2151:
1039:
2440:
1327:
2342:
1250:
124:
2362:
1270:
2497:
1384:
2962:
1860:
154:
2879:
1775:
2689:
1585:
670:
2669:
1565:
2810:
2725:
1706:
1621:
2243:
1127:
3024:
2899:
1922:
1795:
3078:
1976:
1095:
3057:
1955:
740:
2473:
1360:
2586:
1473:
3151:
3100:
2051:
1998:
2171:
1059:
2757:
1653:
2982:
2291:
1880:
1175:
2111:(corresponding to Nephrozoa without Ambulacraria, or to Chordata + Protostomia). The phylogenetic tree shown below depicts the latter proposal. Also, the validity of Deuterostomia (without Protostomia emerging from it) is under discussion. The cladogram indicates approximately when some clades radiated into newer clades, in millions of years ago (Mya). While the below tree depicts
2790:
1686:
992:
by Baguña and
Riutort (2004). The acoelomorph taxa had previously been considered flatworms with secondarily lost characteristics, but the new relationship suggested that the simple acoelomate worm form was the original bilaterian body plan and that the coelom, the digestive tract, excretory organs,
3941:
Hagadorn, J. W.; Xiao, S.; Donoghue, P. C. J.; Bengtson, S.; Gostling, N. J.; Pawlowska, M.; Raff, E. C.; Raff, R. A.; Turner, F. R.; Chongyu, Y.; Zhou, C.; Yuan, X.; McFeely, M. B.; Stampanoni, M.; Nealson, K. H. (13 October 2006). "Cellular and
Subcellular Structure of Neoproterozoic Animal
825:. Alternatively, it may have resembled the planula larvae of some cnidaria, which have some bilateral symmetry. However, there is evidence that it was segmented, as the mechanism for creating segments is shared between vertebrates (deuterostomes) and arthropods (protostomes).
4855:
Philippe, Hervé; Poustka, Albert J.; Chiodin, Marta; Hoff, Katharina J.; Dessimoz, Christophe; Tomiczek, Bartlomiej; et al. (2019). "Mitigating anticipated effects of systematic errors supports sister-group relationship between
Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria".
673:
Idealised wormlike nephrozoan body plan. With a cylindrical body and a direction of movement the animal has head and tail ends. Sense organs and mouth form the basis of the head. Opposed circular and longitudinal muscles enable
682:
Some of the earliest bilaterians were wormlike, and a bilaterian body can be conceptualized as a cylinder with a gut running between two openings, the mouth and the anus. Around the gut it has an internal body cavity, a
2123:
according to analyses by
Philippe et al., the authors nonetheless caution that "the support values are very low, meaning there is no solid evidence to refute the traditional protostome and deuterostome dichotomy".
4353:
722:
and have an apical organ containing sensory cells. However, there are exceptions to each of these characteristics; for example, adult echinoderms are radially symmetric (unlike their larvae), and certain
3993:
Pecoits, E.; Konhauser, K. O.; Aubet, N. R.; Heaman, L. M.; Veroslavsky, G.; Stern, R. A.; Gingras, M. K. (June 29, 2012). "Bilaterian burrows and grazing behavior at >585 million years ago".
714:. Most bilaterians (nephrozoans) have a gut that extends through the body from mouth to anus, while xenacoelomorphs have a bag gut with one opening. Many bilaterian phyla have primary
779:
4128:
Halanych, K.; Bacheller, J.; Aguinaldo, A.; Liva, S.; Hillis, D.; Lake, J. (17 March 1995). "Evidence from 18S ribosomal DNA that the lophophorates are protostome animals".
879:
of
Uruguay, and were believed to be at least 585 million years old. However, more recent evidence shows these fossils are actually late Paleozoic instead of Ediacaran.
806:
766:". The nature of the first bilaterian is a matter of debate. One side suggests that acoelomates gave rise to the other groups (planuloid–aceloid hypothesis by
691:
have a head (anterior) end and a tail (posterior) end as well as a back (dorsal) and a belly (ventral); therefore they also have a left side and a right side.
876:
4265:
4181:"Bilaterian phylogeny: a broad sampling of 13 nuclear genes provides a new Lophotrochozoa phylogeny and supports a paraphyletic basal Acoelomorpha"
706:
that constrict the body, making it longer, and an opposing set of longitudinal muscles, that shorten the body; these enable soft-bodied animals with a
3458:
6147:
4810:
6152:
4567:
Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Neves, Ricardo C.; et al. (June 2011).
6010:
7617:
3339:"Introduction to the Bilateria and the Phylum Xenacoelomorpha: Triploblasty and Bilateral Symmetry Provide New Avenues for Animal Radiation"
4922:
4739:
Kapli, Paschalia; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J.; Fursman, Maximilian; Jeffrie, Nadia; Rahman, Imran A.; et al. (2021-03-19).
3515:"Ontogenetic scaling of hydrostatic skeletons: geometric, static stress and dynamic stress scaling of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris"
3209:
875:), but none of these have bilaterian affinities. Burrows believed to have been created by bilaterian life forms have been found in the
7673:
972:
was challenged when new morphological and molecular evidence found support for a sister relationship between the acoelomate taxa,
7604:
4512:
Cannon, Johanna Taylor; Vellutini, Bruno
Cossermelli; Smith, Julian; Ronquist, Fredrik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (2016).
3372:
Cannon, Johanna Taylor; Vellutini, Bruno
Cossermelli; Smith, Julian; Ronquist, Fredrik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (2016).
941:
develops. In particular, the first opening of the embryo becomes the mouth in protostomes, and the anus in deuterostomes. Many
3788:
3441:
3353:
7609:
2150:
1038:
7668:
4958:
6248:
511:) surface. Nearly all bilaterians maintain a bilaterally symmetrical body as adults; the most notable exception is the
467:
395:
6285:
4992:
7622:
6280:
4987:
888:
819:
One hypothesis is that the original bilaterian was a bottom dwelling worm with a single body opening, similar to
784:
3459:"Did internal transport, rather than directed locomotion, favor the evolution of bilateral symmetry in animals?"
3268:
4331:
4305:
797:) have lost body cavities secondarily (the Archicoelomata hypothesis and its variations such as the Gastrea by
4269:
133:
6364:
6354:
6337:
5071:
5061:
5044:
130:
3489:
789:), while the other poses that the first bilaterian was a coelomate organism and the main acoelomate phyla (
17:
4806:"The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records"
4410:"Identification of chaetognaths as protostomes is supported by the analysis of their mitochondrial genome"
4045:
3774:
759:
131:
1001:, and the sister relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Nephrozoa confirmed in phylogenomic analyses.
702:
and a mouth. The body stretches back from the head, and many bilaterians have a combination of circular
134:
132:
3780:
127:
3514:
3338:
503:
axis) with a front (or "head") and a rear (or "tail") end, as well as a left–right–symmetrical belly (
153:
129:
4046:"Revisiting the supposed oldest bilaterian trace fossils from Uruguay: Late Paleozoic, not Ediacaran"
802:
496:
3682:
4690:"Phylogenetic position of Loricifera inferred from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences"
2103:
A different hypothesis is that the
Ambulacraria are sister to Xenacoelomorpha together forming the
500:
128:
6369:
5076:
4951:
4343:
Helfenbein, Kevin G.; Fourcade, H. Matthew; Vanjani, Rohit G.; Boore, Jeffrey L. (20 July 2004).
811:
3249:
993:
and nerve cords developed in the
Nephrozoa. Subsequently the acoelomorphs were placed in phylum
694:
Having a front end means that this part of the body encounters stimuli, such as food, favouring
7635:
7518:
6241:
4919:
3677:
3625:(25 June 1999). "Early Animal Evolution: Emerging Views from Comparative Biology and Geology".
2540:
1427:
532:
7630:
6332:
5039:
4082:
Nielsen, Claus (2008). "Six major steps in animal evolution: are we derived sponge larvae?".
3431:
488:
3250:"Patterns of distribution in the Ediacaran biotas: facies versus biogeography and evolution"
7663:
7658:
7578:
7565:
4752:
4622:
4525:
4465:
4362:
4137:
4002:
3951:
3817:
3567:
3385:
2439:
2361:
2341:
1326:
1269:
1249:
707:
516:
8:
7556:
5854:
5638:
4804:
Peterson, Kevin J.; Cotton, James A.; Gehling, James G.; Pisani, Davide (27 April 2008).
1012:
are still controversial (dashed lines) and the tree has changed considerably since 2000.
4756:
4626:
4529:
4513:
4469:
4366:
4141:
4006:
3955:
3821:
3668:
Balavoine, G.; Adoutte, Andre (2003). "The segmented
Urbilateria: A testable scenario".
3571:
3389:
3373:
3310:
6797:
6349:
6327:
6315:
6290:
5864:
5056:
5034:
5022:
4997:
4944:
4899:
4832:
4805:
4781:
4740:
4716:
4689:
4646:
4588:
4549:
4486:
4453:
4161:
4107:
4026:
3975:
3923:
3895:
3855:"Comment on 'small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian'"
3835:
3747:
3722:
3703:
3650:
3598:
3555:
3409:
3290:
3272:
2941:
1839:
958:
942:
480:
331:
148:
4664:
4568:
4385:
4344:
3893:
7219:
7139:
6489:
6359:
6322:
6310:
6300:
6234:
6198:
6124:
6105:
5815:
5398:
5066:
5029:
5017:
5007:
4903:
4891:
4883:
4878:
4837:
4786:
4768:
4721:
4650:
4638:
4553:
4541:
4491:
4431:
4390:
4327:
4311:
4301:
4243:
4202:
4153:
4099:
4095:
4018:
3967:
3927:
3915:
3911:
3876:
3784:
3752:
3695:
3642:
3603:
3585:
3536:
3481:
3437:
3413:
3401:
3349:
3276:
1005:
216:
4931:
4592:
4165:
4030:
3979:
3707:
3554:
Evans, Scott D.; Hughes, Ian V.; Gehling, James G.; Droser, Mary L. (7 April 2020).
6274:
6170:
6116:
5870:
5316:
4981:
4873:
4865:
4827:
4819:
4776:
4760:
4741:"Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria"
4711:
4701:
4630:
4580:
4533:
4481:
4473:
4421:
4380:
4370:
4295:
4233:
4192:
4145:
4111:
4091:
4057:
4010:
3959:
3907:
3866:
3839:
3825:
3742:
3734:
3687:
3654:
3634:
3593:
3575:
3526:
3473:
3393:
3264:
2271:
1155:
977:
771:
767:
744:
508:
426:
357:
267:
7570:
6493:
5802:
4408:
Papillon, Daniel; Perez, Yvan; Caubit, Xavier; Yannick Le, Parco (November 2004).
4349:
is highly reduced and reveals that chaetognaths are a sister group to protostomes"
3638:
7500:
7406:
7257:
7160:
7017:
6550:
6043:
5218:
4926:
4291:
4284:
4261:
4238:
4221:
4061:
3622:
3315:
3295:
3018:
2496:
2435:
2224:
2212:
2104:
1916:
1383:
1322:
1108:
994:
860:
may be the earliest known bilaterian, but may also represent an infilled bubble.
833:
The first evidence of bilateria in the fossil record comes from trace fossils in
650:
614:
293:
287:
247:
241:
4811:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
4454:"Rotiferan Hox genes give new insights into the evolution of metazoan bodyplans"
748:, living 571–539 million years ago, is one of the oldest bilaterians identified.
7165:
6961:
6873:
6851:
6814:
6305:
6139:
6129:
6093:
6068:
5757:
5548:
5449:
5371:
5180:
5012:
4477:
4354:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3037:
3004:
2409:
2238:
2108:
1935:
1902:
1122:
861:
856:
642:
610:
4869:
4706:
4584:
4569:"Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions"
4315:
4127:
3806:"The Late Precambrian fossil Kimberella is a mollusc-like bilaterian organism"
2878:
1774:
7652:
7310:
7214:
6713:
6175:
5974:
5966:
5796:
5717:
5657:
5568:
5542:
5271:
4887:
4772:
3770:
3589:
2961:
2738:
2688:
2581:
2565:
2337:
2199:
1859:
1634:
1584:
1468:
1452:
1245:
1218:
1086:
998:
965:
798:
728:
695:
626:
586:
528:
524:
276:
232:
81:
4932:
University of California Museum of Paleontology — Systematics of the Metazoa
4426:
4409:
4375:
4197:
4180:
4149:
4014:
3963:
3871:
3854:
3580:
3531:
7416:
7411:
7299:
7155:
7041:
6927:
6830:
6809:
6679:
6630:
6586:
6567:
6208:
6035:
6015:
5955:
5859:
5832:
5779:
5737:
5704:
5479:
5257:
5196:
4936:
4895:
4841:
4823:
4790:
4764:
4725:
4642:
4545:
4495:
4435:
4394:
4247:
4206:
4103:
4022:
3971:
3919:
3880:
3756:
3738:
3699:
3691:
3646:
3607:
3485:
3405:
2977:
2859:
2684:
2378:
2357:
2322:
2256:
2116:
1875:
1755:
1580:
1286:
1265:
1230:
1140:
981:
954:
906:
898:
821:
775:
763:
638:
578:
484:
412:
339:
299:
252:
4157:
3556:"Discovery of the oldest bilaterian from the Ediacaran of South Australia"
3540:
2668:
1564:
7591:
7550:
7541:
7377:
7348:
7334:
7324:
6909:
6725:
6638:
6420:
6099:
6025:
5877:
5841:
5821:
5769:
5743:
5633:
5581:
5554:
5536:
5509:
5276:
5145:
5134:
4607:
3721:
Baguñà, Jaume; Martinez, Pere; Paps, Jordi; Riutort, Marta (April 2008).
3228:
The earliest Bilateria may have had only a single opening, and no coelom.
2894:
2809:
2752:
2724:
2617:
2468:
2132:
2120:
1790:
1705:
1648:
1620:
1513:
1020:
989:
969:
914:
794:
753:
711:
699:
675:
566:
308:
198:
56:
4634:
4537:
3776:
How the Snake Lost its Legs. Curious Tales from the Frontier of Evo-Devo
3397:
2242:
1126:
7474:
7459:
7454:
7435:
7430:
7358:
7305:
7275:
7267:
7209:
7083:
7075:
7058:
6838:
6750:
6703:
6643:
6605:
6579:
6425:
6410:
6180:
6004:
5995:
5980:
5848:
5785:
5644:
5605:
5600:
5486:
5403:
5298:
5210:
3477:
3145:
3094:
3023:
2898:
2874:
2805:
2785:
2720:
2492:
2453:
2046:
2042:
1992:
1921:
1794:
1770:
1701:
1681:
1616:
1379:
1340:
1090:
937:, and so forth. There are several differences, most notably in how the
918:
902:
894:
893:
The Bilateria has traditionally been divided into two main lineages or
843:
669:
646:
630:
590:
574:
512:
271:
236:
101:
66:
7596:
6226:
3727:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1094:
957:) have proven difficult to classify; recent studies place them in the
7440:
7387:
7382:
7353:
7342:
7291:
7286:
7238:
7150:
6937:
6932:
6894:
6743:
6735:
6664:
6616:
6505:
6500:
6079:
6020:
5728:
5693:
5651:
5628:
5610:
5497:
5433:
5308:
5185:
5128:
5115:
4967:
3894:
Bengtson, S.; Donoghue, P. C. J.; Cunningham, J. A.; Yin, C. (2012).
2770:
2649:
2629:
1666:
1545:
1525:
1206:
985:
946:
922:
870:
849:
834:
724:
688:
658:
558:
492:
313:
260:
185:
165:
106:
50:
39:
7512:
4688:
Yamasaki, Hiroshi; Fujimoto, Shinta; Miyazaki, Katsumi (June 2015).
3056:
1954:
7535:
7464:
7448:
7371:
7363:
7318:
7281:
7262:
7251:
7233:
7227:
7088:
7029:
7005:
6902:
6783:
6672:
6556:
6447:
6438:
6344:
6086:
6048:
5949:
5926:
5473:
5468:
5460:
5390:
5265:
5140:
5123:
5101:
5051:
4608:"Hallucigenia's onychophoran-like claws and the case for Tactopoda"
3072:
3052:
2956:
2930:
2664:
2488:
2421:
2166:
2146:
2112:
1970:
1950:
1854:
1827:
1560:
1375:
1355:
1308:
1054:
1034:
950:
934:
910:
790:
739:
634:
606:
602:
598:
594:
582:
562:
554:
546:
542:
527:
is also a characteristic feature among most bilaterians, where the
318:
282:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
43:
4268:(online biology textbook). Kimball's Biology Pages. Archived from
3830:
3805:
3077:
2472:
1975:
1359:
945:
now recognize at least two more superphyla among the protostomes,
7424:
7400:
7392:
7329:
7243:
7063:
7050:
6983:
6974:
6919:
6844:
6202:
5937:
5774:
5620:
5527:
5516:
5380:
5286:
5242:
5150:
2585:
1472:
930:
926:
645:), while others display primary body cavities (deriving from the
535:
504:
111:
86:
7583:
3896:"A merciful death for the 'earliest bilaterian,' Vernanimalcula"
3150:
3099:
2050:
1997:
1008:
for Bilateria is shown below, although the positions of certain
585:(tiny "flat animals"). For the most part, bilateral embryos are
7469:
7203:
6403:
6390:
6261:
6258:
5795:
5592:
5322:
5224:
5166:
2789:
2286:
1685:
1170:
973:
938:
703:
684:
550:
520:
416:
175:
4342:
3803:
2981:
2756:
2290:
2107:. The Xenambulacraria may be sister to the Chordata or to the
1879:
1652:
1174:
984:), and the remaining bilaterians. The latter clade was called
450:
381:
6162:
4407:
4222:"Resolving animal phylogeny: A sledgehammer for a tough nut?"
4178:
2170:
1058:
1009:
719:
715:
618:
570:
408:
4511:
3940:
3371:
5419:
4803:
3992:
3723:"Back in time: a new systematic proposal for the Bilateria"
3269:
10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0203:PODITE>2.0.CO;2
622:
456:
453:
441:
435:
387:
384:
372:
366:
4854:
4657:
4566:
4738:
3720:
687:
or pseudocoelom. Animals with this bilaterally symmetric
4687:
3553:
7193:
3667:
519:
as adults, but are only bilaterally symmetrical as an
4605:
4123:
4121:
468:
459:
429:
396:
360:
3852:
447:
438:
432:
378:
369:
363:
4848:
4606:Smith, Martin R.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2014).
3429:
444:
375:
4514:"Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa"
4179:Paps, J.; Baguna, J.; Riutort, M. (14 July 2009).
4118:
3804:Fedonkin, M. A.; Waggoner, B. M. (November 1997).
3374:"Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa"
4050:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3456:
7650:
4452:Fröbius, Andreas C.; Funch, Peter (2017-04-04).
854:. Earlier fossils are controversial; the fossil
6115:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
3560:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
126:
4507:
4505:
3512:
3433:Perspectives in Animal Phylogeny and Evolution
538:become concentrated at the front/rostral end.
483:(i.e. having a left and a right side that are
6242:
4952:
4300:(6th ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown.
3887:
3425:
3423:
4966:
4451:
4068:
3934:
3846:
3797:
3620:
3367:
3365:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
541:Bilaterians constitute one of the five main
6629:
5831:
4502:
4325:– via Internet Archive (archive.org).
3853:Bengtson, S.; Budd, G. (19 November 2004).
3247:
3210:Embryological origins of the mouth and anus
964:The traditional division of Bilateria into
6603:
6249:
6235:
4959:
4945:
4447:
4445:
3420:
6796:
5209:
4877:
4831:
4780:
4715:
4705:
4485:
4425:
4384:
4374:
4237:
4196:
3870:
3829:
3763:
3746:
3681:
3597:
3579:
3530:
3362:
3323:
27:Animals with embryonic bilateral symmetry
6663:
6587:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
6535:
5114:
4220:Telford, Maximilian J. (15 April 2008).
3348:. Sinauer Associates. pp. 345–372.
738:
668:
6388:
6256:
5099:
4442:
4290:
4260:
4219:
4081:
3450:
3436:. Oxford University Press. p. 53.
14:
7651:
6581:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
6551:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
6217:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
3506:
3336:
7517:
7516:
6522:
6230:
4940:
4043:
653:) or secondary cavities (that appear
495:are laid around a longitudinal axis (
6852:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
4920:Tree of Life web project — Bilateria
4573:Organisms, Diversity & Evolution
4044:Verde, Mariano (15 September 2022).
3769:
3986:
3670:Integrative and Comparative Biology
3519:The Journal of Experimental Biology
3457:Finnerty, John R. (November 2005).
24:
6886:
6692:
6449:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
921:include most of the rest, such as
864:are known from around the time of
122:
25:
7685:
4913:
698:, the development of a head with
7493:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
4096:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2008.00231.x
3912:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2012.00562.x
3149:
3098:
3076:
3055:
3022:
2980:
2960:
2897:
2877:
2808:
2788:
2755:
2723:
2687:
2667:
2584:
2495:
2471:
2438:
2360:
2340:
2289:
2241:
2169:
2149:
2049:
1996:
1974:
1953:
1920:
1878:
1858:
1793:
1773:
1704:
1684:
1651:
1619:
1583:
1563:
1471:
1382:
1358:
1325:
1268:
1248:
1173:
1125:
1093:
1057:
1037:
828:
762:of all bilateria is termed the "
425:
356:
152:
54:
7674:Taxa named by Berthold Hatschek
4797:
4732:
4681:
4599:
4560:
4414:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4401:
4336:
4254:
4213:
4185:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4172:
4037:
3714:
3661:
3614:
3547:
988:by Jondelius et al. (2002) and
889:List of bilateral animal orders
816:, or the Trochaea by Nielsen).
605:. Except for a few phyla (i.e.
545:lineages, the other four being
7143:
6680:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
5696:
5692:
5452:
5448:
3316:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3303:
3296:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3283:
3241:
3222:
13:
1:
6523:
4345:"The mitochondrial genome of
3639:10.1126/science.284.5423.2129
3235:
613:), bilaterians have complete
7292:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
4239:10.1016/j.devcel.2008.03.016
4062:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111158
3430:Minelli, Alessandro (2009).
882:
780:Luitfried von Salvini-Plawen
734:
664:
7:
7669:Ediacaran first appearances
7349:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
7089:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
6904:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
6815:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
6704:Loricifera (corset animals)
3900:Evolution & Development
3513:Quillin, K. J. (May 1998).
3337:Brusca, Richard C. (2016).
3203:
760:most recent common ancestor
10:
7690:
7239:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
6985:Annelida (segmented worms)
6810:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
6726:Onychophora (velvet worms)
4478:10.1038/s41467-017-00020-w
4266:"The Invertebrate Animals"
3781:Cambridge University Press
3248:Grazhdankin, Dima (2004).
901:traditionally include the
886:
805:, the Bilaterosgastrea by
751:
7525:
7489:
7287:Asterozoans inc. starfish
7189:
7182:
7133:
7084:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
7074:
7065:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
7049:
7040:
7025:
7016:
7001:
6994:
6970:
6959:
6918:
6910:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
6893:
6882:
6871:
6823:
6805:
6792:
6781:
6734:
6721:
6712:
6699:
6688:
6656:
6639:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
6625:
6614:
6599:
6575:
6566:
6546:
6531:
6518:
6483:
6458:
6434:
6419:
6411:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
6399:
6384:
6268:
6193:
6161:
6138:
6065:
6034:
5994:
5965:
5945:
5936:
5924:
5920:
5765:
5756:
5727:
5712:
5703:
5690:
5686:
5619:
5591:
5576:
5567:
5526:
5505:
5496:
5459:
5446:
5442:
5429:
5416:
5412:
5389:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5307:
5294:
5285:
5252:
5239:
5205:
5194:
5176:
5163:
5110:
5095:
5091:
4975:
4879:21.11116/0000-0004-DC4B-1
4870:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009
4707:10.1186/s40851-015-0017-0
4585:10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4
3142:
3091:
3070:
3050:
3042:
3016:
3009:
2975:
2954:
2946:
2934:
2892:
2872:
2864:
2803:
2783:
2775:
2750:
2743:
2718:
2711:
2682:
2662:
2654:
2642:
2634:
2622:
2578:
2562:
2554:
2536:
2528:
2486:
2466:
2458:
2433:
2426:
2414:
2375:
2355:
2335:
2327:
2284:
2269:
2261:
2236:
2229:
2217:
2196:
2189:
2164:
2144:
2137:
2040:
1989:
1968:
1948:
1940:
1914:
1907:
1873:
1852:
1844:
1832:
1788:
1768:
1760:
1699:
1679:
1671:
1646:
1639:
1614:
1607:
1578:
1558:
1550:
1538:
1530:
1518:
1465:
1449:
1441:
1423:
1415:
1373:
1353:
1345:
1320:
1313:
1283:
1263:
1243:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1168:
1153:
1145:
1120:
1113:
1084:
1077:
1052:
1032:
1025:
837:sediments, and the first
337:
330:
229:
224:
149:Scientific classification
147:
142:
121:
34:
6845:Rotifera (wheel animals)
6644:Priapulida (penis worms)
5422:
5418:
3215:
625:. Some bilaterians lack
7059:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
7031:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
6752:Tardigrada (waterbears)
6745:Arthropoda (arthropods)
4376:10.1073/pnas.0400941101
4150:10.1126/science.7886451
4015:10.1126/science.1216295
3964:10.1126/science.1133129
3872:10.1126/science.1101338
3581:10.1073/pnas.2001045117
3532:10.1242/jeb.201.12.1871
2925:> 539 Mya
1821:> 539 Mya
873: million years ago
852: million years ago
7234:Anthozoans inc. corals
6933:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
4824:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233
4765:10.1126/sciadv.abe2741
3739:10.1098/rstb.2007.2238
2541:Saccorhytus coronarius
1428:Saccorhytus coronarius
949:(molting animals) and
749:
679:
487:of each other) during
137:
7631:Paleobiology Database
7364:Hexapods inc. insects
6674:Nematoda (roundworms)
4669:Palaeos (palaeos.com)
4458:Nature Communications
4427:10.1093/molbev/msh229
4198:10.1093/molbev/msp150
841:bilaterian fossil is
742:
672:
489:embryonic development
143:Bilaterian diversity
136:
6557:Chordata (chordates)
4864:(11): 1818–1826.e6.
3692:10.1093/icb/43.1.137
997:, together with the
708:hydrostatic skeleton
517:pentaradial symmetry
479:), characterized by
7007:Mollusca (molluscs)
6492:of the animal root
6094:Gunflint microbiota
5855:Klebsormidiophyceae
5639:Hyphochytriomycetes
4818:(1496): 1435–1443.
4757:2021SciA....7.2741K
4635:10.1038/nature13576
4627:2014Natur.514..363S
4538:10.1038/nature16520
4530:2016Natur.530...89C
4470:2017NatCo...8....9F
4367:2004PNAS..10110639H
4361:(29): 10639–10643.
4142:1995Sci...267.1641H
4136:(5204): 1641–1643.
4007:2012Sci...336.1693P
4001:(6089): 1693–1696.
3956:2006Sci...314..291H
3822:1997Natur.388..868F
3733:(1496): 1481–1491.
3633:(5423): 2129–2137.
3572:2020PNAS..117.7845E
3398:10.1038/nature16520
3390:2016Natur.530...89C
1004:A modern consensus
953:. The arrow worms (
491:. This means their
7220:Calcareous sponges
6405:Porifera (sponges)
5865:Coleochaetophyceae
5245:
5241:
5169:
5165:
4925:2020-11-16 at the
4694:Zoological Letters
4347:Paraspadella gotoi
4226:Developmental Cell
3621:Knoll, Andrew H.;
3478:10.1002/bies.20299
3319:. Merriam-Webster.
3299:. Merriam-Webster.
913:, and the extinct
750:
680:
676:peristaltic motion
657:, for example the
515:, which extend to
481:bilateral symmetry
138:
7646:
7645:
7519:Taxon identifiers
7510:
7509:
7485:
7484:
7178:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7129:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7097:
7096:
6955:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6867:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6777:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6769:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6652:
6651:
6595:
6594:
6514:
6513:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6224:
6223:
6189:
6188:
6125:Spironematellidae
6106:Meteora sporadica
6061:
6060:
6057:
6056:
5990:
5989:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5816:Prasinodermophyta
5752:
5751:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5563:
5562:
5399:Centroplasthelida
5357:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5235:
5234:
5159:
5158:
4621:(7522): 363–366.
4420:(11): 2122–2129.
4191:(10): 2397–2406.
3950:(5797): 291–294.
3816:(6645): 868–871.
3790:978-1-107-62139-8
3566:(14): 7845–7850.
3472:(11): 1174–1180.
3443:978-0-19-856620-5
3355:978-1-60535-375-3
3200:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3182:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3131:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3111:
3110:
2993:
2992:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2909:
2848:
2847:
2839:
2838:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2700:
2699:
2606:
2605:
2597:
2596:
2517:
2516:
2508:
2507:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2029:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2009:
2008:
1891:
1890:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1596:
1595:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1297:
1296:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1006:phylogenetic tree
980:(together called
877:Tacuarí Formation
758:The hypothetical
731:body structures.
349:
348:
344:
220:
16:(Redirected from
7681:
7639:
7638:
7626:
7625:
7613:
7612:
7600:
7599:
7587:
7586:
7574:
7573:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7546:
7545:
7544:
7514:
7513:
7191:
7190:
7147:
7047:
7046:
7023:
7022:
6999:
6998:
6968:
6967:
6964:
6891:
6890:
6884:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6876:
6803:
6802:
6794:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6719:
6718:
6697:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6661:
6660:
6627:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6601:
6600:
6573:
6572:
6544:
6543:
6540:
6533:
6532:
6520:
6519:
6497:
6432:
6431:
6397:
6396:
6393:
6386:
6385:
6297:
6277:
6251:
6244:
6237:
6228:
6227:
6171:Collodictyonidae
6117:Hemimastigophora
6113:
6112:
6072:
5943:
5942:
5934:
5933:
5930:
5922:
5921:
5871:Zygnematophyceae
5829:
5828:
5809:
5793:
5792:
5763:
5762:
5710:
5709:
5701:
5700:
5697:
5688:
5687:
5574:
5573:
5503:
5502:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5444:
5443:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5414:
5413:
5387:
5386:
5374:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5317:Choanoflagellata
5292:
5291:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5004:
4984:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4938:
4937:
4908:
4907:
4881:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4835:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4784:
4751:(12): eabe2741.
4745:Science Advances
4736:
4730:
4729:
4719:
4709:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4612:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4509:
4500:
4499:
4489:
4449:
4440:
4439:
4429:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4388:
4378:
4340:
4334:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4292:Kimball, John W.
4280:
4278:
4277:
4264:(3 March 2010).
4262:Kimball, John W.
4258:
4252:
4251:
4241:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4200:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4125:
4116:
4115:
4079:
4066:
4065:
4041:
4035:
4034:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3874:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3833:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3750:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3685:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3623:Carroll, Sean B.
3618:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3583:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3488:. Archived from
3463:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3343:
3334:
3321:
3320:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3254:
3245:
3229:
3226:
3153:
3102:
3080:
3059:
3045:
3044:
3026:
3012:
3011:
2984:
2964:
2949:
2948:
2937:
2936:
2901:
2881:
2867:
2866:
2812:
2792:
2778:
2777:
2759:
2746:
2745:
2727:
2714:
2713:
2691:
2671:
2657:
2656:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2636:
2625:
2624:
2588:
2557:
2556:
2531:
2530:
2499:
2475:
2461:
2460:
2442:
2429:
2428:
2417:
2416:
2364:
2344:
2330:
2329:
2293:
2272:Nemertodermatida
2264:
2263:
2245:
2232:
2231:
2220:
2219:
2192:
2191:
2173:
2153:
2140:
2139:
2128:
2127:
2053:
2000:
1978:
1957:
1943:
1942:
1924:
1910:
1909:
1882:
1862:
1847:
1846:
1835:
1834:
1797:
1777:
1763:
1762:
1708:
1688:
1674:
1673:
1655:
1642:
1641:
1623:
1610:
1609:
1587:
1567:
1553:
1552:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1532:
1521:
1520:
1475:
1444:
1443:
1418:
1417:
1386:
1362:
1348:
1347:
1329:
1316:
1315:
1272:
1252:
1238:
1237:
1226:
1225:
1214:
1213:
1177:
1156:Nemertodermatida
1148:
1147:
1129:
1116:
1115:
1097:
1080:
1079:
1061:
1041:
1028:
1027:
1016:
1015:
978:Nemertodermatida
874:
853:
815:
788:
772:Elie Metchnikoff
768:Ludwig von Graff
745:Ikaria wariootia
718:which swim with
617:with a separate
615:digestive tracts
475:
471:
466:
465:
462:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
403:
399:
394:
393:
390:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
342:
215:
157:
156:
125:
116:
53:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
7689:
7688:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7679:
7678:
7649:
7648:
7647:
7642:
7634:
7629:
7621:
7616:
7608:
7603:
7595:
7590:
7582:
7577:
7569:
7564:
7555:
7554:
7549:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7521:
7511:
7506:
7481:
7407:Phylactolaemata
7195:
7185:
7184:
7170:
7161:Xenambulacraria
7137:
7093:
7070:
7036:
7018:Kryptotrochozoa
7012:
6990:
6960:
6947:
6938:Monoblastozoa (
6914:
6872:
6859:
6831:Micrognathozoa
6819:
6782:
6757:
6730:
6708:
6684:
6648:
6615:
6604:
6591:
6562:
6536:
6527:
6510:
6487:
6471:
6454:
6423:
6415:
6389:
6380:
6379:
6295:
6273:
6264:
6255:
6225:
6220:
6185:
6157:
6148:Ancyromonadidae
6134:
6111:
6066:
6053:
6044:Malawimonadidae
6030:
5986:
5961:
5925:
5884:
5827:
5800:
5799:
5791:
5748:
5723:
5691:
5662:
5615:
5587:
5559:
5522:
5492:
5447:
5438:
5417:
5408:
5385:
5370:
5329:
5303:
5281:
5240:
5231:
5195:
5190:
5164:
5155:
5100:
5087:
5086:
5002:
4980:
4971:
4965:
4927:Wayback Machine
4916:
4911:
4858:Current Biology
4853:
4849:
4802:
4798:
4737:
4733:
4686:
4682:
4673:
4671:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4610:
4604:
4600:
4565:
4561:
4524:(7588): 89–93.
4510:
4503:
4450:
4443:
4406:
4402:
4341:
4337:
4320:
4318:
4308:
4275:
4273:
4259:
4255:
4218:
4214:
4177:
4173:
4126:
4119:
4080:
4069:
4042:
4038:
3991:
3987:
3939:
3935:
3892:
3888:
3865:(5700): 1291a.
3851:
3847:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3768:
3764:
3719:
3715:
3683:10.1.1.560.8727
3666:
3662:
3619:
3615:
3552:
3548:
3525:(12): 1871–83.
3511:
3507:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3461:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3428:
3421:
3384:(7588): 89–93.
3370:
3363:
3356:
3341:
3335:
3324:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3206:
3201:
3192:
3183:
3173:
3163:
3132:
3122:
3112:
3019:Platyhelminthes
2994:
2920:
2911:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2701:
2607:
2598:
2518:
2509:
2436:Cephalochordata
2399:
2390:
2312:
2303:
2225:Xenacoelomorpha
2213:Xenambulacraria
2105:Xenambulacraria
2101:
2092:
2083:
2073:
2063:
2030:
2020:
2010:
1917:Platyhelminthes
1892:
1816:
1807:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1597:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1405:
1396:
1323:Cephalochordata
1298:
1196:
1187:
1109:Xenacoelomorpha
995:Xenacoelomorpha
891:
885:
869:
848:
831:
809:
807:Gösta Jägersten
782:
756:
737:
727:have extremely
725:parasitic worms
667:
643:Gnathostomulida
635:Platyhelminthes
611:gnathostomulids
589:, having three
473:
469:
428:
424:
401:
397:
359:
355:
343:Lankester, 1873
294:Xenacoelomorpha
288:Xenambulacraria
248:Xenacoelomorpha
242:Xenambulacraria
214:
151:
135:
123:
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7687:
7677:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7627:
7614:
7601:
7588:
7575:
7562:
7547:
7531:
7529:
7523:
7522:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7504:
7497:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7372:Platyhelminths
7368:
7367:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7315:
7314:
7313:
7308:
7296:
7295:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7248:
7247:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7199:
7197:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7166:Centroneuralia
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7134:
7131:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7095:
7094:
7092:
7091:
7086:
7080:
7078:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7061:
7055:
7053:
7044:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7002:
6996:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6988:
6981:
6971:
6965:
6962:Lophotrochozoa
6957:
6956:
6953:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6935:
6930:
6924:
6922:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6912:
6907:
6899:
6897:
6888:
6877:
6874:Platytrochozoa
6869:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6855:
6848:
6836:
6833:(Limnognathia)
6827:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6817:
6812:
6806:
6800:
6787:
6779:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6748:
6740:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6700:
6694:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6682:
6677:
6669:
6667:
6658:
6654:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6635:
6633:
6620:
6609:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6576:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6553:
6547:
6541:
6529:
6528:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6463:
6462:(Triploblasts)
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6445:
6443:and relatives)
6435:
6429:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6400:
6394:
6382:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6370:Mesomycetozoea
6367:
6362:
6352:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6306:Diaphoretickes
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6254:
6253:
6246:
6239:
6231:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6212:
6205:
6201:excluded from
6194:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6167:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6153:Planomonadidae
6150:
6144:
6142:
6140:Ancyromonadida
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6130:Paramastigidae
6127:
6121:
6119:
6110:
6109:
6102:
6096:
6090:
6082:
6075:
6073:
6069:Incertae sedis
6063:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6000:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5977:
5971:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5952:
5946:
5940:
5931:
5918:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5874:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5845:
5837:
5835:
5826:
5825:
5818:
5812:
5810:
5790:
5789:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5758:Archaeplastida
5754:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5733:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5713:
5707:
5698:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5648:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5577:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5549:Dinoflagellata
5545:
5543:Chrompodellida
5540:
5532:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5513:
5506:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5471:
5465:
5463:
5454:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5393:
5384:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5372:Diaphoretickes
5359:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5319:
5313:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5261:
5253:
5247:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5200:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5131:
5126:
5120:
5118:
5105:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5077:Mesomycetozoea
5074:
5069:
5059:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5013:Diaphoretickes
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:classification
4964:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4915:
4914:External links
4912:
4910:
4909:
4847:
4796:
4731:
4680:
4656:
4598:
4579:(2): 151–172.
4559:
4501:
4441:
4400:
4335:
4306:
4289:
4288:
4253:
4232:(4): 457–459.
4212:
4171:
4117:
4090:(2): 241–257.
4067:
4036:
3985:
3933:
3906:(5): 421–427.
3886:
3845:
3796:
3789:
3783:. p. 11.
3771:Held, Lewis I.
3762:
3713:
3676:(1): 137–147.
3660:
3613:
3546:
3505:
3449:
3442:
3419:
3361:
3354:
3322:
3302:
3282:
3263:(2): 203–221.
3239:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3038:Lophotrochozoa
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3005:Platytrochozoa
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2410:Centroneuralia
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2239:Xenoturbellida
2235:
2230:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2126:
2109:Centroneuralia
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1936:Lophotrochozoa
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1903:Platytrochozoa
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1123:Xenoturbellida
1119:
1114:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1014:
999:xenoturbellids
884:
881:
866:Vernanimalcula
862:Fossil embryos
857:Vernanimalcula
830:
827:
752:Main article:
736:
733:
666:
663:
347:
346:
335:
334:
328:
327:
326:
325:
324:
323:
322:
321:
316:
306:
305:
304:
303:
302:
297:
285:
274:
258:
257:
256:
250:
239:
227:
226:
222:
221:
209:
202:
201:
196:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
145:
144:
140:
139:
119:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7686:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7637:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7567:
7563:
7558:
7552:
7548:
7543:
7537:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7515:
7502:
7501:dubious phyla
7498:
7496:
7492:
7491:
7488:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7403:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7346:
7345:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7300:Hemichordates
7297:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7215:Glass sponges
7213:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7192:
7188:
7181:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7156:Deuterostomia
7154:
7152:
7149:
7145:
7142:of Bilateria
7141:
7136:
7135:
7132:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7052:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7039:
7033:
7032:
7028:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7009:
7008:
7004:
7003:
7000:
6997:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6982:
6980:
6978:
6975:Cycliophora (
6973:
6972:
6969:
6966:
6963:
6958:
6943:
6941:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6917:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6878:
6875:
6870:
6854:
6853:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6788:
6785:
6780:
6754:
6753:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6737:
6733:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6714:Panarthropoda
6711:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6659:
6655:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6602:
6598:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6545:
6542:
6539:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6521:
6517:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6486:
6485:
6482:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6437:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6401:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6387:
6383:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6333:Stramenopiles
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6296:(major groups
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6260:
6252:
6247:
6245:
6240:
6238:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6197:¹traditional
6196:
6195:
6192:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6176:Mantamonadida
6174:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6064:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5976:
5975:Heterolobosea
5973:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5967:Discicristata
5964:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5919:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5806:
5798:
5797:Viridiplantae
5794:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5718:Microheliella
5715:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5689:
5685:
5659:
5658:Actinophryida
5656:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5569:Stramenopiles
5566:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5411:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5272:Ichthyosporea
5270:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5220:
5219:Rotosphaerida
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5193:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5181:Apusomonadida
5179:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5040:Stramenopiles
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5003:(major groups
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4969:
4962:
4957:
4955:
4950:
4948:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4851:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4506:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4446:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4348:
4339:
4333:
4329:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4286:
4283:abbridged by
4282:
4281:
4272:on 2010-03-10
4271:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4122:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3937:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3831:10.1038/42242
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3792:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3495:on 2019-07-02
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3426:
3424:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3366:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3346:Invertebrates
3340:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3240:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3196:
3195:
3187:
3186:
3178:650 Mya
3177:
3176:
3168:610 Mya
3167:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3127:580 Mya
3126:
3125:
3117:550 Mya
3116:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2951:
2950:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2834:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2779:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2739:Panarthropoda
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:Vetulicolians
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:Vetulocystids
2559:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:Echinodermata
2332:
2331:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:Proarticulata
2194:
2193:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2078:650 Mya
2077:
2076:
2068:610 mya
2067:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2025:580 Mya
2024:
2023:
2015:550 mya
2014:
2013:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1635:Panarthropoda
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1469:Vetulicolians
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:Vetulocystids
1446:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1246:Echinodermata
1240:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1219:Deuterostomia
1216:
1215:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:Proarticulata
1082:
1081:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:Deuterostomia
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:hemichordates
904:
900:
899:deuterostomes
896:
890:
880:
878:
872:
867:
863:
859:
858:
851:
846:
845:
840:
836:
829:Fossil record
826:
824:
823:
817:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
755:
747:
746:
741:
732:
730:
729:plesiomorphic
726:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:cephalisation
692:
690:
686:
677:
671:
662:
660:
656:
652:
651:pseudocoeloms
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:body cavities
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:triploblastic
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
534:
533:central nerve
530:
529:special sense
526:
525:Cephalization
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:mirror images
482:
478:
477:
464:
422:
418:
414:
410:
407:) is a large
406:
405:
392:
353:
345:
341:
336:
333:
329:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
301:
298:
295:
292:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
278:
277:Deuterostomia
275:
273:
270:
269:
265:
264:
262:
259:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
243:
240:
238:
234:
233:Proarticulata
231:
230:
228:
225:Subdivisions
223:
218:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
155:
150:
146:
141:
120:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
7526:
7499:Potentially
7494:
7447:
7423:
7417:Gymnolaemata
7412:Stenolaemata
7401:Ectoproctans
7399:
7370:
7341:
7317:
7311:Pterobranchs
7298:
7274:
7250:
7226:
7202:
7196:within phyla
7194:Major groups
7064:
7051:Bryozoa s.l.
7042:Lophophorata
7030:
7006:
6984:
6976:
6939:
6928:Orthonectida
6903:
6850:
6843:
6832:
6751:
6744:
6673:
6631:Scalidophora
6580:
6568:Ambulacraria
6555:
6537:
6524:
6468:(see below↓)
6459:
6448:
6440:
6404:
6355:Opisthokonta
6214:
6209:paraphyletic
6104:
6085:
6067:
6036:Malawimonada
6016:Anaeromonada
6011:Anaeramoebae
6003:
5979:
5956:Tsukubamonas
5954:
5876:
5869:
5860:Charophyceae
5847:
5840:
5833:Streptophyta
5820:
5804:
5784:
5780:Rhodelphidia
5738:Palpitomonas
5736:
5716:
5705:Pancryptista
5650:
5643:
5580:
5547:
5535:
5515:
5485:
5480:Foraminifera
5478:
5321:
5264:
5258:Tunicaraptor
5256:
5223:
5197:Opisthokonta
5133:
5062:Opisthokonta
4861:
4857:
4850:
4815:
4809:
4799:
4748:
4744:
4734:
4697:
4693:
4683:
4672:. Retrieved
4668:
4659:
4618:
4614:
4601:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4521:
4517:
4461:
4457:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4338:
4319:. Retrieved
4296:
4274:. Retrieved
4270:the original
4256:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4133:
4129:
4087:
4083:
4053:
4049:
4039:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3775:
3765:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3522:
3518:
3508:
3497:. Retrieved
3490:the original
3469:
3465:
3452:
3432:
3381:
3377:
3345:
3314:
3311:"bilaterian"
3305:
3294:
3285:
3260:
3257:Paleobiology
3256:
3243:
3224:
3143:
3092:
3071:
3051:
3017:
2978:Chaetognatha
2976:
2955:
2893:
2873:
2860:Scalidophora
2804:
2784:
2751:
2719:
2685:Nematomorpha
2683:
2663:
2579:
2563:
2539:
2537:
2487:
2467:
2434:
2379:Cambroernida
2376:
2358:Hemichordata
2356:
2336:
2323:Ambulacraria
2285:
2270:
2257:Acoelomorpha
2237:
2197:
2184:
2165:
2145:
2117:sister group
2102:
2041:
1990:
1969:
1949:
1915:
1876:Chaetognatha
1874:
1853:
1789:
1769:
1756:Scalidophora
1700:
1680:
1647:
1615:
1581:Nematomorpha
1579:
1559:
1466:
1450:
1426:
1424:
1374:
1354:
1321:
1287:Cambroernida
1284:
1266:Hemichordata
1264:
1244:
1231:Ambulacraria
1169:
1154:
1141:Acoelomorpha
1121:
1085:
1072:
1053:
1033:
1003:
982:Acoelomorpha
963:
955:Chaetognatha
892:
865:
855:
847:, dating to
842:
838:
832:
822:Xenoturbella
820:
818:
795:gastrotrichs
776:Libbie Hyman
764:Urbilaterian
757:
743:
700:sense organs
693:
681:
654:
639:Gastrotricha
579:comb jellies
567:sea anemones
540:
507:) and back (
420:
413:infrakingdom
351:
350:
340:Triploblasts
338:
300:Ambulacraria
266:
253:Ambulacraria
211:
205:
192:
182:Subkingdom:
29:
18:Triploblasts
7664:Subkingdoms
7659:Bilaterians
7592:iNaturalist
7551:Wikispecies
7475:Tusk shells
7460:Cephalopods
7431:Polychaetes
7378:Turbellaria
7359:Crustaceans
7335:Secernentea
7325:Chromadorea
7306:Acorn worms
7276:Echinoderms
7268:Vertebrates
7210:Demosponges
7144:is disputed
6606:Protostomia
6494:is disputed
6421:ParaHoxozoa
6100:Chitinozoan
6026:Parabasalia
5878:Embryophyta
5842:Chlorokybus
5822:Chlorophyta
5770:Glaucophyta
5744:Cryptophyta
5634:Pirsoniales
5601:Bicosoecida
5582:Platysulcus
5555:Perkinsozoa
5537:Apicomplexa
5510:Colponemida
5277:Pluriformea
5146:Archamoebea
5135:Eumycetozoa
4667:. Metazoa.
4665:"Ecdysozoa"
3291:"bilateria"
3075:and allies
3021:and allies
2959:and allies
2895:Kinorhyncha
2753:Onychophora
2618:Protostomia
2469:Urochordata
2133:ParaHoxozoa
2121:Protostomia
1973:and allies
1919:and allies
1857:and allies
1791:Kinorhyncha
1649:Onychophora
1514:Protostomia
1021:ParaHoxozoa
990:Eubilateria
970:Protostomia
943:taxonomists
919:protostomes
915:Vetulicolia
903:echinoderms
810: [
783: [
754:Urbilateria
712:peristalsis
710:to move by
631:acoelomates
591:germ layers
531:organs and
513:echinoderms
421:bilaterians
309:Protostomia
199:ParaHoxozoa
49:567–0
35:Bilaterians
7653:Categories
7455:Gastropods
7436:Clitellata
7343:Arthropods
7282:Sea lilies
7228:Cnidarians
7146:; see also
7076:Brachiozoa
6839:Syndermata
6798:Gnathifera
6496:; see also
6441:Trichoplax
6439:Placozoa (
6426:Planulozoa
6181:Rigifilida
6080:Acritarchs
6005:Barthelona
5996:Metamonada
5981:Euglenozoa
5849:Mesostigma
5805:sensu lato
5786:Rhodophyta
5645:Ochrophyta
5606:Placidozoa
5517:Ciliophora
5487:Radiolaria
5404:Haptophyta
5299:Filasterea
5211:Holomycota
4674:2017-09-02
4332:0697202844
4316:1280752069
4307:0697142574
4276:2006-01-09
3942:Embryos".
3499:2018-03-07
3236:References
3146:Kimberella
3095:Kimberella
2942:Gnathifera
2875:Priapulida
2806:Arthropoda
2786:Tardigrada
2721:Loricifera
2493:Vertebrata
2454:Olfactores
2043:Kimberella
1993:Kimberella
1840:Gnathifera
1771:Priapulida
1702:Arthropoda
1682:Tardigrada
1617:Loricifera
1380:Vertebrata
1341:Olfactores
959:Gnathifera
923:arthropods
895:superphyla
887:See also:
844:Kimberella
647:blastocoel
575:Ctenophora
493:body plans
7571:Bilateria
7557:Bilateria
7527:Bilateria
7441:Sipuncula
7388:Monogenea
7383:Trematoda
7354:Myriapods
7319:Nematodes
7263:Tunicates
7258:Lancelets
7252:Chordates
7244:Myxozoans
7151:Nephrozoa
7140:phylogeny
6940:Salinella
6895:Rouphozoa
6736:Tactopoda
6665:Nematoida
6617:Ecdysozoa
6538:Bilateria
6525:Bilateria
6506:Benthozoa
6501:Eumetazoa
6490:phylogeny
6460:Bilateria
6350:Amoebozoa
6328:Alveolata
6316:Cryptista
6291:Eukaryota
6021:Fornicata
5927:Excavates
5729:Cryptista
5652:Oomycetes
5629:Developea
5611:Sagenista
5498:Alveolata
5434:Telonemia
5309:Choanozoa
5186:Breviatea
5129:Tubulinea
5116:Amoebozoa
5057:Amoebozoa
5035:Alveolata
5023:Cryptista
4998:Eukaryota
4968:Eukaryote
4904:155104811
4888:0960-9822
4773:2375-2548
4651:205239797
4554:205247296
4294:(1994) .
4084:Evol. Dev
3928:205675058
3678:CiteSeerX
3590:0027-8424
3466:BioEssays
3414:205247296
3277:129376371
2771:Tactopoda
2650:Nematoida
2630:Ecdysozoa
2185:Bilateria
1667:Tactopoda
1546:Nematoida
1526:Ecdysozoa
1207:Nephrozoa
1073:Bilateria
986:Nephrozoa
947:Ecdysozoa
935:flatworms
911:chordates
883:Phylogeny
839:bona fide
835:Ediacaran
791:flatworms
735:Evolution
689:body plan
665:Body plan
607:flatworms
559:jellyfish
352:Bilateria
314:Ecdysozoa
261:Nephrozoa
212:Bilateria
186:Eumetazoa
172:Kingdom:
166:Eukaryota
40:Ediacaran
7536:Wikidata
7465:Bivalves
7449:Molluscs
7425:Annelids
6784:Spiralia
6391:Animalia
6345:Amorphea
6323:Rhizaria
6311:Hacrobia
6301:Excavata
6286:Bacteria
6203:protists
6199:kingdoms
6087:Grypania
6049:Imasidae
5950:Jakobida
5474:Endomyxa
5469:Cercozoa
5461:Rhizaria
5391:Haptista
5323:Animalia
5266:Bicellum
5141:Variosea
5124:Discosea
5102:Amorphea
5052:Amorphea
5030:Rhizaria
5018:Hacrobia
5008:Excavata
4993:Bacteria
4923:Archived
4896:31104936
4842:18192191
4791:33741592
4726:26605063
4643:25132546
4593:32169826
4546:26842059
4496:28377584
4464:(1): 9.
4436:15306659
4395:15249679
4248:18410719
4207:19602542
4166:12196991
4104:18315817
4031:27970523
4023:22745427
3980:25112751
3972:17038620
3920:22947315
3881:15550644
3773:(2014).
3757:18192186
3708:80975506
3700:21680418
3647:10381872
3608:32205432
3486:16237677
3406:26842059
3204:See also
3073:Annelida
3053:Mollusca
3048:
3040:
3007:
2957:Rotifera
2952:
2944:
2931:Spiralia
2870:
2862:
2781:
2773:
2741:
2665:Nematoda
2660:
2652:
2640:
2632:
2620:
2560:
2534:
2489:Craniata
2464:
2456:
2424:
2422:Chordata
2412:
2333:
2325:
2267:
2259:
2227:
2215:
2187:
2167:Placozoa
2147:Cnidaria
2135:
2113:Chordata
1971:Annelida
1951:Mollusca
1946:
1938:
1905:
1855:Rotifera
1850:
1842:
1830:
1828:Spiralia
1766:
1758:
1677:
1669:
1637:
1561:Nematoda
1556:
1548:
1536:
1528:
1516:
1447:
1421:
1376:Craniata
1356:Tunicata
1351:
1343:
1311:
1309:Chordata
1241:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1151:
1143:
1111:
1075:
1055:Placozoa
1035:Cnidaria
1023:
951:Spiralia
931:mollusks
927:annelids
803:Sedgwick
603:ectoderm
599:mesoderm
595:endoderm
583:Placozoa
555:Cnidaria
547:Porifera
543:metazoan
332:Synonyms
319:Spiralia
283:Chordata
263: ?
217:Hatschek
176:Animalia
162:Domain:
7584:3014411
7470:Chitons
7393:Cestoda
7330:Enoplea
7204:Sponges
6977:Symbion
6920:Mesozoa
6360:Animals
6281:Archaea
6257:Extant
5938:Discoba
5803:Plants
5775:Picozoa
5621:Gyrista
5528:Myzozoa
5381:Provora
5287:Filozoa
5243:Holozoa
5151:Cutosea
5067:Animals
4988:Archaea
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