428:
361:
394:
130:
449:
112:
307:
340:
3108:
267:
studies have presented evidence supporting
Ctenophora as the sister to Parahoxozoa and Porifera as the sister group to the rest of animals (e.g. ). Other studies have presented evidence supporting Porifera as the sister to Parahoxozoa and Ctenophora as the sister group to the rest of animals (e.g. ),
1053:
Ryan, J. F.; Pang, K.; Schnitzler, C. E.; Nguyen, A.-D.; Moreland, R. T.; Simmons, D. K.; Koch, B. J.; Francis, W. R.; Havlak, P.; Smith, S. A.; Putnam, N. H.; Haddock, S. H. D.; Dunn, C. W.; Wolfsberg, T. G.; Mullikin, J. C.; Martindale, M. Q.; Baxevanis, A. D. (2013).
542:
The original
Bilaterian is hypothesized to be a bottom dwelling worm with a single body opening. A through-gut may already have developed with the Ctenophora. The through-gut may have developed from the corners of a single opening with lips fusing. E.g.
1198:
Fortunato, Sofia A. V.; Adamski, Marcin; Ramos, Olivia
Mendivil; Leininger, Sven; Liu, Jing; Ferrier, David E. K.; Adamska, Maja (2014-10-30). "Calcisponges have a ParaHox gene and dynamic expression of dispersed NK homeobox genes".
530:-ANTP from which the name of this clade originated. It was later proposed and contested that a gene of the same class (ANTP) as the Hox/ParaHox, the NK gene and the Cdx Parahox gene, is also present in
534:, the sponges. Regardless of whether a ParaHox gene is ever definitively identified, Parahoxozoa, as originally defined, is monophyletic and therefore continues to be used as such.
268:
finding that nervous systems either evolved independently in ctenophores and parahoxozoans, or were secondarily lost in poriferans. If ctenophores are taken to have diverged first,
751:
Simion, Paul; Philippe, Hervé; Baurain, Denis; Jager, Muriel; Richter, Daniel J.; Franco, Arnaud Di; Roure, Béatrice; Satoh, Nori; Quéinnec, Éric (3 April 2017).
937:
Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Tatiana P.; Mukherjee, Krishanu; Williams, Peter; Paulay, Gustav; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (2017).
514:
and the original paper that named the clade used "ParaHoxozoa", the single initial capital format "Parahoxozoa" has also come to be used in the literature.
633:
Pick, K. S.; Philippe, H.; Schreiber, F.; Erpenbeck, D.; Jackson, D. J.; Wrede, P.; Wiens, M.; Alie, A.; Morgenstern, B.; Manuel, M.; Worheide, G. (2010).
3129:
692:
Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide (2017).
880:"Extracting phylogenetic signal and accounting for bias in whole-genome data sets supports the Ctenophora as sister to remaining Metazoa"
561:" is a Cnidaria–Bilateria clade that excludes Placozoa. Otherwise, when including all three lineages, it is synonymous with Parahoxozoa.
584:"The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the Parahoxozoa"
1462:
Browne, William E.; Amemiya, Chris T.; Swalla, Billie J.; Warren, Kaitlyn J.; Vandepas, Lauren E.; Presnell, Jason S. (2016-10-24).
1407:
Cannon, Johanna Taylor; Vellutini, Bruno
Cossermelli; Smith, Julian; Ronquist, Fredrik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (2016).
1464:"The Presence of a Functionally Tripartite Through-Gut in Ctenophora Has Implications for Metazoan Character Trait Evolution"
1182:
1519:
Jiménez-Guri, Eva; Philippe, Hervé; Okamura, Beth; Holland, Peter W. H. (2007-07-06). "Buddenbrockia Is a
Cnidarian Worm".
522:
Parahoxozoa was defined by the presence of several gene (sub)classes (HNF, CUT, PROS, ZF, CERS, K50, S50-PRD), as well as
752:
275:
The cladogram, which is congruent with the vast majority of these phylogenomic studies, conveys this uncertainty with a
1837:
1874:
1268:
Larroux, Claire; Fahey, Bryony; Degnan, Sandie M.; Adamski, Marcin; Rokhsar, Daniel S.; Degnan, Bernard M. (1996).
3163:
1869:
994:
Moroz, Leonid L.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Citarella, Mathew R.; Dosung, Sohn; Norekian, Tigran P.; et al. (2014).
1953:
1943:
1926:
582:
Ryan, Joseph F.; Pang, Kevin; Mullikin, James C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Baxevanis, Andreas D. (2010-10-04).
551:
larvae of some
Cnidaria, which exhibit some bilaterian symmetry. They are vermiform, just as the cnidarian
1164:
129:
753:"A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals"
1721:"The phylogenetic position of the comb jellies (Ctenophora) and the importance of taxonomic sampling"
553:
1776:
Boero, F.; Schierwater, B.; Piraino, S. (2007-06-01). "Cnidarian milestones in metazoan evolution".
1676:
Syed, Tareq; Schierwater, Bernd (2002). "The evolution of the placozoa: A new morphological model".
3118:
694:"Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals"
1958:
1830:
1921:
1056:"The Genome of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and Its Implications for Cell Type Evolution"
427:
3158:
1528:
1475:
1420:
1208:
1007:
950:
824:
767:
705:
8:
360:
1532:
1479:
1424:
1408:
1212:
1113:"A Screen for Gene Paralogies Delineating Evolutionary Branching Order of Early Metazoa"
1011:
954:
828:
771:
709:
2386:
1938:
1916:
1904:
1879:
1758:
1701:
1604:
1579:
1560:
1444:
1343:
1318:
1299:
1250:
1137:
1112:
1088:
1055:
1030:
995:
971:
939:"Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals"
938:
914:
879:
855:
812:
793:
669:
634:
610:
583:
124:
3125:
2808:
2728:
2078:
1948:
1911:
1899:
1889:
1823:
1801:
1793:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1720:
1693:
1658:
1650:
1609:
1552:
1544:
1501:
1493:
1448:
1436:
1389:
1348:
1291:
1254:
1242:
1234:
1178:
1142:
1093:
1075:
1035:
976:
919:
901:
860:
842:
785:
733:
674:
656:
635:"Improved Phylogenomic Taxon Sampling Noticeably Affects Nonbilaterian Relationships"
615:
1762:
1705:
1303:
1863:
1785:
1732:
1685:
1640:
1599:
1591:
1564:
1536:
1483:
1428:
1379:
1338:
1330:
1281:
1224:
1216:
1170:
1132:
1124:
1083:
1067:
1025:
1015:
966:
958:
909:
891:
850:
832:
811:
Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (2015).
797:
775:
723:
713:
664:
646:
605:
595:
302:
2082:
878:
Borowiec, Marek L.; Lee, Ernest K.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Plachetzki, David C. (2015).
393:
3089:
2995:
2846:
2749:
2606:
2139:
1719:
Wallberg, Andreas; Thollesson, Mikael; Farris, James S.; Jondelius, Ulf (2004).
2754:
2732:
2550:
2462:
2440:
2403:
1894:
1488:
1463:
1286:
1269:
1174:
962:
896:
780:
718:
693:
3152:
2899:
2803:
2302:
1797:
1746:
1697:
1654:
1548:
1497:
1393:
1238:
1079:
905:
846:
660:
62:
1540:
1071:
837:
813:"Error, signal, and the placement of Ctenophora sister to all other animals"
651:
3005:
3000:
2888:
2744:
2630:
2516:
2419:
2398:
2268:
2219:
2175:
2156:
1805:
1754:
1662:
1613:
1595:
1556:
1505:
1440:
1352:
1295:
1246:
1146:
1097:
1039:
980:
923:
864:
789:
737:
678:
619:
562:
537:
264:
206:
1128:
600:
448:
2966:
2937:
2923:
2913:
2498:
2314:
2227:
1789:
1578:
Baguñà , Jaume; Martinez, Pere; Paps, Jordi; Riutort, Marta (2008-04-27).
1334:
37:
1432:
1220:
1020:
728:
3063:
3048:
3043:
3024:
3019:
2947:
2894:
2864:
2856:
2798:
2672:
2664:
2647:
2427:
2339:
2292:
2232:
2194:
2168:
2014:
1999:
1689:
1645:
1628:
558:
407:
335:
256:
82:
47:
1815:
1584:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1384:
1368:"Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects"
1367:
1229:
996:"The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems"
3029:
2976:
2971:
2942:
2931:
2880:
2875:
2827:
2739:
2526:
2521:
2483:
2332:
2324:
2253:
2205:
2126:
2113:
2094:
2089:
2048:
511:
444:
287:
269:
232:
210:
161:
141:
111:
98:
87:
31:
1317:
Pastrana, Claudia C.; DeBiasse, Melissa B.; Ryan, Joseph F. (2019).
3053:
3037:
2960:
2952:
2907:
2870:
2851:
2840:
2822:
2816:
2677:
2618:
2594:
2491:
2372:
2261:
2145:
2036:
2027:
1933:
531:
523:
423:
389:
356:
320:
276:
260:
240:
236:
201:
196:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
1518:
306:
3013:
2989:
2981:
2918:
2832:
2652:
2639:
2572:
2563:
2508:
2433:
1718:
548:
527:
339:
102:
92:
67:
3107:
3058:
2792:
1992:
1979:
1850:
1847:
1270:"The NK Homeobox Gene Cluster Predates the Origin of Hox Genes"
544:
252:
151:
1197:
632:
557:
is. Placozoans have been noted to resemble planula. Usually, "
228:
1406:
565:
may have developed before the
Cnidaria–Bilateria radiation.
1580:"Back in time: a new systematic proposal for the Bilateria"
750:
581:
251:
The relationship of
Parahoxozoa relative to the two other
1577:
1461:
1267:
993:
936:
877:
691:
1052:
810:
538:
Planula-acoel, triploblasty, and bilaterian similarities
2782:
1775:
1163:
Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2020-03-03).
3132:
to it so that it can be listed with similar articles.
1627:
Genikhovich, Grigory; Technau, Ulrich (2017-10-01).
1316:
16:
Clade of all animals except sponges and comb jellies
1626:
1409:"Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa"
1104:
3150:
1162:
272:is sometimes used as a synonym for ParaHoxozoa.
1675:
817:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
626:
1110:
930:
871:
804:
1831:
987:
505:
1359:
2218:
1046:
510:"ParaHox" genes are usually referred to in
2192:
1838:
1824:
1400:
1169:. Princeton University Press. p. 46.
744:
110:
2385:
1736:
1644:
1603:
1487:
1383:
1342:
1285:
1228:
1136:
1087:
1029:
1019:
970:
913:
895:
854:
836:
779:
727:
717:
685:
668:
650:
609:
599:
2252:
2176:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
2124:
1111:Erives, Albert; Fritzsch, Bernd (2020).
575:
1977:
1845:
1365:
1158:
1156:
3151:
2170:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
2140:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
2111:
1819:
3101:
2441:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
1153:
1778:Integrative and Comparative Biology
1366:Giribet, Gonzalo (1 October 2016).
13:
3117:needs additional or more specific
2475:
2281:
2038:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
1629:"On the evolution of bilaterality"
517:
14:
3175:
3106:
3082:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
1738:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00041.x
447:
426:
392:
359:
338:
305:
128:
35:
1769:
1712:
1669:
1620:
1571:
1512:
1455:
1310:
1261:
1191:
639:Molecular Biology and Evolution
418:
2269:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
943:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1:
2112:
1166:The Invertebrate Tree of Life
568:
2881:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
1323:Genome Biology and Evolution
1319:"Sponges lack ParaHox genes"
1117:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics
246:
231:of animals that consists of
7:
2938:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
2678:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
2493:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
2404:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
2293:Loricifera (corset animals)
119:Diversity of parahoxozoans
10:
3180:
2828:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
2574:Annelida (segmented worms)
2399:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
2315:Onychophora (velvet worms)
506:ParaHoxozoa or Parahoxozoa
3078:
2876:Asterozoans inc. starfish
2778:
2771:
2722:
2673:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
2663:
2654:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
2638:
2629:
2614:
2605:
2590:
2583:
2559:
2548:
2507:
2499:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
2482:
2471:
2460:
2412:
2394:
2381:
2370:
2323:
2310:
2301:
2288:
2277:
2245:
2228:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
2214:
2203:
2188:
2164:
2155:
2135:
2120:
2107:
2072:
2047:
2023:
2008:
2000:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
1988:
1973:
1857:
1489:10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.019
1287:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.008
1175:10.1515/9780691197067-007
963:10.1038/s41559-017-0331-3
897:10.1186/s12864-015-2146-4
781:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031
719:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008
441:
420:
412:
386:
379:
353:
332:
325:
299:
292:
193:
188:
125:Scientific classification
123:
118:
109:
23:
2434:Rotifera (wheel animals)
2233:Priapulida (penis worms)
1415:(Submitted manuscript).
762:(Submitted manuscript).
2648:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
2620:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
2341:Tardigrada (waterbears)
2334:Arthropoda (arthropods)
1678:Senckenbergiana Lethaea
1541:10.1126/science.1142024
1072:10.1126/science.1242592
838:10.1073/pnas.1503453112
3164:Animal unranked clades
2823:Anthozoans inc. corals
2522:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
1596:10.1098/rstb.2007.2238
2953:Hexapods inc. insects
2263:Nematoda (roundworms)
1129:10.1534/g3.119.400951
652:10.1093/molbev/msq089
601:10.1186/2041-9139-1-9
2146:Chordata (chordates)
704:(24): 3864–3870.e4.
2596:Mollusca (molluscs)
2081:of the animal root
1590:(1496): 1481–1491.
1533:2007Sci...317..116J
1480:2016CBio...26.2814P
1433:10.1038/nature16520
1425:2016Natur.530...89C
1221:10.1038/nature13881
1213:2014Natur.514..620F
1021:10.1038/nature13400
1012:2014Natur.510..109M
955:2017NatEE...1.1737W
829:2015PNAS..112.5773W
772:2017CBio...27..958S
710:2017CBio...27E3864F
2809:Calcareous sponges
1994:Porifera (sponges)
1790:10.1093/icb/icm041
1690:10.1007/bf03043791
1646:10.1242/dev.141507
1335:10.1093/gbe/evz052
3147:
3146:
3130:adding categories
3099:
3098:
3074:
3073:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2241:
2240:
2184:
2183:
2103:
2102:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
1639:(19): 3392–3404.
1527:(5834): 116–118.
1474:(20): 2814–2820.
1385:10.1111/zsc.12215
1372:Zoologica Scripta
1207:(7524): 620–623.
1184:978-0-691-19706-7
1066:(6164): 1242592.
1006:(7503): 109–114.
949:(11): 1737–1746.
823:(18): 5773–5778.
502:
501:
490:
489:
481:
480:
469:
468:
460:
459:
263:is debated. Some
218:
217:
184:
3171:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3110:
3102:
2780:
2779:
2736:
2636:
2635:
2612:
2611:
2588:
2587:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2308:
2307:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2250:
2249:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2162:
2161:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2122:
2121:
2109:
2108:
2086:
2021:
2020:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1975:
1974:
1886:
1866:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1740:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1648:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1491:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1329:(4): 1250–1257.
1314:
1308:
1307:
1289:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1232:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1023:
991:
985:
984:
974:
934:
928:
927:
917:
899:
875:
869:
868:
858:
840:
808:
802:
801:
783:
757:
748:
742:
741:
731:
721:
689:
683:
682:
672:
654:
645:(9): 1983–1987.
630:
624:
623:
613:
603:
579:
451:
430:
415:
414:
396:
382:
381:
363:
342:
328:
327:
309:
303:Choanoflagellata
295:
294:
283:
282:
178:
133:
132:
114:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3123:
3111:
3100:
3095:
3070:
2996:Phylactolaemata
2784:
2774:
2773:
2759:
2750:Xenambulacraria
2726:
2682:
2659:
2625:
2607:Kryptotrochozoa
2601:
2579:
2549:
2536:
2527:Monoblastozoa (
2503:
2461:
2448:
2420:Micrognathozoa
2408:
2371:
2346:
2319:
2297:
2273:
2237:
2204:
2193:
2180:
2151:
2125:
2116:
2099:
2076:
2060:
2043:
2012:
2004:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1884:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1814:
1813:
1774:
1770:
1717:
1713:
1674:
1670:
1625:
1621:
1576:
1572:
1517:
1513:
1468:Current Biology
1460:
1456:
1419:(7588): 89–93.
1405:
1401:
1364:
1360:
1315:
1311:
1274:Current Biology
1266:
1262:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1161:
1154:
1109:
1105:
1051:
1047:
992:
988:
935:
931:
876:
872:
809:
805:
760:Current Biology
755:
749:
745:
698:Current Biology
690:
686:
631:
627:
580:
576:
571:
540:
520:
518:Characteristics
508:
503:
497:
491:
482:
476:
470:
461:
249:
177:
127:
105:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3177:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3145:
3144:
3114:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2961:Platyhelminths
2957:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2788:
2786:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2755:Centroneuralia
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2560:
2554:
2551:Lophotrochozoa
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2466:
2463:Platytrochozoa
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2425:
2422:(Limnognathia)
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2209:
2198:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2118:
2117:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2051:(Triploblasts)
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2032:and relatives)
2024:
2018:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1983:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1959:Mesomycetozoea
1956:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1895:Diaphoretickes
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1784:(5): 693–700.
1768:
1731:(6): 558–578.
1711:
1684:(1): 315–324.
1668:
1619:
1570:
1511:
1454:
1399:
1358:
1309:
1280:(8): 706–710.
1260:
1190:
1183:
1152:
1123:(2): 811–826.
1103:
1045:
986:
929:
870:
803:
766:(7): 958–967.
743:
684:
625:
573:
572:
570:
567:
539:
536:
519:
516:
507:
504:
500:
499:
493:
492:
488:
487:
484:
483:
479:
478:
472:
471:
467:
466:
463:
462:
458:
457:
454:
453:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
419:
413:
411:
403:
402:
399:
398:
385:
380:
378:
370:
369:
366:
365:
352:
349:
348:
345:
344:
331:
326:
324:
316:
315:
312:
311:
298:
293:
291:
281:
248:
245:
216:
215:
214:
213:
204:
199:
191:
190:
186:
185:
172:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
121:
120:
116:
115:
107:
106:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3176:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3141:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3115:This article
3113:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3091:
3090:dubious phyla
3087:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2889:Hemichordates
2886:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Glass sponges
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Deuterostomia
2743:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:of Bilateria
2730:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2564:Cycliophora (
2562:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:Panarthropoda
2300:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:Stramenopiles
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1885:(major groups
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
982:
978:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
925:
921:
916:
911:
907:
903:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
874:
866:
862:
857:
852:
848:
844:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
754:
747:
739:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
688:
680:
676:
671:
666:
662:
658:
653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
629:
621:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
578:
574:
566:
564:
560:
556:
555:
554:Buddenbrockia
550:
547:resemble the
546:
535:
533:
529:
525:
515:
513:
498:
495:
494:
486:
485:
477:
474:
473:
465:
464:
456:
455:
452:
450:
446:
439:
438:
435:
434:
431:
429:
425:
417:
416:
410:
409:
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
395:
391:
384:
383:
377:
376:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
362:
358:
351:
350:
347:
346:
343:
341:
337:
330:
329:
323:
322:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
308:
304:
297:
296:
290:
289:
285:
284:
280:
278:
273:
271:
266:
262:
258:
254:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
212:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
192:
187:
182:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
131:
126:
122:
117:
113:
108:
104:
100:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
33:
22:
19:
3135:
3116:
3088:Potentially
3083:
3036:
3012:
3006:Gymnolaemata
3001:Stenolaemata
2990:Ectoproctans
2988:
2959:
2930:
2906:
2900:Pterobranchs
2887:
2863:
2839:
2815:
2791:
2785:within phyla
2783:Major groups
2653:
2640:Bryozoa s.l.
2631:Lophophorata
2619:
2595:
2573:
2565:
2528:
2517:Orthonectida
2492:
2439:
2432:
2421:
2340:
2333:
2262:
2220:Scalidophora
2169:
2157:Ambulacraria
2144:
2057:(see below↓)
2037:
2029:
2009:
1993:
1944:Opisthokonta
1781:
1777:
1771:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1165:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1063:
1059:
1048:
1003:
999:
989:
946:
942:
932:
887:
884:BMC Genomics
883:
873:
820:
816:
806:
763:
759:
746:
729:11572/302898
701:
697:
687:
642:
638:
628:
591:
587:
577:
563:Triploblasty
552:
541:
521:
509:
496:
475:
442:
421:
406:
387:
374:
373:
354:
333:
319:
300:
286:
274:
265:phylogenomic
250:
224:
220:
219:
207:Triploblasts
180:
174:
168:
158:Subkingdom:
18:
3159:ParaHoxozoa
3138:August 2024
3064:Tusk shells
3049:Cephalopods
3020:Polychaetes
2967:Turbellaria
2948:Crustaceans
2924:Secernentea
2914:Chromadorea
2895:Acorn worms
2865:Echinoderms
2857:Vertebrates
2799:Demosponges
2733:is disputed
2195:Protostomia
2083:is disputed
2010:ParaHoxozoa
1633:Development
375:Parahoxozoa
225:Parahoxozoa
221:ParaHoxozoa
175:ParaHoxozoa
30:580–0
24:ParaHoxozoa
3153:Categories
3119:categories
3044:Gastropods
3025:Clitellata
2932:Arthropods
2871:Sea lilies
2817:Cnidarians
2735:; see also
2665:Brachiozoa
2428:Syndermata
2387:Gnathifera
2085:; see also
2030:Trichoplax
2028:Placozoa (
2015:Planulozoa
1725:Cladistics
1230:10023/6597
890:(1): 987.
569:References
559:Planulozoa
408:Planulozoa
336:Ctenophora
257:Ctenophora
3030:Sipuncula
2977:Monogenea
2972:Trematoda
2943:Myriapods
2908:Nematodes
2852:Tunicates
2847:Lancelets
2841:Chordates
2833:Myxozoans
2740:Nephrozoa
2729:phylogeny
2529:Salinella
2484:Rouphozoa
2325:Tactopoda
2254:Nematoida
2206:Ecdysozoa
2127:Bilateria
2114:Bilateria
2095:Benthozoa
2090:Eumetazoa
2079:phylogeny
2049:Bilateria
1939:Amoebozoa
1917:Alveolata
1905:Cryptista
1880:Eukaryota
1798:1540-7063
1747:0748-3007
1698:0037-2110
1655:0950-1991
1549:0036-8075
1498:0960-9822
1449:205247296
1394:1463-6409
1378:: 14–21.
1255:205241127
1239:0028-0836
1080:0036-8075
906:1471-2164
847:0027-8424
661:0737-4038
512:CamelCase
445:Bilateria
288:Choanozoa
270:Eumetazoa
255:lineages
247:Phylogeny
233:Bilateria
211:Bilateria
162:Eumetazoa
148:Kingdom:
142:Eukaryota
99:Ediacaran
3126:help out
3054:Bivalves
3038:Molluscs
3014:Annelids
2373:Spiralia
1980:Animalia
1934:Amorphea
1912:Rhizaria
1900:Hacrobia
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1875:Bacteria
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152:Animalia
138:Domain:
3124:Please
3059:Chitons
2982:Cestoda
2919:Enoplea
2793:Sponges
2566:Symbion
2509:Mesozoa
1949:Animals
1870:Archaea
1846:Extant
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1565:5170702
1529:Bibcode
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