallowed whole or, after partial digestion, its tissues are sucked into the mouth. The stylet is attached about one-third of the distance from the end of the
1072:
408:
undulations. A few live in the open ocean while the rest find or make hiding places on the bottom. About a dozen species inhabit freshwater, mainly in the tropics and subtropics, and another dozen species live on land in cool, damp places. Most nemerteans are
1589:. Comprises about 400 species. The majority are marine, but three are freshwater. Their body-wall muscles are disposed in four layers, alternately circular and length-wise starting from the outermost layer. The order includes the strongest swimmers. Two
388:
vessels which are joined at the ends to form a loop, and these and the rhynchocoel are filled with fluid. There is no heart, and the flow of fluid depends on contraction of muscles in the vessels and the body wall. To filter out soluble waste products,
911:
muscles. In some species, circulation is intermittent, and fluid ebbs and flows in the long-wise vessels. The fluid in the vessels is usually colorless, but in some species it contains cells that are yellow, orange, green or red. The red type contain
758:
They are unsegmented, but at least one species, Annulonemertes minusculus, is segmented. But this is assumed to be a derived trait. The segmentation does not include the coelom and body wall, and is therefore referred to as pseudosegmentation.
2264:(outer part of the mesoderm, which is the layer in which most of the internal organs are built) is derived from cells labelled 3a and 3b, and endomesoderm (inner part of the mesoderm) is derived from the 4d cell. Some of the ectomesoderm in
1837:
has been classed as a nemertean, based on a resemblance to some unusual deep-sea swimming nemerteans, but few paleontologists accept this classification as the
Burgess Shale fossils show no evidence of rhynchocoel nor intestinal caeca.
2248:. The rhabdites of nemertea have a different structure from those of flatworms at the microscopic scale. The frontal glands or organs of flatworms vary a lot in structure, and similar structures appear in small marine annelids and
855:
proboscis, which extends only enough to expose the stylet. On either side of the active stylet are sacs containing back-up stylets to replace the active one as the animal grows or an active one is lost. Instead of one stylet, the
1169:
are emitted), one per gonad, are built when the ova and sperm are ready. The eggs are generally fertilised externally. Some species shed them into the water, some lay them in a burrow or tube, and some protect them by
3096:
R. Gibson (1995). "Nemertean genera and species of the world: an annotated checklist of original names and description citations, synonyms, current taxonomic status, habitats and recorded zoogeographic distribution".
743:, but these are not associated with differences in movement. Nemerteans also have dorso-ventral muscles, which flatten the animals, especially in the larger species. Inside the concentric tubes of these layers is
464:, one per gonad, when the ova and sperm are ready. The eggs are generally fertilised externally. Some species shed them into the water, and others protect their eggs in various ways. The fertilized egg divides by
696:
is up to 3.5 centimetres (1.4 in) long and 1 centimetre (0.39 in) wide, and some of these are much less stretchy. Smaller nemerteans are approximately cylindrical, but larger species are flattened
352:
to emerge just above the mouth to capture the animal's prey with venom. A highly extensible muscle in the back of the rhynchocoel pulls the proboscis in when an attack ends. A few species with stubby bodies
951:
which filter out the wastes are embedded in the front part of the two lateral fluid vessels. The flame cells remove the wastes into two collecting ducts, one on either side, and each duct has one or more
1102:
Nemerteans generally move slowly, though they have occasionally been documented to successfully prey on spiders or insects. Most nemerteans use their external cilia to glide on surfaces on a trail of
2849:. While analyses by molecular phylogeny are confident that members of Lophotrochozoa are more closely related to each other than of non-members, the relationships between members are mostly unclear.
907:
in everting the proboscis and in burrowing. The vessels circulate fluid round the whole body and the rhynchocoel provides its own local circulation. The circulatory vessels are a system of coeloms.
1106:, some of which is produced by glands in the head. Larger species use muscular waves to crawl, and some aquatic species swim by dorso-ventral undulations. Some species burrow by means of muscular
860:
have a pad that bears many tiny stylets, and these animals have separate orifices for the proboscis and mouth, unlike other Enopla. The Enopla can only attack after contacting the prey.
4417:
4381:
1897:, may be a nemertean. This fossil, however, only preserves the outline of the "worm", and there is no evidence of a proboscis, so there is no certainty that it represents a nemertean.
1347:-like tubes. Mainly in the tropics and subtropics, about 12 species appear in freshwater, and about a dozen species live on land in cool, damp places, for example under rotting logs.
2224:
analyses emphasised as shared features: multiciliated (with multiple cilia per cell), glandular epidermis; rod-shaped secretory bodies or rhabdites; frontal glands or organs;
1049:, which can detect light but not form an image. Most nemerteans have two to six ocelli, although some have hundreds. A few tiny species that live between grains of sand have
1804:
As nemerteans are mostly soft-bodied, one would expect fossils of them to be extremely rare. One might expect the stylet of a nemertean to be preserved, since it is made of
488:
larva, in which the developing juvenile has a gut which lies across the larva's body, and usually eats the remains of the larva when it emerges. The bodies of some species
1523:, and other nemerteans. Nemerteans' skins secrete toxins that deter many predators, but some crabs may clean nemerteans with one claw before eating them. The American
1206:
469:
1269:(developing gut) and coalesce to form the juvenile. When it is fully formed, the juvenile bursts out of the larva body and usually eats it during this catastrophic
2220:
English-language writings have conventionally treated nemerteans as acoelomate bilaterians that are most closely related to flatworms (Platyhelminthes). These pre-
567:
wrote of a marine worm which was apparently 17.76 metres (58.3 ft) long ("40 cubits"), about the width of a child's arm, and whose touch made a hand swell.
4590:"Hox genes pattern the anterior-posterior axis of the juvenile but not the larva in a maximally indirect developing invertebrate, Micrura alaskensis (Nemertea)"
2287:
flatworms produce no ectomesoderm. In nemerteans the space between the epidermis and the gut is mainly filled by well-developed muscles embedded in noncellular
2829:
larvae (for example
Annelida and Mollusca); and some other phyla (such as Platyhelminthes, Sipuncula, Gastrotricha, Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Nemertea,
1386:. It can build a cocoon, which allows it to avoid desiccation while being transported, and it may be able to build populations quickly in new areas as it is a
956:
through which the wastes exit. Semiterrestrial and freshwater nemerteans have many more flame cells than marines, sometimes thousands. The reason may be that
739:. Next to the dermis are at least three layers of muscles, some circular and some longitudinal. The combinations of muscle types vary between the different
5191:
4640:
1247:
485:
4888:
Knaust, Dirk; Desrochers, André (2019). "Exceptionally preserved soft-bodied assemblage in
Ordovician carbonates of Anticosti Island, eastern Canada".
1781:
1738:
891:, and respiration occurs over the surface of the body, which is long and sometimes flattened. Like other animals with thick body walls, they use fluid
762:
The mouth is ventral and a little behind the front of the body. The foregut, stomach and intestine run a little below the midline of the body and the
1881:
6966:
4288:
4232:
4077:
3949:
3839:
3326:
1704:
7597:
1785:
1716:
3219:
650:
in
Scotland. Other estimates are about 30 metres (98 ft). Zoologists find it extremely difficult to measure this species. For comparison:
2195:("armed") are monophyletic, but find that Palaeonemertea is doubly paraphyletic, having given rise to both the Heteronemertea and the Enopla.
1117:, whose proboscis have one active stylet, move by extending the proboscis, sticking it to an object and pulling the animal toward the object.
7623:
1726:
1261:
cap with the ear flaps pulled down. It has a gut which lies across the body, a mouth between the "ear flaps", but no anus. A small number of
3522:"Determining the largest known land animal: A critical comparison of differing methods for restoring the volume and mass of extinct animals"
7710:
2160:(trait shared by an ancestor and all its descendants, but not by other groups) include the eversible proboscis located in the rhynchocoel.
5208:
903:
is contained in the main body cavity. The fluid in the rhynchocoel moves substances to and from the proboscis, and functions as a fluid
799:
muscle which attaches to the back of the rhynchocoel, can stretch up to 30 times its inactive length and acts to retract the proboscis.
5349:
3417:
1158:
1061:, which feeds on polychaetes, can follow the prey's trails of mucus, and find its burrow by backtracking along its own trail of mucus.
1379:
7571:
4754:
393:
are embedded in the front part of the two lateral fluid vessels, and remove the wastes through a network of pipes to the outside.
7610:
6672:
4853:
2989:
899:
to move substances through their bodies. The circulatory system consists of the rhynchocoel and peripheral vessels, while their
3771:
4825:
Knaust, Dirk (2010). "Remarkably preserved benthic organisms and their traces from a middle
Triassic (Muschelkalk) mud flat".
3363:
Walker, J.C.; Anderson, D.T. (1998). "The
Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Entoprocta and Gnathostomulida". In D.T. Anderson (ed.).
698:
5024:
4973:
4865:
4539:
4429:
4393:
4364:
4272:
4216:
4185:
4061:
4010:
3974:
3933:
3823:
3781:
3661:
3627:
3580:
3497:
3463:
3397:
3372:
3310:
3139:
2969:
1209:, in which the fate of a cell can usually be predicted from its predecessors in the process of division. The embryos of most
472:, in which the fate of a cell can usually be predicted from its predecessors in the process of division. The embryos of most
405:
519:, as one order of Anopla is more closely related to Enopla than to the other order of Anopla. The phylum Nemertea itself is
7615:
3615:
2985:
1512:
is considered a significant factor in the collapse of the dungeness crab fishery. Other coastal nemerteans have devastated
5113:
4313:
3451:
770:, a cavity which mostly runs above the midline and ends a little short of the rear of the body. The rhynchocoel of class
1633:
and all the hosts steal food from them. These nemerteans have short, wide bodies and have no stylets but have a sucking
5386:
5247:
5055:
4758:
4119:
3651:
3168:
2228:; and acoelomate body organization. However, multiciliated epidermal cells and epidermal gland cells are also found in
1339:
animals. Some live deep in the open oceans, and have gelatinous bodies. Others build semi-permanent burrows lined with
585:, was first used in 1806 by Sowerby. In 1995, a total of 1,149 species had been described and grouped into 250 genera.
3570:
2156:(meaning that the phylum includes all and only descendants of one ancestor that was also a member of the phylum). The
3552:
4961:
7672:
7550:
5423:
3487:
1542:
344:, a cavity which mostly runs above the midline and ends a little short of the rear of the body. All species have a
3998:
3964:
1302:. The animal is 1.5 centimetres (0.59 in) long, of which the anterior 1 centimetre (0.39 in) is visible.
7628:
7563:
5418:
2299:, but a similar structure of body-wall muscles embedded in noncellular connective tissue is widespread among the
1610:. Their mouth is located underneath and ahead of the brain. Their main nerve cords run inside body-wall muscles.
1690:
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies divided the group into two superclasses, three classes, and eight orders:
527:
being the rhynchocoel and eversible proboscis. Traditional taxonomy says that nemerteans are closely related to
4661:
3127:
2805:, which include about half of the extant animal phyla. Lophotrochozoa groups: those animals that feed using a
1566:. Comprises 100 marine species. Their body wall has outer circular and inner length-wise muscles. In addition,
1232:, swimming for some time and eating prey larger than microscopic particles. However, many members of the order
842:, the proboscis exits from a common orifice of the rhynchocoel and mouth. A typical member of this class has a
774:
has an orifice a little to the front of the mouth, but still under the front of the body. In the other class,
5502:
5492:
5475:
4102:
1464:, and may kill annelids of about their own size. They sometimes take fish, both living and dead. Insects and
1045:. Small pits in the epidermis appear to be sensors. On their head, some species have a number of pigment-cup
255:
5354:
1327:
Most nemerteans are marine animals that burrow in sediments, lurk in crevices between shells, stones or the
4931:
Schram, Frederick R. (September 1973). "Pseudocoelomates and a
Nemertine from the Illinois Pennsylvanian".
3056:
Cedhagen, Tomas; Per
Sundberg (1986). "A previously unrecognized report of a nemertean in the literature".
2897:
1519:
The few predators on nemerteans include bottom-feeding fish, some sea birds, a few invertebrates including
489:
4566:
1557:("unarmed"). Includes animals with proboscis without stylet, and a mouth underneath and behind the brain.
867:, absorb organic food in solution through their skins, which may make the long, slim bodies an advantage.
7524:
7519:
7506:
6665:
3058:
17:
3164:"Lophotrochozoa internal phylogeny: new insights from an up-to-date analysis of nuclear ribosomal genes"
1004:, masses of nerve cells, positioned round the rhynchocoel near its front end – while the brains of most
3099:
2252:
larvae. The protonephridia of nemertea and flatworms are different in structure, and in position – the
1306:
3963:
Roe, Pamela; Norenburg, Jon L.; Maslakova, Svetlana (2007). Sol Felty Light; James T. Carlton (eds.).
7705:
7677:
7638:
6809:
5292:
Cannon, J.T.; Vellutini, B.C.; Smith, J.; Ronquist, F.; Jondelius, U.; Hejnol, A. (4 February 2016).
139:
681:
476:
develop either directly to form juveniles (like the adult but smaller) or larvae that resemble the
381:
6894:
5507:
4933:
1886:
1277:
involved during development, which are only found in the juveniles developing inside the larvae.
7664:
4554:
676:
are estimated at approximately 35 metres (115 ft) and 31 metres (102 ft) respectively.
7446:
6658:
5379:
5183:
2924:
1497:
1282:
1183:
1057:
981:
807:
4309:"The invention of the pilidium larva in an otherwise perfectly good spiralian phylum Nemertea"
2961:
2953:
460:), and build temporary gonoducts (ducts from which the ova or sperm are emitted) opening to a
7659:
7122:
6772:
5470:
5204:
3684:
Martin, Gary G. (1978). "A new function of rhabdites: mucus production for ciliary gliding".
2176:
1824:
1547:
Traditional taxonomic classification has divided the group into two classes and four orders:
1433:
1080:
7651:
3429:
7532:
7493:
6787:
5305:
4897:
4698:
4465:
3022:
1849:
1525:
976:. Several clusters of dark eyespots and the opening of one cerebral organ are also visible.
572:
338:
is at the tip of the tail, and the mouth is under the front. A little above the gut is the
7602:
5016:
5010:
4531:
4525:
4264:
4258:
4208:
4202:
4053:
4047:
3925:
3919:
3815:
3809:
3302:
3296:
1638:
1363:
515:("armed" with a dagger) also with two orders. However, it is now accepted that Anopla are
8:
7700:
2910:
2838:
1571:
1336:
1214:
1127:
766:
is at the tip of the tail. Above the gut and separated from the gut by mesenchyme is the
6650:
5309:
5293:
4901:
4762:
4702:
4555:
A phylum-wide survey reveals multiple independent gains of head regeneration in
Nemertea
4469:
3026:
372:
connect to the brain and run along the length of the body. Most nemerteans have various
7484:
7117:
6799:
5935:
5487:
5465:
5453:
5428:
5350:
The Marine Biological Laboratory: Phylum Nemertea (Nemertinea, Nemertini, Rhynchocoela)
5329:
5269:
5242:
5077:
5050:
4942:
4913:
4807:
4719:
4686:
4616:
4589:
4486:
4453:
4282:
4226:
4071:
3943:
3870:
3833:
3747:
3722:
3703:
3544:
3320:
3190:
3163:
3038:
2917:
2184:
1682:. Includes about 100 pelagic and 50 benthic species. Their pads bear many tiny stylets.
1442:
1404:
1328:
989:
892:
868:
701:. Many have visible patterns in various combinations of yellow, orange, red and green.
642:
636:
581:
496:
369:
295:
134:
4452:
Shinobe, Shotaro; Uchida, Shota; Mori, Hideaki; Okochi, Isamu; Chiba, Satoshi (2017).
3966:
The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates from Central California to Oregon
7646:
6909:
6357:
6277:
5627:
5497:
5460:
5448:
5438:
5372:
5333:
5321:
5274:
5140:
5132:
5082:
5020:
4969:
4917:
4861:
4838:
4811:
4724:
4621:
4535:
4491:
4425:
4389:
4360:
4332:
4268:
4212:
4181:
4158:
4134:
4115:
4057:
4006:
3970:
3929:
3819:
3777:
3752:
3707:
3657:
3623:
3576:
3548:
3493:
3459:
3393:
3368:
3306:
3238:
3195:
3135:
3075:
3042:
3010:
2965:
2288:
1861:
1805:
1438:
1018:
826:
748:
732:
597:
385:
778:, the mouth and the front of the rhynchocoel share an orifice. The rhynchocoel is a
368:, positioned around the rhynchocoel near the animal's front end. At least a pair of
7185:
7064:
6956:
6899:
6839:
6834:
6762:
6747:
5412:
5313:
5264:
5256:
5200:
5122:
5072:
5064:
4905:
4834:
4797:
4714:
4706:
4611:
4601:
4481:
4473:
4322:
4148:
4107:
3879:
3742:
3734:
3695:
3536:
3228:
3185:
3177:
3108:
3067:
3030:
2372:
1672:
1661:
1622:
1603:
1485:
1416:
1240:
843:
613:
434:
5631:
7498:
7358:
7263:
7225:
7180:
7112:
6869:
6829:
6814:
6707:
6638:
6544:
6395:
6298:
6155:
5688:
5159:
4652:
4137:"Building the vertebrate heart - an evolutionary approach to cardiac development"
2668:
1813:
1560:
1551:
1533:, both called "tapeworms" in their respective localities, are sold as fish bait.
1383:
1202:
1111:
1088:
816:
740:
666:
568:
508:
500:
465:
7511:
4802:
4785:
4201:
Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Introduction to Bilateria".
2260:
According to more recent analyses, in the development of nemertean embryos, ecto
875:, which have a proboscis but no stylet, and use suckers to attach themselves to
7558:
7545:
7418:
7363:
7353:
7195:
7009:
6961:
6874:
6849:
6844:
6824:
6819:
6722:
6712:
6303:
6281:
6099:
6011:
5989:
5952:
5443:
4710:
4477:
3034:
2802:
2798:
2478:
2225:
2188:
2018:
1964:
1931:
1744:
1710:
1698:
1630:
1614:
1607:
1586:
1563:
1520:
1502:
1477:
1424:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1135:
1042:
957:
936:
872:
532:
445:
373:
358:
354:
271:
240:
5359:
4606:
3112:
1294:
7694:
7469:
7142:
7127:
7089:
7014:
6950:
6936:
6884:
6879:
6793:
6782:
6777:
6757:
6752:
6727:
6448:
6352:
5851:
5136:
4909:
3686:
3425:
3079:
2885:
2881:
2410:
2204:
2070:
2055:
2048:
1834:
1765:
1759:
1752:
1679:
1668:
1645:
1492:
1390:
1359:
1270:
1262:
1243:
1114:
1038:
968:
953:
857:
281:
81:
4687:"Declining soil Crustacea in a World Heritage Site caused by land nemertean"
4454:"Declining soil Crustacea in a World Heritage Site caused by land nemertean"
4111:
3071:
852:
349:
7338:
7333:
7308:
7283:
7273:
7200:
7069:
6943:
6904:
6889:
6864:
6859:
6804:
6737:
6554:
6549:
6437:
6293:
6179:
6065:
5968:
5947:
5817:
5768:
5724:
5705:
5325:
5278:
5260:
5144:
5127:
5108:
5086:
5068:
4728:
4625:
4495:
4336:
4162:
4135:
Pérez-Pomares, José M.; Juan M. González-Rosa; Ramón Muñoz-Chápuli (2009).
3884:
3865:
3756:
3738:
3521:
3242:
3199:
3181:
2893:
2794:
2683:
2342:
2172:
2157:
2144:
1732:
1412:
1371:
1179:
900:
752:
564:
535:, a very large clade, sometimes viewed as a superphylum that also includes
524:
520:
516:
444:
In most species the sexes are separate, but all the freshwater species are
276:
4416:
Russell, Peter J.; Wolfe, Stephen L.; Hertz, Paul E.; Cecie Starr (2008).
4380:
Russell, Peter J.; Wolfe, Stephen L.; Hertz, Paul E.; Cecie Starr (2008).
4256:
4200:
4153:
4136:
4045:
3917:
3807:
3294:
3233:
3214:
2303:(animals in which the early cell divisions make a spiral pattern) such as
7584:
7478:
7393:
7368:
7313:
7288:
7210:
7205:
7170:
7160:
6854:
6767:
6515:
6486:
6472:
6462:
6047:
5863:
5776:
5558:
4327:
4308:
4176:
Anderson, D.T. (1998). "The invertebrate phyla". In D.T. Anderson (ed.).
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
3540:
2826:
2810:
2626:
2572:
2436:
1890:
1869:
1579:
1488:
cavity of molluscs and feed on micro-organisms filtered out by the host.
1399:
1387:
1321:
1312:
1266:
1258:
1251:
1107:
1096:
802:
767:
672:
357:
and have suckers at the front and back ends, with which they attach to a
184:
56:
35:
5317:
811:, a species within class Anopla, discharges a sticky branched proboscis.
7426:
7388:
7318:
7298:
7293:
7278:
7248:
7220:
7175:
7165:
7137:
7132:
7074:
7049:
6742:
6717:
6612:
6597:
6592:
6573:
6568:
6496:
6443:
6413:
6405:
6347:
6221:
6213:
6196:
5976:
5888:
5841:
5781:
5743:
5717:
5563:
5548:
4946:
3699:
3421:
2877:
2873:
2853:
2822:
2806:
2418:
2253:
2229:
2221:
1853:
1657:
1461:
1408:
1344:
1187:
1175:
1154:
1131:
1010:
1005:
997:
948:
944:
928:
912:
847:
783:
744:
728:
716:
655:
647:
552:
544:
422:
410:
390:
220:
101:
66:
5364:
4026:
2291:. This structure is similar to that found in larger flatworms such as
1437:
has been implicated in the decline of native arthropod species on the
7589:
7343:
7323:
7215:
7094:
7029:
7019:
7004:
6999:
6980:
6732:
6578:
6525:
6520:
6491:
6480:
6429:
6424:
6376:
6288:
6075:
6070:
6032:
5881:
5873:
5802:
5754:
5675:
5662:
5643:
5638:
5597:
3215:"Hox and ParaHox genes in Nemertodermatida, a basal bilaterian clade"
2865:
2857:
2830:
2818:
2801:
and perhaps Sipuncula) and Mollusca make the ribbon-worms members of
2785:
2611:
2557:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2323:
2304:
2249:
2237:
2153:
1845:
1618:
1575:
1481:
1480:("smell") and are not selective about their prey. A few species live
1473:
1449:
1420:
1375:
1355:
1050:
1022:
915:
and carry oxygen, but the function of the other pigments is unknown.
896:
795:
528:
507:("unarmed" – their proboscises do not have a little dagger) with two
430:
426:
404:, while larger species use muscular waves to crawl, and some swim by
345:
210:
197:
171:
151:
126:
106:
7440:
3212:
1656:
sea water, in freshwater and on land. They feed by commensalism and
1501:
has consumed about 55% of the total egg production of its host, the
992:
that connect to the brain and run along the length of the body. The
492:
readily, and even parts cut off near the tail can grow full bodies.
7463:
7398:
7378:
7348:
7328:
7303:
7268:
7258:
7253:
7084:
7059:
7039:
6699:
6602:
6586:
6509:
6501:
6456:
6419:
6400:
6389:
6371:
6365:
6226:
6143:
6040:
5921:
5810:
5694:
5585:
5576:
5482:
4359:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 252–262.
2896:, which are neither protostomes nor deuterostomes, are regarded as
2889:
2869:
2834:
2645:
2534:
2518:
2460:
2422:
2300:
2292:
2280:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2241:
1894:
1829:
1675:. Some use the stylet for locomotion as well as for capturing prey.
1465:
1317:
1274:
1033:
1026:
940:
904:
720:
662:
481:
461:
230:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
31:
7576:
1171:
7403:
7383:
7079:
7054:
7044:
7034:
6990:
6927:
6562:
6538:
6530:
6467:
6381:
6201:
6188:
6121:
6112:
6057:
5982:
4645:(Dakin) in Hawaii (Nemertinea: Hoplonemertinea: Prosorhochmidae)"
3367:(1 ed.). Oxford University Press Australia. pp. 79–85.
2861:
2814:
2494:
2308:
2296:
2273:
2233:
1873:
1817:
1653:
1649:
1634:
1453:
1428:
1218:
1146:
1001:
876:
705:
548:
540:
536:
477:
438:
414:
365:
111:
86:
727:
in which the cilia glide. Each ciliated cell has many cilia and
616:
are a separate phylum, whose closest relatives appear to be the
7243:
7235:
7104:
6607:
6341:
5541:
5528:
5399:
5396:
5051:"Ribbon worm relationships: A phylogeny of the phylum Nemertea"
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4257:
Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Nemertea".
4046:
Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Nemertea".
3918:
Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Nemertea".
3808:
Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Nemertea".
3295:
Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Nemertea".
3011:"A poisonous shield, a potent venom: These worms mean business"
2357:
2192:
2180:
1995:
1865:
1857:
1599:
1554:
1367:
1198:
1191:
1150:
1046:
1014:
839:
819:
779:
775:
771:
736:
617:
593:
512:
504:
457:
380:, which can detect light but can not form an image. Nemerteans
377:
376:, and on their heads some species have a number of pigment-cup
323:
319:
285:
161:
4856:. In Pályi, Gyula; Caglioti, Luciano; Zucchi, Claudia (eds.).
4005:(2 ed.). University of California Press. pp. 55–58.
3723:"Annulonemertes (Phylum Nemertea): When segments do not count"
3358:
3356:
646:
54 metres (177 ft) long, washed ashore after a storm off
7537:
7152:
7024:
4588:
Hiebert, Laurel S.; Maslakova, Svetlana A. (April 11, 2015).
4169:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
2284:
2245:
2200:
1590:
1394:
1340:
1332:
1286:
has been reported as having a life span of around 18 months.
1254:
1221:
1166:
1142:
1103:
993:
985:
888:
724:
713:
709:
589:
473:
453:
449:
401:
397:
5291:
5009:
Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S.; Barnes, R.D. (2004b). "Nemertea".
4854:"Evolutionary origin of asymmetry in early metazoan animals"
4752:
4685:
Shinobe, S; Uchida, S; Mori, H; Okochi, I; Chiba, S (2017).
4502:
4415:
4379:
4180:(1 ed.). Oxford University Press Australia. p. 4.
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3793:
1084:(right) being inspected by a spider, which it then captures.
923:
7190:
6682:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3213:
Jimenez-Guri E, Paps J, Garcia-Fernandez J, Salo E (2006).
2276:
is derived from cells 3a and 3b, while the ectomesoderm of
1626:
1513:
1457:
1299:
1210:
1162:
1134:(the sexes are separate), but all the freshwater forms are
763:
575:
wrote a formal description of this animal, which he called
418:
335:
5243:"Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life"
5109:"Progress in nemertean biology: Development and phylogeny"
5044:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5036:
4524:
Ruppert, E.E; Fox, R.S.; Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Nemertea".
3866:"Food, feeding behavior and feeding ecology of nemerteans"
3622:(2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–84.
3333:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
1468:
are the only known prey of the two terrestrial species of
6680:
4968:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 281–282.
4302:
4300:
4298:
3790:
3650:
Haderlie, Eugene Clinton (1980). Robert H. Morris (ed.).
2846:
2842:
2793:
Nemerteans' affinities with Annelida (including Echiura,
830:
Stylet-containing part of proboscis of "armed" nemertean
4966:
Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the living phyla
4128:
4003:
Intertidal Invertebrates of the Central California Coast
2179:(contains the ancestors of the more recent clades). The
1009:
nervous-system is often red or pink because it contains
6331:
5049:
Thollesson, Mikael; Norenburg, Jon L. (February 2003).
5033:
4684:
4451:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4194:
3418:"Phylum Nemertea (Nemertinea, Nemertini, Rhynchocoela)"
3249:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5171:
4295:
3770:
Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2020-03-03).
3458:. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 2004. p. 1420.
3206:
3962:
2825:); phyla in which most members' embryos develop into
1224:. The planuliform larva stage may be short-lived and
882:
5192:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
4239:
3969:. University of California Press. pp. 221–233.
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3055:
628:
5168:
5048:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4388:. Vol. 3. Cengage Learning. pp. 894–895.
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
2208:
2168:
1637:and a posterior stucker, with which they move like
1273:. This larval stage is unique in that there are no
1153:), forming a row down each side of the body in the
5294:"Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa"
5151:
4881:
4786:"An updated classification of the phylum Nemertea"
4638:
4141:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
3428:: The Marine Biological Laboratory. Archived from
1570:has circular and inner length-wise muscles in the
5157:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5008:
4445:
4354:
3596:
3161:
2215:
2196:
2164:
2132:
1629:and one in that of a freshwater snail. The hosts
1110:, and have powerful muscles. Some species of the
1017:for peak activity or when the animal experiences
600:. Alternative names for the phylum have included
396:All nemerteans move slowly, using their external
7692:
6967:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
5158:Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S.; Barnes, R.D. (2004a).
4989:
4887:
4753:Ben Waggoner; Allen G. Collins (June 13, 2001).
4632:
4587:
4523:
3892:
3846:
3769:
3519:
3155:
2856:phyla outside the Lophotrochozoa are members of
1841:
1784:(provisionally has been separated its own class
1574:; the extra muscle layers seem to be needed for
1228:("yolky") before becoming a juvenile, or may be
571:wrote in 1758 of a "sea long worm", and in 1770
531:, but both phyla are regarded as members of the
348:which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but
2954:"Nemertini, Rhynchocoela, Nemertea, Nemertinea"
1812:reported nemertean fossils and traces from the
1617:. Includes seven species, of which six live as
823:The animal then draws its prey into its mouth.
755:species this tissue is gelatinous and buoyant.
5236:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5093:
4777:
4424:. Vol. 3. Cengage Learning. p. 889.
4100:Moore, Janet; Gibson, Ray (2001). "Nemertea".
3720:
3362:
3220:International Journal of Developmental Biology
2187:of nemerteans without stylets (comprising the
2152:There is no doubt that the phylum Nemertea is
1120:
960:is more difficult in non-marine environments.
939:to excrete soluble waste products, especially
871:is found only among the specialized symbiotic
6666:
5380:
3656:. Stanford University Press. pp. 85–90.
3613:
1808:, but no fossil stylets have yet been found.
1671:. Includes 500 species with a single central
118:Possible Ordovician and Carboniferous records
30:Not to be confused with the roundworm phylum
4287:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4231:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4076:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3948:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3838:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3575:. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 241.
3411:
3409:
3325:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
963:
5767:
5227:
4953:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4099:
3456:Encyclopedia of the Aquatic World: Starfish
731:. The outermost layer rests on a thickened
448:. Nemerteans often have numerous temporary
6673:
6659:
5741:
5387:
5373:
5285:
5106:
4924:
4783:
3568:
3387:
3162:Paps J, Baguñà J, Riutort M (April 2009).
2167:treat the Palaeonemertea as monophyletic,
1852:occurring on bedding planes from the Late
1289:
1041:, and the cerebral organs may also aiding
125:
5934:
5268:
5126:
5076:
4801:
4718:
4639:Howarth, Francis G.; Janet Moore (1983).
4615:
4605:
4485:
4326:
4306:
4152:
3990:
3883:
3746:
3406:
3232:
3189:
3095:
1476:, and these generally have good distance
1141:Nemerteans often have numerous temporary
972:Brain and neural cords of hoplonemertean
679:A specimen of the Arctic giant jellyfish
384:through the skin. They have at least two
5801:
5725:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
5673:
5205:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130124
5181:
4735:
4175:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4087:
3649:
3513:
3485:
3091:
3089:
1305:
1293:
1257:and which Maslakova describes as like a
1217:(like the adult but smaller) or to form
1087:
1068:
967:
922:
825:
801:
789:
6698:
5526:
5394:
5240:
4959:
3492:. New Holland Publishers. p. 155.
2990:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
2947:
2945:
2841:, which compares sections of organisms
1794:
704:The outermost layer of the body has no
588:Nemertea are named after the Greek sea-
14:
7693:
6926:
5719:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
5689:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
5015:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
4930:
4824:
4530:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
4207:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
4052:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
3814:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
3683:
3653:Intertidal invertebrates of California
3614:Moore, Janet; Overhill, Raith (2006).
3301:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
3125:
1809:
1648:. Comprises 650 species. They live in
7445:
7444:
6654:
5660:
5368:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4263:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. p.
4084:
3996:
3924:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. p.
3126:Barnes, Richard Stephen Kent (2001).
3086:
2951:
640:, Ruppert, Fox and Barnes refer to a
27:Phylum of invertebrates, ribbon worms
7639:4ae44a8d-3859-44a0-8020-99cfc2d756ef
7564:ca66e90b-59e2-4a2e-9cb4-33ebd19bedfd
5990:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
4851:
4307:Maslakova, Svetlana A. (July 2010).
3620:An Introduction to the Invertebrates
3392:. Guinness Publishing. p. 232.
2942:
7711:Extant Ordovician first appearances
5114:Integrative and Comparative Biology
4314:Integrative and Comparative Biology
3390:The Guinness Book of Animal Records
3134:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 81–83.
2978:
2784:Relationships of Nemertea to other
2143:highlights the "Anopla", which are
685:was 36.5 metres (120 ft) long.
400:to glide on surfaces on a trail of
24:
6024:
5830:
5587:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
5360:Video of a Nemertea in Puget Sound
5248:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
5184:"The new view of animal phylogeny"
5056:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
4759:University of California, Berkeley
4343:
3864:McDermott, J.; Pamela Roe (1985).
3415:
3169:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1900:
1298:A terrestrial nemertean from West
883:Respiration and circulatory system
592:Nemertes, one of the daughters of
25:
7722:
5343:
3721:Sundberg, P.; Strand, M. (2007).
2209:Thollesson & Norenburg (2003)
2197:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes (2004a)
2191:and the Palaeonemerteans), while
2169:Thollesson & Norenburg (2003)
2165:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes (2004a)
2133:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes (2004a)
658:was 33.58 metres (110.2 ft).
629:Body structure and major cavities
425:. Some species of nemerteans are
6631:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
5214:from the original on 2022-10-10.
5182:Halanych, K.M. (December 2004).
4839:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00196.x
3999:"Phylum Nemertea (Rhynchocoela)"
3558:from the original on 2022-10-10.
3489:Whales and Dolphins of the World
2837:). These groupings are based on
2283:is derived from the 2b cell and
1799:
1543:List of bilaterial animal orders
1213:develop either directly to form
927:A schematic representation of a
138:
54:
34:. For the Romanian village, see
5241:Giribet, Gonzalo (April 2008).
5218:
4845:
4818:
4755:"Introduction to the Nemertini"
4678:
4581:
4569:. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
4567:"Gonoduct – Medical Definition"
4559:
4548:
4409:
4373:
3956:
3763:
3714:
3677:
3643:
3562:
3479:
3444:
3381:
2958:Concise Encyclopedia of Biology
1848:organisms with a wide range of
947:. In nemertean protonephridia,
931:and other associated structures
5818:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
3776:. Princeton University Press.
3132:The Invertebrates: a Synthesis
3119:
3049:
3003:
2960:. Walter de Gruyter. pp.
2216:Relationships with other phyla
2199:treat the Bdellonemertea as a
1842:Knaust & Desrochers (2019)
623:
13:
1:
5661:
4103:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
3773:The Invertebrate Tree of Life
3529:Annals of the Carnegie Museum
2936:
2521:(and phyla merged into them)
6430:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
5164:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole.
4660:(2): 141–144. Archived from
4422:Biology: the dynamic science
4386:Biology: the dynamic science
1201:(fertilised egg) divides by
918:
887:Nemerteans lack specialized
364:The brain is a ring of four
7:
6487:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
6227:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
6042:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
5953:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
5842:Loricifera (corset animals)
4803:10.15298/invertzool.18.3.01
4418:"Photoreceptors and vision"
4382:"Photoreceptors and vision"
3618:. In Raith Overhill (ed.).
3059:Archives of Natural History
2903:
2131:Groups within Nemertea, by
1879:It has been suggested that
1536:
1316:sp. on a rotting log, from
1121:Reproduction and life-cycle
1064:
935:Nemertea use organs called
10:
7727:
6377:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
6123:Annelida (segmented worms)
5948:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
5864:Onychophora (velvet worms)
4711:10.1038/s41598-017-12653-4
4478:10.1038/s41598-017-12653-4
4355:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
3100:Journal of Natural History
3035:10.1038/d41586-022-01484-7
1593:have branched proboscises.
1540:
1419:in the South Atlantic, in
1358:but has been found in the
558:
499:divides the phylum in two
29:
7453:
7416:
7234:
7151:
7103:
6988:
6979:
6922:
6694:
6690:
6685:phyla/divisions by domain
6627:
6425:Asterozoans inc. starfish
6327:
6320:
6271:
6222:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
6212:
6203:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
6187:
6178:
6163:
6154:
6139:
6132:
6108:
6097:
6056:
6048:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
6031:
6020:
6009:
5961:
5943:
5930:
5919:
5872:
5859:
5850:
5837:
5826:
5794:
5777:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
5763:
5752:
5737:
5713:
5704:
5684:
5669:
5656:
5621:
5596:
5572:
5557:
5549:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
5537:
5522:
5406:
5107:Turbeville, J.M. (2002).
4877:– via Google books.
4860:. Elsevier. p. 165.
4784:Chernyshev, A.V. (2021).
4607:10.1186/s12915-015-0133-5
3997:Light, Sol Felty (1974).
3569:Carwardine, Mark (2008).
3520:Paul, Gregory S. (2019).
3388:Carwardine, Mark (1995).
3113:10.1080/00222939500770161
2705:
2681:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2639:
2624:
2609:
2594:
2570:
2555:
2547:
2532:
2516:
2508:
2491:
2483:
2453:
2441:
2415:
2403:
2370:
2355:
2347:
2336:
2328:
2183:("unarmed") represent an
2068:
2053:
2041:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1988:
1960:
1952:
1945:
1927:
1919:
1768:(includes Bdellonemertea)
1250:larva, which can capture
1032:Some species have paired
964:Nervous-system and senses
863:Some nemerteans, such as
302:
294:
268:
263:
135:Scientific classification
133:
124:
45:
5983:Rotifera (wheel animals)
5782:Priapulida (penis worms)
4910:10.1016/j.gr.2019.01.016
4858:Advances in BioChirality
4106:. John Wiley & Son.
2931:
1893:in northern and central
1694:Superclass Pronemertea
1531:Polybrachiorhynchus dayi
1186:, and some of these are
1182:(deep sea) species have
943:by-products of cellular
682:Cyanea capillata arctica
6895:Thermodesulfobacteriota
6197:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
6169:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
5890:Tardigrada (waterbears)
5883:Arthropoda (arthropods)
4960:Nielsen, Claus (2001).
4934:Journal of Paleontology
4112:10.1038/npg.els.0001586
3486:Simmonds, Mark (2007).
3072:10.3366/anh.1986.13.1.7
2833:, Platyhelminthes, and
1472:. A few nemerteans are
1407:but has species in the
1290:Ecological significance
1207:determinate development
1130:, and most species are
1053:, which sense balance.
484:. However, some form a
470:determinate development
6372:Anthozoans inc. corals
6071:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
5261:10.1098/rstb.2007.2241
5069:10.1098/rspb.2002.2254
4147:(8–9–10): 1427–1443 .
3739:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0306
3616:"Chapter 7 – Nemertea"
3182:10.1098/rspb.2008.1574
2952:Scott, Thomas (1996).
2925:Parborlasia corrugatus
1529:and the South African
1498:Carcinonemertes errans
1393:. Another terrestrial
1324:
1303:
1283:Paranemertes peregrina
1194:in the female's body.
1184:internal fertilization
1161:(ducts from which the
1099:
1085:
1058:Paranemertes peregrina
982:central nervous-system
977:
932:
835:
812:
808:Gorgonorhynchus repens
52:Middle Triassic–recent
7660:Paleobiology Database
7123:Neocallimastigomycota
6502:Hexapods inc. insects
5812:Nematoda (roundworms)
4154:10.1387/ijdb.072409jp
3234:10.1387/ijdb.062167ej
2244:, Mollusca and other
1660:, and are armed with
1506:Metacarcinus magister
1434:Geonemertes pelaensis
1403:, is mostly found in
1309:
1297:
1265:form, encircling the
1091:
1081:Geonemertes pelaensis
1077:
971:
926:
838:In most of the class
829:
815:The proboscis of the
805:
790:Proboscis and feeding
654:The longest recorded
7559:Fauna Europaea (new)
6788:Coprothermobacterota
5695:Chordata (chordates)
5161:Invertebrate Zoology
5128:10.1093/icb/42.3.692
5012:Invertebrate Zoology
4852:Dzik, Jerzy (1999).
4790:Invertebrate Zoology
4641:"The land nemertine
4527:Invertebrate Zoology
4357:Invertebrate Zoology
4260:Invertebrate Zoology
4204:Invertebrate Zoology
4178:Invertebrate Zoology
4049:Invertebrate Zoology
3921:Invertebrate Zoology
3885:10.1093/icb/25.1.113
3811:Invertebrate Zoology
3541:10.2992/007.085.0403
3365:Invertebrate Zoology
3298:Invertebrate Zoology
1844:reported fossils of
1795:Evolutionary history
1602:("armed"). All have
1568:Carinoma tremaphoros
1526:Cerebratulus lacteus
1431:and in the Azores.
1411:, widely across the
1021:, for example while
974:Amphiporus ochraceus
832:Amphiporus ochraceus
782:, as it is lined by
708:, but consists of a
579:. Its current name,
6145:Mollusca (molluscs)
5630:of the animal root
5318:10.1038/nature16520
5310:2016Natur.530...89C
5255:(1496): 1513–1522.
4902:2019GondR..71..117K
4765:on 10 December 2010
4703:2017NatSR...712400S
4643:Argonemertes dendyi
4470:2017NatSR...712400S
3452:"King of the Worms"
3027:2022Natur.606R.230.
3021:(7913): 230. 2022.
2911:Emplectonema neesii
2839:molecular phylogeny
2707:(other Platyzoans)
2311:and many annelids.
1352:Argonemertes dendyi
990:ventral nerve cords
694:Malacobdella grossa
370:ventral nerve cords
7118:Blastocladiomycota
6358:Calcareous sponges
5543:Porifera (sponges)
4962:"Phylum Nemertini"
4691:Scientific Reports
4458:Scientific Reports
4328:10.1093/icb/icq096
3871:American Zoologist
3700:10.1007/BF00999813
2918:Lineus longissimus
2864:"), which include
2203:separate from the
2185:evolutionary grade
1889:-age animals from
1325:
1304:
1128:reproduce sexually
1100:
1093:Lineus longissimus
1086:
978:
933:
869:Suspension feeding
836:
813:
643:Lineus longissimus
637:Lineus longissimus
582:Lineus longissimus
577:Ascaris longissima
7688:
7687:
7647:Open Tree of Life
7447:Taxon identifiers
7438:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7412:
7411:
6975:
6974:
6918:
6917:
6910:Verrucomicrobiota
6648:
6647:
6623:
6622:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6093:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6005:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5915:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5790:
5789:
5733:
5732:
5652:
5651:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5355:Nemertea LifeDesk
5063:(1513): 407–415.
5026:978-0-03-025982-1
4975:978-0-19-850681-2
4890:Gondwana Research
4867:978-0-08-043404-9
4541:978-0-03-025982-1
4431:978-0-495-01034-0
4395:978-0-495-01034-0
4366:978-0-03-056747-6
4274:978-0-03-025982-1
4218:978-0-03-025982-1
4187:978-0-19-553941-7
4063:978-0-03-025982-1
4012:978-0-520-00750-5
3976:978-0-520-23939-5
3935:978-0-03-025982-1
3825:978-0-03-025982-1
3783:978-0-691-19706-7
3663:978-0-8047-1045-9
3629:978-0-521-85736-9
3582:978-1-4027-5623-8
3499:978-1-84537-820-2
3465:978-0-7614-7418-0
3399:978-0-85112-658-6
3374:978-0-19-553941-7
3312:978-0-03-025982-1
3176:(1660): 1245–54.
3141:978-0-632-04761-1
2971:978-3-11-010661-9
2880:phyla are in the
2779:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2694:
2693:
2583:
2582:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2289:connective tissue
2126:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2030:
2029:
1977:
1976:
1862:Vauréal Formation
1806:calcium phosphate
1439:Ogasawara Islands
1075:
749:connective tissue
733:basement membrane
723:, which form the
429:, and a few live
313:
312:
259:
119:
16:(Redirected from
7718:
7706:Protostome phyla
7681:
7680:
7668:
7667:
7655:
7654:
7642:
7641:
7632:
7631:
7619:
7618:
7606:
7605:
7593:
7592:
7580:
7579:
7567:
7566:
7554:
7553:
7541:
7540:
7528:
7527:
7515:
7514:
7502:
7501:
7489:
7488:
7487:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7442:
7441:
7186:Anthocerotophyta
7065:Hemimastigophora
6986:
6985:
6957:Nitrososphaerota
6924:
6923:
6900:Thermomicrobiota
6840:Kiritimatiellota
6835:Ignavibacteriota
6800:Deferribacterota
6763:Campylobacterota
6748:Bdellovibrionota
6696:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6652:
6651:
6329:
6328:
6285:
6185:
6184:
6161:
6160:
6137:
6136:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6029:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6014:
5941:
5940:
5932:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5857:
5856:
5835:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5799:
5798:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5739:
5738:
5711:
5710:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5671:
5670:
5658:
5657:
5635:
5570:
5569:
5535:
5534:
5531:
5524:
5523:
5435:
5415:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5366:
5365:
5338:
5337:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5272:
5238:
5225:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5188:
5179:
5166:
5165:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5130:
5104:
5091:
5090:
5080:
5046:
5031:
5030:
5006:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4805:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4761:. Archived from
4750:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4666:
4649:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4619:
4609:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4563:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4521:
4500:
4499:
4489:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4352:
4341:
4340:
4330:
4304:
4293:
4292:
4286:
4278:
4254:
4237:
4236:
4230:
4222:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4156:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4097:
4082:
4081:
4075:
4067:
4043:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3947:
3939:
3915:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3861:
3844:
3843:
3837:
3829:
3805:
3788:
3787:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3750:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3611:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3526:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3360:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3316:
3292:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2949:
2884:, which include
2661:
2660:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2550:
2549:
2511:
2510:
2486:
2485:
2444:
2443:
2406:
2405:
2373:Nemertodermatida
2350:
2349:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2330:
2319:
2318:
2142:
2140:
2044:
2043:
2011:
2010:
2003:
2002:
1991:
1990:
1968:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1934:
1922:
1921:
1910:
1909:
1782:Arhynchonemertea
1739:Hubrechtiiformes
1417:Tristan da Cunha
1384:Island of Hawaii
1350:The terrestrial
1190:, growing their
1076:
873:bdellonemerteans
614:Nemertodermatida
343:
342:
254:
143:
142:
129:
117:
116:
53:
49:Temporal range:
43:
42:
21:
7726:
7725:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7715:
7691:
7690:
7689:
7684:
7676:
7671:
7663:
7658:
7650:
7645:
7637:
7635:
7627:
7622:
7614:
7609:
7601:
7596:
7588:
7583:
7575:
7570:
7562:
7557:
7549:
7544:
7536:
7531:
7523:
7518:
7510:
7505:
7497:
7492:
7483:
7482:
7477:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7449:
7439:
7430:
7408:
7359:Gnathostomulida
7264:Xenacoelomorpha
7230:
7226:Flowering plant
7181:Marchantiophyta
7147:
7113:Chytridiomycota
7099:
6971:
6914:
6870:Planctomycetota
6830:Gemmatimonadota
6815:Elusimicrobiota
6708:Acidobacteriota
6686:
6679:
6649:
6644:
6619:
6545:Phylactolaemata
6333:
6323:
6322:
6308:
6299:Xenambulacraria
6275:
6231:
6208:
6174:
6156:Kryptotrochozoa
6150:
6128:
6098:
6085:
6076:Monoblastozoa (
6052:
6010:
5997:
5969:Micrognathozoa
5957:
5920:
5895:
5868:
5846:
5822:
5786:
5753:
5742:
5729:
5700:
5674:
5665:
5648:
5625:
5609:
5592:
5561:
5553:
5527:
5518:
5517:
5433:
5411:
5402:
5393:
5346:
5341:
5304:(7588): 89–93.
5290:
5286:
5239:
5228:
5223:
5219:
5211:
5186:
5180:
5169:
5156:
5152:
5105:
5094:
5047:
5034:
5027:
5007:
4990:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4958:
4954:
4929:
4925:
4886:
4882:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4850:
4846:
4823:
4819:
4782:
4778:
4768:
4766:
4751:
4736:
4683:
4679:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4653:Pacific Science
4647:
4637:
4633:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4570:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4522:
4503:
4450:
4446:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4414:
4410:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4353:
4344:
4305:
4296:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4255:
4240:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4174:
4170:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4098:
4085:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4044:
4027:
4017:
4015:
4013:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3961:
3957:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3916:
3893:
3862:
3847:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3806:
3791:
3784:
3768:
3764:
3727:Biology Letters
3719:
3715:
3682:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3612:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3567:
3563:
3555:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3361:
3334:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3293:
3250:
3211:
3207:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3124:
3120:
3094:
3087:
3054:
3050:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2950:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2906:
2860:("animals that
2791:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2717:
2695:
2669:Platyhelminthes
2584:
2393:
2384:
2218:
2171:regard them as
2150:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2031:
1978:
1962:
1929:
1903:
1901:Within Nemertea
1882:Archisymplectes
1825:Middle Cambrian
1814:Middle Triassic
1802:
1797:
1545:
1539:
1521:horseshoe crabs
1441:, where it was
1354:is a native of
1292:
1238:palaeonemertean
1203:spiral cleavage
1123:
1069:
1067:
1025:in oxygen-free
966:
921:
885:
792:
699:dorso-ventrally
667:Argentinosaurus
631:
626:
569:William Borlase
561:
551:and many other
466:spiral cleavage
340:
339:
332:proboscis worms
307:
305:
253:
137:
120:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
51:
50:
47:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7724:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7669:
7656:
7643:
7633:
7620:
7607:
7594:
7581:
7568:
7555:
7546:Fauna Europaea
7542:
7529:
7516:
7503:
7490:
7475:
7459:
7457:
7451:
7450:
7436:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7424:
7422:
7419:Incertae sedis
7414:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7364:Micrognathozoa
7361:
7356:
7354:Acanthocephala
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7240:
7238:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7196:Lycopodiophyta
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7157:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7109:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7010:Ancyromonadida
7007:
7002:
6996:
6994:
6983:
6977:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6964:
6962:Thermoproteota
6959:
6954:
6947:
6940:
6932:
6930:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6875:Pseudomonadota
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6850:Mycoplasmatota
6847:
6845:Lentisphaerota
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6825:Fusobacteriota
6822:
6820:Fibrobacterota
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6723:Armatimonadota
6720:
6715:
6713:Actinomycetota
6710:
6704:
6702:
6688:
6687:
6678:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6655:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6635:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6510:Platyhelminths
6506:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6337:
6335:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6304:Centroneuralia
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6218:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6199:
6193:
6191:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6164:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6140:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6119:
6109:
6103:
6100:Lophotrochozoa
6095:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6073:
6068:
6062:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6037:
6035:
6026:
6015:
6012:Platytrochozoa
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5986:
5974:
5971:(Limnognathia)
5965:
5963:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5944:
5938:
5925:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5886:
5878:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5860:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5838:
5832:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5807:
5805:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5773:
5771:
5758:
5747:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5714:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5667:
5666:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5601:
5600:(Triploblasts)
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5583:
5581:and relatives)
5573:
5567:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5538:
5532:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5508:Mesomycetozoea
5505:
5500:
5490:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5444:Diaphoretickes
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5392:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5345:
5344:External links
5342:
5340:
5339:
5284:
5226:
5217:
5167:
5150:
5121:(3): 692–703.
5092:
5032:
5025:
4988:
4974:
4952:
4941:(5): 985–989.
4923:
4880:
4866:
4844:
4833:(3): 344–356.
4817:
4796:(3): 188–196.
4776:
4734:
4677:
4631:
4580:
4558:
4547:
4540:
4501:
4444:
4430:
4408:
4394:
4372:
4365:
4342:
4321:(5): 734–743.
4294:
4273:
4238:
4217:
4193:
4186:
4168:
4127:
4121:978-0470016176
4120:
4083:
4062:
4025:
4011:
3989:
3975:
3955:
3934:
3891:
3878:(1): 113–125.
3845:
3824:
3789:
3782:
3762:
3733:(5): 570–573.
3713:
3694:(3): 235–248.
3676:
3662:
3642:
3628:
3595:
3581:
3572:Animal Records
3561:
3535:(4): 335–358.
3512:
3498:
3478:
3464:
3443:
3405:
3398:
3380:
3373:
3332:
3311:
3248:
3205:
3154:
3140:
3118:
3107:(2): 271–561.
3085:
3048:
3002:
2977:
2970:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2905:
2902:
2803:Lophotrochozoa
2799:Vestimentifera
2783:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2479:Lophotrochozoa
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2226:protonephridia
2217:
2214:
2189:Heteronemertea
2158:synapomorphies
2130:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2019:Bdellonemertea
2014:
2009:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1965:Heteronemertea
1959:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:Palaeonemertea
1926:
1920:
1918:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1776:incertae sedis
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1745:Heteronemertea
1741:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1711:Tubulaniformes
1707:
1705:Carinomiformes
1699:Palaeonemertea
1688:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1642:
1615:Bdellonemertea
1608:Bdellonemertea
1596:
1595:
1594:
1587:Heteronemertea
1583:
1564:Palaeonemertea
1538:
1535:
1503:dungeness crab
1495:the nemertean
1478:chemoreception
1445:in the 1980s.
1425:Canary Islands
1310:A terrestrial
1291:
1288:
1263:imaginal discs
1234:Heteronemertea
1230:planktotrophic
1226:lecithotrophic
1178:strings. Some
1136:hermaphroditic
1122:
1119:
1078:The nemertean
1066:
1063:
1043:osmoregulation
1039:chemoreceptors
1013:. This stores
984:consists of a
965:
962:
958:osmoregulation
954:nephridiopores
937:protonephridia
920:
917:
884:
881:
865:L. longissimus
791:
788:
690:L. longissimus
687:
686:
677:
659:
630:
627:
625:
622:
560:
557:
533:Lophotrochozoa
525:synapomorphies
446:hermaphroditic
374:chemoreceptors
326:also known as
311:
310:
300:
299:
292:
291:
290:
289:
279:
274:
272:Palaeonemertea
266:
265:
261:
260:
248:
244:
243:
241:Lophotrochozoa
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
208:
201:
200:
195:
188:
187:
182:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
131:
130:
122:
121:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7723:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7679:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7634:
7630:
7625:
7621:
7617:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7495:
7491:
7486:
7480:
7476:
7471:
7465:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7443:
7429:
7428:
7423:
7421:
7420:
7415:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7233:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7144:
7143:Basidiomycota
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7128:Glomeromycota
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7090:Stramenopiles
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7015:Apusomonadida
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6951:Nanoarchaeota
6948:
6945:
6941:
6938:
6937:Euryarchaeota
6934:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6885:Spirochaetota
6883:
6881:
6880:Rhodothermota
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6810:Dictyoglomota
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6794:Cyanobacteria
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6783:Chrysiogenota
6781:
6779:
6778:Chloroflexota
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6758:Calditrichota
6756:
6754:
6753:Caldisericota
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6728:Atribacterota
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6684:
6676:
6671:
6669:
6664:
6662:
6657:
6656:
6653:
6640:
6639:dubious phyla
6636:
6634:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6438:Hemichordates
6435:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6353:Glass sponges
6351:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6330:
6326:
6319:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6294:Deuterostomia
6292:
6290:
6287:
6283:
6280:of Bilateria
6279:
6274:
6273:
6270:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6142:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6113:Cycliophora (
6111:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6096:
6081:
6079:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6013:
6008:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5918:
5892:
5891:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5852:Panarthropoda
5849:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5793:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5740:
5736:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5659:
5655:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5525:
5521:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5471:Stramenopiles
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5434:(major groups
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5390:
5385:
5383:
5378:
5376:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5288:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5221:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5185:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5163:
5162:
5154:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5088:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5028:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4977:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4956:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4869:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4848:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4821:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4780:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4667:on 2018-11-04
4663:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4646:
4644:
4635:
4627:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4551:
4543:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4397:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4368:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4290:
4284:
4276:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4234:
4228:
4220:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4197:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4123:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4079:
4073:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4014:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3978:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3959:
3951:
3945:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3841:
3835:
3827:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3785:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3687:Zoomorphology
3680:
3665:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3646:
3631:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3584:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3565:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3467:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3432:on 2011-09-27
3431:
3427:
3426:Massachusetts
3423:
3419:
3416:Gibson, Ray.
3412:
3410:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3328:
3322:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3158:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2973:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2900:bilaterians.
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2886:Echinodermata
2883:
2882:Deuterostomia
2879:
2876:. Most other
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2787:
2775:
2774:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2720:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2513:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2411:Deuterostomia
2408:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2205:Hoplonemertea
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2134:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:Polystilifera
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:Monostilifera
2050:
2049:Hoplonemertea
2046:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:Pennsylvanian
1885:, one of the
1884:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1870:turbellarians
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1835:Burgess Shale
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:Knaust (2010)
1807:
1800:Fossil record
1787:
1786:Arhynchocoela
1783:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1767:
1766:Monostilifera
1763:
1761:
1760:Polystilifera
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:Hoplonemertea
1750:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1717:Archinemertea
1714:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1680:Polystilifera
1677:
1674:
1670:
1669:Monostilifera
1666:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:Hoplonemertea
1643:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1606:except order
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1493:San Francisco
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1452:, feeding on
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1391:hermaphrodite
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:British Isles
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1271:metamorphosis
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:Hubrechtiidae
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:and grows by
1204:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1126:feature. All
1118:
1116:
1115:Monostilifera
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1082:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
975:
970:
961:
959:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
930:
925:
916:
914:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
858:Polystilifera
854:
849:
845:
841:
833:
828:
824:
821:
818:
810:
809:
804:
800:
797:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
695:
691:
684:
683:
678:
675:
674:
669:
668:
664:
660:
657:
653:
652:
651:
649:
645:
644:
639:
638:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:and grows by
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:, feeding on
412:
407:
406:dorso-ventral
403:
399:
394:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
351:
347:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
309:
308:Rhynchocoela
301:
297:
293:
287:
283:
282:Hoplonemertea
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
267:
262:
257:
252:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
237:Superphylum:
236:
235:
232:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
141:
136:
132:
128:
123:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7454:
7425:
7417:
7373:
7339:Orthonectida
7334:Gastrotricha
7309:Nematomorpha
7284:Chaetognatha
7274:Hemichordate
7201:Pteridophyta
7070:Malawimonada
6944:Korarchaeota
6905:Thermotogota
6890:Synergistota
6865:Nitrospirota
6860:Nitrospinota
6805:Deinococcota
6738:Bacteroidota
6637:Potentially
6632:
6585:
6561:
6555:Gymnolaemata
6550:Stenolaemata
6539:Ectoproctans
6537:
6508:
6479:
6455:
6449:Pterobranchs
6436:
6412:
6388:
6364:
6340:
6334:within phyla
6332:Major groups
6202:
6189:Bryozoa s.l.
6180:Lophophorata
6168:
6167:
6144:
6122:
6114:
6077:
6066:Orthonectida
6041:
5988:
5981:
5970:
5889:
5882:
5811:
5769:Scalidophora
5718:
5706:Ambulacraria
5693:
5606:(see below↓)
5586:
5578:
5542:
5493:Opisthokonta
5301:
5297:
5287:
5252:
5246:
5220:
5196:
5190:
5160:
5153:
5118:
5112:
5060:
5054:
5011:
4979:. Retrieved
4965:
4955:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4871:. Retrieved
4857:
4847:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4793:
4789:
4779:
4767:. Retrieved
4763:the original
4697:(1): 12400.
4694:
4690:
4680:
4669:. Retrieved
4662:the original
4657:
4651:
4642:
4634:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4571:. Retrieved
4561:
4550:
4526:
4464:(1): 12400.
4461:
4457:
4447:
4435:. Retrieved
4421:
4411:
4399:. Retrieved
4385:
4375:
4356:
4318:
4312:
4259:
4203:
4196:
4177:
4171:
4144:
4140:
4130:
4101:
4048:
4016:. Retrieved
4002:
3992:
3980:. Retrieved
3965:
3958:
3920:
3875:
3869:
3810:
3772:
3765:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3667:. Retrieved
3652:
3645:
3633:. Retrieved
3619:
3586:. Retrieved
3571:
3564:
3532:
3528:
3515:
3503:. Retrieved
3488:
3481:
3469:. Retrieved
3455:
3446:
3434:. Retrieved
3430:the original
3389:
3383:
3364:
3297:
3227:(8): 675–9.
3224:
3218:
3208:
3173:
3167:
3157:
3145:. Retrieved
3131:
3121:
3104:
3098:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3018:
3014:
3005:
2995:February 18,
2993:. Retrieved
2980:
2957:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2894:Acoelomorpha
2851:
2792:
2706:
2684:Gastrotricha
2682:
2667:
2625:
2610:
2596:
2595:
2571:
2556:
2533:
2517:
2492:
2454:
2416:
2371:
2356:
2343:Acoelomorpha
2259:
2219:
2173:paraphyletic
2162:
2154:monophyletic
2151:
2145:paraphyletic
2069:
2054:
2016:
1961:
1928:
1914:
1880:
1878:
1850:morphologies
1840:
1828:
1822:
1803:
1775:
1733:Pilidiophora
1725:Superclass
1689:
1567:
1546:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1490:
1470:Argonemertes
1469:
1447:
1432:
1413:Indo-Pacific
1398:
1372:Gran Canaria
1351:
1349:
1326:
1320:Island, the
1311:
1281:
1280:The species
1279:
1196:
1180:bathypelagic
1157:. Temporary
1140:
1124:
1101:
1092:
1079:
1056:
1055:
1031:
979:
973:
934:
909:
895:rather than
886:
864:
862:
837:
831:
814:
806:
793:
761:
757:
747:, a kind of
703:
693:
689:
688:
680:
671:
665:
641:
635:
632:
610:Rhynchocoela
609:
605:
601:
587:
580:
576:
565:Olaus Magnus
562:
521:monophyletic
517:paraphyletic
495:Traditional
494:
443:
395:
363:
331:
328:ribbon worms
327:
315:
314:
303:
277:Pilidiophora
250:
227:(unranked):
217:(unranked):
204:
191:
178:
168:Subkingdom:
40:
7585:iNaturalist
7479:Wikispecies
7394:Brachiopoda
7369:Cycliophora
7314:Onychophora
7289:Kinorhyncha
7211:Ginkgophyta
7206:Cycadophyta
7171:Chlorophyta
7161:Glaucophyta
6855:Myxococcota
6773:Chlorobiota
6768:Chlamydiota
6613:Tusk shells
6598:Cephalopods
6569:Polychaetes
6516:Turbellaria
6497:Crustaceans
6473:Secernentea
6463:Chromadorea
6444:Acorn worms
6414:Echinoderms
6406:Vertebrates
6348:Demosponges
6282:is disputed
5744:Protostomia
5632:is disputed
5559:ParaHoxozoa
5199:: 229–256.
4896:: 117–128.
4594:BMC Biology
4018:22 February
3128:"The worms"
2827:trochophore
2811:Brachiopoda
2795:Pogonophora
2627:Myzostomida
2573:Brachiopoda
2437:Protostomia
2419:Echinoderms
2305:sipunculans
2257:nephridia.
2254:flame cells
1891:Mazon Creek
1755:(= Enopla)
1727:Neonemertea
1631:filter feed
1580:peristalsis
1484:inside the
1482:commensally
1462:crustaceans
1405:Australasia
1400:Geonemertes
1388:protandrous
1374:, and in a
1343:or produce
1322:Philippines
1313:Geonemertes
1267:archenteron
1259:deerstalker
1252:unicellular
1219:planuliform
1108:peristalsis
1097:Grevelingen
988:and paired
949:flame cells
941:nitrogenous
893:circulation
768:rhynchocoel
719:containing
673:Patagotitan
624:Description
553:protostomes
545:brachiopods
523:, its main
433:inside the
431:commensally
423:crustaceans
391:flame cells
355:filter feed
341:rhynchocoel
221:Protostomia
185:ParaHoxozoa
36:Gura Teghii
18:Ribbon worm
7701:Nemerteans
7695:Categories
7427:Parakaryon
7389:Entoprocta
7324:Arthropoda
7319:Tardigrada
7299:Priapulida
7294:Loricifera
7279:Echinoderm
7249:Ctenophora
7221:Gnetophyta
7176:Charophyta
7166:Rhodophyta
7138:Ascomycota
7133:Zygomycota
7075:Metamonada
7050:Euglenozoa
7035:Ciliophora
6743:Balneolota
6718:Aquificota
6593:Gastropods
6574:Clitellata
6481:Arthropods
6420:Sea lilies
6366:Cnidarians
6284:; see also
6214:Brachiozoa
5977:Syndermata
5936:Gnathifera
5634:; see also
5579:Trichoplax
5577:Placozoa (
5564:Planulozoa
5224:group=Note
4671:2011-02-17
4573:31 January
3422:Woods Hole
2986:"Nemertea"
2937:References
2878:bilaterian
2874:Priapulida
2866:Arthropoda
2854:protostome
2823:Entoprocta
2807:lophophore
2465:priapulids
2457:Arthropods
2230:Ctenophora
2222:cladistics
1854:Ordovician
1658:parasitism
1619:commensals
1541:See also:
1474:scavengers
1450:carnivores
1443:introduced
1409:Seychelles
1364:Sao Miguel
1345:cellophane
1188:viviparous
1176:gelatinous
1155:mesenchyme
1132:gonochoric
1051:statocysts
1011:hemoglobin
1006:protostome
945:metabolism
929:flame cell
913:hemoglobin
848:calcareous
784:epithelium
745:mesenchyme
729:microvilli
717:epithelium
656:blue whale
648:St Andrews
606:Nemertinea
482:cnidarians
437:cavity of
427:scavengers
411:carnivores
306:Nemertinea
7344:Dicyemida
7216:Pinophyta
7095:Telonemia
7030:Cryptista
7020:Breviatea
7005:Amoebozoa
7000:Alveolata
6981:Eukaryote
6733:Bacillota
6579:Sipuncula
6526:Monogenea
6521:Trematoda
6492:Myriapods
6457:Nematodes
6401:Tunicates
6396:Lancelets
6390:Chordates
6382:Myxozoans
6289:Nephrozoa
6278:phylogeny
6078:Salinella
6033:Rouphozoa
5874:Tactopoda
5803:Nematoida
5755:Ecdysozoa
5676:Bilateria
5663:Bilateria
5644:Benthozoa
5639:Eumetazoa
5628:phylogeny
5598:Bilateria
5488:Amoebozoa
5466:Alveolata
5454:Cryptista
5429:Eukaryota
5334:205247296
5137:1540-7063
4918:134814852
4812:239872311
4600:(1): 23.
4283:cite book
4227:cite book
4072:cite book
3944:cite book
3834:cite book
3708:206787592
3549:210840060
3321:cite book
3080:0260-9541
3043:249434440
2858:Ecdysozoa
2831:Phoronida
2819:Phoronida
2786:Bilateria
2612:Dicyemida
2558:Phoronida
2461:nematodes
2449:Ecdysozoa
2423:chordates
2324:Bilateria
2309:echiurans
2293:polyclads
2281:flatworms
2270:echiurans
2250:entoproct
2238:Sipuncula
1846:vermiform
1833:from the
1678:Suborder
1667:Suborder
1639:inchworms
1625:of large
1576:burrowing
1572:epidermis
1510:C. errans
1466:myriapods
1448:Most are
1423:, in the
1421:Frankfurt
1376:lava tube
1356:Australia
1329:holdfasts
1275:Hox genes
1215:juveniles
1159:gonoducts
1027:sediments
1023:burrowing
919:Excretion
897:diffusion
796:proboscis
721:rhabdites
714:glandular
663:dinosaurs
602:Nemertini
529:flatworms
346:proboscis
304:Nemertini
211:Nephrozoa
198:Bilateria
172:Eumetazoa
158:Kingdom:
152:Eukaryota
7512:Nemertea
7499:Nemertea
7485:Nemertea
7464:Wikidata
7455:Nemertea
7404:Annelida
7399:Mollusca
7379:Phoronid
7374:Nemertea
7349:Rotifera
7329:Flatworm
7304:Nematoda
7269:Chordate
7259:Cnidaria
7254:Placozoa
7085:Rhizaria
7060:Haptista
7040:Cercozoa
6700:Bacteria
6603:Bivalves
6587:Molluscs
6563:Annelids
5922:Spiralia
5529:Animalia
5483:Amorphea
5461:Rhizaria
5449:Hacrobia
5439:Excavata
5424:Bacteria
5326:26842059
5279:18192183
5209:Archived
5145:21708766
5087:12639321
4729:28963523
4626:25888821
4496:28963523
4337:21558236
4163:19247975
3757:17686756
3553:Archived
3471:30 March
3436:30 March
3243:17051477
3200:19129141
2904:See also
2890:Chordata
2870:Nematoda
2835:Rotifera
2664:
2648:
2646:Platyzoa
2597:Nemertea
2535:Mollusca
2519:Annelida
2514:
2489:
2467:, etc.)
2425:, etc.)
2413:
2353:
2345:
2334:
2301:Spiralia
2297:triclads
2278:polyclad
2274:molluscs
2266:annelids
2262:mesoderm
2242:Annelida
2207:, while
2051:
2006:
1958:
1925:
1915:Nemertea
1895:Illinois
1874:annelids
1830:Amiskwia
1788:in 1995)
1537:Taxonomy
1454:annelids
1318:Mindanao
1248:pilidium
1236:and the
1112:suborder
1065:Movement
1034:cerebral
1000:of four
905:skeleton
877:bivalves
710:ciliated
573:Gunnerus
563:In 1555
541:annelids
537:molluscs
497:taxonomy
490:fragment
486:pilidium
478:planulas
462:gonopore
439:molluscs
415:annelids
316:Nemertea
296:Synonyms
264:Classes
256:Schultze
251:Nemertea
247:Phylum:
231:Spiralia
162:Animalia
148:Domain:
46:Nemertea
32:Nematoda
7470:Q185631
7384:Bryozoa
7080:Provora
7055:Jakobea
7045:Discoba
6991:Protist
6928:Archaea
6681:Extant
6608:Chitons
6531:Cestoda
6468:Enoplea
6342:Sponges
6115:Symbion
6058:Mesozoa
5498:Animals
5419:Archaea
5395:Extant
5306:Bibcode
5270:2614230
5078:1691252
5017:279–280
4947:1303083
4898:Bibcode
4827:Lethaia
4720:5622052
4699:Bibcode
4617:4426647
4532:276–278
4487:5622052
4466:Bibcode
4209:212–214
4054:275–276
3816:274–275
3748:1975765
3303:271–274
3191:2660960
3066:: 7–8.
3023:Bibcode
2962:815–816
2815:Bryozoa
2656:
2553:
2497:
2495:Bryozoa
2481:
2451:
2439:
2409:
2326:
2234:Echiura
2047:
2021:
1998:
1917:
1827:fossil
1818:Germany
1654:pelagic
1650:benthic
1635:pharynx
1621:in the
1604:stylets
1429:Madeira
1382:on the
1380:Kaumana
1366:in the
1337:sessile
1246:form a
1192:embryos
1172:cocoons
1147:ovaries
1002:ganglia
853:everted
753:pelagic
741:classes
706:cuticle
559:History
549:bryozoa
501:classes
454:ovaries
386:lateral
382:respire
366:ganglia
324:animals
298:
7678:152391
7665:272418
7652:445195
7636:NZOR:
7525:497163
7244:Sponge
7236:Animal
6633:bolded
5476:Plants
5413:Domain
5397:animal
5332:
5324:
5298:Nature
5277:
5267:
5143:
5135:
5085:
5075:
5023:
4981:11 Feb
4972:
4945:
4916:
4873:11 Feb
4864:
4810:
4727:
4717:
4624:
4614:
4538:
4494:
4484:
4437:31 Jan
4428:
4401:31 Jan
4392:
4363:
4335:
4271:
4215:
4184:
4161:
4118:
4060:
4009:
3973:
3932:
3822:
3780:
3755:
3745:
3706:
3669:26 Jan
3660:
3635:31 Jan
3626:
3588:27 Jan
3579:
3547:
3505:27 Jan
3496:
3462:
3396:
3371:
3309:
3241:
3198:
3188:
3147:27 Jan
3138:
3078:
3041:
3015:Nature
2968:
2892:. The
2493:
2477:
2447:
2435:
2358:Acoela
2322:
2193:Enopla
2181:Anopla
2163:While
2141:
2139:
2017:
1996:Enopla
1994:
1967:
1963:
1930:
1913:
1866:Canada
1858:Katian
1780:Order
1764:Order
1758:Order
1751:Class
1743:Order
1737:Order
1731:Class
1715:Order
1709:Order
1703:Order
1697:Class
1673:stylet
1662:stylet
1644:Order
1623:mantle
1613:Order
1600:Enopla
1598:Class
1591:genera
1585:Order
1555:Anopla
1516:beds.
1486:mantle
1368:Azores
1241:family
1222:larvae
1199:zygote
1151:testes
1143:gonads
1047:ocelli
1019:anoxia
1015:oxygen
844:stylet
840:Enopla
820:Anopla
780:coelom
776:Enopla
772:Anopla
737:dermis
735:, the
618:Acoela
612:. The
608:, and
594:Nereus
513:Enopla
511:, and
509:orders
505:Anopla
458:testes
450:gonads
435:mantle
378:ocelli
350:everts
320:phylum
286:Enopla
258:, 1851
7673:WoRMS
7616:57411
7598:IRMNG
7590:51280
7551:16153
7153:Plant
7105:Fungi
7025:CRuMs
5795:N+L+P
5503:Fungi
5400:phyla
5330:S2CID
5212:(PDF)
5187:(PDF)
4943:JSTOR
4914:S2CID
4808:S2CID
4769:3 Feb
4665:(PDF)
4648:(PDF)
3982:4 Feb
3704:S2CID
3556:(PDF)
3545:S2CID
3525:(PDF)
3039:S2CID
2932:Notes
2898:basal
2852:Most
2285:acoel
2201:clade
2177:basal
1627:clams
1561:Order
1552:Class
1491:Near
1458:clams
1427:, in
1415:, in
1395:genus
1370:, in
1362:, in
1341:mucus
1333:algae
1255:algae
1167:sperm
1104:slime
996:is a
994:brain
986:brain
901:blood
889:gills
817:class
751:. In
725:mucus
598:Doris
590:nymph
419:clams
402:slime
398:cilia
318:is a
205:Clade
192:Clade
179:Clade
7629:6217
7624:NCBI
7611:ITIS
7572:GBIF
7538:2855
7520:BOLD
7191:Moss
6683:life
6276:The
5626:The
5322:PMID
5275:PMID
5141:PMID
5133:ISSN
5083:PMID
5021:ISBN
4983:2011
4970:ISBN
4875:2011
4862:ISBN
4771:2011
4725:PMID
4622:PMID
4575:2011
4536:ISBN
4492:PMID
4439:2011
4426:ISBN
4403:2011
4390:ISBN
4361:ISBN
4333:PMID
4289:link
4269:ISBN
4233:link
4213:ISBN
4182:ISBN
4159:PMID
4116:ISBN
4078:link
4058:ISBN
4020:2011
4007:ISBN
3984:2011
3971:ISBN
3950:link
3930:ISBN
3840:link
3820:ISBN
3778:ISBN
3753:PMID
3671:2011
3658:ISBN
3637:2011
3624:ISBN
3590:2011
3577:ISBN
3507:2011
3494:ISBN
3473:2011
3460:ISBN
3438:2011
3394:ISBN
3369:ISBN
3327:link
3307:ISBN
3239:PMID
3196:PMID
3149:2011
3136:ISBN
3076:ISSN
2997:2011
2966:ISBN
2888:and
2872:and
2862:molt
2845:and
2295:and
2272:and
2246:taxa
2175:and
1823:The
1664:(s)
1652:and
1514:clam
1460:and
1300:Java
1211:taxa
1197:The
998:ring
980:The
846:, a
794:The
764:anus
712:and
670:and
661:The
596:and
474:taxa
421:and
359:host
336:anus
57:PreꞒ
7603:178
7533:EoL
7507:AFD
7494:ADW
6133:M+K
6025:R+M
5962:M+S
5831:L+P
5314:doi
5302:530
5265:PMC
5257:doi
5253:363
5201:doi
5123:doi
5073:PMC
5065:doi
5061:270
4906:doi
4835:doi
4798:doi
4715:PMC
4707:doi
4612:PMC
4602:doi
4482:PMC
4474:doi
4323:doi
4265:276
4149:doi
4108:doi
3926:279
3880:doi
3743:PMC
3735:doi
3696:doi
3537:doi
3229:doi
3186:PMC
3178:doi
3174:276
3109:doi
3068:doi
3031:doi
3019:606
2847:RNA
2843:DNA
1872:or
1816:of
1578:by
1378:at
1335:or
1331:of
1174:or
1165:or
1163:ova
1149:or
1095:in
480:of
456:or
441:.
330:or
322:of
284:(=
7697::
7675::
7662::
7649::
7626::
7613::
7600::
7587::
7577:63
7574::
7561::
7548::
7535::
7522::
7509::
7496::
7481::
7466::
5328:.
5320:.
5312:.
5300:.
5296:.
5273:.
5263:.
5251:.
5245:.
5229:^
5207:.
5197:35
5195:.
5189:.
5170:^
5139:.
5131:.
5119:42
5117:.
5111:.
5095:^
5081:.
5071:.
5059:.
5053:.
5035:^
5019:.
4991:^
4964:.
4939:47
4937:.
4912:.
4904:.
4894:71
4892:.
4831:43
4829:.
4806:.
4794:18
4792:.
4788:.
4757:.
4737:^
4723:.
4713:.
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