439:
372:
405:
141:
460:
123:
318:
351:
3119:
278:
studies have presented evidence supporting
Ctenophora as the sister to Parahoxozoa and Porifera as the sister group to the rest of animals (e.g. ). Other studies have presented evidence supporting Porifera as the sister to Parahoxozoa and Ctenophora as the sister group to the rest of animals (e.g. ),
1064:
Ryan, J. F.; Pang, K.; Schnitzler, C. E.; Nguyen, A.-D.; Moreland, R. T.; Simmons, D. K.; Koch, B. J.; Francis, W. R.; Havlak, P.; Smith, S. A.; Putnam, N. H.; Haddock, S. H. D.; Dunn, C. W.; Wolfsberg, T. G.; Mullikin, J. C.; Martindale, M. Q.; Baxevanis, A. D. (2013).
553:
The original
Bilaterian is hypothesized to be a bottom dwelling worm with a single body opening. A through-gut may already have developed with the Ctenophora. The through-gut may have developed from the corners of a single opening with lips fusing. E.g.
1209:
Fortunato, Sofia A. V.; Adamski, Marcin; Ramos, Olivia
Mendivil; Leininger, Sven; Liu, Jing; Ferrier, David E. K.; Adamska, Maja (2014-10-30). "Calcisponges have a ParaHox gene and dynamic expression of dispersed NK homeobox genes".
541:-ANTP from which the name of this clade originated. It was later proposed and contested that a gene of the same class (ANTP) as the Hox/ParaHox, the NK gene and the Cdx Parahox gene, is also present in
545:, the sponges. Regardless of whether a ParaHox gene is ever definitively identified, Parahoxozoa, as originally defined, is monophyletic and therefore continues to be used as such.
279:
finding that nervous systems either evolved independently in ctenophores and parahoxozoans, or were secondarily lost in poriferans. If ctenophores are taken to have diverged first,
762:
Simion, Paul; Philippe, Hervé; Baurain, Denis; Jager, Muriel; Richter, Daniel J.; Franco, Arnaud Di; Roure, Béatrice; Satoh, Nori; Quéinnec, Éric (3 April 2017).
948:
Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Tatiana P.; Mukherjee, Krishanu; Williams, Peter; Paulay, Gustav; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (2017).
525:
and the original paper that named the clade used "ParaHoxozoa", the single initial capital format "Parahoxozoa" has also come to be used in the literature.
644:
Pick, K. S.; Philippe, H.; Schreiber, F.; Erpenbeck, D.; Jackson, D. J.; Wrede, P.; Wiens, M.; Alie, A.; Morgenstern, B.; Manuel, M.; Worheide, G. (2010).
3140:
703:
Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide (2017).
891:"Extracting phylogenetic signal and accounting for bias in whole-genome data sets supports the Ctenophora as sister to remaining Metazoa"
572:" is a Cnidaria–Bilateria clade that excludes Placozoa. Otherwise, when including all three lineages, it is synonymous with Parahoxozoa.
595:"The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the Parahoxozoa"
1473:
Browne, William E.; Amemiya, Chris T.; Swalla, Billie J.; Warren, Kaitlyn J.; Vandepas, Lauren E.; Presnell, Jason S. (2016-10-24).
1418:
Cannon, Johanna Taylor; Vellutini, Bruno
Cossermelli; Smith, Julian; Ronquist, Fredrik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (2016).
1475:"The Presence of a Functionally Tripartite Through-Gut in Ctenophora Has Implications for Metazoan Character Trait Evolution"
1193:
1530:
Jiménez-Guri, Eva; Philippe, Hervé; Okamura, Beth; Holland, Peter W. H. (2007-07-06). "Buddenbrockia Is a
Cnidarian Worm".
533:
Parahoxozoa was defined by the presence of several gene (sub)classes (HNF, CUT, PROS, ZF, CERS, K50, S50-PRD), as well as
763:
286:
The cladogram, which is congruent with the vast majority of these phylogenomic studies, conveys this uncertainty with a
1848:
1885:
1279:
Larroux, Claire; Fahey, Bryony; Degnan, Sandie M.; Adamski, Marcin; Rokhsar, Daniel S.; Degnan, Bernard M. (1996).
3174:
1880:
1005:
Moroz, Leonid L.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Citarella, Mathew R.; Dosung, Sohn; Norekian, Tigran P.; et al. (2014).
1964:
1954:
1937:
593:
Ryan, Joseph F.; Pang, Kevin; Mullikin, James C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Baxevanis, Andreas D. (2010-10-04).
562:
larvae of some
Cnidaria, which exhibit some bilaterian symmetry. They are vermiform, just as the cnidarian
17:
1175:
140:
764:"A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals"
1732:"The phylogenetic position of the comb jellies (Ctenophora) and the importance of taxonomic sampling"
564:
1787:
Boero, F.; Schierwater, B.; Piraino, S. (2007-06-01). "Cnidarian milestones in metazoan evolution".
1687:
Syed, Tareq; Schierwater, Bernd (2002). "The evolution of the placozoa: A new morphological model".
3129:
705:"Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals"
1969:
1841:
1932:
1067:"The Genome of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and Its Implications for Cell Type Evolution"
438:
3169:
1539:
1486:
1431:
1219:
1018:
961:
835:
778:
716:
8:
371:
1543:
1490:
1435:
1419:
1223:
1124:"A Screen for Gene Paralogies Delineating Evolutionary Branching Order of Early Metazoa"
1022:
965:
839:
782:
720:
2397:
1949:
1927:
1915:
1890:
1769:
1712:
1615:
1590:
1571:
1455:
1354:
1329:
1310:
1261:
1148:
1123:
1099:
1066:
1041:
1006:
982:
950:"Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals"
949:
925:
890:
866:
823:
804:
680:
645:
621:
594:
135:
3136:
2819:
2739:
2089:
1959:
1922:
1910:
1900:
1834:
1812:
1804:
1761:
1753:
1748:
1731:
1704:
1669:
1661:
1620:
1563:
1555:
1512:
1504:
1459:
1447:
1400:
1359:
1302:
1265:
1253:
1245:
1189:
1153:
1104:
1086:
1046:
987:
930:
912:
871:
853:
796:
744:
685:
667:
646:"Improved Phylogenomic Taxon Sampling Noticeably Affects Nonbilaterian Relationships"
626:
1773:
1716:
1314:
1874:
1796:
1743:
1696:
1651:
1610:
1602:
1575:
1547:
1494:
1439:
1390:
1349:
1341:
1292:
1235:
1227:
1181:
1143:
1135:
1094:
1078:
1036:
1026:
977:
969:
920:
902:
861:
843:
822:
Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (2015).
808:
786:
734:
724:
675:
657:
616:
606:
313:
2093:
889:
Borowiec, Marek L.; Lee, Ernest K.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Plachetzki, David C. (2015).
404:
3100:
3006:
2857:
2760:
2617:
2150:
1730:
Wallberg, Andreas; Thollesson, Mikael; Farris, James S.; Jondelius, Ulf (2004).
2765:
2743:
2561:
2473:
2451:
2414:
1905:
1499:
1474:
1297:
1280:
1185:
973:
907:
791:
729:
704:
3163:
2910:
2814:
2313:
1808:
1757:
1708:
1665:
1559:
1508:
1404:
1249:
1090:
916:
857:
671:
73:
1551:
1082:
848:
824:"Error, signal, and the placement of Ctenophora sister to all other animals"
662:
3016:
3011:
2899:
2755:
2641:
2527:
2430:
2409:
2279:
2230:
2186:
2167:
1816:
1765:
1673:
1624:
1606:
1567:
1516:
1451:
1363:
1306:
1257:
1157:
1108:
1050:
991:
934:
875:
800:
748:
689:
630:
573:
548:
275:
217:
1139:
611:
459:
2977:
2948:
2934:
2924:
2509:
2325:
2238:
1800:
1589:
Baguñà , Jaume; Martinez, Pere; Paps, Jordi; Riutort, Marta (2008-04-27).
1345:
48:
1443:
1231:
1031:
739:
3074:
3059:
3054:
3035:
3030:
2958:
2905:
2875:
2867:
2809:
2683:
2675:
2658:
2438:
2350:
2303:
2243:
2205:
2179:
2025:
2010:
1700:
1656:
1639:
569:
418:
346:
267:
93:
58:
1826:
1595:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1395:
1379:"Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects"
1378:
1240:
1007:"The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems"
3040:
2987:
2982:
2953:
2942:
2891:
2886:
2838:
2750:
2537:
2532:
2494:
2343:
2335:
2264:
2216:
2137:
2124:
2105:
2100:
2059:
522:
455:
298:
280:
243:
221:
172:
152:
122:
109:
98:
42:
1328:
Pastrana, Claudia C.; DeBiasse, Melissa B.; Ryan, Joseph F. (2019).
3064:
3048:
2971:
2963:
2918:
2881:
2862:
2851:
2833:
2827:
2688:
2629:
2605:
2502:
2383:
2272:
2156:
2047:
2038:
1944:
542:
534:
434:
400:
367:
331:
287:
271:
251:
247:
212:
207:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
1529:
317:
3024:
3000:
2992:
2929:
2843:
2663:
2650:
2583:
2574:
2519:
2444:
1729:
559:
538:
350:
113:
103:
78:
3118:
3069:
2803:
2003:
1990:
1861:
1858:
1281:"The NK Homeobox Gene Cluster Predates the Origin of Hox Genes"
555:
263:
162:
1208:
643:
568:
is. Placozoans have been noted to resemble planula. Usually, "
239:
1417:
576:
may have developed before the
Cnidaria–Bilateria radiation.
1591:"Back in time: a new systematic proposal for the Bilateria"
761:
592:
262:
The relationship of
Parahoxozoa relative to the two other
1588:
1472:
1278:
1004:
947:
888:
702:
1063:
821:
549:
Planula-acoel, triploblasty, and bilaterian similarities
2793:
1786:
1174:
Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2020-03-03).
3143:
to it so that it can be listed with similar articles.
1638:
Genikhovich, Grigory; Technau, Ulrich (2017-10-01).
1327:
27:
Clade of all animals except sponges and comb jellies
1637:
1420:"Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa"
1115:
3161:
1173:
283:is sometimes used as a synonym for ParaHoxozoa.
1686:
828:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
637:
1121:
941:
882:
815:
1842:
998:
516:
1370:
2229:
1057:
521:"ParaHox" genes are usually referred to in
2203:
1849:
1835:
1411:
1180:. Princeton University Press. p. 46.
755:
121:
2396:
1747:
1655:
1614:
1498:
1394:
1353:
1296:
1239:
1147:
1098:
1040:
1030:
981:
924:
906:
865:
847:
790:
738:
728:
696:
679:
661:
620:
610:
2263:
2187:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
2135:
1122:Erives, Albert; Fritzsch, Bernd (2020).
586:
1988:
1856:
1376:
1169:
1167:
14:
3162:
2181:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
2151:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
2122:
1830:
3112:
2452:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
1164:
1789:Integrative and Comparative Biology
1377:Giribet, Gonzalo (1 October 2016).
24:
3128:needs additional or more specific
2486:
2292:
2049:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
1640:"On the evolution of bilaterality"
528:
25:
3186:
3117:
3093:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
1749:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00041.x
458:
437:
403:
370:
349:
316:
139:
46:
1780:
1723:
1680:
1631:
1582:
1523:
1466:
1321:
1272:
1202:
650:Molecular Biology and Evolution
429:
2280:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
954:Nature Ecology & Evolution
13:
1:
2123:
1177:The Invertebrate Tree of Life
579:
2892:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
1334:Genome Biology and Evolution
1330:"Sponges lack ParaHox genes"
1128:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics
257:
242:of animals that consists of
7:
2949:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
2689:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
2504:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
2415:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
2304:Loricifera (corset animals)
130:Diversity of parahoxozoans
10:
3191:
2839:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
2585:Annelida (segmented worms)
2410:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
2326:Onychophora (velvet worms)
517:ParaHoxozoa or Parahoxozoa
3089:
2887:Asterozoans inc. starfish
2789:
2782:
2733:
2684:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
2674:
2665:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
2649:
2640:
2625:
2616:
2601:
2594:
2570:
2559:
2518:
2510:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
2493:
2482:
2471:
2423:
2405:
2392:
2381:
2334:
2321:
2312:
2299:
2288:
2256:
2239:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
2225:
2214:
2199:
2175:
2166:
2146:
2131:
2118:
2083:
2058:
2034:
2019:
2011:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
1999:
1984:
1868:
1500:10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.019
1298:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.008
1186:10.1515/9780691197067-007
974:10.1038/s41559-017-0331-3
908:10.1186/s12864-015-2146-4
792:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031
730:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008
452:
431:
423:
397:
390:
364:
343:
336:
310:
303:
204:
199:
136:Scientific classification
134:
129:
120:
34:
2445:Rotifera (wheel animals)
2244:Priapulida (penis worms)
1426:(Submitted manuscript).
773:(Submitted manuscript).
2659:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
2631:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
2352:Tardigrada (waterbears)
2345:Arthropoda (arthropods)
1689:Senckenbergiana Lethaea
1552:10.1126/science.1142024
1083:10.1126/science.1242592
849:10.1073/pnas.1503453112
3175:Animal unranked clades
2834:Anthozoans inc. corals
2533:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
1607:10.1098/rstb.2007.2238
2964:Hexapods inc. insects
2274:Nematoda (roundworms)
1140:10.1534/g3.119.400951
663:10.1093/molbev/msq089
612:10.1186/2041-9139-1-9
2157:Chordata (chordates)
715:(24): 3864–3870.e4.
2607:Mollusca (molluscs)
2092:of the animal root
1601:(1496): 1481–1491.
1544:2007Sci...317..116J
1491:2016CBio...26.2814P
1444:10.1038/nature16520
1436:2016Natur.530...89C
1232:10.1038/nature13881
1224:2014Natur.514..620F
1032:10.1038/nature13400
1023:2014Natur.510..109M
966:2017NatEE...1.1737W
840:2015PNAS..112.5773W
783:2017CBio...27..958S
721:2017CBio...27E3864F
2820:Calcareous sponges
2005:Porifera (sponges)
1801:10.1093/icb/icm041
1701:10.1007/bf03043791
1657:10.1242/dev.141507
1346:10.1093/gbe/evz052
3158:
3157:
3141:adding categories
3110:
3109:
3085:
3084:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2252:
2251:
2195:
2194:
2114:
2113:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
1650:(19): 3392–3404.
1538:(5834): 116–118.
1485:(20): 2814–2820.
1396:10.1111/zsc.12215
1383:Zoologica Scripta
1218:(7524): 620–623.
1195:978-0-691-19706-7
1077:(6164): 1242592.
1017:(7503): 109–114.
960:(11): 1737–1746.
834:(18): 5773–5778.
513:
512:
501:
500:
492:
491:
480:
479:
471:
470:
274:is debated. Some
229:
228:
195:
16:(Redirected from
3182:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3121:
3113:
2791:
2790:
2747:
2647:
2646:
2623:
2622:
2599:
2598:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2319:
2318:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2261:
2260:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2201:
2200:
2173:
2172:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2133:
2132:
2120:
2119:
2097:
2032:
2031:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1986:
1985:
1897:
1877:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1751:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1659:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1502:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1340:(4): 1250–1257.
1325:
1319:
1318:
1300:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1243:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1102:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1034:
1002:
996:
995:
985:
945:
939:
938:
928:
910:
886:
880:
879:
869:
851:
819:
813:
812:
794:
768:
759:
753:
752:
742:
732:
700:
694:
693:
683:
665:
656:(9): 1983–1987.
641:
635:
634:
624:
614:
590:
462:
441:
426:
425:
407:
393:
392:
374:
353:
339:
338:
320:
314:Choanoflagellata
306:
305:
294:
293:
189:
144:
143:
125:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3134:
3122:
3111:
3106:
3081:
3007:Phylactolaemata
2795:
2785:
2784:
2770:
2761:Xenambulacraria
2737:
2693:
2670:
2636:
2618:Kryptotrochozoa
2612:
2590:
2560:
2547:
2538:Monoblastozoa (
2514:
2472:
2459:
2431:Micrognathozoa
2419:
2382:
2357:
2330:
2308:
2284:
2248:
2215:
2204:
2191:
2162:
2136:
2127:
2110:
2087:
2071:
2054:
2023:
2015:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1895:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1825:
1824:
1785:
1781:
1728:
1724:
1685:
1681:
1636:
1632:
1587:
1583:
1528:
1524:
1479:Current Biology
1471:
1467:
1430:(7588): 89–93.
1416:
1412:
1375:
1371:
1326:
1322:
1285:Current Biology
1277:
1273:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1172:
1165:
1120:
1116:
1062:
1058:
1003:
999:
946:
942:
887:
883:
820:
816:
771:Current Biology
766:
760:
756:
709:Current Biology
701:
697:
642:
638:
591:
587:
582:
551:
531:
529:Characteristics
519:
514:
508:
502:
493:
487:
481:
472:
260:
188:
138:
116:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3188:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3156:
3155:
3125:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2972:Platyhelminths
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2799:
2797:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2766:Centroneuralia
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2571:
2565:
2562:Lophotrochozoa
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2499:
2497:
2488:
2477:
2474:Platytrochozoa
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2436:
2433:(Limnognathia)
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2269:
2267:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2220:
2209:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2129:
2128:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2062:(Triploblasts)
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2043:and relatives)
2035:
2029:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:Mesomycetozoea
1967:
1962:
1952:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1906:Diaphoretickes
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1795:(5): 693–700.
1779:
1742:(6): 558–578.
1722:
1695:(1): 315–324.
1679:
1630:
1581:
1522:
1465:
1410:
1369:
1320:
1291:(8): 706–710.
1271:
1201:
1194:
1163:
1134:(2): 811–826.
1114:
1056:
997:
940:
881:
814:
777:(7): 958–967.
754:
695:
636:
584:
583:
581:
578:
550:
547:
530:
527:
518:
515:
511:
510:
504:
503:
499:
498:
495:
494:
490:
489:
483:
482:
478:
477:
474:
473:
469:
468:
465:
464:
451:
448:
447:
444:
443:
430:
424:
422:
414:
413:
410:
409:
396:
391:
389:
381:
380:
377:
376:
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
342:
337:
335:
327:
326:
323:
322:
309:
304:
302:
292:
259:
256:
227:
226:
225:
224:
215:
210:
202:
201:
197:
196:
183:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
132:
131:
127:
126:
118:
117:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3187:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3152:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3126:This article
3124:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3102:
3101:dubious phyla
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2900:Hemichordates
2897:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:Glass sponges
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:Deuterostomia
2754:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:of Bilateria
2741:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2575:Cycliophora (
2573:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Panarthropoda
2311:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:Stramenopiles
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1896:(major groups
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
993:
989:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
936:
932:
927:
922:
918:
914:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
885:
877:
873:
868:
863:
859:
855:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
818:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
765:
758:
750:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
699:
691:
687:
682:
677:
673:
669:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
632:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
589:
585:
577:
575:
571:
567:
566:
565:Buddenbrockia
561:
558:resemble the
557:
546:
544:
540:
536:
526:
524:
509:
506:
505:
497:
496:
488:
485:
484:
476:
475:
467:
466:
463:
461:
457:
450:
449:
446:
445:
442:
440:
436:
428:
427:
421:
420:
416:
415:
412:
411:
408:
406:
402:
395:
394:
388:
387:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
373:
369:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
352:
348:
341:
340:
334:
333:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
319:
315:
308:
307:
301:
300:
296:
295:
291:
289:
284:
282:
277:
273:
269:
265:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
223:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
205:
203:
198:
193:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
142:
137:
133:
128:
124:
119:
115:
111:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
33:
30:
19:
3146:
3127:
3099:Potentially
3094:
3047:
3023:
3017:Gymnolaemata
3012:Stenolaemata
3001:Ectoproctans
2999:
2970:
2941:
2917:
2911:Pterobranchs
2898:
2874:
2850:
2826:
2802:
2796:within phyla
2794:Major groups
2664:
2651:Bryozoa s.l.
2642:Lophophorata
2630:
2606:
2584:
2576:
2539:
2528:Orthonectida
2503:
2450:
2443:
2432:
2351:
2344:
2273:
2231:Scalidophora
2180:
2168:Ambulacraria
2155:
2068:(see below↓)
2048:
2040:
2020:
2004:
1955:Opisthokonta
1792:
1788:
1782:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1176:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1074:
1070:
1059:
1014:
1010:
1000:
957:
953:
943:
898:
895:BMC Genomics
894:
884:
831:
827:
817:
774:
770:
757:
740:11572/302898
712:
708:
698:
653:
649:
639:
602:
598:
588:
574:Triploblasty
563:
552:
532:
520:
507:
486:
453:
432:
417:
398:
385:
384:
365:
344:
330:
311:
297:
285:
276:phylogenomic
261:
235:
231:
230:
218:Triploblasts
191:
185:
179:
169:Subkingdom:
29:
3170:ParaHoxozoa
3149:August 2024
3075:Tusk shells
3060:Cephalopods
3031:Polychaetes
2978:Turbellaria
2959:Crustaceans
2935:Secernentea
2925:Chromadorea
2906:Acorn worms
2876:Echinoderms
2868:Vertebrates
2810:Demosponges
2744:is disputed
2206:Protostomia
2094:is disputed
2021:ParaHoxozoa
1644:Development
386:Parahoxozoa
236:Parahoxozoa
232:ParaHoxozoa
186:ParaHoxozoa
41:580–0
35:ParaHoxozoa
18:Parahoxozoa
3164:Categories
3130:categories
3055:Gastropods
3036:Clitellata
2943:Arthropods
2882:Sea lilies
2828:Cnidarians
2746:; see also
2676:Brachiozoa
2439:Syndermata
2398:Gnathifera
2096:; see also
2041:Trichoplax
2039:Placozoa (
2026:Planulozoa
1736:Cladistics
1241:10023/6597
901:(1): 987.
580:References
570:Planulozoa
419:Planulozoa
347:Ctenophora
268:Ctenophora
3041:Sipuncula
2988:Monogenea
2983:Trematoda
2954:Myriapods
2919:Nematodes
2863:Tunicates
2858:Lancelets
2852:Chordates
2844:Myxozoans
2751:Nephrozoa
2740:phylogeny
2540:Salinella
2495:Rouphozoa
2336:Tactopoda
2265:Nematoida
2217:Ecdysozoa
2138:Bilateria
2125:Bilateria
2106:Benthozoa
2101:Eumetazoa
2090:phylogeny
2060:Bilateria
1950:Amoebozoa
1928:Alveolata
1916:Cryptista
1891:Eukaryota
1809:1540-7063
1758:0748-3007
1709:0037-2110
1666:0950-1991
1560:0036-8075
1509:0960-9822
1460:205247296
1405:1463-6409
1389:: 14–21.
1266:205241127
1250:0028-0836
1091:0036-8075
917:1471-2164
858:0027-8424
672:0737-4038
523:CamelCase
456:Bilateria
299:Choanozoa
281:Eumetazoa
266:lineages
258:Phylogeny
244:Bilateria
222:Bilateria
173:Eumetazoa
159:Kingdom:
153:Eukaryota
110:Ediacaran
3137:help out
3065:Bivalves
3049:Molluscs
3025:Annelids
2384:Spiralia
1991:Animalia
1945:Amorphea
1923:Rhizaria
1911:Hacrobia
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213:Cnidaria
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163:Animalia
149:Domain:
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2993:Cestoda
2930:Enoplea
2804:Sponges
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1960:Animals
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